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Journal articles on the topic 'Bituminous materials Testing'
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1
Di Benedetto, H., M. N. Partl, L. Francken, and C. De La Roche Saint André. "Stiffness testing for bituminous mixtures." Materials and Structures 34, no. 2 (March 2001): 66–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf02481553.
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Botella, Ramon, Félix E. Pérez-Jiménez, Ebrahim Riahi, Teresa López-Montero, Rodrigo Miró, and Adriana H. Martínez. "Self-heating and other reversible phenomena in cyclic testing of bituminous materials." Construction and Building Materials 156 (December 2017): 809–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2017.09.036.
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Schlosser, Frantisek, Jan Mikolaj, Viera Zatkalikova, Juraj Sramek, Dominika Durekova, and Lubos Remek. "Deformation Properties and Fatigue of Bituminous Mixtures." Advances in Materials Science and Engineering 2013 (2013): 1–7. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2013/701764.
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Deformation properties and fatigue performance are important characteristics of asphalt bound materials which are used for construction of pavement layers. Viscoelastic asphalt mixtures are better characterized via dynamic tests. This type of tests allows us to collate materials with regard to axle vibrations which lie usually in the range of 6 Hz–25 Hz for standard conditions. Asphalt modified for heat sensitivity in the range from −20°C to +60°C has significant impact on the overall characteristics of the mixture. Deformation properties are used as inputs for empirical mixture design, and fatigue performance of asphalt mixtures reflects the parameters of functional tests. Master curves convey properties of asphalt mixtures for various conditions and allow us to evaluate them without the need of time expensive testing.
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Yu, Huayang, Zihan Zhu, and Duanyi Wang. "Evaluation and Validation of Fatigue Testing Methods for Rubberized Bituminous Specimens." Transportation Research Record: Journal of the Transportation Research Board 2673, no. 8 (May 1, 2019): 603–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0361198119841308.
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Several fatigue evaluation methods are available to evaluate the durability of bituminous materials. In some cases, the test results may provide poor correlation with the true fatigue performance, especially when additives with complicated components are incorporated. This study aims to characterize the fatigue behavior of different warm asphalt rubber (WAR) specimens modified by both crumb rubber and warm mix asphalt (WMA) additives, and to validate the feasibility of binder and mortar fatigue tests on WAR. Three WARs with organic, chemical, and foaming additives were prepared. G*sin δ and liner amplitude sweep (LAS) tests (on both binders and liquid phases), and the shear fatigue test (on mortars) were performed. The four-point bending beam (4PB) test was used as reference to validate results of binder, liquid phase, and mortar tests. Test results indicated that the fatigue performance of virgin bitumen is obviously improved by crumb rubber. The selected organic additive contributes to superior fatigue resistance, whereas WARs with foaming and chemical WMA modifiers performed more poorly than asphalt rubber in relation to fatigue, but still much better that the non-rubberized samples. Finally, it is noted that for the rubberized bituminous specimens, LAS evaluation for asphalt binder and the shear fatigue test for asphalt mortar provide same prediction as the 4PB test, whereas other tests give inconsistent results. Therefore, it is suggested to use the 4PB test on mixture, the LAS test on binder, and the shear fatigue test on mortar for fatigue performance characterization of bituminous specimens containing crumb rubber particles. Further validation of the above findings on field specimens is suggested.
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Francken, L., and M. Partl. "Complex Modulus Testing of Asphaltic Concrete: RILEM Interlaboratory Test Program." Transportation Research Record: Journal of the Transportation Research Board 1545, no. 1 (January 1996): 133–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0361198196154500118.
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An interlaboratory test on bituminous materials was initiated in 1990 to promote and develop mix design methodologies and associated significant measuring methods. The exercise was carried out on materials obtained from a full-scale test site. Repeated loading tests were performed in this program by 15 participating laboratories to determine two basic material properties: the complex modulus and the fatigue law. The main conclusions derived from the analysis of complex modulus measurements and further discussions of the summary report with the participants are summarized. This intensive common effort has allowed several participants to make substantial improvements in their procedures and equipment. Recommendations are expected to induce further progress in the harmonization of different test methods.
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Balčiūnas, Darius. "RESEARCH INTO THE RELIABILITY OF THE OVERLAP JOINT OF BITUMINOUS HEAT WELDED ROOFING MATERIALS / PRILYDOMŲJŲ STOGO MEDŽIAGŲ LAKŠTŲ SANDŪROS PATIKIMUMO TYRIMAS." Mokslas - Lietuvos ateitis 4, no. 4 (November 28, 2012): 294–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.3846/mla.2012.46.
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Abstract The conducted analysis has revealed that the most common reason of leaks in bituminous roofs is caused by a lack of adhesion between two nearby sheets of roof cover. Regarding the above mentioned problems, reliability, testing methods and data analysis methods of the overlap joint is observed more closely. The research conducted by different scientists worldwide has showed difficulties in evaluating the obtained data due to a lack of information on how these samples were produced. Therefore, it is proposed to evaluate the influence of welding time analyzing the mechanical properties of the joints of bituminous heat welded roofing materials. The influence of welding time, when the samples are produced, and mechanical properties of overlap joints are practically proved according to LST standards. The test results have showed that welding time does not have a significant influence on the shear resistance of overlap joints but is important regarding its limited deformation. Santrauka Atlikus analizę pastebėta, kad dažniausia stogų iš ritininių bituminių medžiagų pratekėjimų priežastis yra dviejų gretimų bituminių lakštų nepakankamas suklijavimo patikimumas. Atsižvelgiant į šias priežastis darbe nagrinėjamas užlaidinės sandūros patikimumo vertinimas ir juos nusakančių tyrimų ir duomenų analizavimo metodai. Išanalizavus pasaulio mokslininkų tyrimus pastebėta, kad sudėtinga juos vertinti tarpusavyje dėl nepakankamo informatyvumo bandinių ruošimo metu. Dėl to nagrinėjant virintinės sandūros mechanines savybes siūloma vertinti siūlės kaitinimo trukmę. Kaitinimo trukmės įtaka virintinės siūlės patikimumo parametrams yra įrodoma praktiškai atlikus bituminės dangos lakštų sandūros atsparumo lupimui ir šlyčiai bandymus pagal LST standartus. Tyrimo rezultatai leidžia teigti, kad sandūros kaitinimo trukmė neturi pastebimos ir dėsningos įtakos jos mechaninėms sąvybėms, tačiau yra reikšminga jos ribinėms deformacijoms.
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Oreto, C., S. A. Biancardo, N. Viscione, R. Veropalumbo, and F. Russo. "Road Pavement Information Modeling through Maintenance Scenario Evaluation." Journal of Advanced Transportation 2021 (May 22, 2021): 1–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2021/8823117.
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Road maintenance operations involve the preservation of the optimal functionality of the pavement. Sometimes the rehabilitation of the pavement layout does not have long lasting effects due to a lack of compliance with the constraints imposed by the technical specifications for the design of materials. The purpose of this paper is to present an efficient BIM tool to help in road maintenance operations through the management of data arising from laboratory testing of road pavement bituminous materials required for the quality control of mixtures. The database associated to the BIM model is a collection of three years of data derived from laboratory investigation on bituminous mixtures’ samples adopted for the maintenance of four main roads located in southern Italy. An algorithm that interacts with the three-dimensional road model has been implemented in order to give road administrations an easy-to-read alert signal for the road pavement structure of the road network that may present the most critical conditions due to poor mechanical and physical features.
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Kim, Yong-Rak, Francisco T. S. Aragão, David H. Allen, and Dallas N. Little. "Damage modeling of bituminous mixtures considering mixture microstructure, viscoelasticity, and cohesive zone fracture." Canadian Journal of Civil Engineering 37, no. 8 (August 2010): 1125–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/l10-043.
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This paper describes the development and application of a computational modeling approach incorporated with pertinent laboratory testing that can be used to predict fracture damage performance of bituminous paving mixtures. In the model, material viscoelasticity, mixture microstructure, and cohesive zone fracture properties are implemented within a finite element method, which is intended to simulate nonlinear-inelastic microscale fracture and its propagation to complete failure in bituminous mixtures. The model is applied to different materials, and the resulting model simulations are compared to experimental results for model validation. With some limitations and technical issues to be overcome in the future, the model presented herein clearly demonstrates several advancements based on its features accounting for material viscoelasticity, heterogeneity, and cohesive zone fracture. Potentially, the model can provide significant savings in time and costs and can also be used to improve currently available design analysis tools.
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Langan, B. W., R. C. Joshi, and M. A. Ward. "Strength and durability of concretes containing 50% Portland cement replacement by fly ash and other materials." Canadian Journal of Civil Engineering 17, no. 1 (February 1, 1990): 19–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/l90-004.
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Results are presented from an investigation on the compressive strength and durability of concretes containing substitute materials at a 50% replacement level (by mass) of Portland cement. Seven fly ashes (sub-bituminous, bituminous, and lignitic), together with limestone and an inert material (silica flour), were used as replacement materials. Durability studies included freeze–thaw testing (ASTM C666A), scaling resistance (ASTM C672), and abrasion resistance (ASTM C944). The air void system was assessed using the modified point count method of ASTM C457. The results indicate that although concretes with a 50% replacement level of cementitious material did not perform as well as the control concretes with no replacement, such concretes were able to meet minimum durability requirements. As anticipated, air-entrainment is the overriding factor that allows concrete to meet freeze–thaw durability requirements. In the context of this study, compressive strength does not appear to be a significant factor in freeze–thaw durability. Results indicated that concretes with compressive strengths of less than 10 MPa will still pass the freeze–thaw test, provided an adequate air void system is in place. Abrasion resistance tends to increase with compressive strength but not in all the cases. Key words: concrete, fly ash, compressive strength, durability, mineral admixtures.
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Gedik, Abdulgazi, and Abdullah Hilmi Lav. "Analytical, morphological, and rheological behavior of sulphur-extended-binder." Canadian Journal of Civil Engineering 43, no. 6 (June 2016): 532–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/cjce-2015-0409.
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Bituminous material is a limited natural resource mainly used in hot mix asphalt production. The high costs coupled with the large amounts required have been forcing pavement engineers to find cost effective alternative materials that can be used as extenders or partial substitutes. This prohibitive cost factor led this paper to focus on the utilization of abundant granular sulphur as an extender for the more expensive bituminous material. In this study, sulphur-extended binders were prepared by using a 50/70 grade bitumen and by increasing the amounts of granular sulphur as an extension up to a maximum 50% by weight. The samples were then exposed to short and long-term aging by performing the rolling thin film oven and pressure aging vessel tests. Aged and virgin samples were then further tested using analytical, rheological, and morphological testing methods. The promising results demonstrate that the sulphur-extended binder not only increases the performance of the neat bitumen, but can also lower overall costs.
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Diab, Aboelkasim, and Zhanping You. "Linear and Nonlinear Rheological Properties of Bituminous Mastics under Large Amplitude Oscillatory Shear Testing." Journal of Materials in Civil Engineering 30, no. 3 (March 2018): 04017303. http://dx.doi.org/10.1061/(asce)mt.1943-5533.0002179.
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Nsengiyumva, Gabriel, Hamzeh F. Haghshenas, Yong-Rak Kim, and Santosh Reddy Kommidi. "Mechanical-Chemical Characterization of the Effects of Type, Dosage, and Treatment Methods of Rejuvenators in Aged Bituminous Materials." Transportation Research Record: Journal of the Transportation Research Board 2674, no. 3 (February 27, 2020): 126–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0361198120909110.
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Proper use of rejuvenators can improve the properties and performance of aged asphalt mixtures; however, there is currently a lack of understanding on how rejuvenator treatment details, such as type-dosage of rejuvenators and blending-curing of rejuvenation, affect properties and performance characteristics. This study aims to investigate the effects of type, dosage, and treatment methods of rejuvenators when added into aged bituminous materials. To meet the goal, three rejuvenators, categorized by their production technology, were selected to improve a high-recycled asphalt pavement mixture by conducting various binder-level and mixture-level tests. For the binder-level testing, the performance grading (PG) method was used to primarily determine proper dosages targeting desired binder grades, and two chemical tests (Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy and Saturate, Aromatic, Resin and Asphaltene) were conducted to examine chemical characteristics altered by rejuvenation and the further aging process. The selected dosage levels from the binder testing were then applied to mixture-level performance evaluation by conducting two tests: flow number for rutting and semicircular bending fracture for cracking. Test-analysis results indicated that although it can successfully determine the proper dosage range of rejuvenators, PG binder testing is limited to only assessing the effects of rejuvenators on mechanical properties; this can be better aided by integrating chemical characterization that provides a more in-depth material-specific rejuvenation process. Moreover, it appears that rejuvenation methods can alter the performance of aged mixtures. Therefore, the selection of rejuvenators and their implementation into practice should be carried out considering multiple aspects, not only its PG recovery.
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Margaritis, Alexandros, Geert Jacobs, Georgios Pipintakos, Johan Blom, and Wim Van den bergh. "Fatigue Resistance of Bituminous Mixtures and Mortars Containing High Reclaimed Asphalt Content." Materials 13, no. 24 (December 12, 2020): 5680. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ma13245680.
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With the increased use of reclaimed asphalt (RA), the ability of bituminous materials to resist fatigue cracking may face a decline mainly due to the aged reclaimed asphalt binder (RAB), especially when RA is used at higher rates and not sufficiently treated. In this study, the bulk scale (asphalt) and its subscale (mortar) were employed to evaluate the effect on fatigue resistance when a RAB is added, by considering three replacement rates: 0%, 40%, and 70% RAB. The fatigue testing of asphalt mixtures was carried out using a four-point bending (4PB) setup, while the mortars were tested using a new column-like geometry utilising a dynamic shear rheometer (DSR). The fatigue properties were further analysed using dissipated energy concepts. The aim of this study was, first, to assess whether the inclusion of a RAB can provide at least similar fatigue properties compared to an all-virgin mix, and second, to evaluate whether the proposed treatment is beneficial for the mixtures with a RAB. The asphalt tests revealed that the inclusion of a 40% RAB led to increased fatigue resistance, whereas the mortar tests showed that the inclusion of RAB has an inverse effect on fatigue life.
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Carter, Steve, Khaled Ksaibati, and George Huntington. "Field and Laboratory Evaluations of Hot-Poured Thermoelastic Bituminous Crack Sealing of Asphalt Pavements." Transportation Research Record: Journal of the Transportation Research Board 1933, no. 1 (January 2005): 113–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0361198105193300113.
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This paper describes the results of field and laboratory tests evaluating four configurations and three materials used for crack surfacing. Crack surfacing, as defined in this paper, is the sealing of cracks over 1 in. (25 mm) wide in asphalt pavements. Laboratory testing using the thermal stress restrained specimen test (TSRST; AASHTO TP 10-93) determines the temperature at which a specimen with its ends restrained fails due to thermal contraction. Field studies evaluate the performance of two materials with the uniform overband configuration on three roads in Wyoming. All crack surfacing materials are commercially available hot-poured thermoelastic bituminous products. Overband configurations are found to be the preferred method for applying crack surfacing, based on the TSRST. Failure modes are evaluated and generally found to propagate from the interface between the surfacing material and the pavement to which it is bonded. Field studies indicate that traffic and snowplowing have a significant influence on the performance of crack surfacing. Cracks sealed with the same configuration and the same material performed substantially better on US-26 than on I-25 over the same time periods. The only obvious difference between the two is that I-25 has three to four times as much traffic and correspondingly greater snow control efforts. This study concludes that materials, configurations, and traffic or snowplowing frequency influence the performance of crack surfacing.
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Souza, Leonardo T., Yong-Rak Kim, Flavio V. Souza, and Leandro S. Castro. "Experimental Testing and Finite-Element Modeling to Evaluate the Effects of Aggregate Angularity on Bituminous Mixture Performance." Journal of Materials in Civil Engineering 24, no. 3 (March 2012): 249–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.1061/(asce)mt.1943-5533.0000386.
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Porto, Michele, Paolino Caputo, Abraham A. Abe, Valeria Loise, and Cesare Oliviero Rossi. "Stability of Bituminous Emulsion Induced by Waste Based Bio-Surfactant." Applied Sciences 11, no. 7 (April 6, 2021): 3280. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/app11073280.
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In the asphalt industry, bituminous emulsions are widely used in road pavement operations and in building/construction processes such as cold mix asphalt and waterproofing processes, respectively. A very important fact to keep in mind is that not all types of bitumen are suitable for the realization of bituminous emulsions. This is largely due to the variation in their chemical nature and the different cracking processes carried out on the bitumen during the fractional distillation process in the petroleum industry. The objective of this study is to identify the underlying causes of the non-emulsionability of bitumen using Nuclear Magnetic Resonance (NMR) and Dynamic Shear Rheology (DSR) analysis. NMR analysis aims at identifying the fundamental chemical components that are responsible for the emulsionability of the bitumen binder and how important their role is in this phenomenon. On the other hand, the DSR analysis is aimed at determining if the rheological (viscoelastic) behavior of bitumen is implicated in its emulsionability. The indications gotten from the data produced by these techniques, enable us as soon as the analyzed bitumen is deemed non-emulsionable to identify what type of additive can be used to modify the bitumen and alleviate its non-emulsionability until a point where its chemical components become ideal for the realization of bituminous emulsions. In this research work, a model bitumen (labelled as Cimar) which is known for its excellently high emulsionability in the production of anionic bituminous emulsions was used as the reference sample. Two bitumens (labelled as Adriatica and Alma) which from preliminary testing were deemed non-emulsionable were alongside the additives selected and subjected to the aforementioned techniques for analysis on their emulsionability. The NMR data obtained allowed the identification of the chemical nature of the components of the analyzed bitumens and the design of the right additive which improves the bitumen and makes it suitable for the preparation of emulsions. In addition to these, a largely uncommon however effective method of acid number determination of bitumen gave indications on an underlying factor which largely influences the emulsionability of bitumen. An aliphatic and an aromatic surfactant were identified thanks to the spectroscopic findings in this study.
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ANDRONOV, S. Yu, Yu E. VASIL’EV, A. V. KOCHETKOV, and V. I. ALFEROV. "Method for Uniform Introduction of Fiber into a Bitumen Suspension for Arranging Springing Asphalt Concrete Layers." Stroitel'nye Materialy 785, no. 10 (2020): 38–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.31659/0585-430x-2020-785-10-38-43.
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Methods of uniform distribution of fibrous materials in asphalt materials with dispersed bitumen were studied. The key issue in this area is the technology of introducing reinforcing elements into the volume of asphalt concrete mix. Fiber from polyacrylonitrile fibers is considered as a reinforcing material. To achieve the maximum reinforcing effect for any materials, including asphalt, due to the introduction of short fibers and threads, their uniform distribution in semi-finished mixtures and in the formed structural material is necessary. The principal possibility of uniform distribution of reinforcing elements (in the form of short fibers of polyacrylonitrile fiber) in the volume of reinforced asphalt materials based on viscous dispersed bitumens is established. A method for the uniform introduction of fiber into the bitumen suspension for the arranging springing asphalt concrete layers has been developed. For the first time, a material from a bituminous suspension reinforced with polyacrylonitrile fiber, which is not destroyed in thin layers under the action of bending loads, but reversibly deformed, was obtained. Keywords: cold asphalt concrete mixes, dispersed bitumen, testing, springing asphalt concrete layers, fiber, bitumen suspension.
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Jones, David. "Assessment of the Potential for Salt Damage to Asphalt Surfacings when Chloride-Treated Unpaved Roads Are Upgraded to a Sealed Standard." Transportation Research Record: Journal of the Transportation Research Board 2673, no. 12 (September 15, 2019): 774–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0361198119855976.
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Experience gained during research into chemical dust control/fines preservation has indicated that the reduced maintenance on, and reduced gravel loss from, treated roads justifies the use of these chemical treatments as a cost-effective road maintenance and management strategy. Treatments also serve as a means of preserving layer thickness and integrity in stage construction if upgrading the road to a paved standard is planned. However, the potential for damage to primed bases and bituminous surfacings placed on chloride-treated layers as a result of salt crystallization underneath the surface during hot, dry conditions in arid and semi-arid climates has to be considered. A laboratory test method was therefore developed to gauge the potential for this type of damage. Calcium chloride, a commonly used dust palliative, was used in the experiment. The test, which simulated a worst-case scenario, followed by two field experiments that were evaluated for 36 months, indicated that salt damage to base materials, whether primed or unprimed, and to bituminous surface treatments or thin asphalt concrete layers is unlikely to occur on roads previously treated with calcium chloride. Care should be taken in the choice of surfacing if the electrical conductivity of the top 25 mm of treated material on the road exceeds 0.15 S/m prior to priming the base and placing the surfacing. This limit can be relaxed if laboratory testing, as described in this paper, indicates that salt damage is unlikely.
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Kommidi, Santosh Reddy, and Yong-Rak Kim. "Dynamic shear rheometer testing and mechanistic conversion to predict bending beam rheometer low temperature behavior of bituminous binder." Construction and Building Materials 267 (January 2021): 120563. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2020.120563.
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Hasan, Ahmad Al Ghozali, Amrul Amrul, and M. Irsyad. "Efek Penekanan Dan Pemanasan Pada Proses Pembriketan Biomassa Hasil Torefaksi Terhadap Kualitas Briket." Jurnal Ilmiah Teknik Mesin 8, no. 2 (June 2, 2020): 17–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.23960/fema.v8i2.4.
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Torefaction is one method of utilizing biomass waste into fuel through a thermal process that takesplace at atmospheric pressure with a temperature range of 200-350 ℃ to a solid quality fuelequivalent to sub-bituminous coal. Densification aims to increase biomass mass density. Thecombination of densification and torrefaction is an attractive process option to get high qualitybriquette and pellet fuel. Making briquettes with the hot printing method is able to eliminate theadhesive material so that the process of making briquettes is faster, direct briquettes can be usedwithout a drying process and are able to maintain the calorific value of raw materials. The purposeof this study is to examine the effect of suppression and heating on the briquetting process oftorefaction results on the quality of briquettes based on the physical properties of the drop test,water resistance, combustion temperature and length of combustion. The best quality briquettesfound were 8 tons of briquettes with a temperature of 150 ℃, where the briquette drop test did notlose much material. In water resistance testing, the water absorbed in 8 ton briquettes withtemperature of 150 ℃ is quite low, and when testing the combustion of briquettes is also quite good.Keywords : Torefaction, densification, briquettes, drop test, water resistant, combustion
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Mei, Alessandro, Raffaella Fusco, Monica Moroni, Nicola Fiore, Giuliano Fontinovo, and Antonio D’Andrea. "Affinity between Bitumen and Aggregate in Hot Mix Asphalt by Hyperspectral Imaging and Digital Picture Analysis." Coatings 11, no. 6 (May 28, 2021): 648. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/coatings11060648.
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This study investigated the viability of quantifying the affinity between aggregate and bitumen by means of different imaging techniques. Experiments were arranged in accordance with the rolling-bottle test, as indicated in UNI EN 12697-11, “Test methods for hot bituminous conglomerates—Part 11”. Digital image processing (DIP) techniques have only recently been used for such quantification. The data gathered with a multi-sensor optical platform equipped with VIS–NIR and SWIR spectrometers were compared with DIP outcomes. Data were processed using the unsupervised ISODATA and the supervised parallelepiped algorithms. The exposed aggregate index (EAI) and the bitumen index (BIT) were calculated to retrieve the bitumen percentage coverage of different mixtures. The comparison with the results obtained employing the traditional 6, 24, 48 and 72 testing hours reveals the possibility to implement a standardized analysis methodology combining digital and hyperspectral imagery to highlight potential inaccuracies deriving from the visual interpretation.
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Diab, Aboelkasim, and Zhanping You. "Closure to “Linear and Nonlinear Rheological Properties of Bituminous Mastics under Large Amplitude Oscillatory Shear Testing” by Aboelkasim Diab and Zhanping You." Journal of Materials in Civil Engineering 31, no. 4 (April 2019): 07019002. http://dx.doi.org/10.1061/(asce)mt.1943-5533.0002655.
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Padmarekha, A., P. S. Divya, and J. Murali Krishnan. "Discussion of “Linear and Nonlinear Rheological Properties of Bituminous Mastics under Large Amplitude Oscillatory Shear Testing” by Aboelkasim Diab and Zhanping You." Journal of Materials in Civil Engineering 31, no. 4 (April 2019): 07019001. http://dx.doi.org/10.1061/(asce)mt.1943-5533.0002656.
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Ratajczak, Maria, and Artur Wilmański. "Evaluation of Laboratory Methods of Determination of SBS Content in Polymer-Modified Bitumens." Materials 13, no. 22 (November 19, 2020): 5237. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ma13225237.
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The article deals with the issue of determination of the content of SBS (Styrene-Butadiene-Styrene) in polymer-modified bitumens (PMBs). The effect of SBS copolymer on the physical and rheological properties of bitumens has been thoroughly investigated and widely described in the literature. Condition surveys of structures and evaluation of the properties of materials used at construction sites have become a huge challenge for construction engineering. Determination of the content of SBS modifier in various building materials (asphalt mixtures and bituminous waterproofing compounds) is a good example in this respect. Based on the laboratory tests, mid-infrared spectroscopy was found to be the most effective analytical method. It can be used for easy detection of the presence of SBS in a modified bitumen. However, quantitative analysis is an issue that calls for research. Currently, there are no standard guidelines, whether national or European, that would regulate the method of testing. Three test methods were assessed in this study: the AASHTO T302–15 standard method and two Australian methods described in codes of practice (T521 and Q350) developed by the local authorities, which define a standard way of determining the amount of SBS in polymer-modified bitumens. The tests were carried out on standard controls and samples sourced from the industry. The above-mentioned test methods were assessed in terms of accuracy of determination, reliability of results obtained on the industrial samples, level of complexity of the test procedure, sample preparation techniques and the type of the required reagents.
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Baldo, Nicola, Evangelos Manthos, and Marco Pasetto. "Analysis of the Mechanical Behaviour of Asphalt Concretes Using Artificial Neural Networks." Advances in Civil Engineering 2018 (July 12, 2018): 1–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2018/1650945.
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The current paper deals with the numerical prediction of the mechanical response of asphalt concretes for road pavements, using artificial neural networks (ANNs). The asphalt concrete mixes considered in this study have been prepared with a diabase aggregate skeleton and two different types of bitumen, namely, a conventional bituminous binder and a polymer-modified one. The asphalt concretes were produced both in a road materials laboratory and in an asphalt concrete production plant. The mechanical behaviour of the mixes was investigated in terms of Marshall stability, flow, quotient, and moreover by the stiffness modulus. The artificial neural networks used for the numerical analysis of the experimental data, of the feedforward type, were characterized by one hidden layer and 10 artificial neurons. The results have been extremely satisfactory, with coefficients of correlation in the testing phase within the range 0.98798–0.91024, depending on the considered model, thus demonstrating the feasibility to apply ANN modelization to predict the mechanical and performance response of the asphalt concretes investigated. Furthermore, a closed-form equation has been provided for each of the four ANN models developed, assuming as input parameters the production process, the bitumen type and content, the filler/bitumen ratio, and the volumetric properties of the mixes. Such equations allow any other researcher to predict the mechanical parameter of interest, within the framework of the present study.
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Grobler, J. A., A. Taute, and I. Joubert. "Pavement Evaluation and Rehabilitation Design Methodology Currently Used on Low-Volume Roads in Southern Africa." Transportation Research Record: Journal of the Transportation Research Board 1819, no. 1 (January 2003): 343–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.3141/1819b-44.
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A pavement evaluation and rehabilitation design methodology is currently employed in southern Africa on relatively light pavement structures used for low-volume roads. The pavements normally consist of natural gravel materials in most layers and thin bituminous surfacings. When nearing the end of their design lives, they exhibit distresses ranging from minor deformation through aging of the surface to structural cracking and potholes. Rehabilitation options normally involve light stone seals or other inexpensive and cost-effective treatments. The phases of investigation for pavement evaluation and rehabilitation designs start with desk study to establish the history of the road and its past performance from pavement management system outputs. Detailed visual evaluations are then conducted of road features and extent of various forms of distress. These data are presented followed by a decision-making process to select areas for more detailed testing. All the information is used to determine the causes of distress and likely rehabilitation alternatives. Further destructive and nondestructive testing is carried out to predict performance of rehabilitation designs and equivalent annual cost comparisons. Rehabilitation design is also done with use of the dynamic cone penetrometer. Decision criteria are set for use of tests undertaken in the assessments, and test results are evaluated. This procedure normally results in a wide range of rehabilitation options, from application of a diluted emulsion as a surface rejuvenator to more extensive patching and resealing to major rehabilitation and overlays. This process effectively produces cost-effective solutions that maximize limited budgets. It is essential that the road authority be prepared to share the risks of the low-cost options with the designer. In this way benefits of low-cost solutions are realized, whereas, in a limited number of instances, premature distress may have to be repaired under routine maintenance.
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Spadoni, Sara, Lorenzo Paolo Ingrassia, Giulio Paoloni, Amedeo Virgili, and Francesco Canestrari. "Influence of Geocomposite Properties on the Crack Propagation and Interlayer Bonding of Asphalt Pavements." Materials 14, no. 18 (September 15, 2021): 5310. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ma14185310.
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The application of geocomposites as reinforcement in asphalt pavements is a promising solution for the maintenance/rehabilitation of existing pavements and for the construction of new pavements, whose effectiveness strongly depends on the physical and mechanical properties of the geocomposite. This study aims at assessing the influence of four different geocomposites, obtained by combining a reinforcing geosynthetic with a bituminous membrane, on the crack propagation and interlayer bonding of asphalt pavements. First, a laboratory investigation was carried out on double-layered asphalt specimens. The crack propagation resistance under static and dynamic loads was investigated through three-point bending tests (carried out on specimens with and without notch) and reflective cracking tests respectively, whereas the interlayer shear strength was evaluated through Leutner tests. Then, a trial section was constructed along an Italian motorway and a Falling Weight Deflectometer (FWD) testing campaign was carried out. The laboratory investigation highlighted that—as compared to the unreinforced system—the geocomposites increased the crack propagation energy in the layer above the reinforcement from five to ten times, indicating that they can significantly extend the service life of the pavement by delaying bottom-up and reflective cracking. However, they also worsened the interlayer bonding between the asphalt layers (de-bonding effect). The field investigation indicated that all geocomposites decreased the stiffness of the asphalt layers with respect to the unreinforced pavement as a consequence of the de-bonding effect, thus corroborating the laboratory results. Based on the results obtained, it is desirable that the geocomposite possess a high energy dissipation capability and an upper coating ensuring good adhesion between the asphalt layers. The monitoring of the existing trial section in the future will provide useful data on the long-term field performance of reinforced pavements subjected to actual motorway traffic.
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Raab, Christiane, and Manfred N. Partl. "Laboratory Evaluation and Construction of Fully Recycled Low-Temperature Asphalt for Low-Volume Roads." Advances in Materials Science and Engineering 2020 (March 25, 2020): 1–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2020/4904056.
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Growing economy and increasing pollution evoke the need for more environmentally friendly road construction techniques and the saving of natural resources. In this context, cold recycling plays an important role since, on the one hand, it allows to reduce CO2 emissions drastically and, on the other hand, it offers a variety of opportunities for high percentages of recycling. Inspired by experience in Sweden, the international project “Optimal Recycling of Reclaimed Asphalts for low-traffic Pavement” (ORRAP) for low-volume roads in the Upper Rhine region aims to develop and establish a new strategy for 100% reclaimed asphalt pavement (RAP) at ambient temperature (20°C) without adding virgin bituminous binders or rejuvenators. The still ongoing research project involves laboratory experiments as well as in situ test sections. The link between small-scale laboratory experiments and in situ testing is provided by medium-scale traffic simulation in the laboratory. This paper describes results from medium-scale compaction in the laboratory using different methods as well as traffic simulation with a medium-scale mobile traffic load simulator. The results show that compaction in the laboratory at ambient temperature (20°) is very difficult to achieve. Nevertheless, it was found that compaction at a temperature of 60°C appears possible and provides promising results regarding stability and rutting enabling the in situ construction. The in situ pavement construction at ambient temperature on a low-volume road in Switzerland resulted in a visibly well-compacted and stable base course which was covered by a hot mix asphalt surface course the day after. The test section will be monitored closely over the next 12 months.
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Zhixiang, Gao, Guo Hongyu, Dong Zhiwei, Luo Yuan, and Xia Daping. "The Chemical Softening Effect and Mechanism of Low Rank Coal Soaked in Alkaline Solution." Open Chemistry 17, no. 1 (December 31, 2019): 1449–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/chem-2019-0148.
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AbstractIn order to analyze the feasibility of chemical softening on low rank coals, bituminous coal was collected from the Qianqiu mine in Henan Province, China, and soaked in water and alkaline solution for different lengths of time. The complete stress-strain and acoustic emission (AE) experiments on the coal samples under uniaxial compression were tested on the RMT-150B Rock Mechanics Testing System and DS2 series AE signal analyzer. The results showed that the coal samples soaked in the water and alkaline solution present different characteristics in the deformation and failure process. As we increase the soaking time, the uniaxial compressive strength and deformation degree of the soaked coal samples in the alkaline solution and water decreased by 42.7% and 94.8% respectively. In the loading test, an AE signal is generated in all coal samples and the maximum ringing count rate and AE energy rate are present near the stress maximum for a short time. Moreover, the ringing count rate and AE energy rate have a good consistency with the stress-strain of the coal samples. The cumulative ringing count of the two groups soaked in water and alkaline solution decreased by 51% and 89% compared to the original coal sample. However, the decreased degree of the samples soaked in the alkaline solution is much higher than that of those soaked in water and the results showed that the alkaline solution has a better softening effect on the coal sample. With the increase of the alkaline solution concentration, the contact angle decreased from 112.5° to 41°. Through microscope and scanning electron microscopy (SEM) analysis of the soaked coal samples, we found that the pores and fissures increased, the structure of coal became loose, and the mechanical strength decreased sharply after soaking in the alkaline solution, thus achieving a chemical softening effect.
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Remišová, Eva. "Effect of film thickness on resistance to permanent deformation in asphalt mixtures." Baltic Journal of Road and Bridge Engineering 10, no. 4 (December 15, 2015): 333–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.3846/bjrbe.2015.42.
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The resistance of asphalt mixtures against permanent deformation is one of important requirements that have to be verified in the design process of asphalt mixtures. In the case of asphalt concrete the European Standard EN 13108-1:2006 Bituminous Mixtures. Material Specifications. Part 1: Asphalt Concrete allows empirical (compositional recipes and requirements) or fundamental approach for testing of permanent deformation resistance. A fundamental approach specifies asphalt concrete in terms of performance-based requirements linked to limited prescription of composition and constituent materials. In this design approach a triaxial cyclic compression test is used to verify resistance to permanent deformation. The presented study investigates characteristics of resistance to rutting of asphalt concrete mixtures (eight mixtures of AC 11 from different producers) determined by triaxial cyclic compression test. The basic conclusions and statements of main factors influenced resistance to rutting (type of binder, binder content, and aggregate gradation) have been worked out from prevenient experience and experimental measuring. But measured test results presented in the following paper point out differences in resistance however the bitumen contents are relatively the same. During detailed investigation the tested asphalt mixtures had small differences in aggregate gradation. Changes in gradation make change of aggregate specific surface and the mixture needs different bitumen content to coat aggregate particles, to bound them to each other and to make stiff material resistant to rutting. The results from measuring of resistance to permanent deformation show the relation between aggregate specific surface and bitumen film thickness and permanent deformation.
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"Recommendations of RILEM TC 182-PEB 'Performance testing and evaluation of bituminous materials': Stiffness testing for bituminous materials." Materials and Structures 34, no. 236 (November 8, 2005): 66–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.1617/13654.
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Barletta, R. E., B. S. Bowerman, R. E. Davis, and C. E. Shea. "Biodegradation Testing of Bitumen." MRS Proceedings 84 (1986). http://dx.doi.org/10.1557/proc-84-399.
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AbstractAn estimate of the rate of biodegradation of bituminous material is necessary to predict the long-term stability of low- and intermediate- level waste solidified using bitumen. Data from a series of scoping experiments have been analyzed to determine the rate of degradation of blown bitumen samples under a variety of conditions. Among the variables investigated were the effect of soil type, moisture, sample surface area and microbial strain. The rate of degradation was measured by monitoring metabolic CO2release. Using this data it was found that, for degradation in soil, a mean rate of 5.5 × 10−4 cm/yr represented all data to within a factor of about two. This mean rate is nearly that for distilled bitumen samples measured by other workers.
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Kim, Yong-Rak, Flavio V. Souza, and Taehyo Park. "Multiscale Modeling of Damage Evolution in Viscoelastic Bituminous Mixtures Subjected to Cyclic Loading." Journal of Engineering Materials and Technology 135, no. 2 (March 25, 2013). http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/1.4023773.
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This study presents a multiscale computational model and its application to predict damage dependent mechanical behavior of bituminous mixtures subjected to cyclic loading. Two length scales (global and local) are two-way coupled in the model framework by linking a homogenized global scale to a heterogeneous local scale representative volume element. Based on the unique two-way coupled multiscaling and the use of the finite element technique incorporated with the material viscoelasticity and cohesive zone fracture, the model approach can successfully account for the effect of mixture heterogeneity, material viscoelasticity, and damage accumulation due to cracks in the small scale on the overall performance of larger scale mixtures or structures. This step requires only the properties of individual constituents. To demonstrate the model and its features, bending beam fatigue testing of a bituminous mixture, which is composed of elastic aggregates and viscoelastic bitumen, is simulated by altering the mixture's constituent properties. The model clearly presents progressive damage characteristics with repetitive loading cycles and the analysis clearly demonstrates the sensitivity of the approach to constituent material properties. The multiscale model presented herein is expected to drastically reduce time-consuming and expensive fatigue tests, which, when performed in the traditional manner, require many replicates and do not define the cause of microstructural fatigue, damage, and failure.
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Lazareva, Tatyana, and Aleksey Parfenov. "Modified bituminous binders for road construction in the Republic of Sakha (Yakutia)." Russian journal of transport engineering 7, no. 4 (December 2020). http://dx.doi.org/10.15862/09sats420.
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Take into the account climate and environmental conditions of this region are necessary during modern road construction technologies introduction in the Republic of Sakha (Yakutia). This region’s climate and environmental conditions in many ways are identified as extreme. First of all, it should be noted that Yakutia is the coldest region of the Russian Federation, its territory is completely located in the permafrost zone. At the constructional materials testing center of the Pacific National University, were executed experimental studies to develop technological regulations for the modified bituminous binder manufacturing intended for paving the Lena highway (Yakutsk – Never). In this work, for the polymer-bitumen binder manufacturing, was used bitumen petroleum viscous for road building, grade BND 130/200. In the course of the research, the polymer-bitumen binders PBV 200 and PBV 300 with a brittle temperature not exceeding -35 °C and -40 °C with the thermoplastic elastomers SBS LG 502 (South Korea) and SBS R 30-00A (JSC «Voronezhsintezkauchuk») additives use the formula selecting problem were solved, as well as plasticizer – industrial oil I-40A. To optimize the composition of the binder and further improve its characteristics, it is proposed to use bitumen with increased content of maltene fractions and to include in its composition an adhesion additive of the amphoteric type DAD-1. The resulting polymer-bitumen binder is characterized by a wide performance range – an increased softening temperature and a low brittleness temperature, elasticity (ability to reversible deformations), high adhesion to various rocks. Achieving these goals will improve the asphalt concrete pavement quality and durability in difficult climatic conditions.
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"Solids clamping and liquid immersion accessories – new rheometry fixture for testing “large” solid samples in temperature controlled liquid is useful for bituminous and polymeric materials." Pigment & Resin Technology 33, no. 3 (June 2004). http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/prt.2004.12933cad.009.
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Sidi, A. A., N. M. Waziri, A. Musa, A. Hamidu, H. M. Liman, and A. Abdullahi. "The Suitability of Granite and Granite-Gneiss of part of Minna Sheet 164 SW North-Central Nigeria as Construction Aggregates." Journal of Earth Sciences and Geotechnical Engineering, May 30, 2021, 47–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.47260/jesge/1134b.
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Geotechnical tests were performed on granite and granite-gneiss rock samples of parts of Minna to know their suitability as construction aggregates. Eight rock samples were selected for porosity test, impact value, specific gravity and absorption capacity. The average porosity of the samples is 0.21, 0.12, 0.30, 0.10, 0.25, 0.25, 0.24 and 0.11 respectively for L1, L14, L15, L19, L21, L23, L25 and L29 which shows they are normal except L15 with a high porosity. Average impact value of the samples show they are suitable for wearing surface course in road and bridge construction, except samples L14 and L19 with average impact value of 32.8 and 34.9 respectively making them suitable only as bituminous macadam (maximum value = 35%). Sample L1 is not suitable as construction aggregates because it exceeds the maximum value specified for that purpose. The average specific gravity of the rocks are L1=2.68, L14=2.65, L15=2.65, L19=2.67, L21= 2.63, L23= 2.71, L25=2.65, and L29=2.69 respectively and which make them suitable as normal weight materials for construction. The average absorption capacity values of the rock samples are 0.20%, 0.20%, 0.50%, 0.10%, 0.25%, 0.10%, 0.50% and 0.20% respectively for samples L1, L14, L15, L19, L21, L23, L25, and L29. All testing followed the respective ASTM standards. Keywords: Geotechnical testing, construction aggregates, granite, granite-gneiss, Minna, Nigeria.
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Schlorholtz, Scott, Ken Bergeson, and Turgut Demirel. "Monitoring of Fluctuations in the Physical and Chemical Properties of a High-Calcium Fly Ash." MRS Proceedings 113 (1987). http://dx.doi.org/10.1557/proc-113-107.
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ABSTRACTThe physical and chemical properties of fly ash produced at Ottumwa Generating Station have been monitored since April, 1985. The fly ash is produced from burning a low sulfur, sub-bituminous coal obtained from the Powder River Basin near Gillette, Wyoming. One-hundred and sixty samples of fly ash were obtained during the two year period. All of the samples were subjected to physical testing as specified by ASTM C 311. About one-hundred of the samples were also subjected to a series of tests designed to monitor the self-cementing properties of the fly ash. Many of the fly ash samples were subjected to x-ray diffraction and fluorescence analysis to define the mineralogical and chemical composition of the bulk fly ash as a function of sampling date. Hydration products in selected hardened fly ash pastes, were studied by x-ray diffraction and scanning electron microscopy. The studies indicated that power plant operating conditions influenced the compressive strength of the fly ash paste specimens. Mineralogical and morphological studies of the fly ash pastes indicated that stratlingite formation occurred in the highstrength specimens, while ettringite was the major hydration product evident in the low-strength specimens.
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DENIZ, Vedat. "Evaluation of Grindability Behaviors of Four Different Solid Fuels Blending by Using the Hardgrove Mill." Inżynieria Mineralna 1, no. 1 (April 19, 2021). http://dx.doi.org/10.29227/im-2019-01-06.
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Grindability measurements are widely used in mineral and coal processing industry to determine resistance of materials to comminution.Grindability measurement as testing methods can be divided into two general categories; the Bond and the Hardgrovegrindabilities. Grinding characteristics of the mineral or coal blending have been studied by several researchers over many yearsand a wide range grinding variables has been investigated. In this study, because of the simplicity and the potential usage of themethod for the determination of the grindability of coals and their blending in a comparative scale, a Hardgrove mill were used toinvestigated the grinding behavior of four different solid fuels and their blending. Grindability of four different solid fuels such as;petroleum coke, coke coal, lignite and bituminous coal and their binary, ternary and quaternary blending were investigated by theHardgrove grindability test. The test results indicated that determine the existence of a very good relation between the Bond andthe Hardgrove grindability of the fuels, and relationship between experimental and calculated HGI values of the fuels blendingwere also shown as a very good. However, there is not obtain a good relation between proximate analysis results of the solid fuelsand HGI values of fuels blending.
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Schlorholtz, Scott, Ken Bergeson, and Turgut Demirel. "Variability and Trends in Iowa Fly Ashes." MRS Proceedings 86 (1986). http://dx.doi.org/10.1557/proc-86-325.
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ABSTRACTAn investigation has been made of the variability of physical and chemical properties of high-calcium (Class C) fly ashes from four Iowa power plants. The investigation summarizes results obtained from three years (1983 through 1985) of monitoring of the various power plants. All four of the power plants burn low-sulfur, sub-bituminous coal from Wyoming. Fly ash samples were obtained from the power plants in accordance to the procedures described in ASTM C 311. Laboratory testing methods were similar to those specified by ASTM C 311. During the three year period, 102 samples were subjected to chemical and physical analysis while an additional 349 samples were subjected to physical analysis only. In general, the four power plants produce fly ashes of similar mineralogy and chemical composition. The observed time variation of the chemical composition of fly ash from a single power plant was quite small. The sulfur content consistently showed the largest coefficient of variation of the 10 elements studied. Physical characteristics of the fly ashes (as measured by ASTM tests) were also fairly uniform over long periods of time, when considered on an individual power plant basis. Fineness, when measured by wet washing using a 325 mesh sieve, consistently exhibited the largest coefficient of variation of any of the physical properties studied.
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Nagaychuk, Vasyl, Sergii Illiash, and Tatyana Tereshchenko. "EXPERIENCE ON IMPLEMENTATION OF HOT IN-PLACE RECYCLING OF ASPHALT CONCRETE IN UKRAINE." Avtoshliakhovyk Ukrayiny, December 14, 2018, 28–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.33868/0365-8392-2018-4-256-28-36.
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Rehabilitation of asphalt concrete layers of road pavements using HIR technologies enables effective elimination of surface defects (rutting, cracking, raveling, bleeding (flushing)) including defects caused by the non-conformity of asphalt concrete to the standard specifications. Due to the economical and ecological advantages, HIR technologies belong to the present-day effective alternative methods of rehabilitation of asphalt concrete pavements. In Ukraine, HIR technologies were first applied on intermediate repair works on an area of the international road I-01 “Kyiv-Chernihiv-Novyye Yarylovichi” in the 2013. Now, HIR technologies have been applied on repair works on numerical objects including areas on such state motor roads as I-01, I-06, N-09, R-10, R-67. The presented paper analyzes the results of monitoring of materials and technologies which was aimed on HIR performance investigation supported by State Road Agency of Ukraine (Ukravtodor) throughout 2014-2018. The results of monitoring of HIR technologies including laboratory evaluation of materials and also field testing of the rehabilitated pavements led to the conclusions fitted by the world-wide experience on implementation of HIR technologies. 1. Being applied to the structurally sound pavements, HIR provides effective elimination of surface defects of flexible pavement to a depth of (50-60) mm including defects caused by the non-conformity of asphalt concrete to the standard specifications. However, HIR is not suitable for existing asphalt pavements which have too much variation in asphalt concrete composition and thickness within the project limits. 2. The efficiency of asphalt pavement rehabilitation using HIR technologies largely depends on precise engineering consideration which determines the efficiency of preparatory (repair) works including some special works such as: – correction of cracks in case of cracking that extends below the depth of hot recycling; – re-compaction of an unbound base layer(s) in case of the insufficient compaction causing “alligatored” network-like cracking of asphalt pavement. 3. Proper technical and working conditions of the rehabilitated pavement during the nominal life cycle could be maintained by overlaying the surface treatment using bituminous emulsion materials or by single-pass overlaying a new hot-mixed asphalt concrete layer. Investigations accomplished during the implementation of HIR technologies allow enhance quality of recycled materials and also promote the entire adaptation of HIR technologies to the Ukrainian standards. Keywords: asphalt pavement rehabilitation, hot in-place recycling, recycled asphalt concrete, field testing, road pavement strength measurement, rutting measurement.