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Journal articles on the topic 'Bixin'

Author: Grafiati

Published: 4 June 2021

Last updated: 4 February 2022

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1

Kurniawati, Pipin T., H. Soetjipto, and Leenawati Limantara. "ANTIOXIDANT AND ANTIBACTERIAL ACTIVITIES OF BIXIN PIGMENT FROM ANNATTO (Bixa orellana L.) SEEDS." Indonesian Journal of Chemistry 7, no. 1 (2010): 88–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.22146/ijc.21719.

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Research on Bixa orellana L. have been done to isolate, identify and determine bixin percentage, the antioxidant and antibacterial activities of bixin from B. orellana seed. Isolation and identification of bixin was done by thin layer chromatography (TLC), column chromatography, chemical test of bixin and UV-Vis double beam spectroscopy. Percentage of bixin was calculated by JECFA method, the antioxidant activity was determined by DPPH (1-1 diphynilpicrylhidrazil) method while antibacterial activity was analyzed by the use of agar diffusion method. Thin layer chromatography (TLC) for the crude extract contained 5 spot, where spot 5th was bixin. Bixa orellana has 75±3% of bixin. Antioxidant activity of bixin had IC50 548.5±20.0 ppm. Whereas the antibacterial activity of bixin against the Escherichia coli and Staphylococus aureus could be classified as weak inhibition category at 500-750 μg and medium inhibition category at 1500 μg. Keywords: Bixa orellana L., bixin, antioxidant, antibacteria

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2

Rahmalia, Winda, Septiani Septiani, Uray Amira Naselia, Thamrin Usman, Imelda Hotmarisi Silalahi, and Zéphirin Mouloungui. "Performance Improvements of Bixin and Metal-Bixin Complexes Sensitized Solar Cells by 1-Methyl-3-propylimidazolium Iodide in Electrolyte System." Indonesian Journal of Chemistry 21, no. 3 (2021): 669. http://dx.doi.org/10.22146/ijc.60633.

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Bixin is one of the potential natural sensitizers used in dye-sensitized solar cells (DSSCs). In this study, bixin was complexed with Cu(II) and Zn(II) to increase its stability. The formation of the complexes was indicated by shifting peaks absorption and the changes in the fine spectral structure observed from the UV-Vis absorption spectra. The metal-bixin complex occurs due to the interaction between the ester groups of bixin and the metal. Bixin, Cu-bixin, and Zn-bixin were used separately as sensitizers in DSSCs. The DSSCs performance was then improved by adding 1-methyl-3-propylimidazolium iodide (MPII) to the electrolyte system. The presence of MPII 0.4 M in KI-I2 electrolyte produced a higher ionic conductivity value (20.44 mS cm–1) than that without MPII (11.14 mS cm–1). This electrolyte system significantly improved DSSCs performance. Under a light intensity of 300 W/m2, the maximum energy conversion efficiencies of DSSC with bixin, Cu-bixin, and Zn-bixin as sensitizers are 0.084, 0.081, and 0.005%, respectively. The Zn-bixin-based DSSC was stable under high light intensity. Under 700 W/m2, its maximum energy conversion efficiency reaches 0.125%. There was a synergistic work observed between the metal-bixin complex and the MPII based electrolyte. This result can open the way for constructing functional materials for solar cell applications.

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3

Hadary, Ferry, Nelly Wahyuni, Syaifurrahman, and Ayong Hiendro. "High Photoabsorption and Photostability of Photosesitizers for Kaolinite-Bixin Solar Cells." Applied Mechanics and Materials 780 (July 2015): 7–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.780.7.

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Natural pigments have low photostability due to the nature of their molecular structures. The conjugated structures lead the pigment molecules to be degraded quickly by the UV radiation. In this work, bixin is used as natural pigments for photosensitizers. Kaolinite is employed as a barrier to protect the bixin from degradation. Impregnating bixin into kaolinite forms more stable molecular structures which improve photostability of the bixin. Moreover, kaolinite can serve as a carrier material which allows the transfer of electrons from bixin to kaolinite molecules through the hydrogen bonds that form between them. As results, kaolinite does not only slow down the bixin photodegradation rate, but also improve bixin photoabsorption capability

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4

Hoang, Chuyen V. "Effects of different extraction methods on the recovery yield of bixin from annatto seeds (Bixa orellana L.)." Journal of Agriculture and Development 18, no. 06 (2019): 58–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.52997/jad.8.06.2019.

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Bixin is a principal color component of annatto pigment which is obtained from the seed coat of Bixa orellana L., a tropical shrub. The extraction yield of bixin from annatto seeds using acetone, soybean oil and sodium hydroxide solution with different extraction conditions were investigated in this study. The extraction time, temperature, solid-liquid ratio and light exposure showed significant effects on the bixin yield. The extraction using soybean oil had the lowest bixin yield followed by the extraction using sodium hydroxide solution. The extraction using acetone resulted in the highest extraction yield (68.1%) after only 40 min. The extraction using soybean oil at 100oC led to two-fold bixin yield compared to that operated at 80oC while the mild temperature (50oC) was found to be the most suitable for the extraction using sodium hydroxide solution. The exclusion of light exposure by covering extraction beakers with aluminum foil could significantly improve the bixin extraction yield due to the reduction in bixin degradation. Therefore, the extraction using acetone avoiding light exposure is suggested for recovering bixin from annatto seeds.

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Masrullita, Masrullita, Novi Yanti Savira, Rizka Nurlaila, and Lukman Hakim. "PEMBUATAN ZAT WARNA ALAMI DARI BIJI KESUMBA (BIXA ORELLANA) UNTUK MENDUKUNG INDUSTRI BATIK DI INDONESIA." Jurnal Teknologi Kimia Unimal 8, no. 1 (2021): 33. http://dx.doi.org/10.29103/jtku.v10i1.4174.

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Bixin merupakan pewarna alami kain yang didapatkan melalui ekstraksi dari biji kesumba (bixa orellana) dengan komponen pewarna utamanya adalah bixin. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk pembuatan zat warna alami dari biji kesumba dengan variasi konsentrasi pelaut etanol dan waktu ekstraksi. Penelitian ini dilakukan dengan cara biji kesumba dijemur pada panas matahari hingga kering dan memecah biji buah kesumba dengan ukuran 80 mesh kemudian diekstraksi dan didistilasi. Hasil yang didapatkan dari penelitan ini adalah Semakin tinggi suhu maka kadar bixin yang dihasilkan semakin sedikit, hal ini disebabkan terjadinya degradasi pada senyawa bixin menjadi norbixin. Yield tertinggi yang didapatkan senilai 0,6366%, kadar bixin 165,9751% dan kadar abu 1,78%. Hasil terbaik yang didapatkan untuk kada abu adalah terdapat pada konsentrasi etanol 90% dan suhu ekstraksi 70oC dan 80oC dengan nilai 0,92% hal ini memenuhi spesifikasi yang diinginkan pasaran dunia terhadap pewarna alami, sedangkan untuk kada bixin yang tertinggi didapatkan pada konsentrasi etanol 70% pada suhu 600C, 700C, 800C dan juga pada konsentrasi etanol 80% pada suhu ekstraksi 600C dengan senilai 165,9751%.

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Pacheco, Samanta Daliana Golin, Alexia Thamara Gasparin, Carlos Henrique Alves Jesus, et al. "Antinociceptive and Anti-Inflammatory Effects of Bixin, a Carotenoid Extracted from the Seeds of Bixa orellana." Planta Medica 85, no. 16 (2019): 1216–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.1055/a-1008-1238.

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AbstractBixin is the main natural apocarotenoid extracted from the seeds of Bixa orellana, widely used as a cosmetic and textile colorant. Despite the description of several pharmacological properties of B. orellana extracts, little has been studied regarding the pharmacological properties of bixin. Then we aimed to investigate the potential anti-inflammatory and antinociceptive effect of bixin in preclinical models of inflammation and acute pain. The anti-inflammatory activity of bixin (15 or 30 mg/kg, orally) was determined using carrageenan-induced paw edema and the myeloperoxidase (MPO) activity in male Wistar rats. The antinociceptive effect of bixin was assessed in the formalin and hot plate tests in rats (at same doses) and in the acetic acid-induced writhing test in Swiss albino male mice (at doses of 27 or 53 mg/kg). General locomotor activity was evaluated in the open field test. Only the higher dose of bixin significantly decreased the carrageenan-induced paw edema and the MPO activity and increased the latency time in the hot plate. Both doses of bixin significantly reduced the number of flinches in both phases of the formalin test and the number of acetic acid-induced writhings without changing the locomotor performance in the open field test. This study validates the use of bixin as an anti-inflammatory trough mechanism related to the reduction of neutrophil migration. Furthermore, this is the first report showing the antinociceptive property of bixin, which does not appear to be related to the sedative effect. Further studies are necessary to characterize the mechanisms involved in these effects.

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Tao, Shasha, Youjing Yang, Jianzhong Li, Hongyan Wang та Yu Ma. "Bixin Attenuates High-Fat Diet-Caused Liver Steatosis and Inflammatory Injury through Nrf2/PPARα Signals". Oxidative Medicine and Cellular Longevity 2021 (2 лютого 2021): 1–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2021/6610124.

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Nonalcoholic fatty liver disease is the most common liver disease worldwide. Hepatic steatosis and oxidative stress are the main characteristics of NAFLD (nonalcoholic fatty liver disease), which also affect its prognosis. Bixin acts as novel Nrf2 (NF-E2 p45-related factor 2) activator with the cytoprotection against oxidative stress and inflammation; this study mainly focused on the mechanism of Nrf2 activation by bixin and explored its potential feasibilities in long-term high-fat diet- (HFD-) caused hepatic steatosis and inflammatory response in vitro and in vivo. Bixin was found to activate Nrf2 signals by the modification of critical Keap1 (Kelch-like ECH-associated protein 1) cystine and competitive interaction with Keap1 with upregulating P62 mRNA and protein expression. In human liver cells exposed to FFA (free fatty acid), bixin displayed a pronounced cytoprotective activity with upregulation of Nrf2-mediated gene expression, such as PPARα and its targets related with fatty acid oxidation. In HFD-fed mice, systemic administration of bixin attenuated lipid accumulation, decreased oxidant inflammatory damage in the liver, and reduced circulating lipid levels through Nrf2. Different from most of other established inducers, bixin activated Nrf2 signals through two different mechanisms with safe administration for protection of oxidant inflammatory damage and attenuation of lipid accumulation in the in vivo long-term HFD-fed mice. Bixin represents a prototype Nrf2 activator that displays cytoprotective activity upon system administration targeting hepatic steatosis and oxidant inflammation originating from long-term HFD-fed mice. And bixin-based Nrf2-directed systemic intervention may also provide therapeutic benefit in protecting other organs in the process of metabolic syndrome.

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Santos, GC, MR Almeida, LMG Antunes, and MLP Bianchi. "Effect of bixin on DNA damage and cell death induced by doxorubicin in HL60 cell line." Human & Experimental Toxicology 35, no. 12 (2016): 1319–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0960327116630352.

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Bixin is a natural red pigment extracted from annatto. Although it is widely used as a coloring agent in food, there are few studies about the effect of this carotenoid on DNA. This study aimed to investigate the effects of bixin on cytotoxicity and genotoxicity induced by doxorubicin in HL60 cells. At concentrations above 0.3 μg/mL, bixin demonstrated cytotoxic effects in HL60 cells. Furthermore, this carotenoid was neither mutagenic nor genotoxic to HL60 cells and reduced the DNA damage induced by doxorubicin. Bixin and doxorubicin showed no apoptotic effect in HL60 cells, but the simultaneous combined treatments showed an increase in the percentage of apoptotic cells. In conclusion, our results showed that bixin modulates the cytotoxicity of doxorubicin via induction of apoptosis. The results of this study provide more knowledge about the toxic effects of anticancer treatments and how the natural compounds can be useful on these therapeutic approaches.

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9

Souza, Lucéia Fátima, Niara da Silva Medeiros, Paula Cilene Pereira dos Santos, et al. "Antioxidants from Annatto Seeds as Possible Inhibitory Agents of the Hepatotoxicity Induced by the Antitumor Agent Cisplatin." Natural Product Communications 11, no. 9 (2016): 1934578X1601100. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1934578x1601100909.

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The effects of annatto seeds and of bixin on the oxidative damage induced by cisplatin in male Wistar rats was evaluated in the present study by way of lipid peroxidation, weight gain, the food efficiency coefficient, fat deposits in the hepatocytes and dosing of the enzymes in this organ. The animals were divided into four groups: control group (CG), cisplatin group (CPG), bixin+cisplatin group (CBG) and annatto+cisplatin group (CUG). Cisplatin (5 mg/kg body weight) was injected intraperitoneally 48 hours before the end of the experiment. The bixin and annatto were administered daily together with the commercial feed. The pre-treatment with annatto and bixin attenuated the cisplatin-induced liver damage and significantly reduced the enzymes AST and ALT. Annatto was shown to be capable of inhibiting lipid peroxidation as determined by TBARS. These results suggest that annatto seeds and bixin could be important agents in the reduction of cisplatin-induced hepatotoxicity.

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Carballo-Uicab, Victor Manuel, Yair Cárdenas-Conejo, Alba Adriana Vallejo-Cardona, et al. "Isolation and functional characterization of two dioxygenasese putatively involved in bixin biosynthesis in annatto (Bixa orellana L.)." PeerJ 7 (June 21, 2019): e7064. http://dx.doi.org/10.7717/peerj.7064.

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Carotenoid cleavage dioxygenases (CCDs) are enzymes that have been implicated in the biosynthesis of a wide diversity of secondary metabolites with important economic value, including bixin. Bixin is the second most used pigment in the world’s food industry worldwide, and its main source is the aril of achiote (Bixa orellana L.) seeds. A recent transcriptome analysis of B. orellana identified a new set of eight CCD members (BoCCD4s and BoCCD1s) potentially involved in bixin synthesis. We used several approaches in order to discriminate the best candidates with CCDs genes. A reverse transcription-PCR (RT-qPCR) expression analysis was carried out in five developmental stages of two accessions of B. orellana seeds with different bixin contents: (P13W, low bixin producer and N4P, high bixin producer). The results showed that three BoCCDs (BoCCD4-1, BoCCD4-3, and BoCCD1-1) had an expression pattern consistent with bixin accumulation during seed development. Additionally, an alignment of the CCD enzyme family and homology models of proteins were generated to verify whether the newly proposed CCD enzymes were bona fide CCDs. The study confirmed that these three enzymes were well-preserved and belonged to the CCD family. In a second selection round, the three CCD genes were analyzed by in situ RT-qPCR in seed tissue. Results indicated that BoCCD4-3 and BoCCD1-1 exhibited tissue-specific expressions in the seed aril. To test whether the two selected CCDs had enzymatic activity, they were expressed in Escherichia coli; activity was determined by identifying their products in the crude extract using UHPLC-ESI-QTOF-MS/MS. The cleavage product (bixin aldehyde) was also analyzed by Fourier transform infrared. The results indicated that both BoCCD4-3 and BoCCD1-1 cleave lycopene in vitro at 5,6-5′,6′.

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Mehta, A. A., L. K. Behera, M. B. Tandel, D. B. Jadeja, and B. G. Vashi. "Efficacy of different oils used for the extraction of annatto colour from the seeds of Bixa orellana L." Journal of Applied and Natural Science 7, no. 2 (2015): 828–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.31018/jans.v7i2.690.

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Annatto, a naturally obtained colour is a potential and valuable Non Wood Forest Product (NWFP). It is obtained from the seeds of plant species Bixa orellana L. The present experiment was carried out to find the efficacy of different oils used for annatto colour extraction. Experiment was started with the pretreatment of seeds of B. orellana with soaking in water at 0%, 50%, 100% and 150% (v/w) for 24 hrs at room temperature and colour extraction with castor oil at 100°C showed that maximum bixin (%) was found from the pretreated seeds with 50% (v/w) water soaking i.e., 0.46% bixin. Similarly for oil soluble annatto extraction method, the maximum extraction of bixin (0.99 %) was found with castor oil at 120°C for 1 hr and least bixin (0.03 %) was recorded with mustard oil at 60oC temperature for 1 hr. Sesame oil and ground nut oil were also showed better extractability. Out of different treatments, castor oil at 120°C for 1 hr gave better result with respect to bixin extraction as compared to others.

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Hussaana, Atina, Suparmi, and Hani Afnita Murti. "Protective Effect of Bixin Isolated from Bixa orellana L. Seeds on UVB-Induced Inflammation and Immunosuppression of the Skin." Bangladesh Journal of Medical Science 18, no. 1 (2018): 107–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.3329/bjms.v18i1.39559.

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Background: DNA damage caused by excessive ultraviolet B (UVB) radiation on the skin triggers the response to inflammatory and immunosuppression. The bixin from Bixa orellana L. has been proven to be able to inhibit cyclo-oxygenase. Objective: to verify whether the bixin lotion has the effect to offer protection against inflammation and immunosuppression due to acute UVB irradiation in shaved BALB /c mice. Methods: Protection against inflammation and immunosuppression, respectively were studied in 4 groups of mice. Each group was treated respectively with topical application of base lotion as a control; bixin lotion doses of 0.5 mg; 2.5 mg and 125 mg, for 10 days prior to and during the UVB irradiation. The Inflammation was induced by UVB irradiation, 360 mJ/cm2 once a day for 3 consecutive days, whereas the immunosuppression was induced by UVB irradiation, 360 mJ/cm2 once a day for 5 consecutive days. The inflammatory response was measured as an increase in middorsal skinfold thickness at the peak response. The immune response was measured as the contact hypersensitivity (CHS) response to oxasolon sensitization. Results: The results indicated that in concentration range used, bixin lotion significantly decreased the middorsal skinfold thickness at 72 hours after UVB radiation (p <0.05) compared to the control, but there was no significant difference between couples of the dose of bixin. Bixin lotion was also capable to restore the suppression of CHS from 34.22% in the control group to 11.4%; 0.5% and 0% at doses of 0.5; 2.5 and 125 mg respectively (p <0.05). Conclusion: Bixin lotion has the potential to reduce the inflammatory edema reaction and the suppression of CHS of mice induced by UVB radiation. Bangladesh Journal of Medical Science Vol.18(1) 2019 p.107-111

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Ferreira da Silva, Patrícia, Leandro Lopes Haidamus, and Wanderson Luís de Carvalho. "AVALIAÇÃO DO PERFIL LIPÍDICO E HEPÁTICO DE RATOS WISTAR ALIMENTADOS COM DIETA HIPERCALÓRICA E SUPLEMENTADOS COM BIXINA." Colloquium Vitae 10, no. 2 (2018): 13–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.5747/cv.2018.v10.n2.v227.

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The hypercaloric diet is an important inducer of dyslipidemias and, in turn, causes damage to health, especially to the liver.This work was developed with the objective of testing bixin, a carotenoid present in the seeds of annatto (Bixa orellanaL.), verifying its side effects on lipid and hepatic metabolism in rats. Fifteen animals were randomly divided into control (C), hypercaloric (H) and hypercaloric groups with bixin (H+B) with five animals each, receiving feed ad libtumduring the period of 25 days.The diet with bixin promoted weight maintenance, decreased ALT levels, decreased triglyceride levels and increased HDL-c. Theliver histopathology showed a decrease in fat degeneration, inflammatory infiltrate and cell injury.

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Rahmalia, Winda, Jean-François Fabre, Thamrin Usman, and Zéphirin Mouloungui. "Adsorption Characteristics of Bixin on Acid- and Alkali-Treated Kaolinite in Aprotic Solvents." Bioinorganic Chemistry and Applications 2018 (2018): 1–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2018/3805654.

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The adsorption of bixin in aprotic solvents onto acid- and alkali-treated kaolinite was investigated. Kaolinite was treated three times, for 6 h each, with 8 M HCl or 5 M KOH. The adsorbents were characterized by XRD, FT-IR, EDS, and BET-N2. The effects of contact time and dye concentration on adsorption capacity and kinetics, electronic transition of bixin before and after adsorption, and also mechanism of bixin-kaolinite adsorption were investigated. Dye adsorption followed pseudo-second order kinetics and was faster in acetone than in dimethyl carbonate. The best adsorption results were obtained for KOH-treated kaolinite. In both of the solvents, the adsorption isotherm followed the Langmuir model and adsorption capacity was higher in dimethyl carbonate (qm = 0.43 mg/g) than in acetone (0.29 mg/g). The adsorption capacity and kinetics of KOH-treated kaolinite (qm = 0.43 mg/g,k2 = 3.27 g/mg·min) were better than those of HCl-treated kaolinite (qm = 0.21 mg/g,k2 = 0.25 g/mg·min) and natural kaolinite (qm = 0.18 mg/g,k2 = 0.32 g/mg·min). There are shift in the band position of maximum intensity of bixin after adsorption on this adsorbent. Adsorption in this system seemed to be based essentially on chemisorption due to the electrostatic interaction of bixin with the strong basic and reducing sites of kaolinite.

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Chauhan, Jinendra Singh, and D. K. Gupta. "Corrosion Inhibition of Titanium in Acidic Media Containing Fluoride with Bixin." E-Journal of Chemistry 6, no. 4 (2009): 975–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2009/307034.

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The bixin in acidic media were tested for corrosion inhibition of Ti in 0.5 N sulphuric acid and 0.1 N HCl solution at 30 to 40 °C temperature range by electrochemical methods. It reveals that bixin works as a corrosion inhibitor in halide media and protect the metals from the corrosion with great efficiency

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Narváez, José A., Patricia Flores-Pérez, Virginia Herrera-Valencia, et al. "Development of Molecular Techniques for Studying the Metabolism of Carotenoids in Bixa orellana L." HortScience 36, no. 5 (2001): 982–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.21273/hortsci.36.5.982.

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The tropical plant Bixa orellana L. (annatto) is the sole source of bixin, the most frequently employed natural pigment in the food industry. Little is known about the physiology, biochemistry, and molecular genetics of this crop. Our purpose was to establish a set of analytical tools that could be applied in the genetic improvement of B. orellana, particularly for the screening of characteristics such as bixin content and resistance to diseases or pests. Some preliminary results on the study of carotenoid synthesis are presented. In vitro cultures from several B. orellana tissues were established and DNA, RNA, and proteins were extracted from them and analyzed. Similarly, bixin and total carotenoids were quantified.

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Curi-Borda, Cecilia, Javier Linares-Pastén, Tuba Tat, et al. "Multilayer Bixin Microcapsules: The Impact of Native Carbohydrates on the Microencapsulation Efficiency and Dispersion Stability." Foods 8, no. 3 (2019): 108. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/foods8030108.

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Bixin is a hydrophobic carotenoid present in the integument of the seeds of Bixa orellana. Microencapsulation was applied to obtain water dispersible formulations and protect the colorant against degradation. Microencapsulated systems were obtained by spray-drying a mild alkaline bixin dispersion with different encapsulating materials. The encapsulation trials were performed with and without native carbohydrates of the integument in addition to the main encapsulant. It was possible to dry dispersions with up to 10% bixin counted on total solids. All the studied systems were characterized by colorimetry, UV-vis spectroscopy, Scanning Electron Microscopy, light microscopy, turbidometric sedimentation analyses and laser light diffraction analyses. All the systems showed aqueous dispersibility but displayed differences in their transparency, UV-vis spectra and physical stability at pH 3. The results show that the native carbohydrates enhance the encapsulation efficiency of other encapsulating materials. The chemical composition of this native carbohydrate fraction shows the presence of polysaccharides containing arabinose, galactose and glucose as monomers. Starch was identified enzymatically. The native carbohydrates allowed the encapsulation of bixin in its native microcrystalline form, resulting in a multilayer structure after spray-drying. In addition, the colorant particles displayed dispersibility under acidic aqueous conditions suggesting that they are stabilized by the native carbohydrates after the microcapsules are dissolved.

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Lima, Clarissa Sampaio de Oliveira, Albericio Pereira de Andrade, André Luiz Rodrigues Magalhães, Omer Cavalcanti de Almeida, Sebastião Inocêncio Guido, and Roberta de Lima Valença. "Plasma fatty acid profile in dairy cows associated with the inclusion of annatto in their diet." Acta Scientiarum. Animal Sciences 42 (January 30, 2020): e47651. http://dx.doi.org/10.4025/actascianimsci.v42i1.47651.

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The objective of this study was to evaluate the plasma lipid profile and plasma fatty acids of dairy cows receiving diets supplemented with annatto. A total of 32 Holstein cows (550 kg), distributed in a completely randomized design, were allocated to individual stalls and submitted to following treatments: C0 = no annatto; C4 = inclusion of annatto at 4 g kg-1 dry matter (DM) of diet (0.07 g bixin kg-1 diet); C5 = inclusion of annatto at 5 g kg-1 DM of diet (0.09 g bixin kg-1 diet); and C7 = inclusion of annatto at 7 g kg-1 DM of diet (0.12 g bixin kg-1 diet). Blood samples were collected via epigastric vein puncture, centrifuged, and frozen for subsequent analysis. The results indicate that the inclusion (p > 0.05) of annatto does not decrease the total cholesterol or low and high density lipoproteins. However, it impacts the profile of fatty acids, evidenced by the reduction (p < 0.05) in levels of hypercholesterolemic fatty acids viz, myristic acid and palmitic acid. It also causes an increase in the levels of arachidonic acid, rumenic acid, linoleic acid, and total polyunsaturated fatty acids. Therefore, bixin included in the diets of dairy cows induces changes in the plasma fatty acid profile.

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Conte, Lisiane, Sabrina Somacal, Sabrina Marafiga Nichelle, et al. "Short-Term Bixin Supplementation of Healthy Subjects Decreases the Susceptibility of LDL to Cu2+-Induced Oxidation Ex Vivo." Journal of Nutrition and Metabolism 2019 (March 3, 2019): 1–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2019/9407069.

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Lycopene-based medications and supplements have been developed to prevent atherosclerosis, primarily because of their ability to decrease low-density lipoprotein (LDL) oxidation. Bixin and norbixin are carotenoids found in the seeds of annatto (Bixa orellana) and are colorants widely used by the food industry. Some studies have already demonstrated that these compounds have antioxidant and antiatherogenic potential in vitro and in animal models, but there is no evidence supporting the effects of their long-term or short-term consumption by humans. The aim of this study was to evaluate the effects of short-term intake of annatto carotenoids on biochemical and oxidative stress biomarkers as well as on the susceptibility of LDL oxidation in healthy individuals, using lycopene as a positive control. The effect of daily supplementation (0.05 mg/kg of body weight (b.w.)) with bixin, norbixin, lycopene, or placebo for 7 days was evaluated in a randomized, controlled crossover study in 16 healthy volunteers (8 men and 8 women). The susceptibility of LDL to Cu2+-induced oxidation ex vivo, biochemical parameters, and oxidative stress biomarkers were evaluated. No treatment affected biochemical parameters or most oxidative stress biomarkers. However, bixin reduced the oxidation rate of the LDL lipid moiety (−275%, p<0.1) and nitric oxide metabolites (NOx) (−460%, p<0.1), compared to the placebo group. Moreover, we observed that the changes in these parameters were positively associated, supporting the hypothesis that bixin decreases the susceptibility of LDL to Cu2+-induced oxidation by decreasing NOx levels, probably by downregulating the inducible nitric oxide synthase.

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Rodrigues, Liara M., Sylvia C. Alcázar-Alay, Ademir J. Petenate, and Maria Angela A. Meireles. "Bixin extraction from defatted annatto seeds." Comptes Rendus Chimie 17, no. 3 (2014): 268–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.crci.2013.10.010.

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Mínguez-Mosquera, M. Isabel, Dámaso Hornero-Méndez та Juan Garrido-Fernández. "Detection of Bixin, Lycopene, Canthaxanthin, and β-Apo-8′-Carotenal in Products Derived from Red Pepper". Journal of AOAC INTERNATIONAL 78, № 2 (1995): 491–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/jaoac/78.2.491.

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Abstract An analytical method using either thin layer or liquid chromatography is proposed for the detection of 4 pigments (bixin, lycopene, canthaxanthin and (β-apo-8′-carotenal) that can be used fraudulently to intensify the natural color of products derived from red pepper (oleoresins, paprika, paprika paste, etc.)- Similarly, the addition of other colorant natural products containing some of these pigments as major pigments (such as tomato for lycopene and Bixa orellana seeds for bixin) can be detected. The method proposed can also be used to control the aforementioned pigments in their natural sources as well as in food products.

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Quiroz, Julian Q., Angélica C. Torres, Luisa M. Ramirez, Mariluz S. Garcia, Gelmy C. Gomez, and John Rojas. "Optimization of the Microwave-Assisted Extraction Process of Bioactive Compounds from Annatto Seeds (Bixa orellana L.)." Antioxidants 8, no. 2 (2019): 37. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/antiox8020037.

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This study deals with the extraction, optimization, and evaluation of the antioxidant and antimicrobial activities of bioactive compounds obtained from the seeds of annatto using microwave-assisted extraction as compared to leaching. Annatto seeds were subjected to a microwave treatment of 2450 MHz and power of 700 watts using a response surface design involving four factors: pH (4–11), solvent concentration (ethanol) (50–96 %), solvent-to-seed ratio (2–10), and microwave exposure time (0–5 min). The contents of polyphenol compounds and bixin were taken as response variables. Subsequently, the antioxidant and antimicrobial activities were assessed at the optimal processing conditions predicted by the experimental design. Microwaves, solvent concentration, and the solvent-to-seed ratio showed a statistically significant effect for the extraction of polyphenol compounds and bixin. Thus, microwaves accelerated the extraction of those compounds and the slight increase in temperature caused some degradation of the polyphenol compounds. The microwave-assisted extraction increased the contents of polyphenols and bixin along with their antioxidant activity as compared to leaching extraction. However, this technique does not significantly improve the antimicrobial activity against Bacillus cereus and Staphylococcus aureus.

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23

Quintero Quiroz, Julián, Víctor Velazquez, Ligia Luz Corrales-Garcia, et al. "Use of Plant Proteins as Microencapsulating Agents of Bioactive Compounds Extracted from Annatto Seeds (Bixa orellana L.)." Antioxidants 9, no. 4 (2020): 310. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/antiox9040310.

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This study aimed to assess the thermal stability of the bioactive compounds from annatto seed extract, encapsulated by ionic gelation using quinoa proteins, lentil proteins, soy proteins, and sodium caseinate as carrying materials. The 10.0% aqueous dispersions of the different proteins (carriers) were prepared and mixed with the annatto seed extract. The dispersions were then extruded into a calcium chloride solution to induce the extract encapsulation. The capsules were characterized by encapsulation efficiency, particle size, infrared transmission spectroscopy, confocal microscopy, and scanning electron microscopy (SEM). The antioxidant and antimicrobial activities, the polyphenol compounds, and bixin content from the free and encapsulated extract were assessed once stored for 12 d at different temperatures (4 °C, 25 °C, and 65 °C). The results demonstrated the ability of the proteins to encapsulate the annatto extract with encapsulation efficiencies ranging from 58% to 80%, where the protein structure and amino acid content were the relevant factors to obtain high encapsulation efficiencies. The free extracts stored at 65 °C for 12 d experienced a degradation of bixin and polyphenol compounds, respectively. Conversely, the encapsulated extract had degradations from ~34.00% to ~4.05% for polyphenol compounds and ~20.0% for bixin, respectively. These proteins have a potential encapsulation capacity of annatto extract by ionic gelation.

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Lobato, Kleidson Brito de Sousa, Karina Paese, Joana Casanova Forgearini, Silvia Stanisçuaski Guterres, André Jablonski, and Alessandro de Oliveira Rios. "Characterisation and stability evaluation of bixin nanocapsules." Food Chemistry 141, no. 4 (2013): 3906–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.foodchem.2013.04.135.

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25

Park, J. S., B. D. Mathison, and B. P. Chew. "Uptake and immunomodulatory role of bixin in dogs1." Journal of Animal Science 94, no. 1 (2016): 135–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.2527/jas.2015-9479.

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26

Montenegro, Mariana A., Alessandro de O. Rios, Adriana Z. Mercadante, Mónica A. Nazareno, and Claudio D. Borsarelli. "Model Studies on the Photosensitized Isomerization of Bixin." Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry 52, no. 2 (2004): 367–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/jf0349026.

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27

Passos, M. L., L. S. Oliveira, A. S. Franca, and G. Massarani. "BIXIN POWDER PRODUCTION IN CONICAL SPOUTED BED UNITS." Drying Technology 16, no. 9-10 (1998): 1855–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/07373939808917500.

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28

Siva, Ramamoorthy, Febin Prabhu Doss, Kunal Kundu, V. S. V. Satyanarayana, and Vijaya Kumar. "Molecular characterization of bixin—An important industrial product." Industrial Crops and Products 32, no. 1 (2010): 48–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.indcrop.2010.03.001.

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29

Oliveira, André F. do A., Pollyana Trigueiro, Dihêgo H. L. Damacena, Luzia M. C. Honorio, Josy A. Osajima, and Edson C. Silva-Filho. "Hybrid Pigments from Bixin Dye and Inorganic Matrices." Environmental Sciences Proceedings 6, no. 1 (2021): 21. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/iecms2021-09382.

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Annatto dye is a natural organic dye belonging to carotenoids, whose main components are bixin and norbixin. Due to its low stability, it is convenient to protect the dye molecules with other materials. The use of clay minerals is an alternative, which are phyllosilicates with attractive physico-chemical properties, such as high specific surface area, cation exchange capacity, mechanical/chemical stability and non-toxicity. The main purpose of this work was to develop hybrid materials, using annatto dye and clay mineral modified with different inorganic cations, and then, to evaluate the stability of the new pigments. The process of preparing the modified clay minerals involved mixing a synthetic montmorillonite in solutions containing the precursor salts of the metal cations. Subsequently, the dye was dissolved in a solution containing water and alcohol, followed by filtration and mixed with the modified clay, giving rise to the hybrid pigments. Through the characterizations, it was noted that a variety of colors were obtained, and the sample containing aluminum was the one that most adsorbed the dye and showed a significant increase in stability at high temperatures. This hybrid material was better to dye than its pure form. Therefore, the bixin/montmorillonite pigments are promising for replacing artificial colors in practical applications such as in the cosmetics, food or pharmaceutical industries.

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30

Erdawati, E., E. Allanas, and W. Wesnina. "Extraction of bixin from annatto seeds with microwave." Journal of Physics: Conference Series 1869, no. 1 (2021): 012016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1742-6596/1869/1/012016.

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31

Oliveira, André F. do A., Pollyana Trigueiro, Dihêgo H. L. Damacena, Luzia M. C. Honorio, Josy A. Osajima, and Edson C. Silva-Filho. "Hybrid Pigments from Bixin Dye and Inorganic Matrices." Environmental Sciences Proceedings 6, no. 1 (2021): 21. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/environsciproc-1256578.

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Annatto dye is a natural organic dye belonging to carotenoids, whose main components are bixin and norbixin. Due to its low stability, it is convenient to protect the dye molecules with other materials. The use of clay minerals is an alternative, which are phyllosilicates with attractive physico-chemical properties, such as high specific surface area, cation exchange capacity, mechanical/chemical stability and non-toxicity. The main purpose of this work was to develop hybrid materials, using annatto dye and clay mineral modified with different inorganic cations, and then, to evaluate the stability of the new pigments. The process of preparing the modified clay minerals involved mixing a synthetic montmorillonite in solutions containing the precursor salts of the metal cations. Subsequently, the dye was dissolved in a solution containing water and alcohol, followed by filtration and mixed with the modified clay, giving rise to the hybrid pigments. Through the characterizations, it was noted that a variety of colors were obtained, and the sample containing aluminum was the one that most adsorbed the dye and showed a significant increase in stability at high temperatures. This hybrid material was better to dye than its pure form. Therefore, the bixin/montmorillonite pigments are promising for replacing artificial colors in practical applications such as in the cosmetics, food or pharmaceutical industries.

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32

Quintero Quiroz, Julian, Ana Maria Naranjo Duran, Mariluz Silva Garcia, Gelmy Luz Ciro Gomez, and John Jairo Rojas Camargo. "Ultrasound-Assisted Extraction of Bioactive Compounds from Annatto Seeds, Evaluation of Their Antimicrobial and Antioxidant Activity, and Identification of Main Compounds by LC/ESI-MS Analysis." International Journal of Food Science 2019 (July 16, 2019): 1–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2019/3721828.

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This study evaluated the antimicrobial activity (i.e., against Bacillus cereus and Staphylococcus aureus) and the antioxidant activity (i.e., ABTS, FRAP, and DPPH) of annatto seeds extract obtained by ultrasound-assisted extraction. A response surface design with three levels such as pH (2-11), solvent concentration (50-96 %), seed-to-solvent ratio (1:2–1:10), and treatment time (0-30 min) was employed to determine the optimal experimental conditions. Thus, a pH of 7.0, seed-to-solvent ratio of 1:7, and treatment time of 20 min were selected as optimal rendering an extract having a 0.62% of bixin, 3.81 mg gallic acid/mg equivalent of polyphenol compounds (ABTS 1035.7, FRAP 424.7, and DPPH 1161.5 μM trolox/L), and a minimal inhibitory concentration against Bacillus cereus and Staphylococcus aureus of 32 and 16 mg/L, respectively. Further, the main bioactive compounds identified by LC/ESI-MS were bixin and catechin, chlorogenic acid, chrysin, butein, hypolaetin, licochalcone A, and xanthohumol.

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33

L.C. Albuquerque, C., and M. A.A. Meireles. "Trends in Annatto Agroindustry: Bixin Processing Technologies and Market." Recent Patents on Engineering 5, no. 2 (2011): 94–102. http://dx.doi.org/10.2174/187221211796320738.

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34

Taham, Thiago, Fernando A. Cabral, and Marcos A. S. Barrozo. "Extraction of bixin from annatto seeds using combined technologies." Journal of Supercritical Fluids 100 (May 2015): 175–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.supflu.2015.02.006.

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35

Lyng, Sabrina Mendes Ortega, Mauricio Passos та José Domingos Fontana. "Bixin and α-cyclodextrin inclusion complex and stability tests". Process Biochemistry 40, № 2 (2005): 865–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.procbio.2004.02.017.

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36

Jahangiri, Amita, Anders Hauer Møller, Marianne Danielsen, et al. "Hydrophilization of bixin by lipase-catalyzed transesterification with sorbitol." Food Chemistry 268 (December 2018): 203–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.foodchem.2018.06.085.

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37

Rehbein, Jens, Benjamin Dietrich, Marc David Grynbaum, et al. "Characterization of bixin by LC-MS and LC-NMR." Journal of Separation Science 30, no. 15 (2007): 2382–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jssc.200700089.

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38

Pinzón-García, Ana Delia, Laura Alejandra Ariza Orellano, Marcela Guimarães Takahashi de Lazari, Paula Peixoto Campos, Maria Esperanza Cortes та Ruben Dario Sinisterra. "Evidence of hypoglycemic, lipid-lowering and hepatoprotective effects of the Bixin and Bixin: β-CD inclusion compound in high-fat-fed obese mice". Biomedicine & Pharmacotherapy 106 (жовтень 2018): 363–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.biopha.2018.06.144.

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39

Rahmalia, Winda, Jean-Francois Fabre, Thamrin Usman, and Zéphirin Mouloungui. "Preparation of Ammonia Dealuminated Metakaolinite and Its Adsorption against Bixin." Indonesian Journal of Chemistry 20, no. 4 (2020): 791. http://dx.doi.org/10.22146/ijc.44706.

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This study aims to prepare dealuminated metakaolinite which has a high surface area by using NH4OH as an activator. The natural kaolinite sample was treated at 600 °C for 6 h in order to obtain metakaolinite. A dealuminated metakaolinite was then prepared by the repeated activation method using concentrated ammonia (5 M NH4OH) at room temperature. Depending on the nature of each type of material, natural kaolinite, NH4OH treated kaolinite, metakaolinite and NH4OH treated metakaolinite were characterized using X-ray diffraction (XRD), Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), scanning electron microscopy-energy dispersive spectroscopy (SEM-EDS), and Brunauer-Emmett-Teller (BET-N2) measurements. XRD and FTIR results confirmed that structural transformation from kaolinite to metakaolinite had occurred. According to SEM-EDS data, the activation of metakaolinite by NH4OH allowed the dealumination of metakaolinite. The increase in the Si/Al ratio was almost twice as high as in kaolinite. BET-N2 analysis showed that the specific surface area and the total pore volume increased significantly after activation. Its adsorption properties were tested against bixin. Bixin adsorption on dealuminated metakaolinite followed pseudo-second order kinetic where k2 = 0.20 g/mg min. The adsorption isotherm followed the Langmuir model where qm = 0.72 mg/g.

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40

Valdez-Ojeda, Ruby, José Luis Hernández-Stefanoni, Margarita Aguilar-Espinosa, Renata Rivera-Madrid, Rodomiro Ortiz, and Carlos F. Quiros. "Assessing Morphological and Genetic Variation in Annatto (Bixa orellana L.) by Sequence-related Amplified Polymorphism and Cluster Analysis." HortScience 43, no. 7 (2008): 2013–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.21273/hortsci.43.7.2013.

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Annatto (Bixa orellana L.) is the sole source of bixin, a seed-specific red apocarotenoid pigment used worldwide. Genetic improvement of annatto has focused on increasing bixin content as well as fostering traits that favor higher content such as pod indehiscence and flower color, among others. Eighty-seven samples collected from two separate important agricultural regions of the southeast of Mexico were characterized morphologically and analyzed genetically for the first time. The sequence-related amplified polymorphism was used for genetic analysis. Two-step cluster analysis of the individuals based on morphological traits produced three groups: one containing individuals with desired morphological characteristics and two others with complementary traits. Like the morphological analysis, the genetic analysis indicated high genetic variation, although the dendrogram based on Nei and Li's similarity coefficient showed them to be dispersed by collection site. However, calculated similarity index values indicated all individuals exhibited high genetic variation. The results are an important advance toward a more effective genetic improvement of annatto because crosses between the different morphological and/or genetic groups described here have the potential to produce a recombination of desired traits in hybrid offspring.

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41

Michels, Leander, Annika Richter, Rajesh K. Chellappan, et al. "Electronic and structural properties of the natural dyes curcumin, bixin and indigo." RSC Advances 11, no. 23 (2021): 14169–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/d0ra08474c.

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An optical, electronic and structural characterisation of three natural dyes potentially interesting for application in organic solar cells, curcumin (C<sub>21</sub>H<sub>20</sub>O<sub>6</sub>), bixin (C<sub>25</sub>H<sub>30</sub>O<sub>4</sub>) and indigo (C<sub>16</sub>H<sub>10</sub>N<sub>2</sub>O<sub>2</sub>), was performed.

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42

Piva, Renata, Aline Johann, Camila Costa, et al. "Bixin Action in the Healing Process of Rats Mouth Wounds." Current Pharmaceutical Biotechnology 14, no. 9 (2014): 785–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.2174/1389201014666131227111026.

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43

Silva, G. F., Felix M. C. Gamarra, A. L. Oliveira, and F. A. Cabral. "Extraction of bixin from annatto seeds using supercritical carbon dioxide." Brazilian Journal of Chemical Engineering 25, no. 2 (2008): 419–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/s0104-66322008000200019.

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44

Rios, Alessandro de O., Claudio D. Borsarelli, and Adriana Z. Mercadante. "Thermal Degradation Kinetics of Bixin in an Aqueous Model System." Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry 53, no. 6 (2005): 2307–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/jf0481655.

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45

Bittencourt, Carla, Marcella P. Felicissimo, Jean-Jacques Pireaux, and Laurent Houssiau. "ToF-SIMS Characterization of Thermal Modifications of Bixin fromBixa orellanaFruit." Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry 53, no. 16 (2005): 6195–200. http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/jf0505271.

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46

Bouvier, F. "Biosynthesis of the Food and Cosmetic Plant Pigment Bixin (Annatto)." Science 300, no. 5628 (2003): 2089–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.1126/science.1085162.

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47

Houssiau, L., M. Felicissimo, C. Bittencourt, and J. J. Pireaux. "ToF-SIMS applied to probe bixin in Bixa orellana seeds." Applied Surface Science 231-232 (June 2004): 416–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.apsusc.2004.03.152.

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48

Balakrishnan, M., S. Gayathiri, P. Preetha, et al. "Microencapsulation of bixin pigment by spray drying: Evaluation of characteristics." LWT 145 (June 2021): 111343. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.lwt.2021.111343.

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49

Padma, K. R., and P. Josthna. "Bixin and Annatto seeds Extract maintains ADM levels to Sustain Pregnancy." Research Journal of Pharmacy and Technology 12, no. 3 (2019): 1315. http://dx.doi.org/10.5958/0974-360x.2019.00220.8.

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50

Balaswamy, K., P. G. Prabhakara Rao, A. Satyanarayana, and D. G. Rao. "Stability of bixin in annatto oleoresin and dye powder during storage." LWT - Food Science and Technology 39, no. 8 (2006): 952–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.lwt.2005.07.004.

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