Dissertations / Theses on the topic 'Biyi'

Biyi Bandele est un écrivain d'origine nigériane dont l'œuvre novatrice et très riche reste encore peu connue du milieu universitaire en France. Aucune étude de grande ampleur n'a encore été consacrée à sa production et le présent travail essaie de combler ce grand vide. Cette étude qui s'appuie principalement sur les quatre romans de l'auteur a pour objectif de montrer que Biyi Bandele est un romancier carnavalesque et que tout son effort consiste à s'interroger sur les conditions de vie de ses concitoyens nigérians, la nature du pouvoir politique et ses modes d'exercice et les raisons pour lesquelles la construction d'une vraie nation semble impossible au Nigeria tant d'années après l'indépendance. A travers ces diverses interrogations, Biyi Bandele peint surtout un pays dont l'état de déconfiture et d'anomie est tel qu'il semble inconcevable d'en rendre compte avec les moyens traditionnels du roman réaliste européen. Mais grâce à son exceptionnel talent de conteur, Biyi Bandele réussit à nous faire prendre conscience de cette réalité grâce à une langue riche, et un nouvel art de conter inspiré des traditions yoruba et d'autres éléments de la culture populaire nigériane<br>Biyi Bandele is a Nigerian writer whose innovative and very rich writings are still little known by academics in France. No large-scale study has been devoted to his writings yet, and this work tries to make up for this gap. This study which is mainly based on the four novels written by Biyi Bandele aims at showing that he is a Carnivalesque novelist and that all of his effort consists in raising questions about the living conditions of his fellow countrymen, the nature of political power and its functioning, and the reasons why nation-building seems impossible in Nigeria so many years after independence . Through these different questions, Biyi Bandele mainly portrays a country in shambles, in such a state of anomy that one can no longer rely on the means of the Europen realist novel to render its situation. But thanks to his exceptional talent as a storyteller, Biyi Bandele manages to make us become aware of this reality by inventing a rich language and a new way of telling story inspired by yoruba traditions and other elements of Nigerian popular culture

Esta dissertação consiste na aproximação entre as obras O menino de Burma (2009), do nigeriano Biyi Bandele, e A pornografia (1986), do polonês Witold Gombrowicz, com a intenção de analisar os personagens adolescentes trazidos por cada uma. Além destas, a obra Guerra dentro da Gente (1991) de Leminski iluminará uma aproximação entre O menino de Burma e A pornografia por oferecer tanto uma aproximação estética quanto um suporte teórico para as obras principais. As noções de infância/maturidade bem como de inocência/malícia permeiam o universo de ambas as narrativas, tendo como pano de fundo a Segunda Guerra Mundial, que, nas narrativas, é a responsável por alterações comportamentais nos personagens. Este conjunto oferece uma estetização ambígua da adolescência, onde, por vezes, percebe-se uma inocência atribuída à ingenuidade e, por outras, uma maldade que é fruto do contexto violento em que estão inseridos os personagens. No plano teórico, a Literatura Comparada fornece o suporte que possibilita um diálogo entre os textos literários e também uma abordagem das relações desses textos com a Literatura de Testemunho, Autobiografia, Romance de Formação e elementos de Historiografia literária e Psicanálise. Por fim, ao observarmos os enredos, e a vida de Bandele e Gombrowicz, percebe-se que muito do que foi escrito fez parte de um contexto vivido pelos próprios autores, e não apenas imaginada para fins de composição das obras. Ao utilizar essas diversas abordagens para dar conta de uma leitura possível de O menino de Burma e A pornografia, percebo que estas são obras não acomodáveis em um gênero ou vertente literária específicos, mas, dotadas de uma estética que movimenta a realidade, e se preocupa com ela.<br>This dissertation is a comparison between the books O menino de Burma (2009), by the Nigerian Biyi Bandele, and A pornografia (1986), by the Polish Witold Gombrowicz, and it intends to examine the teenage characters found in each one. Besides that, Guerra dentro da gente (1991) by Leminski will be considered a theoretical tool in order to elucidade a relation between these books. Furthermore, Guerra dentro da gente suggests an aesthetic relation between the books. Notions of childhood/maturity as well as innocence/evil pervade the universe of both narratives, having the Second World War as a backdrop, which produces changes in the characters. Considering these factors, readers are inclined to notice an ambiguous representation where, sometimes it is noticed innocence and other times, malice, influenced by the severe and violent context where the characters are living. The Comparative Literature theory provides support that enables a dialogue between literary texts and also an approach to the relationship among these texts and Testimony Literature, Autobiography, Bildungsroman and elements of Literary Historiography and Psychoanalysis. Finally, by examining History and Bandele and Gombrowicz’s life, one realizes that much of what was written was part of a context experienced by the authors themselves, and not just imagined aiming the composition of these stories. By using these different approaches, in order to guarantee a possible reading of these works, I realize that these works are fickle, not accommodate in a specific literary genre or aspect, and, endowed with an aesthetic that moves the reality around, and is worried about it.

El presente proyecto del curso de Desarrollo de Negocios 2 de la Universidad Peruana de Ciencias Aplicadas, consiste en la creación de un soporte de madera para bicicletas que serán elaboradas con tableros OSB que nos asegura una alta resistencia en los soportes. Cabe recalcar, que nos vamos a dirigir a Lima Metropolitana en los distritos de mayor población en el uso de bicicletas y que además cuentan con acceso de ciclovías, tales como Surco, La Molina, San Isidro, San Borja y Miraflores, asimismo nos dirigiremos a los sectores socioeconómicos A y B, con un rango de edad de los 18 hasta los 45 años. El proyecto es viable, puesto que según la entrevista a profundidad que se realizó, se identificó un gran porcentaje de personas que usan la bicicleta como medio de transporte; parte de ello, la investigación también indica que los usuarios tienen dificultades para guardar sus bicicletas ya que no cuentan con el espacio adecuado en sus hogares. Por un lado, para la puesta en marcha del proyecto se necesitará una inversión inicial de S/. 51,884 soles, que será financiado al 100% por los accionistas sin necesidad de ser financiado por entidades bancarias. A su vez, tenemos en cuenta que los meses Diciembre, Enero, Marzo y Julio tendremos ventas elevadas que demostrada que el negocio es rentable. Por otro lado, el área de marketing hará uso de la publicidad digital, para ello se empleará las herramientas web como Facebook, Google Adwords, Landing Page y Community Manager, que nos permita una mejor difusión del producto. La distribución será coordinada directamente con el cliente a través de las redes sociales; también es importante indicar que se contará con distribuidores externos tales como Maestro y Sodimac.<br>The present Project of the Business Development course 2 of the Peruvian University of Applied Sciences, consists in the creation of a wooden support for bicycles that will be made with OSB boards that ensures high resistance in the supports. It should be noted that we are going to head to Metropolitan Lima in the districts with the largest population in the use of bicycles and that also have access to bicycle paths, such as Surco, La Molina, San Isidro, San Borja and Miraflores, we will also go to socioeconomic sectors A and B, with an age range of 18 to 45 years. The project is viable, since according to the in-depth interview that was carried out, a large percentage of people who use the bicycle as a means of transportation was identified; Part of it, the research also indicates that users have difficulty storing their bikes as they do not have adequate space in their homes. On the one hand, for the start-up of the project an initial investment of S /. 51,884 soles, which will be financed 100% by shareholders without the need to be financed by banks. At the same time, we take into account that the months of December, January, March and July will have high sales, which has proven that the business is profitable. On the other hand, the marketing area will make use of digital advertising, for this we will use web tools such as Facebook, Google Adwords, Landing Page and Community Manager, which allows us to better disseminate the product. The distribution will be coordinated directly with the client through social networks; It is also important to indicate that there will be external distributors such as Maestro and Sodimac.<br>Trabajo de investigación

Cytochrome P450 BioI is isolated from the soil bacterium Bacillus subtilis. It is located in an operon that encodes genes involved in the synthesis of the vitamin biotin. From knock-out studies it was concluded that BioI catalyses an early step in the biosynthetic pathway, forming a precursor to the isolatable intermediate pimelic acid. This thesis covers the characterisation of this P450 and its various endogenous redox partners. The data presented here reports upon the bio-physical properties of the P450 including information on the redox potentials, how its environment affects its properties and the factors that govern substrate binding. To produce a catalytically active BioI redox system, two flavodoxins were cloned from B. subtilis and their over-expression and preparation is described. These flavodoxins have been characterised according to their redox and structural properties. The ability of the two flavodoxins to reconstitute the oxidase activity of BioI was examined by kinetic and spectroscopic techniques culminating in the analysis of the monooxygenation of various fatty acids. To complete the redox chain two NADPH-oxidoreductase candidates and a di-flavin reductase from B. subtilis were assessed and their ability to complement the P450 BioI-flavodoxin system examined.

La construcció de les tradicions biogràfiques dels poetes mítics grecs va començar a gestar-se des de les primeres manifestacions literàries gregues i es va prolongar durant segles. Al llarg d’aquest període, aquestes figures van ser adoptades amb finalitats diverses i van encaixar en els usos i les necessitats individuals o col·lectius d’autors literaris, grups de culte o interessos polítics. A més a més, la construcció biogràfica d’aquests poetes comparteix processos i mecanismes de caracterització similars als que van fer servir les tradicions dels poetes històrics i d’altres operadors culturals com els filòsofs. Així doncs, la tesi analitza els motius biogràfics principals que s’incorporaren a les figures dels poetes mítics, per blocs temàtics, i el procés com es generaren i s’aprofitaren els t pics i els motius biogràfics en els poetes considerats sovint iniciadors de la poesia grega. Les anàlisis d’aquesta recerca s’organitzen principalment al voltant de figures com Tàmiris, Orfeu, Museu, Eumolp, Epimènides, Linos, Olè, Filammó i Amfíon, entre d’altres, i s’estructuren seguint uns eixos temàtics com són els orígens (genealogia i pàtria), les relacions de magisteri i d’iniciació i altres motius típics de la biografia heroica (el viatge, els enfrontaments poètics i amb el poder, les invencions, la institució de cultes, la mort i la integració en la condició heroica). L’estudi dels motius biogràfics ha comportat la identificació d’una funció d’equivalència entre alguns d’aquests motius i s’hi ha detectat també una voluntat de jerarquització i competència, molt lligada al context cultual en què molts d’aquests poetes tenien presència. De manera similar, els biografemes han contribuït a assignar als poetes analitzats una funció instauradora per a la tradició literària i religiosa que els prenia com a referent, com a conseqüència de la relació constant i privilegiada amb la divinitat.<br>The development of the biographical traditions of the Greek mythical poets started with the first Greek literary works and it lasted for centuries. Throughout this period these figures were adapted for different uses and they suited literary, cultic or political interests either particularly or collectively. Furthermore, the shaping of the traditions of these poets, generally considered previous to Homer, has similarities with the historical poets, philosophers, sages and others. So, the thesis analyses the main sets of biographical formulaic themes and the process in which these formulaic motifs were elaborated and reshaped. The poets studied are Thamyris, Orpheus, Musaeus, Eumolpus, Linus, Epimenides, Olen, Philammon and Amphion among others, and the topics are their genealogy and origin, poetic initiation and other traditional topics of the heroic biography (teacher-pupil relationship, travel, song contests, quarrel with authorities, inventions, establishment of new cults, death, heroization). The study of these biographical traditions has led to identify the equivalence among some formulaic themes and the intention to set up a hierarchy, tied to cultic context where these poets were used. Similarly, the biographemes contributed to assign them an authoritative role for the literary and religious tradition which took them as a referent, thanks to the constant and privileged relationship with deities.

<p>Doktorska teza Pripovedni postupci u kratkim pričama En Biti za predmet istraživanja ima pripovedne postupke koje savremena američka spisateljica En Biti upo&scaron;ljava u svojoj kratkoj prozi &ndash; kratkim pričama koje je napisala u periodu od 1976. godine do danas i objavila u devet zbirki. Iz ovog velikog opusa, rad uzima korpus koji čine kratke priče iz zbirki Tamo gde me bude&scaron; na&scaron;ao (1986) i Ludosti (2005), novela &Scaron;etnje sa mu&scaron;karcima (2010), kao i sporadično odabrane kratke priče koje su izlazile u različitim književnim časopisima od sedamdesetih naovamo. U analizi korpusa su kori&scaron;ćeni metod pomnog čitanja i metod kulturolo&scaron;ke analize.<br />Istraživanje nastoji da pruži odgovore na pitanja kakve izbore pravi autorka kada je reč o pripovedaču, vremenu pripovedanja i de&scaron;avanja, prostoru radnje, fokalizaciji i građenju likova, kao i na to kako ovi izbori utiču na strukturu i značenje priče. U traganju za ovim odgovorima, kao teorijsko upori&scaron;te služe pripovedne teorije Simura Četmena, Mike Bal, Kete Hamburger, Žerara Ženeta i drugih teoretičara. Sastavni deo istraživanja čini i ispitivanje žanra kratke priče i njenih inherentnih svojstava koja omogućavaju upotrebu pripovednih postupaka kao &scaron;to su izostavljanje, jukstapozicija, nelinearnost i vizuelizacija. Budući da kratke priče En Biti pripadaju minimalističkoj prozi u kojoj je teži&scaron;te pažnje na trivijalnim događajima iz svakodnevnog života običnih ljudi, kompozicija i jezik pripovedanja ovih priča su jednostavni, siže sveden, a broj likova je mali i oni pripadaju unapred utvrđenim paradigmama svojstava. Paradoksalno, ovaj brižljivo odabrani minimum pokazuje se kao vrlo efikasno sredstvo za bavljenje temama kriza i konflikata i generisanje sugestivnosti. Kako bi pojasnio mesto minimalizma u savremenoj kritici, rad ukratko predstavlja osnovne odlike ranije proze minimalističkog predznaka, kakvu nalazimo kod Hemingveja i Karvera.<br />Na kraju, rad ističe značaj ženskih likova i likova homoseksualaca u građenju kratkih priča Bitijeve, budući da se ova proza prevashodno bavi ženskim iskustvom i ženskim senzibilitetom. Psiholo&scaron;ka i emotivna marginalnost a povremeno i nevidljivost ženskih, a zatim i homoseksualnih likova, predstavlja važan element ne samo karakterizacije, već i pripovedanja jer su upravo usled ove marginalizovanosti &bdquo;priče En Biti [&hellip;] satkane od te&scaron;ko čitljivih i nesigurnih signala koje njene junakinje &scaron;alju svetu&rdquo; (Gordić Petković 2010: 54).</p>

El presente artículo ofrece los principales resultados de un trabajo de investigación realizado en el 2014 con el objetivo de describir los procesos de comunicación que incentivan la participación ciudadana de los vecinos del distrito de San Borja en el programa San Borja en Bici . Esta iniciativa municipal constituye el primer programa de préstamo gratuito de bicicletas en el Perú. Se plantea un abordaje exploratorio que busca estudiar la participación ciudadana, a la vez que se profundiza en las prácticas comunicativas que se suscitan al interior del programa. A nivel discursivo, se parte de que los procesos de comunicación que pretenden incentivar la participación vecinal son establecidos con miras de posicionar a San Borja en Bici como una iniciativa para lograr una ciudad sostenible. Así, la bicicleta se concibe como un medio de transporte limpio en la que el vecino es parte del cambio de su ciudad. Sin embargo, fuera de la planificación y del éxito del programa, hay contrariedades en la comunicación que imposibilitan a los vecinos conocer exactamente la propuesta de San Borja en Bici. Por último, se considera al vecino como usuario del servicio y no como un agente del desarrollo sostenible.

Made available in DSpace on 2010-04-20T20:17:21Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 Previous issue date: 1987-10-26T00:00:00Z<br>O objetivo deste trabalho é identificar os agentes e esclarecer seu papel no processo de transformação do Itaim Bibi na década de 70, num fenômeno desse tipo são possíveis abordagens as mais distintas enfatizando um aspecto desde a consideração antropológica da alteração do universo ideológico/cultural dos habitantes até o estudo comparativo dos padrões arquitetônicos antes e depois daquele processo.

The three genes believed to encode the redox system for cytochrome P450 BioI have been cloned (<i>bioI</i>, <i>orf2 </i>and <i>fer</i>). Protein overexpression of both BioI and the ferredoxin has been achieved to high levels and purification protocols determined for both. Characterisation of BioI using a variety of spectroscopic methods has proved that the enzyme is indeed a P450, showing typical spectral shifts on binding of exogenous ligands such as CO and NO. Ligand binding studies have indicated a high affinity of the protein for long-chain saturated fatty acids, with the optimal ligand being myristate, C14 Crystals of BioI have also been obtained, but solution of the structure has so far proved elusive. The <i>Bacillus subtilis</i> ferredoxin appeared to be the only candidate electron donor to BioI and sequence similarities suggested it contained a 4Fe-4S cluster. Characterisation of the ferredoxin by UV-visible spectroscopy, CD and EPR (in the reduced form) confirmed this. ICP-AES and the oxidised EPR data seemed to suggest the presence of at least some 3De-4S cluster, which appears to suggest oxidative degradation of the cluster. Using <i>E. coli</i> flavodoxin reductase (FLDR) as a redox partner alongside the ferredoxin, electron transfer to BioI has been demonstrated, albeit very slowly. Electron transfer from the FLDR to the ferredoxin was shown to be very rapid, indicating the slow step to be electron transfer from ferredoxin to BioI or steps after this. The ability of this system to hydroxylate fatty acids has also been demonstrated using the fatty acid chromophore, <i>p</i>-nitrophenoxydodecanoic acid (Schwaneberg <i>et al</i>., 1999).

Thesis (S.M.)--Massachusetts Institute of Technology, School of Architecture and Planning, Program in Media Arts and Sciences, 2009.<br>Cataloged from PDF version of thesis.<br>Includes bibliographical references (p. 75-79).<br>In this thesis, I describe a new type of interactive display that supports both on-screen multi-touch interactions and off-screen hover-based gestures. This BiDirectional (BiDi) screen, capable of both image capture and display, is inspired by emerging LCDs that use embedded optical sensors to detect multiple points of direct contact. The key contribution of this thesis is to exploit the spatial light modulation capability of LCDs to allow dynamic mask-based scene capture without interfering with display functionality. A large-format image sensor is placed slightly behind the liquid crystal layer. By alternatly switching the liquid crystal between a display mode showing traditional graphics and a capture mode in which the backlight is disabled and a pinhole array or an equivalent tiled-broadband code is displayed, the BiDi Screen can recover multi-view orthographic imagery while functioning as a 2D display. The recovered imagery is used to passively estimate the depth of scene points from focus. I discuss the design and construction of a prototype to demonstrate these capabilities in two motivating applications: a hybrid touch plus gesture interaction and a light-gun mode for interacting with external light-emitting widgets. The working prototype simulates the large format light sensor with a camera and diffuser, supporting interaction up to 50 cm in front of a modified 20.1 inch LCD.<br>by Matthew W. Hirsch.<br>S.M.

Šio darbo tikslas ištirti BiSI ir BiSeI kristalų optines savybes ir palyginti teorines optinių dielektrinių funkcijų priklausomybes nuo fotono energijos, nuo 0 iki 25 eV energijos srityje. BiSI ir BiSeI kristalų elektroninė struktūra buvo tirta FP-LAPW metodu, naudojant tankio funkcionalo teorija (DFT) ir „Wien2k“ kompiuterinę programą. Eksperimentiniai BiSI ir BiSeI kristalų dielektrinių funkcijų spektrai menamosios ir realiosios dalies buvo gauti naudojant elipsinių parametrų spektrus išmatuotus su optiniu elipsometru spektro srityje nuo 1 iki 5,5 eV. Eksperimentiniai dielektrinių funkcijų spektrai menamosios ir realiosios dalies buvo analizuoti su keturiais Lorenco osciliatoriais naudojant pseudo dielektrinių funkcijų (PDF) metodą.<br>In this work electronic structure of the valence band and optical properties of the semiconducting BiSI and BiSeI crystals are investigated in the energy range 0 – 25 eV. Calculations were made with ab initio based on the density-functional theory (DFT) with program Wien2k. The full potential linearized augmented plane wave (FP-LAPW) method was used with the generalized gradient approximation (GGA).Dielectric functions imaginary and real parts of BiSI and BiSeI crystals agree satisfactory with corresponding experimental dependences obtained by spectroscopic ellipsometry technique in the spectral range of 1 – 5.5 eV. Experimentally investigated imaginary and real parts spectra have been described by contribution of four Lorentz – type lines in the model of pseudo-dielectric function (PDF).

In questo elaborato sono descritte ed analizzate le varie problematiche e sfide riscontrabili durante la progettazione di un telaio da bici in legno ed esposti i metodi di lavorazione delle strutture e le motivazioni che hanno spinto alla creazione di questo progetto. Sono inoltre mostrati i risultati ottenuti tramite le simulazioni utilizzando un software FEM (Finite Element Method) effettuate sul telaio, soffermandosi anche sulla descrizione del suo materiale. L'obiettivo del lavoro è stato, principalmente, una prima verifica di tenuta strutturale del telaio sotto l'azione dei carichi nelle condizioni di utilizzo più classiche. In secondo piano, sono stati suggerite anche ottimizzazioni alla struttura.

Submitted by Roberth Novaes (roberth.novaes@live.com) on 2018-07-16T13:14:30Z No. of bitstreams: 1 MESTRADO_Dissertacao_Plutarco_Ryszard.pdf: 1444483 bytes, checksum: 407185b2d5e4e4ac4a62da590ca53462 (MD5)<br>Approved for entry into archive by Setor de Periódicos (per_macedocosta@ufba.br) on 2018-07-16T20:01:36Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 MESTRADO_Dissertacao_Plutarco_Ryszard.pdf: 1444483 bytes, checksum: 407185b2d5e4e4ac4a62da590ca53462 (MD5)<br>Made available in DSpace on 2018-07-16T20:01:36Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 MESTRADO_Dissertacao_Plutarco_Ryszard.pdf: 1444483 bytes, checksum: 407185b2d5e4e4ac4a62da590ca53462 (MD5)<br>Plutarco de Queroneia (46-120) foi um prolífico polímata grego do período do Império Romano. Plutarco se destacou nos campos da Literatura, História, biografia, retórica e da filosofia. A obra de Plutarco teve o objetivo de preservar a cultura e a identidade gregas e promover esta cultura grega perante Roma, acentuando a helenização do povo romano. Este presente texto constitui uma experiência de crítica literária baseada, sobretudo, no método de Otto Maria Carpeaux associado com a crítica de Harold Bloom. Neste texto são estudados os elementos literários das duas principais biografias de Plutarco: Vida de Alexandre e Vida de Júlio César, além da atividade comparativa entre Plutarco, Homero e Platão.<br>Plutarch of Queroneia was a prolific Greek polymath of the Roman Empire. The work of Plutarch excelled in the fields of Literature, History, biography, rhetoric and philosophy. The Plutarch‟s work aimed to preserve the Greek culture and Greek identity and promote this Greek culture in Rome, accentuating the Hellenization of the Roman elite. This present text is an experience of literary criticism based primarily on Otto Maria Carpeaux Method associated with the criticism of Harold Bloom. Here, have studied the literary elements of the two major biographies of Plutarch: Life of Alexander and Life of Julius Caesar, in addition to comparative activity among Plutarch, Homer and Plato.

Orientadores: Florencia Cecilia Menegalli, Delia Rita Tapia Blacido<br>Dissertação (mestrado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Faculdade de Engenharia de Alimentos<br>Made available in DSpace on 2018-08-14T13:43:25Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 AndradeMahecha_MargaritaMaria_M.pdf: 13503554 bytes, checksum: 744c46669728d982aa8ab0cda3d79f8a (MD5) Previous issue date: 2009<br>Resumo: O interesse em filmes biodegradavéis éuma tendência mundial que tem aumentado de modo significativo nos ?timos anos motivando assim, estudos relacionados com o desenvolvimento e caracterização de filmes a base de macromoléculas naturais. O objetivo deste trabalho foi elaborar biofilmes a partir de farinha de biri (Canna indica L.) e avaliar o efeito de quatro variaveis de processo: concentração de glicerol (15 ¿ 35%), temperatura de processo (70 ¿90 °C), temperatura de secagem (35 ¿ 55 °C) e umidade relativa de secagem (30 ¿ 70%) sobre as propriedades mecânicas (força, deformação, tensão, elongação e módulo secante), ópticas (cor, brilho e opacidade) e a solubilidade em água dos biofilmes. Na primeira etapa do trabalho, foram obtidos farinha e amido a partir de rizomas de biri cultivados no estado de São Paulo (Brasil). Estes materiais foram caracterizados quanto à composição centesimal, propriedades físicas e térmicas, análiise de microestrutura por microscopía eletrica de varredura (MEV), distribuição de tamanho dos grânulos de amido e análise estrutural por espectroscopia de absorção no infravermelho (FTIR). Numa segunda etapa, filmes a partir de farinha de biri foram elaborados segundo um Delineamento Composto Central Rotacional 24 (DCCR). Os resultados obtidos foram analisados estatisticamente empregando a metodologia de superfície de resposta (RSM) que juntamente com a função de desejabilidade (D) permitiu a obtenção das condiçoes de processo ótimas (concentração de glicerol de 17%, temperatura de processo de 90 °C, temperatura de secagem de 44,8 °C e umidade relativa de 36,4%). Nas condições ótimas os biofilmes apresentaram altos valores de resistência mecânica (7,0 MPa), baixa solubilidade (38,3%) e valores de elongação satisfatórios (14,6%). Na útima etapa do trabalho, foram elaborados biofilmes de farinha e de amido de biri para determinar o efeito das fibras, proteínas e lipídios sobre as propriedades dos filmes de farinha. Os biofilmes foram caracterizados com base em suas propriedades mecânicas, ópticas, microestrutura e analise estrutural por MEV e FTIR. Os biofilmes de farinha apresentaram maior flexibilidade em termos de elonga?o (14,6%), maior permeabilidade ao vapor de ?ua (5,3 ?0,2 x 10 ¿10 g.m/m2.h.Pa) e menor resistência mecânica e rigidez (7,0 N e 231,7 MPa) quando comparados com os biofilmes de amido de biri (1,4%; 18,6 N; 1772 MPa e 3,2 ± 0,01 x 10 -10 g.m/m2.h.Pa, respectivamente). A partir das análiises MEV, observouse que os biofilmes de farinha apresentaram imperfeições na sua superfície e uma seção transversal menos densa e com pequenas fissuras quando comparados com os biofilmes de amido. Os espectros de FTIR evidenciaram a presença De grupos OH, CH2 e amida III em ambos os biofilmes enquanto que o grupo amida I só foi evidenciado nos filmes de farinha. Em relação às propriedades ópticas, os filmes de farinha apresentaram cor amarelada enquanto que os filmes de amido apresentaram-se mais claros e menos opacos<br>Abstract: The focus in biodegradable films is a global trend and has received a significant attention in recent years, thus motivating studies related to the development and characterization of films based on natural macromolecules. The objective of this study is to develop edible films from biri flour (Canna indica L.) and evaluate the effect of four process variables: glycerol concentration (15 - 35%), process temperature (70 - 90 °C), drying temperature (35 ¿ 55 °C) and drying air relative humidity (30 ¿ 70%), on both mechanical (puncture force, deformation, tensile strength, elongation at break and secant modulus), and optical (color, brightness and opacity ) properties, as well as on water solubility of films. In the first stage of this work, flour and starch were obtained from rhizomes of biri cultivated in the S? Paulo State (Brazil). The evaluation of such materials dealt with proximate chemical composition, physical and thermal properties, microstructural analysis by Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM), size distribution of starch granules and structural analysis by Fourier Transform Infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy. On the second stage, edible films from the biri flour were prepared according to a Central Composite Rotational Design 24 (CCRD). The results were statistically analyzed using the response surface methodology (RSM), which along with the desirability function (D) allowed to obtain the optimum process conditions (17% for glycerol concentration, 90 °C for process temperature, 44,8 °C for drying temperature and 36,4% for air drying relative humidity). In optimum conditions the films showed high values of tensile strength (7,0 MPa), low solubility (38,3%) and satisfactory values of elongation at break (14,6%). On the last stage of this work, the films were prepared from flour and starch biri in order to determine the effect of fiber, protein and fat on the properties of the flour biofilms. The films were characterized based on their mechanical and optical properties, microstructure and structural analysis by means of SEM and FTIR. The results showed that flour films have greater flexibility in terms of elongation at break (14,6%), high water vapor permeability (5,3 ?0,2 x 10 -10 g.m/m2.h.Pa) and lower tensile strength and secant modulus (7,0 N and 231,7 MPa) when compared with the starch films (1,4%; 18,6 N; 1772 MPa and 3,2 ?0,01 x 10 -10 g.m/m2.h.Pa respectively). From SEM analysis it was observed that the flour films have flaws in its surface and a cross section less dense, with small cracks compared with the starch films. FTIR spectra showed presence of OH groups, CH2 and amide III in both films, while the amide group I was only observed in flour film. Optical properties showed that the flour films were yellowish while the starch films were clearer and less opaque<br>Mestrado<br>Mestre em Engenharia de Alimentos

Igiogbe cultural heritage has existed since the founding of Bini kingdom without any controversy; however since the Supreme Court decision in Idehen v Idehen the issue of Igiogbe has assumed new dimensions. Igiogbe - the house in which a Benin man lived and died devolves on his first son absolutely; but since the beginning of 20th century litigation as to the real meaning of Igiogbe and who is entitled to inheritance thereof began to increase. Controversies and increase in litigation over Igiogbe has occasioned a shift in the practice, the Bini’s are not conscious of some of these changes, most of them (Bini’s) still claim Igiogbe practices is rigidly adhered to. This study on Igiogbe inheritance in Bini kingdom is therefore carried out with a view to bringing out the changes in Igiogbe cultural practice using legal and anthropological tools to examine the changes. While laying the foundation for the discussion on the main research object the researcher examined the origin and status of customary law in Nigeria. There after I examined Igiogbe inheritance in Bini kingdom. Igiogbe and the issue of first son were critically analyzed with the aid of the research questions bringing out the changes in Igiogbe concept from traditional practice to modern practice. Study shows Igiogbe practice is still relevant in modern Bini kingdom, however, the shift and changes in practice of this cultural milieu has lead me to ask some fundamental questions which I intend to answer in the broader research work in future.

Mobilisant les concepts de l’analyse du discours combinés aux méthodes de la lexicométrie, cette thèse se propose de mettre en lumière, à travers l’analyse d’un corpus de 297 discours, les principales caractéristiques tant lexicales que rhétoriques et structurelles du discours du président de la République du Cameroun, Paul Biya, de 1982 et 2002. Après avoir dégagé quelques-uns des axes thématiques du corpus, on poursuit l’analyse lexicale par l’étude lexicométrique de l’évolution du vocabulaire. Les méthodes statistiques permettent ensuite d’appréhender certains phénomènes énonciatifs en fonction du temps lexical et de l’adaptation à l’auditoire. Enfin, dans un dernier temps, ce sont deux types de discours « rituels » qui sont analysés : les discours à la Jeunesse, prononcés par le président de la République le 10 février de chaque année pour célébrer la fête de la Jeunesse, et les discours de voeux de fin d’année. La prise en compte de ces deux types de discours permet de poursuivre l’étude du phénomène d’adaptation à l’auditoire : d’abord en confrontant les discours à la Jeunesse au reste du corpus présidentiel ensuite en faisant contraster les discours de voeux à la Nation avec les discours de voeux au diplomates<br>The analysis of a corpus of 297 speeches made by the President of the Republic of Cameroon between 1982 and 2002, by means of the methods and the software of the textual statistics and the linguistic concepts of the discourse analysis, has brought to light lexical, rhetorical and structural characteristics of Paul Biya’s speeches. After the identification of some of the themes of the corpus, lexical analysis and lexicometric study of the evolution of vocabulary have been made. Statistical methods have helped to clarify the enunciation through the study of lexical time and the adaptation to the public targeted.Finally, the analysis of two types of speeches: speeches made by the President of the Republic every year on the eve of Youth Day’s celebration on February 10, and speeches made every end of year on December 31 to the Nation and to foreign diplomats has shown a diachronic change of vocabulary, showing a clear adaptation to the audience

A pharmaceutical dosage form is an entity that is administered to patients so that they receive an effective dose of an active pharmaceutical ingredient (API). The proper design and formulation of a transdermal dosage form require a thorough understanding of the physiological factors affecting percutaneous penetration and physicochemical characteristics of the API, as well as that of the pharmaceutical exipients that are used during formulation. The API and pharmaceutical excipients must be compatible with one another to produce a formulation that is stable, efficacious, attractive, easy to administer, and safe (Mahato, 2007:11). Amongst others, the physicochemical properties indicate the suitability of the type of dosage form, as well as any potential problems associated with instability, poor permeation and the target site to be reached (Wells & Aulton, 2002:337). Therefore, when developing new or improved dosage forms, it is of utmost importance to evaluate the factors influencing design and formulation to provide the best possible dosage form and formulation for the API in question. Delivery of an API through the skin has long been a promising concept due to its large surface area, ease of access, vast exposure to the circulatory and lymphatic networks, and non-invasive nature of the therapy. This is true whether a local or systemic pharmacological effect is desired (Aukunuru et al., 2007:856). However, most APIs are administered orally as this route is considered to be the simplest, most convenient and safest route of API administration. Since ibuprofen is highly metabolised in the liver and gastrointestinal tract, oral administration thereof results in decreased bioavailability. Furthermore, it also causes gastric mucosal damage, bleeding and ulceration. Another obstacle associated with oral API delivery is that some APIs require continuous delivery which is difficult to achieve (Bouwstra et al., 2003:3). Therefore, there is significant interest to develop topical dosage forms for ibuprofen to avoid side effects associated with oral delivery and to provide relatively consistent API levels at the application site for prolonged periods (Rhee et al., 2003:14). The aim of this study was to determine the influence of selected formulation factors on the transdermal delivery of ibuprofen. In order to achieve this aim, the physicochemical properties of ibuprofen had to be evaluated. The aqueous solubility, pH-solubility profile, octanol-water partition coefficient (log P-value) and octanol-buffer distribution coefficient (log D-values, pH 5 and 7.4) of ibuprofen were determined. According to Naik et al., (2000:319) the ideal aqueous solubility of APIs for transdermal delivery should be more than 1 mg.ml-1. However, results showed that ibuprofen depicted an aqueous solubility of 0.096 mg.ml-1 ± 25.483, which indicated poor water solubility and would therefore be rendered less favourable for transdermal delivery if only considering the aqueous solubility. The pH-solubility profile depicted that ibuprofen was less soluble at low pH-values and more soluble at higher pH-values. Previous research indicated that the ideal log Pvalues for transdermal API permeation of non steroid anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) are between 2 and 3 (Swart et al., 2005:72). Results obtained during this study indicated a log P-value of 4.238 for ibuprofen. This value was not included in the ideal range, which is an indication that the lipophilic/hydrophilic properties are not ideal, and this might therefore; contribute to poor ibuprofen penetration through the skin. Furthermore, the obtained log D-values at pH 5 and 7.4 were 3.105 and 0.386, respectively. Therefore, it would be expected that ibuprofen incorporated into a formulation prepared at a pH of 5 would more readily permeate the skin compared to ibuprofen incorporated into a formulation prepared at a pH of 7.4. A gel, an emulgel and a Pheroid™ emulgel were formulated at pH 5 and 7.4, in order to examine which dosage form formulated at which pH would deliver enhanced transdermal delivery. Obtained diffusion results of the different semi-solid formulations were furthermore compared to a South African marketed commercial product (Nurofen® gel) in order to establish if a comparable formulation could be obtained. An artificial membrane was used to conduct the membrane permeation studies over a period of 6 h, in order to determine whether ibuprofen was in fact released from the formulations through the membrane. Skin permeation studies were conducted using Franz diffusion cells over a period of 12 h where samples were withdrawn at specified time intervals. All the formulations exhibited an increase in the average cumulative amount of ibuprofen released from the formulations and that permeated the membrane when compared to Nurofen® gel. This increase was statistically significant (p<0.05) for the gel, emulgel and Pheroid™ emulgel at pH 7.4. The gel at pH 7.4 exhibited the highest cumulative amount of ibuprofen that permeated the membrane. Preparations formulated at a pH of 5, did not differ significantly from Nurofen® when the average cumulative amount of ibuprofen that permeated the membrane were compared. The following rank order for the average cumulative amount released from the formulations could be established: Gel (pH 7.4) >>>> Pheroid™ emulgel (pH 7.4) > Emulgel (pH 7.4) >>> Gel (pH 5)> Pheroid™ emulgel (pH 5) ≈ Emulgel (pH 5) > Nurofen® gel. On the other hand, all the formulations exhibited an increase in the average cumulative amount of ibuprofen that permeated the skin when compared to Nurofen® gel. This increase was statistically significant (p < 0.05) for the gel, emulgel and Pheroid™ emulgel at pH 5, as well as the emulgel and Pheroid™ emulgel at pH 7.4. The emulgel at pH 5 exhibited the highest cumulative amount of ibuprofen that permeated the skin. The following rank order for the average cumulative amount released from the formulations and that permeated the skin could be established: Emulgel (pH 5) >> Pheroid™ emulgel (pH 5) > Gel (pH 5) > Emulgel (pH 7.4)> Pheroid™ emulgel (pH 7.4) ≈ Emulgel (pH 7.4) >> Nurofen® gel > Gel (pH 7.4). From this rank order it was clear that a trend was followed where the pH of formulation also played a role in ibuprofen permeation. All the formulations exhibited a higher release rate and flux when compared to Nurofen® gel. This was statistically significant for the emulgel, gel and Pheroid™ emulgel at pH 7.4. The gel at pH 7.4 exhibited the highest release rate and flux. This was observed for the membrane and skin permeation studies. All the formulations (including Nurofen® gel) presented a correlation coefficient (r2) of 0.972 – 0.995 for membrane permeation studies, and 0.950 – 0.978 for skin permeation studies; indicating that the release of ibuprofen from each of the formulations could be described by the Higuchi model. Furthermore, all the formulations exhibited a prolonged lag time compared to Nurofen® gel which indicated that the ibuprofen was retained for a longer time by the base. This was statistically significant (p < 0.05) for the emulgel at pH 7.4, the gel and Pheroid™ emulgel at pH 5. The gel at pH 7.4 exhibited a lag time closest to that of Nurofen® gel and this difference could not be classified as statistically significant (p > 0.286). This was observed for the membrane and skin permeation studies. Nurofen® gel exhibited the highest ibuprofen concentration in the stratum corneum as well as in the epidermis followed by the gel at pH 7.4. However, results obtained for all the formulations indicated that topical as well as transdermal delivery of ibuprofen was achieved. The pH of a formulation plays an important role with respect to API permeation. Ibuprofen is reported to have a pKa value 4.4 (Dollery, 1999:I1); and by application of the Henderson-Hasselbach equation, at pH 5, 20.08% of ibuprofen will be present in its unionised form and at pH 7.4, 0.1% ibuprofen will exist in its unionised form. Since the unionised form of APIs is more lipid soluble than the ionised form, unionised forms of APIs permeate more readily across the lipid membranes (Surber & Smith, 2000:27). Therefore, it would be expected that ibuprofen formulated at pH 5 would be more permeable than formulations at pH 7.4. However, this did not correspond to the results (membrane studies) obtained in this study. It may be attributed to the solubility of ibuprofen in the different formulations. According to the pH-solubility profile of ibuprofen obtained in this study, it was more soluble at pH 7.4 than at pH 5. This was due to the fact that ibuprofen is a weak acidic compound, and for every 3 units away from the pKa-value, the solubility changes 10-fold (Mahato, 2007:14). However, with regard to the skin permeation studies, enhanced permeation was obtained with the formulations prepared at pH 5. This was in accordance with Corrigan et al., (2003:148) who stated that NSAIDs are less soluble and more permeable at low pH values, and more soluble and less permeable at high pH values. This was most probably due to the fact that unionised species, although possessing a lower aqueous solubility than the ionised species, resulted in enhanced skin permeation due to being more lipid-soluble. Finally, stability tests on the different semi-solid formulations for a period of three months at different temperature and humidity conditions were conducted to determine product stability. The formulations were stored at 25 °C/60% RH (relative humidity), 30 °C/60% RH and 40 °C/75% RH. Stability tests included: mass variation, pH, zeta potential, droplet size, visual appearance, assay, and viscosity. No significant change was observed for mass variation, pH, zeta potential and droplet size over the three months for any of the different formulations stored at the different storage conditions. In addition, no significant change in colour was observed for the gel and emulgel formulations at pH 5 and 7.4 over the three months at all the storage conditions. However, it was observed that the formulations containing Pheroid™ showed a drastic change in colour at all the storage conditions. This might have been due to oxidation of certain components present in the Pheroid™ system. Consequently, further investigation is necessary to find the cause of the discolouration and a method to prevent it. The gel formulated at pH 5 depicted the formation of crystals. This might have been due to the fact that the solubility of ibuprofen was exceeded, leading to it precipitating from the formulation. A possible contributing factor to the varying assay values obtained during the study might have been due to non-homogenous sample withdrawal. On the other hand, no significant change was observed for the emulgel and Pheroid™ emulgel formulated at pH 5 and 7.4. The emulgel and Pheroid™ emulgel formulated at pH 5 depicted relative instability (according to the International Conference on Harmonisation of Technical Requirements For Registration of Pharmaceuticals for Human Use, ICH) only at 40 °C/75% RH with a change in ibuprofen content of more than 5% (6.78 and 6.46%, respectively). The gel, emulgel and Pheroid™ emulgel at pH 7.4 exhibited the least variation in ibuprofen concentration at all of the storage conditions. This might indicate that the pH at which a semi-solid formulation is produced will have a direct influence on the stability of the product. No significant changes in viscosity (%RSD < 5) was observed for the gel and emulgel formulated at pH 7.4 and stored at 25 °C/60% RH. The remaining formulations at all of the specified storage conditions exhibited a significant change in viscosity (%RSD > 5) with a decrease in viscosity being more pronounced at the higher temperature and humidity storage conditions. A possible contributing factor to the change in viscosity over three months at the specified storage conditions might have been due to the use of Pluronic® F-127 (viscosity enhancer). This viscosity enhancer possesses a melting point of approximately 56 °C (BAST Corporation. s.a). The problem with this might have been the temperature (70 °C) at which the formulations were prepared. The higher preparation temperature might have caused the Pluronic® F-127 to degrade, thereby losing its ability to function appropriately. A balance must be maintained between optimum solubility and maximum stability (Pefile & Smith, 1997:148). Despite the lower skin permeation of the gel formulated at pH 7.4, this formulation performed the best, as it was considered stable (least variation during the 3 month stability test) and the obtained tape stripping results showed that this formulation depicted the highest ibuprofen concentrations in the stratum corneum and epidermis. Thus, topical as well as transdermal delivery were obtained.<br>Thesis (MSc (Pharmaceutics))--North-West University, Potchefstroom Campus, 2013.

Sob o enfoque da percepção ambiental, pretendemos tratar do sistema físico de objetos que pertencem ao entorno do cidadão-pedestre paulistano com suficiente intensidade para sinalizar seu ideário. Nosso intuito foi procurar explicações para as diversas manifestações visíveis nos objetos urbanos banais e próximos à população, mais especificamente em equipamentos e mobiliário urbanos. Escolheu-se o bairro paulistano Itaim Bibi para servir de substrato à pesquisa, com a intenção de verificar o impacto da Operação Urbana Faria Lima. Este pedaço da cidade teve uma formação comum a muitos outros lugares onde processos de reurbanização contribuem com a redução significativa de moradores e conseqüente reflexo nos usos dos espaços públicos de pedestres. Um grupo de perceptores, estudantes de arquitetura, visitou o local; seus registros foram quantificados e analisados quanto à qualidade do ambiente urbano. Tal método, além de conscientizar futuros urbanistas para as necessidades de pedestres, poderá subsidiar ações em prol de melhorias nas vias públicas de circulação, se for de interesse da comunidade local. No empenho de responder à questão até onde a compreensão do pedestre se estende no mundo visual, apresentamos aspectos técnicos (disposições normativas), econômicos, estéticos e culturais (design), sociais (ações de usuários da cidade) e subjetivos (percepção visual).<br>We have intended to deal with the physical systems of objects belonging to the surrounding of pedestrian-citizens in the city of São Paulo under an environmental awareness approach intense enough to express their set of ideas. Our objective was to look for explanations for the several visible patterns in common urban objects nearby the population, more specifically in urban equipment and furniture. The neighborhood of Itaim Bibi in the city of São Paulo was chosen to be the object of the survey in order to check the impact of the Faria Lima Urban Operation. This fragment of the city shares a common origin with other places where re-urbanization processes have contributed to reduce significantly the number of dwellers, consequently impacting over public spaces for pedestrians. A group of architecture students visited the place; they wrote or drew their perceptions on the site and their records were quantified and analyzed as to the quality of the urban environment. Such a method, in addition to bringing awareness to those future architects as to pedestrians\' needs, may also come to subsidize actions to be taken to improve public areas, streets and avenues, should the local community be interested in doing so. For the purposes of answering the question on how far pedestrians\' understanding goes as to the visual world we present here technical (regulations), economic, aesthetic and cultural (design), social (the city users\' actions) and subjective (visual perception) aspects.

Methylation is involved in the regulation of varied biological processes, from cancer to embryonic development. In B-DNA, methylation can alter the frequency with which a dinucleotide step samples one of two substates: BI and BII. Changing the BI-BII equilibrium can in turn affect the ability of proteins to bind to DNA, which may ultimately alter the transcription of genes. Using MD simulations, we evaluate the effects of cytosine methylation on the BI-BII equilibrium and the RMS atomic fluctuations of the backbone of two sequences: (GC)5 and the Dickerson dodecamer (DD). Methylation in (GC)5 stabilizes the BII state in CpG steps and stabilizes the BI state in GpC steps, but the BII state is always less favored than the BI state. The activation energy between the BI/BII states in (GC)5 increases in GpC steps and decreases in CpG steps upon methylation, indicating that backbone dynamics are affected by methylation in a step-dependent manner. The DD simulations suggest that methylation stabilizes the BII state in both CpG and GpC steps, although more sampling is needed to determine the significance of these results. Methylation has little effect on the atomic fluctuations of the backbone in (GC)5 or DD simulations. Thus, in these sequences, methylation does not uniformly stabilize one state, nor does methylation stabilize the state that is favored in the native sequence.

Although a number of impression management scales are available in the literature, none seem to be concerned with what kind of content is being managed. Previous research suggests that impression management can be separated into two fundamental types of content: agency and communion. Agentic impression management is the tendency to exaggerate one’s courage, leadership or intellectual status. Communal impression management is the tendency to exaggerate one’s claims to be a nice person and good citizen. In Study 1, we developed a new measure of impression management named the Bi-Dimensional Impression Management Index (BIMI): It comprises subscales designed specifically to tap into agentic and communal content. For each content area, we selected the 10 items that shifted the most from honest to fake-good conditions. The resulting subscales were relatively independent (r =.18) and preliminary statistics showed good reliabilities. In Study 2, the BIMI subscales were cross-validated in a new sample, showing good reliabilities and coherent personality correlates. The implications and applicability of the BIMI are discussed, specifically focusing on how this advance is relevant to the literature on faking behaviour.

Des donnees cristallochimiques nouvelles ont ete obtenues sur des materiaux d'alteration lateritique, parfaitement situes dans leur contexte petrologique (bauxite de bidi-koum, guinee): (1) l'existence de lacunes cationiques, compensees par des protons, a ete mise en evidence dans les hematites alumineuses alpha- #y#/#3(fe#1#-#xal#x)#2#-#y#/#3o#3#-#y(oh)#y et les goethites alumineuses alpha- #y#/#3(fe#xal#1#-#x)#1#-#y#/#3o#1#-#y(oh)#1#+#y naturelles. Le taux de lacunes y/3 constitue une signature des precurseurs et des temperatures de cristallisation. Par exemple, dans les bauxites etudiees, le caractere lacunaire marque des hematites (18-28 %mole ) montre qu'elles resultent du vieillissement de precurseurs de type gels ferriques ou ferrihydrite dans des conditions de forte sursaturarion en fer. En revanche, le caractere faiblement lacunaire des goethites alumineuses (10-13 %mole ) reflete une dissolution partielle d'un precurseur gel, ferrihydrite ou hematite et une croissance cristalline en milieu faiblement sursature. (2) la substitution isomorphe de al#3#+ par fe#3#+ dans la gibbsite alpha-al(oh)#3 est limitee a moins de 250 ppm fe, par des contraintes structurales au sein du feuillet dioctaedrique, qui conduisent a une occupation trois fois moindre de l'octaedre le plus distordu axialement. En revanche la substitution fe-al dans la boehmite gamma-alooh ( 1% feooh) pourrait constituer un traceur geochimique sensible et meriterait d'etre prise en compte pour le calcul des champs de stabilite dans le systeme al#2o#3-fe#2o#3-sio#2-h#2o. L'analyse quantitative de la distribution de al et fe dans les melanges naturels cryptocristallins etudies a necessite l'utilisation et le developpement de methodes et modelisations physiques: (i) affinement rietveld multiphases des diffractogrammes des rayons x sur poudre ; (ii) mise en ordre magnetique dans les oxyhydroxydes de fer (spectroscopie mossbauer du #5#7fe) ; (iii) creation d'un code de calcul pour la simulation des spectres de resonance paramagnetique des ions de transition dans les materiaux polycristallins

The main purpose of this thesis is to test a communications solution for the second to largest refugee settlement in the world, Bidi Bidi. A solution where it is possible to inform the refugees with necessary information, for example that the water at a specific location is currently contaminated or that food is provided at another location. The idea is to use nRF24L01+ modules which operate in the 2.4 GHz frequency band and send information through various ways. This includes turning LEDs' on and off, sending text Strings and streaming audio. The results showed that the modules are too unreliable for a refugee settlement. They also showed that it is not possible to send other types' of data while streaming audio, but there could be workarounds. It is clear that more knowledge and further investigations are needed.

Existe-t-il un mythe littéraire du forçat ? Peut-on dire que le roman de forçat est un genre voire un sous-genre littéraire ? A ces deux problématiques nous tentons de répondre dans notre thèse. Nous donnons tout d’abord une définition historique, sociale et physiologique du forçat, puis, en nous appuyant sur la notion de « bassin sémantique » établie par Gilbert Durand, nous analysons différents mythes et mythèmes tels que le diable, Napoléon ou encore le surhomme. Ce qui nous amène à la conclusion suivante que le forçat est bien un mythe littéraire. En prenant ensuite comme paradigme le roman de Ponson du Terrail, Le Bagne de Toulon, nous établissons une grille de lecture des thèmes et motifs récurrents – le bagne, l’évasion, la paternité, la poursuite ou encore la vengeance - que l’on peut trouver dans les romans où cette figure apparaît. Nous voyons enfin comment ce personnage est représenté dans la littérature étrangère et les formes qu’il a pu prendre depuis la période classique jusqu’à nos jours, galérien, bagnard et prisonnier. Nous montrons également qu’il a trouvé sa place aussi bien dans le théâtre que le cinéma et qu’il s’est imposé en tant que héros de la paralittérature : polar, science-fiction, western, roman d’aventures, bande-dessinée, etc. Par ailleurs, nous examinons, à travers l’œuvre d’Albert Londres et Henri Charrière, comment le récit de témoignage a contribué à la renaissance du roman de forçat. Le roman de forçat a encore de beaux jours devant lui comme l’illustrent les réécritures d’œuvres célèbres telles que Les Misérables ou Le Comte de Monte Cristo<br>Is there such thing as a literary myth about the convict ? Can we say that literature dealing with convicts is a genre or even a sub-genre? These are the two issues we will adress in our thesis. First we give a historical, social and physiological definition of the convict ; the notion of “bassin sémantique” as established by Gilbert Durand, helps us analyse different myths and mythemes, such as the devil, Napoleon or even the superman and this leads us to the conclusion that the convict as a literary myth does exist. Secondly, we use the Bagne de Toulon by Ponson du Terrail as a pattern to discuss the recurrent themes and motives pervading the novels where such a figure appears : penal colony, escape, paternity, pursuit or even revenge. At last ,we consider the way this character is represented in foreign literature and the different forms it has taken since the classical period until to-day, whether it be galley slave, convict or prisoner. We also show that it is also present in other genres such as the theatre or the cinema and that it features prominently in marginal literature : detective novel, science-fiction, western, adventure story, comic strip. Besides, we examine how the accounts of Albert Londres and Henry Charrière contributed to a rebirth of the convict novel for which , as is illustrated by the rewriting of famous works such as les Misérables or The Count of Monte Cristo there are good times ahead

Orientadores: Florencia Cecilia Menegalli, Delia Rita Tapia Blácido<br>Tese (doutorado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Faculdade de Engenharia de Alimentos<br>Made available in DSpace on 2018-08-20T05:16:21Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 AndradeMahecha_MargaritaMaria_D.pdf: 4721286 bytes, checksum: d81a0051c1f91a999e9ea8c3e9fe0b20 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2012<br>Doutorado<br>Engenharia de Alimentos<br>Doutor em Engenharia de Alimentos

O objetivo desta dissertação é apresentar e discutir alguns processos fonológicos de adição e subtração de elementos (metaplasmos) na língua sãotomense. Neste trabalho, faremos uma comparação entre as contribuições das línguas portuguesa, quicongo e bini. Entre os séculos XV e XVI, diversas línguas nasceram do contato entre europeus e povos da África, Ásia e América. Chamadas de pidgins e crioulos, essas línguas contam com contribuições linguísticas da língua do povo dominador (língua de superstrato) e com contribuições da(s) língua(s) do(s) povo(s) dominado(s) (língua(s) de substrato). O sãotomense, língua falada atualmente na República de São Tomé e Príncipe, é uma dessas línguas, classificada como crioulo de base portuguesa, e conta com o português seiscentista como língua de superstrato e com línguas africanas, dentre elas o quicongo e o bini como línguas de substrato. Ao longo deste trabalho, analisaremos algumas das influências das línguas de substrato e superstrato na constituição do sãotomense. As contribuições das línguas de superstrato estão, majoritariamente, relacionadas à composição do léxico e as das línguas de substrato na fonologia, morfologia e sintaxe, embora também haja traços inovadores. No caso do sãotomense, as palavras portuguesas, ao entrarem no léxico do sãotomense, sofreram metaplasmos para se adequar à estrutura das línguas africanas dos primeiros falantes, sem, contudo, evitar que a língua portuguesa também contribuísse para a constituição da fonologia do sãotomense. Uma das contribuições do quicongo na fonologia do sãotomense é o lambdacismo transformação de [r] em [l] durante o processo de empréstimos, enquanto a língua portuguesa contribuiu com a eliminação do sistema tonal, presente em quicongo e bini, mas não em português.<br>The goal of this dissertation is to describe and analyse some phonological aspects of Sãotomense. In this word, we compare a number of linguistics contributions from the Portuguese, Kongo and Bini languages to Sãotomense, a Portuguese-based Creole spoken in the Democratic Republic of São Tomé and Príncipe. A Creole language displays linguistic characteristic both from its superstratum and its substratum languages. Sãotomense has the seventeenth centurys Portuguese as its superstratum language and many African languages, among them Kongo and Bini, as its substrata languages. In this work, I intend to analyze some of the influences of these strata languages in the formation of Sãotomense phonology. In general terms, most of the contributions from the superstratum languages are related to the Lexicon. Substratum languages, by its turn, heavily contribute to the phonology, morphology and syntax, although there are in the Creoles languages innovative linguistics aspects as well. In the specific case of Sãotomense, Portuguese words undergone many linguistics processes, some of them called metaplasms, in order to be adapted by the structure of African languages speakers, but this fact did not avoid that Portuguese language also contributed to the phonology constitution of Sãotomense. A possible African contribution to the phonology of Sãotomense is the so-called lambdacism the transformation of a [r] into a [l] during the process of loanword adaptation from the Kongo language. Portuguese, for example, probably, contributed with the elimination of tones, present in Kongo and Bini and in many others African languages, but not in Portuguese.

This thesis is about wildlife conservation and people's livelihoods in Tanzania. Through an ethnographic study of a protected area known as Ugalla Game Reserve, it looks at the manner in which different groups of people view and use the locality to make a living. By focusing on two activities established in the reserve, beekeeping and fishing, it seeks to identif,' how the existence and management of a protected area may - or may not - contribute to people's lives and well-being. Emphasis is placed in the study on the need to understand how local resource use and practices of resource allocation engage with wildlife management as carried out by representatives of the state and of international conservation bodies. In short, how externally generated conservation planning meets with internal responses, and the nature of local social processes and idioms of understanding that give rise to these responses. The research takes as its starting point the so-called 'people-oriented' approaches to wildlife conservation. Such initiatives have been seen as a means of going beyond the 'conventional' forms of wildlife management that grew up in southern Africa during the colonial era, and which were perpetuated by independent African governments. These conventional approaches have been widely criticised for their failure to achieve the objective of conserving wildlife, while their preservationist orientation has been held to be inherently inequitable, ignoring the lives and livelihoods of rural African people.

La parole politique est l'instrument principal d’exercice du pouvoir au Cameroun, dirigé par Paul Biya depuis trente-cinq ans. Confrontée aux postures du sujet politique, cette parole trahit à l’arrière-plan discursif, les pensées profondes de l’homme politique. Apporter un éclairage sur cette situation particulière est la tâche principale que nous nous sommes assigné dans cette thèse de Doctorat qui s'intéresse à la relation entre le pouvoir et la mise en scène argumentative dans le discours de Paul Biya à l'ère du multipartisme au Cameroun. Le cadre épistémologique dans lequel se positionnent nos travaux est l’analyse du discours avec une orientation vers l’argumentation rhétorique. Empruntant les démarches intégrative et analytique de l’analyse de discours, nous puisons les concepts opératoires de notre recherche principalement dans les sciences du langage. Nous procédons aussi à l’exploration textométrique de notre corpus à l’aide du logiciel d’analyse statistique Hyperbase. L’analyse nous invite également à constituer de nouvelles notions pour rendre compte des particularités du discours de Paul Biya. La thèse montre que dans sa communication, Paul Biya procède à une mise en scène fondée sur des arguments logico-affectifs, ancrée dans la réalité sociale et les pratiques des différents pouvoirs traditionnels camerounais. Derrière le masque discursif, l'analyse met au jour des stratégies de persuasion, l'évolution de la vie sociopolitique camerounaise. Cette recherche révèle comment Paul Biya incarne un pouvoir fort, sacralisé voire mythifié; s'arrogeant une aura nationale exclusive apte à apaiser le peuple et à inhiber toute action rivale. C’est ainsi qu’il a réussi à mettre en place un régime politique qui joue constamment sur des contrariétés en vue de pérenniser son pouvoir<br>Political speech is the main tool used in order to wield power in Cameroon, a country which is being run by Paul Biya for the past 35 years. The various stands taken by this political figure is revealed through these speeches which inform on the argumentative background and inner thoughts of this politician. The doctorate thesis which studies the relationship between power and the argumentative strategies in Paul Biya speeches in the multiparty era in Cameroon therefore sets out to throw more light on this peculiar situation. This research work is discussed from the vantage point of discourse analysis, more specifically on rhetoric argumentation. Using integrative and analytical approaches to discourse analysis, the work draws its key concepts mainly from language sciences. The textometric analysis of the corpus is carried out using the Hyperbase Statistics Analysis software. Also, the analysis of the corpus has brought us to coin new terms in order to address the specificities of Paul Biya speehes. The findings reveal that in his speeches, Paul Biya makes use of a set-up which is grounded on logico-affective arguments anchored in the social reality as well as in the practices of the various traditional powers in Cameroon. The analysis also brings to the fore the various persuasive strategies and the evolution of the sociopolitical life in Cameroon. This research work also reveals how Paul Biya incarnates a strong, sacred and mythified power which gives him the privilege of having an exclusive aura at the national level which can appease the Cameroonian people and nip in the bud all the initiatives of his rivals. He has therefore succeeded in establishing a political regime which takes advantage of disharmony in order to perpetuate his power

A presente pesquisa busca examinar o movimento pela preservação do quarteirão do Itaim Bibi, o qual, no contexto atual da reprodução da metrópole, configura-se como uma luta pelo uso do espaço. Partimos, primeiramente, dos pressupostos mais gerais sobre a produção do espaço, que, sob a influência da mundialização, momento específico do capitalismo, determina-o como condição da reprodução do capital. Também considerando que a metrópole se torna um dos momentos necessários da acumulação, buscamos compreender os processos contraditórios que emergem da reprodução do urbano, tomando como referência a Operação Urbana Faria Lima e o bairro do Itaim Bibi. Assim, nosso trabalho é desenvolvido no sentido de compreender tanto o significado do quarteirão do Itaim no contexto da metrópole e do próprio bairro quanto da luta que se formou em defesa de sua preservação. Nesse percurso, nossa análise procurou desvendar de que maneira o quarteirão do Itaim nos revela em sua própria produção a contradição entre o valor de uso (apropriação) e o valor de troca (dominação) do espaço, mais precisamente a contradição, materializada inclusive na paisagem urbana atual do bairro, entre o uso público do espaço e a reprodução da cidade como negócio. Procuramos analisar o papel do Movimento SOS Quarteirão do Itaim como expressão das mobilizações sociais em defesa do patrimônio cultural, inclusive apontando seus aspectos ambivalentes, isto é, ora com potencial político de questionar os processos hegemônicos em curso, ora reafirmando seus discursos conservadores. Nesse sentido, levando em consideração o ponto de vista social e não somente do poder da classe capitalista que domina o processo urbano, discutimos ainda o significado das lutas pelo espaço, que evidenciam as contradições do processo da reprodução da metrópole e podem ter o potencial de produzir uma sociedade mais democrática e espaços socialmente mais justos.<br>The present research seeks to examine the movement for the preservation of the Itaim Bibi block, which, in the current context of reproduction of the metropolis, appears as a struggle for space. We start, first, from the most general assumptions on the production of space, which, under the influence of globalization, a specific moment of capitalism, determine it as the condition to the reproduction of capital. Also considering that the metropolis becomes one of the necessary stages of accumulation, we try to understand the contradictory processes that emerge from the reproduction of the city, with reference to the Urban Operation Faria Lima and the Itaim Bibi neighborhood. Our work is developed in order to understand both the meaning of the Itaim block in the context of the metropolis and the neighborhood itself, and the struggle that was formed in defense of their preservation. Along this route, our analysis sought to unveil how the Itaim block reveals in its own production the contradiction between use value (appropriation) and exchange value (domination) of space, more precisely the contradiction, embodied even in the current urban landscape of the district, between the public use of space and the reproduction of the city as a business. We seek to analyze the role of SOS Itaim Movement as an expression of social mobilizations in defense of cultural heritage, pointing also their ambivalent aspects, that is, sometimes with political potential to challenge hegemonic processes, sometimes reaffirming their conservative discourses. In that sense, taking into account the social point of view, and not only the power of the capitalist class that dominates the urban process, we also discussed the significance of the struggles for space, which show that the contradictions of the metropolis reproduction process and could have the potential to produce a more democratic society and spaces that are more socially just.

Tetrahymena thermophila biii est un protozoaire cilie presentant de bonnes aptitudes a la culture en masse. Dans un premier temps, l'utilisation du fermenteur s'avere etre le mode de culture le plus interessant pour la production en masse de t. Thermophila : le temps de generation (tg) est ameliore de 30% et la population maximale (pm) de 80%. Apres comparaison de six milieux complexes contenant tous de l'extrait de levure, le milieu mye se revele le plus performant en fermenteur. Le ph optimum de croissance est de 6,8. La regulation de la fermentation a ce ph ne permet pas d'ameliorer le tg et la pm, mais favorise un allongement de la phase stationnaire. La regulation de l'oxygene dissous augmente la production d'activite. Pour accroitre la biomase (jusqu'a 10 7 cellules/ml) et la secretion proteasique, un procede de culture continue, avec recyclage des cellules par microfiltration tangentielle a ete teste avec succes. Dans un deuxieme temps, trois activites enzymatiques ont ete selectionnees (proteasique, amylasique, pullulanasique), parmi les enzymes hydrolytiques testees. La production des activites -glycosidasiques est favorisee par la presence de glucose dans le milieu de culture (yeg) ; pour l'activite proteasique, il est plus interessant de cultiver t. Thermophila sur milieu mye. C'est cette derniere activite que nous avons retenue pour la suite de notre etude. Une heterogeneite quant au ph optimum de l'activite proteasique a ete observee.

Reduction of cholesterol ester (CE) from lipid burden lesion-associated macrophage foam cells has been shown to reduce plaque volumes. Hydrolysis of CE to free cholesterol (FC) in macrophages is an essential step for removal of CE from the macrophage and its transport to the liver by high density lipoprotein (HDL) for further metabolism. Since CE must again be hydrolyzed into FC in the liver catalyzing this hydrolysis, it becomes imperative to find the identity of these enzymes. In this study the role of key enzyme in catalyzing the hydrolysis of CE to FC, neutral cholesterol ester hydrolase (CEH) was evaluated. Further, ability of this CEH to hydrolyze CE delivered via scavenger receptor BI (SR-BI) or SR-BII was also monitored. CE hydrolysis and FC efflux were monitored from cells transfected with CEH expression vector. No significant difference was noted in either the intracellular CEH activity or FC efflux between cells transfected with an empty vector or a CEH expression vector. Further no difference was seen when experiments were repeated with cells stably transfected with SR-BI or SR-BII. Future experiments with more optimization of the cells system used will be required to reach any conclusions on the role of CEH in hydrolyzing HDL-CE delivered via SR-BI/BII.

Durant la dynastie des Song, les écrits de l’école bouddhique Chan atteignent leur apogée. Plusieurs nouvelles formes littéraires voient le jour, dont le Biji (Mélanges) du Chan qui, apparu au début du XIIe siècle, s’épanouit au cours des siècles suivants. Composés essentiellement d’anecdotes hagiographiques, les textes Biji contiennent une quantité considérable de propos et de faits des religieux et des laïcs Chan inédits à l’époque et concernent divers aspects de la vie bouddhique de la Chine pré-moderne. Afin d’explorer ce genre littéraire négligé jusqu’à nos jours, l’auteur de ce travail s’appuie sur deux de ses ouvrages représentifs – le Luohu yelu (Recueil des propos officieux du lac de Luo) et le Ganshan yunwo jitan (Mémoires et propos de l’hôte de la chaumière « Nichée dans les nuages » du mont Gan). Après avoir mené dans un premier temps les études historiques et documentaires de ces textes, l’auteur en dégage quatre thèmes de recherche qui offrent une vision d’ensemble du paradigme religieux sous-jacent. Enfin, ce travail se termine par une réflexion sur les spécificités formelles des Biji du Chan<br>During the Song Dynasty, the writings of the Buddhist Chan School reached their peak. Several new literary forms emerged, including the Chan Biji (Miscellanies) which appeared in the early 12th century and flourished during the following centuries. Composed essentially of anecdotes of hagiographic nature, the Biji texts contain a considerable amount of writings and acts of the clergy and laypeople of the Chan, which were unpublished at the time and deal with various aspects of Buddhist life in pre-modern China. To explore this genre, neglected until today, the author’s research is based on two representative Biji works - the Luohu Yelu (Record of unofficial sayings on the Luo Lake) and Ganshan yunwo Jitan (Memories and sayings from the host of the "Nestled in the clouds" cottage on Gan Mount). After historical and documentary studies of these texts, the author identified four research themes offering an overview of the underlying religious paradigm. This work concludes with a reflection on the formal characteristics of the Chan Biji

Portant le titre Patrimoine et patrimonialisation au Cameroun: les Diy-gid-biy des monts Mandara septentrionaux pour une étude de cas, notre thèse est un chainon d'éléments argumentatifs orientés vers l'élucidation du statut de bien patrimonial. Elle s'inscrit dans le champ des recherches considérant le patrimoine et la patrimonialisation comme un ensemble de codes discursifs dont l'intérêt pour l'anthropologue est la compréhension du sens et non de la caractéristique ontique. Il s'agit de l'intelligibilité des rapports aux éléments patrimoniaux qui passe par une mise en évidence de la patrimonialité, l'expression des changements et des conséquences sociaux patrimogènes. De ce fait, le travail met en discours les mises en patrimoine et les rapports sous-tendant le statut d'élément patrimonial. D'une manière générale, c'est un exposé sur le grand paysage patrimonial du Cameroun à travers un regard à la fois vertical et horizontal qui souligne les différentes formes de constructions patrimoniales ayant eu cours dans ledit pays. Il est donc question d’une mise en relief de l'alchimie de la construction patrimoniale, et donc, du comment les choses deviennent patrimoniales. Pour ce faire, notre thèse se penche sur l'analyse des processus de mise en patrimoine en les considérant dans deux échelles de temps focalisées respectivement sur leur genèse historique et leur construction procédurale actuelle. Ces deux niveaux de considération ont induit à constater que la patrimonialisation est un processus scellant l'alliance de divers acteurs et de contextes sociaux aussi bien sur le plan idéologique, politique que sur les plans social et religieux. Et avec l'exemple des Diy-gid-biy, notre thèse met en exergue certaines des caractéristiques qui permettent la détermination de l'appartenance d'une propriété à la sphère de biens portant des charges d'un attachement symbolique.<br>Entitled Patrimony and patrimonialization in Cameroon: the DGB sites of the northern Mandara Mountains as a case study, my thesis presents a linked series of arguments designed to clarify the concept of “patrimonial good”. It falls within a field of research that considers patrimony and patrimonialization as an ensemble of discursive codes, of which the interest to anthropologists lies in the understanding of meaning rather than in ontological characteristics. The thesis is concerned with the intelligibility of relationships to elements of patrimony arrived at by a process involving the identification of patrimoniality, the expression of changes and patrimogenic social consequences. Thus this work discusses the identification of patrimony and the relationships that underlie the concept of patrimonial element. In a general way, it is a presentation on the overall state of patrimony in Cameroon from a viewpoint that is both vertical and horizontal and which focuses on the different forms of construction of patrimony existing in that country. Identification of the alchemy of patrimonial construction is thus a subject of enquiry, as is the how of things becoming patrimonial. To achieve its results, the thesis relies on analysis of the processes of identification of patrimony, considering them in terms of two timescales, one focused on their historical genesis, the other on the construction procedures taking place in the present. These two levels of analysis lead to the finding that patrimonialization is a process embedded in the linkage of various actors and social contexts in the domains of ideology and politics as well as the social and religious. With the example of the DGB sites, the thesis brings out certain of the characteristics that allow determination of the attribution of a property to the sphere of goods laden with symbolic charges.