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Journal articles on the topic 'Black African literature in French'

Author: Grafiati

Published: 4 June 2021

Last updated: 1 February 2022

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1

Gueye, Abdoulaye. "BREAKING THE SILENCE." Du Bois Review: Social Science Research on Race 7, no. 1 (2010): 81–102. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1742058x10000196.

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AbstractSince the turn of the millennium, French society has become the theatre of a noticeable Black agency. Few previous events have ignited the media's interest in a Black French agenda more than the Collectif Égalité-led “March for the dignity of Black peoples” and the formation of the Conseil Représentatif des Associations Noires (CRAN). Through these newly-founded organizations, French activists of African descent have been challenging the hegemonic ideology of color-blindness, and heralding the claims, problems, and expectations of postcolonial African-descended people.Informed by this ideology of so-called color-blindness, the academic literature in France has been slow to account for this new form of political expression. Moreover, as this article will argue, postcolonial African-descended people have not been recognized as political agents in the French literature. Few studies have attempted to correct this myopic view by analyzing the current political dynamic of postcolonial African-descended people. Due to the state-centered or institutionalist approach, these studies are more concerned with highlighting external and structural factors, such as racial discrimination, at the expense of endogenous determinants. They focus on what postcolonial African-descended people are denied in the French society instead of investigating the qualities these citizens actually possess that enable them to organize collectively. This article is intended to contribute to this new literature. It will pinpoint the different transformations that postcolonial African-descended people have undergone from the 1960s through the 1990s, examine the resources and skills under these actors' control, and gauge the contribution of these resources and skills to the emergence of a Black collective voice.

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2

Sellin, Eric, and Janet G. Vaillant. "Black, French, and African: A Life of Léopold Sédar Senghor." World Literature Today 66, no. 4 (1992): 762. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/40148782.

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3

Olson, Steven E., Janet G. Vaillant, and Mark Hudson. "Black, French, and African: A Life of Léopold Sédar Senghor." Antioch Review 49, no. 2 (1991): 298. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/4612381.

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4

Pigeon, Gerard G. "Black Icons of Colonialism: African Characters in French Children's Comic Strip Literature." Social Identities 2, no. 1 (February 1996): 135–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/13504630.2019.12062303.

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Pigeon, Gerard G. "Black Icons of Colonialism: African Characters in French Children's Comic Strip Literature." Social Identities 2, no. 1 (February 1, 1996): 135–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/13504639652420.

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6

Johnson, Jerah. "Jim Crow laws of the 1890s and the origins of New Orleans jazz: correction of an error." Popular Music 19, no. 2 (April 2000): 243–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0261143000000143.

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A seriously misleading error has crept into almost all the literature on the origins of New Orleans jazz. The error mistakenly attributes to the Jim Crow laws of the 1890s a significant role in the formation of the city's jazz tradition.Jazz historians have done a reasonably good job of depicting the two black communities that existed in new Orleans from the time of the Louisiana Purchase in 1803 until the twentieth century. One community comprised a French-speaking Catholic group who lived mostly in downtown New Orleans, i.e. the area of the city down-river from Canal Street. Before the Civil War this group, commonly called Creoles, or Black Creoles, but more accurately called Franco-Africans, comprised free people of colour as well as slaves, and after the war consisted of their descendants who perpetuated the group's language, religion and musical tradition, which combined French, African and Caribbean elements.Members of the other black community were English-speaking Protestants who lived mostly in uptown new Orleans. That group, before the Civil War, was made up largely of slaves brought to New Orleans by Americans who flooded into Louisiana after the 1803 Purchase, though it also included some free people of colour. After the war, the descendants of these immigrants continued their language, religion and musical tradition, which came mostly from the rural South. There Anglo-Africans were generally less prosperous and less educated than the downtown Franco-African or Creole community.

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7

Yillah, Dauda. "Patrick Grainville's Black African World: Dismantling or Bolstering Cultural Binarisms?" Nottingham French Studies 58, no. 1 (March 2019): 82–101. http://dx.doi.org/10.3366/nfs.2019.0237.

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This article examines the cross-cultural perspective offered by the metropolitan French author Patrick Grainville in his novels Les Flamboyants and Le Tyran éternel, set each in a fictional post-1960 independent black African state. In doing so, it identifies an inherent contradiction in the vision and argues that, while setting out to celebrate cultural difference, Grainville ends up paradoxically, if perhaps unwittingly, reasserting the supremacy of the cultural self. The article does not seek to discredit entirely Grainville's cross-cultural endeavour, but does not attempt to overrate it either. Rather it shows how, writing in a post-imperial European historical context of the mid-1970s and the late 1990s, Grainville breaks with colonial modes of cross-cultural perception but only to restate in certain respects the cultural assumptions that tend to underpin those modes of apprehending cultural difference.

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8

Djiadeu, Pascal, Abban Yusuf, Clémence Ongolo-Zogo, Joseph Nguemo, Apondi J. Odhiambo, Chantal Mukandoli, David Lightfoot, Lawrence Mbuagbaw, and LaRon E. Nelson. "Barriers in accessing HIV care for Francophone African, Caribbean and Black people living with HIV in Canada: a scoping review." BMJ Open 10, no. 8 (August 2020): e036885. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/bmjopen-2020-036885.

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IntroductionIn 2001, 50%–55% of French-speaking minority communities did not have access to health services in French in Canada. Although Canada is officially a bilingual country, reports indicate that many healthcare services offered in French in Anglophone provinces are insufficient or substandard, leading to healthcare discrepancies among Canada’s minority Francophone communities.ObjectivesThe primary aim of this scoping systematic review was to identify existing gaps in HIV-care delivery to Francophone minorities living with HIV in Canada.Study designScoping systematic review.Data sourcesSearch for studies published between 1990 and November 2019 reporting on health and healthcare in Francophone populations in Canada. Nine databases were searched, including Medline, Cumulative Index to Nursing and Allied Health Literature, the Cochrane Library, the National Health Service Economic Development Database, Global Health, PsychInfo, PubMed, Scopus and Web of Science.Study selectionEnglish or French language studies that include data on French-speaking people with HIV in an Anglophone majority Canadian province.ResultsThe literature search resulted in 294 studies. A total of 230 studies were excluded after duplicates were removed. The full texts of 43 potentially relevant papers were retrieved for evaluation and data extraction. Forty-one studies were further excluded based on failure to meet the inclusion criteria leaving two qualitative studies that met our inclusion criteria. These two studies reported on barriers on access to specialised care by Francophone and highlighted difficulties experienced by healthcare professionals in providing quality healthcare to Francophone patients in Ontario and Manitoba.ConclusionThe findings of this scoping systematic review highlight the need for more HIV research on linguistic minority communities and should inform health policymaking and HIV/AIDS community organisations in providing HIV care to Francophone immigrants and Canadians.

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Djiadeu, Pascal, Joseph Nguemo, Chantal Mukandoli, Apondi J. Odhiambo, David Lightfoot, Lawrence Mbuagbaw, and LaRon E. Nelson. "Barriers to HIV care among Francophone African, Caribbean and Black immigrant people living with HIV in Canada: a protocol for a scoping systematic review." BMJ Open 9, no. 1 (January 2019): e027440. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/bmjopen-2018-027440.

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IntroductionLanguage is a social determinant of health. Addressing social determinants of health is paramount to successful progression along the HIV-care continuum. Canada is a bilingual country with French and English as official languages. There are few studies to date that have focused on the impact of being a French-speaking linguistic minority on the HIV-care continuum. The primary objective of this scoping, systematic review of literature is to evaluate existing gaps in access to HIV- care among French-speaking people living with HIV in Canada. Our primary outcome is healthcare services availability and access for French- speaking people living with HIV.Methods and analysesOur scoping, systematic review will draw on a systematic search of published literature, both quantitative and qualitative studies published on French-speaking individuals' healthcare and HIV status in Canada, with particular emphasis on the province of Ontario. We will conduct our search in MEDLINE, the Excerpta Medica Database, the Cumulative Index to Nursing and Allied Health Literature, Web of Science, EBSCO and Google Scholar for work published between 1990 and 2018. Identified articles will be screened in duplicate and full-text articles of relevant studies will be retrieved. Data will also be extracted by two researchers working independently. Any discrepancies that arise will be resolved by consensus or by consulting a third author. Our findings will be reported according to the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses.Ethics and disseminationOur proposed research will not be conducted with human participants. We will only use secondary published data and therefore ethics approval is not required. Our findings will be disseminated as peer reviewed manuscripts at conferences and student rounds, and could be of interest to government health agencies and local HIV/AIDS service organisations.

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Lamont, Michèle, and Sada Aksartova. "Ordinary Cosmopolitanisms." Theory, Culture & Society 19, no. 4 (August 2002): 1–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0263276402019004001.

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In contrast to most literature on cosmopolitanism, which focuses on its elite forms, this article analyzes how ordinary people bridge racial boundaries in everyday life. It is based on interviews with 150 non-college-educated white and black workers in the United States and white and North African workers in France. The comparison of the four groups shows how differences in cultural repertoires across national context and structural location shape distinct anti-racist rhetorics. Market-based arguments are salient among American workers, while arguments based on solidarity and egalitarianism are used by French, but not by American, workers. Minority workers in both countries employ a more extensive toolkit of anti-racist rhetoric as compared to whites. The interviewed men privilege evidence grounded in everyday experience, and their claims of human equality are articulated in terms of universal human nature and, in the case of blacks and North Africans, universal morality. Workers' conceptual frameworks have little in common with multiculturalism that occupies a central place in the literature on cosmopolitanism. We argue that for the discussion and practice of cosmopolitanism to move forward we should shift our attention to the study of multiple ordinary cosmopolitanisms.

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11

GIVAN, BENJAMIN. "Dizzy à la Mimi: Jazz, Text, and Translation." Journal of the Society for American Music 11, no. 2 (May 2017): 121–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1752196317000049.

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AbstractThis article addresses issues of translation and transnational exchange, taking as a case study the two-pronged collaborative relationship between the French jazz singer, lyricist, and translator Mimi Perrin (1926–2010) and the African American trumpeter Dizzy Gillespie (1917–1993), whose memoir Perrin translated into French and with whom she collaborated on a 1963 jazz album. Perrin, who is the article's principal focus, founded the successful vocalese singing group Les Double Six in 1959 and then, after abandoning her musical career for health reasons in 1966, forged a new career as a literary translator. The article begins by examining her work as a translator of African American literature and demonstrates that her French edition of Gillespie's autobiography lacks some of the original's connotative cultural signification, in particular meanings conveyed through the book's use of black dialect. The article then turns to Perrin's work as a vocalese lyricist, which is notable in that she conceived of her lyricization of jazz improvisations as a sort of translation process, one that involved carefully selecting words in order to mimic the sounds of musical instruments. Her musical innovations are exemplified by a series of original French texts, set to Gillespie's music, on science fiction themes.

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Lionnet, Francoise. "Black Accents: Writing in French from Africa, Mauritius and the Caribbean (review)." Research in African Literatures 31, no. 3 (2000): 182–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.1353/ral.2000.0087.

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13

Jones, Bridget. "Two Plays by Ina Césaire: Mémoires d'Isles and L'enfant des Passages." Theatre Research International 15, no. 3 (1990): 223–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s030788330000969x.

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In any consideration of theatre in the French Caribbean, the name Césaire is bound to be mentioned. Aimé Césaire's La Tragédie du roi Christophe (1963) is the most widely- known play in French by a black dramatist, and is now even in the repertoire of the Comédie-Française, and his plays figure widely in checklists of ‘African’ theatre. A revealing contrast can be made between the epic dramas of Aimé Césaire, written for an international audience, especially the newly independent black nations of the 1960s, and the work of his daughter, Ina. He tackles from the standpoint of Négritude major themes of historical drama: the nature of sovereignty, the forging of nationhood; he storms the heights of tragic poetry in French. She is attentive, not to the lonely hero constructing his Haitian Citadel of rock, but to the Creole voices of the grassroots. She brings to the stage the lives of ordinary women, the lore and legends that sustained the slaves and their descendants. Her achievement should of course be assessed away from her father's shadow, but the ‘divergent orientation of the two generations’ also suggests the greater confidence today in the role of Creole language and oral literature, and in a serious theatre within Martinique.

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14

Tia, Daniel. "Contrast of Visions in Paule Marshall and Laurent Gaudé’s Novels." International Journal of Social Science Studies 9, no. 4 (May 20, 2021): 56. http://dx.doi.org/10.11114/ijsss.v9i4.5279.

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This article examines two novels written by two writers from distinct nationalities –one is an American citizen and the other is a French citizen; their linguistic landmarks are visibly illustrated in their respective texts. Despite that cultural difference, those exegetes of literature, share common aesthetic values. On the one hand, they cross their geographical boundaries and on the other hand, textualize black Diaspora, Western social realities, African/Western cultures and spaces, thus giving credence to the ideals of globalization. A global policy, which advocates the removal of cultural barriers between countries and human beings. Through creative art, those writers free themselves from every sectarian practice, promote the humanist and open one. Being now world citizens and evolving in a planetary village, they make divergent judgments upon some of the regions of their new ideal society. Black/white characters, through the prism of literary texts, judge Africa and the Western World. Both spaces are poetically praised and denigrated. This perceptive ambivalence is the focus point of the current study, whose anchor is primarily comparative semiotics. By drawing upon its operational principles, this work aims to decipher the semantic network, which emerges from both visions.

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15

Knox, Katelyn. "The 7th Lawrence R. Schehr Memorial Award Winning Essay." Contemporary French Civilization: Volume 46, Issue 1 46, no. 1 (March 1, 2021): 1–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.3828/cfc.2021.1.

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Popular music abounds in Afropean literature, yet to date scholars have primarily read novels’ musical elements through author biography. In this article, I focus narrowly on the rich musical peritexts and musico-literary intermediality of two novels by Insa Sané: Du plomb dans le crâne (2008) and Daddy est mort…: Retour à Sarcelles (2010). In addition to the abundant diegetic musical references, both novels also feature two structural musical layers. I argue that these three musical elements constitute critical sites through which the novels’ narratives, which center around young, black, male protagonists who seek to escape vicious circles of violence through recognition, emerge. Ultimately, these novels’ musical elements situate the narratives’ discussions of black masculinity within much broader conversations transpiring between French and African American communities, thereby providing a much larger cultural genealogy to supplement the characters’ fraught literal ones.

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16

Geggus, David. "Sex Ratio, Age and Ethnicity in the Atlantic Slave Trade: data from French shipping and plantation records." Journal of African History 30, no. 1 (March 1989): 23–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0021853700030863.

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This article examines the age and sex composition of the Atlantic slave trade in the belief it was of considerable significance in shaping black society in both Africa and the Americas. Focusing on the French slave trade, two main samples are analysed. One is composed of 177,000 slaves transported in French ships during the years 1714–92, which is taken from the Répertoire des expéditions négrières of Jean Mettas and Serge Daget. The other, derived from nearly 400 estate inventories, consists of more than 13,300 Africans who lived on Saint Domingue plantations in the period 1721–97. The results are compared with existing knowledge of the demo-graphic composition of the Atlantic slave trade to show the range of variation that existed through time between different importing and exporting regions, and to shed light on the forces of supply and demand that determined the proportions of men, women and children who were sold as slaves across the ocean. Significant and consistent contrasts are found between different ethnic groups in Africa and different slaveholding societies in the New World, many of them thus far unnoticed in the scholarly literature.

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Eburne, Jonathan P. "The Transatlantic Mysteries of Paris: Chester Himes, Surrealism, and the Série noire." PMLA/Publications of the Modern Language Association of America 120, no. 3 (May 2005): 806–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.1632/003081205x63877.

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This essay examines Chester Himes's transformation, in 1957, from a writer of African American social protest fiction into a “French” writer of Harlem crime thrillers. Instead of representing the exhaustion of his political commitment, Himes's transformation from a “serious” writer of didactic fiction into an exiled crime novelist represents a radical change in political and literary tactics. In dialogue with the editor and former surrealist Marcel Duhamel, Himes's crime fiction, beginning with La reine des pommes (now A Rage in Harlem), invents a darkly comic fictional universe that shares an affinity with the surrealist notion of black humor in its vehement denial of epistemological and ethical certainty. Rejecting the efforts of Richard Wright and the existentialists to adopt an engaged form of political writing, Himes's crime fiction instead forges a kind of vernacular surrealism, one independent of the surrealist movement but nevertheless sharing surrealism's insistence on the volatility of written and political expression.

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Ahondoukpe, Mireille. "L’Annonce faite à Marie: de l’héritage africain à une lecture postcoloniale." Tydskrif vir Letterkunde 56, no. 2 (October 21, 2019): 76–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.17159/2309-9070/tvl.v.56i2.6540.

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In this article, a postcolonial reading is undertaken of L’annonce faite à Marie (The annunciation of Mary), a 1912 play by Paul Claudel. Several celebrated authors from Africa and the Caribbean, belonging to the black postcolonial world, willingly acknowledge their debt to Paul Claudel, including Aimé Césaire, Léopold Sédar Senghor, Édouard Glissant and Saint-John Perse. Nevertheless, postcolonial theories generally exclude the study of Western and medieval works from the purview of postcolonial studies. It may thus appear paradoxical to propose a postcolonial reading of Claudel’s play, written by a French playwright who does not belong to the colonized world. The play is furthermore set in the Middle Ages. However, many critics, mostly Anglo-Saxons, have successfully matched medieval texts and postcolonial studies. In fact, postcolonial theoretical tools are capable of casting new light on the study of L’Annonce faite à Marie, regarding, for example, relations of gender or power, marginalization and migration. Given Claudel’s avowed impact on the literature of the black world, in view of the play’s focus on situations of domination, the postcolonial approach may be legitimately applied to the study of L’Annonce faite à Marie, despite the ‘medieval’ particularities of this play.

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Hobbs, David B. "Lyric Commodification in McKay’s Morocco." English Language Notes 59, no. 1 (April 1, 2021): 181–200. http://dx.doi.org/10.1215/00138282-8815060.

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Abstract Reassessing Claude McKay’s writing about North Africa, this article contends that McKay saw sites in this region as uniquely felicitous to staging conversations between global socialism and the Black diasporic avant-garde. His attention to site-specific interracial urban cultures serves as a counterpoint to the Depression-fueled Pan-Africanism that increasingly defined W. E. B. Du Bois’s editorials for the Crisis. At the same time, McKay’s persistent interest in the activities of the Liberator suggests a surprising resonance between their aesthetics to his locodescriptive verse. Bringing these strands together, the article finds that McKay did not seek a synesthetic resolution to the question of organizing an urban community or an integrationist racial future but, rather, sought to highlight the importance of dissensus despite global uncertainty. The article considers McKay’s formal poetics and fiction together, comparing his visual tactics with the French and British Colonial Expositions’ “panoramas.”

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BRITTON, C. "Review. Black Accents: Writing in French from Africa, Mauritius and the Caribbean. Little, J. P. and Roger Little (eds)." French Studies 53, no. 2 (April 1, 1999): 240. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/fs/53.2.240.

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Silva, Maria Valdenia da, Jaquelânia Aristides Pereira, and Maria De Fátima Vasconcelos da Costa. "A LITERATURA COMO GESTO DE RESISTÊNCIA EM “O SAGRADO PÃO DOS FILHOS”, DE CONCEIÇÃO EVARISTO." Revista Graphos 21, no. 1 (July 4, 2019): 197–211. http://dx.doi.org/10.22478/ufpb.1516-1536.2019v21n1.46555.

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Resumo: Conceição Evaristo é uma escritora afro-brasileira de grande relevância no cenário nacional atual, sobretudo por construir uma literatura de resistência voltada para as questões etnorraciais e de gênero, num movimento interseccional que envolve também a categoria de classe. Sua produção literária, no geral, é pautada na sua vivência de mulher negra submetida às condições de subalternização diversas no Brasil e pela evocação da memória de seus ancestrais africanos como forma de construir um contradiscurso sobre a luta dos negros no nosso país. Neste artigo, apresentamos o nosso discurso de compreensão do conto “O sagrado pão dos filhos”, do livro Histórias de leves enganos e parecenças, resultante de nossa leitura e interpretação desse texto e da experiência de leitura compartilhada num círculo de leitura com participantes do evento Memórias de Baobá, em Fortaleza. Utilizamos como fundamento da análise literária do conto os dispositivos da crítica literária, da abordagem bakhtiniana da linguagem e da análise do discurso francesa. Podemos dizer que o conto “O sagrado pão dos filhos” foi percebido em sua tessitura estética complexa e reveladora de como a literatura constrói o humano, configurando um gesto decolonial, que faz ecoar vozes silenciadas subjacentes ao processo de subalternização racial tanto econômico quanto simbólico. Palavras-chave: Literatura afro-brasileira. Conto. Crítica. Resistência. Círculos de leitura. LITERATURE AS AN ACT OF RESISTANCE IN “O SAGRADO PÃO DOS FILHOS”, BY CONCEIÇÃO EVARISTO Abstract: Conceição Evaristo is an Afro-Brazilian writer of great relevance in the current Brazilian scenario. She has contributed for building a resistance literature focused on ethno-racial and gender issues, in an intersectional movement which also includes the class category. Her literary production, in general, is guided by her experience as a black woman, submitted to various subaltern conditions in Brazil and by evoking the memory of her African ancestors as a way of constructing a counter-discourse about the black struggle in the country. This paper presents a comprehension discourse of the short story “O sagrado pão dos filhos”, from the book Histórias de leves enganos e parecenças, which resulted from our reading and interpretation of this text and from the experience of a shared reading in a reading circle at Memórias de Baobá, an even held in the city of Fortaleza, Brazil. Literary criticism, Bakhtinian approach of language as well as French discourse analysis were used as basis for the literary analysis of the short story. “O sagrado pão dos filhos” was perceived in its complex aesthetic texture revealing how literature builds the human, setting up a decolonial gesture, echoing silent voices that are subjacent to the racial process of economic and symbolic subalternization. Keywords: Afro-Brazilian literature. Short story. Critical. Resistance. Reading circles.

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Ha, Sha. "Plague and Literature in Western Europe, from Giovanni Boccaccio to Albert Camus." International Journal of Comparative Literature and Translation Studies 9, no. 3 (August 25, 2021): 1. http://dx.doi.org/10.7575/aiac.ijclts.v.9n.3p.1.

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In medieval times the plague hit Europe between 1330 and 1350. The Italian novelist Giovanni Boccaccio, one of the exponents of the cultural movement of Humanism, in the introduction (proem) of his “Decameron” described the devastating effects of the ‘black plague’ on the inhabitants of the city of Florence. The pestilence returned to Western Europe in several waves, between the 16th and 17th centuries. William Shakespeare in “Romeo and Juliet” and other tragedies, and Ben Jonson in “The Alchemist” made several references to the plague, but they did not offer any realistic description of that infective disease. Some decennials later Daniel Defoe, in his “A Journal of the Plague Year” (1719), gave a detailed report about the ‘Great Plague’ which hit England in 1660, based on documents of the epoch. In more recent times, Thomas S. Eliot, composing his poem “The Waste Land” was undoubtedly influenced by the spreading of another infective disease, the so-called “Spanish flu”, which affected him and his wife in December 1918. Some decennials later, the French writer and philosopher Albert Camus, in his novel “The Plague”, symbolized with a plague epidemic the war which devastated Europe, North Africa and the Far East from 1937 to 1945, extolling a death toll of over 50 million victims. Those literary works offered a sort of solace to the lovers of literature. To recall them is the purpose of the present paper, in these years afflicted by the spreading of the Covid-19 Pandemic.

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Bickerstaff, Jovonne J. "ALL RESPONSES ARE NOT CREATED EQUAL." Du Bois Review: Social Science Research on Race 9, no. 1 (2012): 107–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1742058x12000173.

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AbstractThis exploratory study makes a contribution to the literature on antiracism by analyzing how first-generation French Blacks of sub-Saharan African descent practice everyday antiracism. In doing so, it expands the demographic terrain of this research to highlight some particularities in the experience of everyday racism and antiracism for ethnoracial minorities of immigrant origins. In addition to experiencing forms of racism encountered by both immigrants and other native ethnoracial minorities, first-generation French Blacks (like other non-White first-generation Europeans), face symbolic exclusion from the national community and delegitimization of their claims to Europeanness. Examining their experiences sheds light on how race, immigration, and national identity intersect to generate unique experiences of racism and antiracism. This paper also contributes to our understanding of how social context shapes the range of everyday antiracist strategies at a person's disposal. Specifically, integrating Kasinitz et al.'s (2008) framework for categorizing incidents of racial discrimination and prejudice with Fleming et al.'s (2010) categorization of responses to stigmatization, I present an analysis of antiracist responses that takes into account both the nature of the relationship between the victim and the perpetrator of racism (i.e., impersonal vs. personal) and the social context in which the encounter occurs (e.g., school, work, public space, etc). In doing so, I highlight how the conditions of a given incident of racism or discrimination set constraints on the range of antiracist responses an individual can practically (or feasibly) employ.

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Justine, Jean-Lou, Leigh Winsor, Delphine Gey, Pierre Gros, and Jessica Thévenot. "Giant worms chez moi! Hammerhead flatworms (Platyhelminthes, Geoplanidae, Bipalium spp., Diversibipalium spp.) in metropolitan France and overseas French territories." PeerJ 6 (May 22, 2018): e4672. http://dx.doi.org/10.7717/peerj.4672.

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Background Species of the genera Bipalium and Diversibipalium, or bipaliines, are giants among land planarians (family Geoplanidae), reaching length of 1 m; they are also easily distinguished from other land flatworms by the characteristic hammer shape of their head. Bipaliines, which have their origin in warm parts of Asia, are invasive species, now widespread worldwide. However, the scientific literature is very scarce about the widespread repartition of these species, and their invasion in European countries has not been studied. Methods In this paper, on the basis of a four year survey based on citizen science, which yielded observations from 1999 to 2017 and a total of 111 records, we provide information about the five species present in Metropolitan France and French overseas territories. We also investigated the molecular variability of cytochrome-oxidase 1 (COI) sequences of specimens. Results Three species are reported from Metropolitan France: Bipalium kewense, Diversibipalium multilineatum, and an unnamed Diversibipalium ‘black’ species. We also report the presence of B. kewense from overseas territories, such as French Polynesia (Oceania), French Guiana (South America), the Caribbean French islands of Martinique, Guadeloupe, Saint Martin and Saint Barthélemy, and Montserrat (Central America), and La Réunion island (off South-East Africa). For B. vagum, observations include French Guiana, Guadeloupe, Martinique, Saint Barthélemy, Saint Martin, Montserrat, La Réunion, and Florida (USA). A probable new species, Diversibipalium sp. ‘blue,’ is reported from Mayotte Island (off South–East Africa). B. kewense, B. vagum and D. multilineatum each showed 0% variability in their COI sequences, whatever their origin, suggesting that the specimens are clonal, and that sexual reproduction is probably absent. COI barcoding was efficient in identifying species, with differences over 10% between species; this suggests that barcoding can be used in the future for identifying these invasive species. In Metropolitan south–west France, a small area located in the Department of Pyrénées-Atlantiques was found to be a hot-spot of bipaliine biodiversity and abundance for more than 20 years, probably because of the local mild weather. Discussion The present findings strongly suggest that the species present in Metropolitan France and overseas territories should be considered invasive alien species. Our numerous records in the open in Metropolitan France raise questions: as scientists, we were amazed that these long and brightly coloured worms could escape the attention of scientists and authorities in a European developed country for such a long time; improved awareness about land planarians is certainly necessary.

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Bongie, Chris. "Francophone conjunctures." New West Indian Guide / Nieuwe West-Indische Gids 71, no. 3-4 (January 1, 1997): 291–307. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/13822373-90002610.

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[First paragraph]Decolonizing the Text: Glissantian Readings in Caribbean and African-American Literatures. DEBRA L. ANDERSON. New York: Peter Lang, 1995. 118 pp. (Cloth US$46.95)L'Eau: Source d'une ecriture dans les litteratures feminines francophones. YOLANDE HELM (ed.). New York: Peter Lang, 1995. x + 295 pp. (Cloth US$ 65.95)Postcolonial Subjects: Francophone Women Writers. MARY JEAN GREEN, KAREN GOULD, MICHELINE RICE-MAXIMIN, KEITH L. WALKER & JACK A. YEAGER (eds.). Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press, 1996. xxii + 359 pp. (Paper US$ 19.95)Statue cou coupe. ANNIE LE BRUN. Paris: Jean-Michel Place, 1996. 177 pp. (Paper FF 85.00) Although best remembered as a founding father of the Negritude movement along with Aime Cesaire, Leopold Senghor was from the very outset of his career equally committed - as both a poet and a politician - to what he felt were the inseparable concepts of la francophonie and metissage. Senghor's has been an unabashedly paradoxical vision, consistently addressing the unanswerable question of how one can be essentially a "black African" and at the same time (in Homi Bhabha's words) "something else besides" (1994:28). In his "Eloge du metissage," written in 1950, Senghor ably described the contradictions involved in assuming the hybrid identity of a metis (an identity that offers none of the comforting biological and/or cultural certainties - about "rhythm," "intuition," and such like - upon which the project of Negritude was founded): "too assimilated and yet not assimilated enough? Such is exactly our destiny as cultural metis. It's an unattractive role, difficult to take hold of; it's a necessary role if the conjuncture of the 'Union francaise' is to have any meaning. In the face of nationalisms, racisms, academicisms, it's the struggle for the freedom of the Soul - the freedom of Man" (1964:103). At first glance, this definition of the metis appears as dated as the crude essentialism with which Senghor's Negritude is now commonly identified: in linking the fate of the metis to that of the "Union francaise," that imperial federation of states created in the years following upon the end of the Second World War with the intention of putting a "new" face on the old French Empire, Senghor would seem to have doomed the metis and his "role ingrat" to obsolescence. By the end of the decade, the decolonization of French Africa had deprived the "Union franchise" of whatever "meaning" it might once have had. The uncompromisingly manichean rhetoric of opposition that flourished in the decolonization years (and that was most famously manipulated by Fanon in his 1961 Wretched of the Earth) had rendered especially unpalatable the complicities to which Senghor's (un)assimilated metis was subject and to which he also subjected himself in the name of a "humanism" that was around this same time itself becoming the object of an all-out assault in France at the hands of intellectuals like Foucault.

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KITLV, Redactie. "Book reviews." New West Indian Guide / Nieuwe West-Indische Gids 84, no. 3-4 (January 1, 2010): 277–344. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/13822373-90002444.

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The Atlantic World, 1450-2000, edited by Toyin Falola & Kevin D. Roberts (reviewed by Aaron Spencer Fogleman) The Slave Ship: A Human History, by Marcus Rediker (reviewed by Justin Roberts) Extending the Frontiers: Essays on the New Transatlantic Slave Trade Database, edited by David Eltis & David Richardson (reviewed by Joseph C. Miller) "New Negroes from Africa": Slave Trade Abolition and Free African Settlement in the Nineteenth-Century Caribbean, by Rosanne Marion Adderley (reviewed by Nicolette Bethel) Atlantic Diasporas: Jews, Conversos, and Crypto-Jews in the Age of Mercantilism, 1500-1800, edited by Richard L. Kagan & Philip D. Morgan (reviewed by Jonathan Schorsch) Brother’s Keeper: The United States, Race, and Empire in the British Caribbean, 1937-1962, by Jason C. Parker (reviewed by Charlie Whitham) Labour and the Multiracial Project in the Caribbean: Its History and Promise, by Sara Abraham (reviewed by Douglas Midgett) Envisioning Caribbean Futures: Jamaican Perspectives, by Brian Meeks (reviewed by Gina Athena Ulysse) Archibald Monteath: Igbo, Jamaican, Moravian, by Maureen Warner-Lewis (reviewed by Jon Sensbach) Left of Karl Marx: The Political Life of Black Communist Claudia Jones, by Carole Boyce Davies (reviewed by Linden Lewis) Displacements and Transformations in Caribbean Cultures, edited by Lizabeth Paravisini-Gebert & Ivette Romero-Cesareo (reviewed by Bill Maurer) Caribbean Migration to Western Europe and the United States: Essays on Incorporation, Identity, and Citizenship, edited by Margarita Cervantes-Rodríguez, Ramón Grosfoguel & Eric Mielants (reviewed by Gert Oostindie) Home Cooking in the Global Village: Caribbean Food from Buccaneers to Ecotourists, by Richard Wilk (reviewed by William H. Fisher) Dead Man in Paradise: Unraveling a Murder from a Time of Revolution, by J.B. MacKinnon (reviewed by Edward Paulino) Tropical Zion: General Trujillo, FDR, and the Jews of Sosúa, by Allen Wells (reviewed by Michael R. Hall) Downtown Ladies: Informal Commercial Importers, a Haitian Anthropologist, and Self-Making in Jamaica, by Gina A. Ulysse (reviewed by Jean Besson) Une ethnologue à Port-au-Prince: Question de couleur et luttes pour le classement socio-racial dans la capitale haïtienne, by Natacha Giafferi-Dombre (reviewed by Catherine Benoît) Haitian Vodou: Spirit, Myth, and Reality, edited by Patrick Bellegarde-Smith & Claudine Michel (reviewed by Susan Kwosek) Cuba: Religion, Social Capital, and Development, by Adrian H. Hearn (reviewed by Nadine Fernandez) "Mek Some Noise": Gospel Music and the Ethics of Style in Trinidad, by Timothy Rommen (reviewed by Daniel A. Segal)Routes and Roots: Navigating Caribbean and Pacific Island Literatures, by Elizabeth M. DeLoughrey (reviewed by Anthony Carrigan) Claude McKay, Code Name Sasha: Queer Black Marxism and the Harlem Renaissance, by Gary Edward Holcomb (reviewed by Brent Hayes Edwards) The Sense of Community in French Caribbean Fiction, by Celia Britton (reviewed by J. Michael Dash) Imaging the Chinese in Cuban Literature and Culture, by Ignacio López-Calvo (reviewed by Stephen Wilkinson) Pre-Columbian Jamaica, by P. Allsworth-Jones (reviewed by William F. Keegan) Underwater and Maritime Archaeology in Latin America and the Caribbean, edited by Margaret E. Leshikar-Denton & Pilar Luna Erreguerena (reviewed by Erika Laanela)

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KITLV, Redactie. "Book reviews." New West Indian Guide / Nieuwe West-Indische Gids 83, no. 3-4 (January 1, 2009): 294–360. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/13822373-90002456.

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David Brion Davis, Inhuman Bondage: The Rise and Fall of Slavery in the New World (Trevor Burnard)Louis Sala-Molins, Dark Side of the Light: Slavery and the French Enlightenment (R. Darrell Meadows)Stephanie E. Smallwood, Saltwater Slavery: A Middle Passage from Africa to American Diaspora (Stephen D. Behrendt)Ruben Gowricharn, Caribbean Transnationalism: Migration, Pluralization, and Social Cohesion (D. Aliss a Trotz)Vilna Francine Bashi, Survival of the Knitted: Immigrant Social Networks in a Stratified World (Riva Berleant)Dwaine E. Plaza & Frances Henry (eds.), Returning to the Source: The Final Stage of the Caribbean Migration Circuit (Karen Fog Olwig)Howard J. Wiarda, The Dutch Diaspora: The Netherlands and Its Settlements in Africa, Asia, and the Americas (Han Jordaan) J. Christopher Kovats-Bernat, Sleeping Rough in Port-au-Prince: An Ethnography of Street Children &Violence in Haiti (Catherine Benoît)Ginetta E.B. Candelario, Black Behind the Ears: Dominican Racial Identity from Museums to Beauty Shops (María Isabel Quiñones)Paul Christopher Johnson, Diaspora Conversions: Black Carib Religion and the Recovery of Africa (Sarah England)Jessica Adams, Michael P. Bibler & Cécile Accilien (eds.), Just Below South: Intercultural Performance in the Caribbean and the U.S. South (Jean Muteba Rahier)Tina K. Ramnarine, Beautiful Cosmos: Performance and Belonging in the Caribbean Diaspora (Frank J. Korom)Patricia Joan Saunders, Alien-Nation and Repatriation: Translating Identity in Anglophone Caribbean Literature (Sue N. Greene)Mildred Mortimer, Writings from the Hearth: Public, Domestic, and Imaginative Space in Francophone Women’s Fiction of Africa and the Caribbean (Jacqueline Couti)Colin Woodard, The Republic of Pirates: Being the True and Surprising Story of the Caribbean Pirates and the Man Who Brought Them Down (Sabrina Guerra Moscoso)Peter L. Drewett & Mary Hill Harris, Above Sweet Waters: Cultural and Natural Change at Port St. Charles, Barbados, c. 1750 BC – AD 1850 (Frederick H. Smith)Reinaldo Funes Monzote, From Rainforest to Cane Field in Cuba: An Environmental History since 1492 (Bonham C. Richardson)Jean Besson & Janet Momsen (eds.), Caribbean Land and Development Revisited (Michaeline A. Crichlow)César J. Ayala & Rafael Bernabe, Puerto Rico in the American Century: A History since 1898 (Juan José Baldrich)Mindie Lazarus-Black, Everyday Harm: Domestic Violence, Court Rites, and Cultures of Reconciliation (Brackette F. Williams)Learie B. Luke, Identity and Secession in the Caribbean: Tobago versus Trinidad, 1889-1980 (Rita Pemberton)Michael E. Veal, Dub: Soundscapes and Shattered Songs in Jamaican Reggae (Shannon Dudley)Garth L. Green & Philip W. Scher (eds.), Trinidad Carnival: The Cultural Politics of a Transnational Festival (Kim Johnson)Jocelyne Guilbault, Governing Sound: The Cultural Politics of Trinidad’s Carnival Musics (Donald R. Hill)Shannon Dudley, Music from Behind the Bridge: Steelband Spirit and Politics in Trinidad and Tobago (Stephen Stuempfle)Kevin K. Birth, Bacchanalian Sentiments: Musical Experiences and Political Counterpoints in Trinidad (Philip W. Scher)

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Lucy Brisley. "French Studies: African and Maghreb Literature." Year's Work in Modern Language Studies 76 (2016): 99. http://dx.doi.org/10.5699/yearworkmodlang.76.2014.0099.

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Bray, Maryse, Aline Cook, Helene Gill, Debra Kelly, Samantha Neath, Ethel Tolansky, and Margaret Majumdar. "FRENCH STUDIES: AFRICAN AND MAGHREB LITERATURE." Year’s Work in Modern Language Studies 57, no. 1 (January 2, 1995): 233–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/2222-4297-90000742.

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Lyamlahy, Khalid. "French Studies: African and Maghreb Literature." Year’s Work in Modern Language Studies 78, no. 1 (May 24, 2018): 114–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/22224297-07801008.

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Lyamlahy, Khalid. "French Studies: African and Maghreb Literature." Year’s Work in Modern Language Studies 79, no. 1 (May 28, 2019): 153–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/22224297-07901008.

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Bray, Maryse, Aline Cook, Helene Gill, Debra Kelly, Samantha Neath, Ethel Tolansky, and Margaret Majumdar. "FRENCH STUDIES: AFRICAN AND MAGHREB LITERATURE." Year’s Work in Modern Language Studies 58, no. 1 (December 22, 1996): 253–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/22224297-90000103.

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Gill, Hélèene, Debra Kelly, Ethel Tolansky, and Margaret Majumdar. "FRENCH STUDIES: AFRICAN AND MAGHREB LITERATURE." Year’s Work in Modern Language Studies 59, no. 1 (December 20, 1997): 251–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/22224297-90000170.

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JACK, BELINDA. "FRENCH STUDIES: AFRICAN AND CARIBBEAN LITERATURE." Year’s Work in Modern Language Studies 50, no. 1 (March 13, 1989): 244–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/22224297-90002943.

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JACK, BELINDA. "FRENCH STUDIES: AFRICAN AND CARIBBEAN LITERATURE." Year’s Work in Modern Language Studies 51, no. 1 (March 13, 1990): 229–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/22224297-90003021.

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JACK, BELINDA. "FRENCH STUDIES: AFRICAN AND CARIBBEAN LITERATURE." Year’s Work in Modern Language Studies 52, no. 1 (March 13, 1991): 266–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/22224297-90003098.

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GILL, HELENE. "FRENCH STUDIES: AFRICAN AND MAGHREB LITERATURE." Year’s Work in Modern Language Studies 55, no. 1 (March 13, 1994): 283–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/22224297-90003317.

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BRAY, MARYSE, ALINE COOK, HÉLÈNE GILL, DEBRA KELLY, MARGARET MAJUMDAR, ETHEL TOLANSKY, and SAMANTHA NEATH. "FRENCH STUDIES: AFRICAN AND MAGHREB LITERATURE." Year’s Work in Modern Language Studies 56, no. 1 (March 13, 1995): 265–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/22224297-90003390.

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Marquis Bey. "Pitch Black, Black Pitch: Theorizing African American Literature." CR: The New Centennial Review 18, no. 1 (2018): 105. http://dx.doi.org/10.14321/crnewcentrevi.18.1.0105.

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40

O'BRIEN, DONAL D. CRUISE. "Black, French and African. A life of Leopold Senghor." African Affairs 91, no. 363 (April 1992): 306–7. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordjournals.afraf.a098517.

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Jenkins, Candice M. "Black Refusal, Black Magic: Reading African American Literature Now." American Literary History 29, no. 4 (2017): 779–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/alh/ajx033.

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42

Manning, Patrick. "The French Encounter with Africans: White Responses to Blacks, 1530-1880 (review)." Research in African Literatures 35, no. 4 (2004): 172–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.1353/ral.2004.0093.

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Scott, Patrick, and Bernth Lindfors. "Black African Literature in English, 1982-1986." African Studies Review 33, no. 2 (September 1990): 226. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/524486.

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McLaren, Joseph, and Bernth Lindfors. "Black African Literature in English, 1987-1991." African Studies Review 40, no. 1 (April 1997): 199. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/525061.

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Berner, R. L., and Bernth Lindfors. "Contemporary Black South African Literature: A Symposium." World Literature Today 60, no. 1 (1986): 168. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/40141395.

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BROWN, S. "Black African Literature in English, 1987-1991." African Affairs 96, no. 383 (April 1, 1997): 282–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordjournals.afraf.a007832.

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Hymans, Jacques, and Janet G. Vaillant. "Black, French, and African: A Life of Leopold Sedar Senghor." International Journal of African Historical Studies 24, no. 2 (1991): 413. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/219808.

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Johnson, G. Wesley, and Janet G. Vaillant. "Black, French, and African: A Life of Leopold Sedar Senghor." American Historical Review 97, no. 1 (February 1992): 260. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/2164681.

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Nicol, Davidson, and Janet G. Vaillant. "Black, French and African: A Life of Leopold Sedar Senghor." African Studies Review 35, no. 3 (December 1992): 138. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/525141.

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TITLESTAD, MICHAEL. "Reconsidering black South African writing." Scrutiny2 11, no. 1 (January 2006): 132–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/18125441.2006.9684213.

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