Relevant bibliographies by topics / Black bear Black bear Black bear DNA

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Academic literature on the topic 'Black bear Black bear Black bear DNA'

Author: Grafiati
Published: 4 June 2021
Last updated: 1 February 2022

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Journal articles on the topic "Black bear Black bear Black bear DNA"

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Cronin, Matthew A., Steven C. Amstrup, Gerald W. Garner, and Ernest R. Vyse. "Interspecific and intraspecific mitochondrial DNA variation in North American bears (Ursus)." Canadian Journal of Zoology 69, no. 12 (December 1, 1991): 2985–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/z91-421.

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We assessed mitochondrial DNA variation in North American black bears (Ursus americanus), brown bears (Ursus arctos), and polar bears (Ursus maritimus). Divergent mitochondrial DNA haplotypes (0.05 base substitutions per nucleotide) were identified in populations of black bears from Montana and Oregon. In contrast, very similar haplotypes occur in black bears across North America. This discordance of haplotype phylogeny and geographic distribution indicates that there has been maintenance of polymorphism and considerable gene flow throughout the history of the species. Intraspecific mitochondrial DNA sequence divergence in brown bears and polar bears is lower than in black bears. The two morphological forms of U. arctos, grizzly and coastal brown bears, are not in distinct mtDNA lineages. Interspecific comparisons indicate that brown bears and polar bears share similar mitochondrial DNA (0.023 base substitutions per nucleotide) which is quite divergent (0.078 base substitutions per nucleotide) from that of black bears. High mitochondrial DNA divergence within black bears and paraphyletic relationships of brown and polar bear mitochondrial DNA indicate that intraspecific variation across species' ranges should be considered in phylogenetic analyses of mitochondrial DNA.
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Stetz, Jeff B., Tucker Seitz, and Michael A. Sawaya. "Effects of Exposure on Genotyping Success Rates of Hair Samples from Brown and American Black Bears." Journal of Fish and Wildlife Management 6, no. 1 (October 1, 2014): 191–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.3996/122013-jfwm-085.

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Abstract Noninvasively collected hair samples have been used in numerous studies to answer questions about the demographic and genetic status and trends of wildlife populations. In particular, these methods are well-suited for researching and monitoring ursid populations, which are typically difficult to study because of their rare and cryptic nature. Recently, researchers have taken increasing advantage of natural bear behaviors to obtain hair samples for genetic analyses by conducting surveys of bear rubs (objects that bears rub against such as trees and power poles). The low quality and quantity DNA in noninvasively collected samples, however, can result in low genotyping success rates, which may be exacerbated by potentially lengthy duration of environmental exposure. We investigated the effects of environmental exposure (sunlight, moisture, and duration of exposure) on genotyping success rates of brown bear Ursus arctos and American black bear Ursus americanus hair samples. We exposed a total of 238 hair samples from one brown bear and one black bear to multiple treatments for either 30-d or 60-d, periods consistent with collection intervals of recent bear rub survey projects. Sample treatments consisted of full or dappled sunlight, kept dry or saturated with water one to two times daily. We genotyped each sample at three microsatellite loci commonly used in noninvasive genetic studies of bear populations. Our results were consistent with predictions, with all three factors significantly reducing genotyping success rates. Based on our results, we recommend that the specific conditions of field exposure be considered when selecting a suite of microsatellite markers for noninvasive genetic sampling projects, and that researchers carefully consider the duration and environmental conditions that hair samples will be exposed to when designing field studies. Limiting exposure to moisture and sunlight by collecting hairs from bear rubs at relatively short intervals and selecting dry and shaded sites should reduce DNA degradation and thus result in higher genotyping success rates.
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Lan, Tianying, Stephanie Gill, Eva Bellemain, Richard Bischof, Muhammad Ali Nawaz, and Charlotte Lindqvist. "Evolutionary history of enigmatic bears in the Tibetan Plateau–Himalaya region and the identity of the yeti." Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences 284, no. 1868 (November 29, 2017): 20171804. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rspb.2017.1804.

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Although anecdotally associated with local bears ( Ursus arctos and U. thibetanus ), the exact identity of ‘hominid’-like creatures important to folklore and mythology in the Tibetan Plateau–Himalaya region is still surrounded by mystery. Recently, two purported yeti samples from the Himalayas showed genetic affinity with an ancient polar bear, suggesting they may be from previously unrecognized, possibly hybrid, bear species, but this preliminary finding has been under question. We conducted a comprehensive genetic survey of field-collected and museum specimens to explore their identity and ultimately infer the evolutionary history of bears in the region. Phylogenetic analyses of mitochondrial DNA sequences determined clade affinities of the purported yeti samples in this study, strongly supporting the biological basis of the yeti legend to be local, extant bears. Complete mitochondrial genomes were assembled for Himalayan brown bear ( U. a. isabellinus ) and black bear ( U. t. laniger ) for the first time. Our results demonstrate that the Himalayan brown bear is one of the first-branching clades within the brown bear lineage, while Tibetan brown bears diverged much later. The estimated times of divergence of the Tibetan Plateau and Himalayan bear lineages overlap with Middle to Late Pleistocene glaciation events, suggesting that extant bears in the region are likely descendants of populations that survived in local refugia during the Pleistocene glaciations.
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Wasser, Samuel K., Barbara Davenport, Elizabeth R. Ramage, Kathleen E. Hunt, Margaret Parker, Christine Clarke, and Gordon Stenhouse. "Scat detection dogs in wildlife research and management: application to grizzly and black bears in the Yellowhead Ecosystem, Alberta, Canada." Canadian Journal of Zoology 82, no. 3 (March 1, 2004): 475–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/z04-020.

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We report the development and application of a method using domestic dogs (Canis familiaris Linnaeus, 1758) to systematically locate wildlife scat over large remote areas. Detection dogs are chosen for their strong object orientation, high play drive, and willingness to strive for a reward. Dogs were trained to detect grizzly bear (Ursus arctos Linnaeus, 1758) and black bear (Ursus americanus Pallas, 1780) scats over a 5200-km2 area of the Yellowhead Ecosystem, Alberta, Canada. DNA from scat provided the species and (for grizzly bears only) sex and individual identities of the animal at each location. Concentrations of fecal cortisol and progesterone metabolites from these same grizzly bear scats provided indices of physiological stress and reproductive activity (in females), respectively. Black and grizzly bears were most concentrated in the northern portion of the multiuse study area, where food is most abundant yet poaching-related mortality appears to be heaviest. Physiologic stress was also lowest and female reproductive activity correspondingly highest for grizzly bears in the north. The scat-based distributions corresponded to concurrently collected hair-snag data in 1999 and global positioning system radiotelemetry data (of grizzly bears) in 1999 and 2001. Results suggest that the scat dog detection methodology provides a promising tool for addressing a variety of management and research questions in the wildlife sciences.
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Gardner, Beth, J. Andrew Royle, Michael T. Wegan, Raymond E. Rainbolt, and Paul D. Curtis. "Estimating Black Bear Density Using DNA Data From Hair Snares." Journal of Wildlife Management 74, no. 2 (February 2010): 318–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.2193/2009-101.

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TSAI, CHI-LI, YII-CHENG CHOU, CHIH-CHIN SHIH, HSI-CHI CHENG, CHIEH-CHUNG YANG, and HSIAO-WEI KAO. "The complete mitochondrial genome of the Formosan black bear (Ursus thibetanus formosanus)." Zootaxa 1971, no. 1 (January 7, 2009): 50–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.1971.1.2.

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A complete mitochondrial genome of the Formosan black bear (Ursus thibetanus formosanus) was obtained by PCR amplification and DNA sequencing. The genome spans 17,044 bp that includes 13 protein-coding genes, 22 tRNA genes, and two rRNA genes. The base composition of the heavy strain is 31.0% A, 25.6% C, 15.7% G, and 27.7% T. The control region (CR) is located between tRNA-Pro and tRNA-Phe, consists of 1,595 bp, and comprises 9.4% of the whole genome. The DNA sequence shares 98.7%, 96.3%, 91.0%, 91.8%, and 91.7% similarity with those of U. t. thibetanus, U. t. mupinensis, U. americanus, U. arctos, and U. maritimus respectively. Phylogenetic analyses suggest that the Formosan black bear is more closely related to U. t. thibetanus than to U. t. mupinensis.
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Wilton, Clay M., Jeff Beringer, Emily E. Puckett, Lori S. Eggert, and Jerrold L. Belant. "Spatiotemporal factors affecting detection of black bears during noninvasive capture–recapture surveys." Journal of Mammalogy 97, no. 1 (November 16, 2015): 266–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/jmammal/gyv176.

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Abstract Accounting for low and heterogeneous detection probabilities in large mammal capture–recapture sampling designs is a persistent challenge. Our objective was to improve understanding of ecological and biological factors driving detection using multiple data sources from an American black bear ( Ursus americanus ) DNA hair trap study in south-central Missouri. We used Global Positioning System telemetry and remote camera data to examine how a bear’s distance to traps, probability of space use, sex-specific behavior, and temporal sampling frame affect detection probability and number of hair samples collected at hair traps. Regression analysis suggested that bear distance to nearest hair trap was the best predictor of detection probability and indicated that detection probability at encounter was 0.15 and declined to < 0.05 at nearest distances > 330 m from hair traps. From remote camera data, number of hair samples increased with number of visits, but the proportion of hair samples from known visits declined 39% from early June to early August. Bears appeared attracted to lured hair traps from close distances and we recommend a hair trap density of 1 trap/2.6 km 2 with spatial coverage that encompasses potentially large male home ranges. We recommend sampling during the late spring and early summer molting period to increase hair deposition rates.
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Immell, Dave, and Robert G. Anthony. "Estimation of Black Bear Abundance Using a Discrete DNA Sampling Device." Journal of Wildlife Management 72, no. 1 (January 2008): 324–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.2193/2006-297.

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Shih, Chih-Chin, Chuan-Chin Huang, Shou-Hsien Li, Mei-Hsiu Hwang, and Ling-Ling Lee. "Ten novel tetranucleotide microsatellite DNA markers from Asiatic black bear, Ursus thibetanus." Conservation Genetics 10, no. 6 (February 13, 2009): 1845–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10592-009-9830-3.

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Ramsey, Alan B., Michael A. Sawaya, Lorinda S. Bullington, and Philip W. Ramsey. "Individual identification via remote video verified by DNA analysis: a case study of the American black bear." Wildlife Research 46, no. 4 (2019): 326. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/wr18049.

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Context Researchers and managers often use DNA analysis and remote photography to identify cryptic animals and estimate abundance. Remote video cameras are used less often but offer an increased ability to distinguish similar-looking individuals as well as to observe behavioural patterns that cannot be adequately captured with still photography. However, the use of this approach in species with minimally distinguishing marks has not been tested. Aims To determine the utility and accuracy of distinguishing characteristics of American black bears, Ursus americanus, observed on remote video for identifying individuals in an open population. Methods We compared individuals identified on video with individuals and their sex identified by DNA analysis of hairs collected from hair traps visited by the bears. Key results We found that remote video could be used to determine the number of male and female black bears sampled by the video cameras. Specifically, we matched 13 individual bear genotypes with 13 video identifications, one genotype for each individual. We correctly matched ~82% of video identifications with all 38 genotypes collected from hair traps. Conclusions We demonstrated that distinguishing characteristics of a cryptic animal in remote video can be used to accurately identify individuals. Remote video complements genetic analysis by providing information about habitat use and behaviour. Implications When remote video cameras can be used to identify individuals, a wealth of other information will subsequently be obtained. Multi-year video-based studies can show sex ratios, and relative physical condition; shed light on fine-scale habitat use, such as when and where animals feed and what they eat; and display social interactions and rare behaviours.
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Dissertations / Theses on the topic "Black bear Black bear Black bear DNA"

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Costello, Cecily Marie. "The spatial ecology and mating system of black bears (Urus americanus) in New Mexico." Thesis, Montana State University, 2008. http://etd.lib.montana.edu/etd/2008/costello/CostelloC0808.pdf.

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In summary, our results show that high rates of male dispersal and female philopatry combine to create a spatial genetic structure that generates low rates of inbreeding and little need for kin discrimination among potential mates. Thus, evidence supports the hypothesis that inbreeding avoidance is achieved by means of male-biased dispersal in black bears. Our results also suggest the general pattern of male-biased dispersal is modified by competition for mates or resources.
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Hudson, Corey M. Lyman R. Lee. "Mitochondrial ancient DNA analysis of Lawson cave black bears (Ursus americanus)." Diss., Columbia, Mo. : University of Missouri--Columbia, 2009. http://hdl.handle.net/10355/6465.

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Title from PDF of title page (University of Missouri--Columbia, viewed on Feb 17, 2010). The entire thesis text is included in the research.pdf file; the official abstract appears in the short.pdf file; a non-technical public abstract appears in the public.pdf file. Thesis advisor: Dr. R. Lee Lyman. Includes bibliographical references.
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Wills, Johnny. "DNA-based hair sampling to identify road crossings and estimate population size of black bears in Great Dismal Swamp National Wildlife Refuge, Virginia." Thesis, Virginia Tech, 2008. http://hdl.handle.net/10919/34932.

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The planned widening of U.S. Highway 17 along the east boundary of Great Dismal Swamp National Wildlife Refuge (GDSNWR) and a lack of knowledge about the refugeâ s bear population created the need to identify potential sites for wildlife crossings and estimate the size of the refugeâ s bear population. I collected black bear hair in order to collect DNA samples to estimate population size, density, and sex ratio, and determine road crossing locations for black bears (Ursus americanus) in GDSNWR in southeastern Virginia and northeastern North Carolina. I also investigated bear/vehicle collisions to determine patterns of road crossing.

Genetic analysis of 344 hair samples collected on 2 trapping grids identified 85 unique individuals which I used in a mark-recapture analysis. Estimated population size on the trapping grids was 105 bears (95% CI = 91-148) and average density was 0.56 bears/km2. This density estimate projected over the entire Great Dismal Swamp ecosystem yielded a population estimate of 308 bears (550 km2 X 0.56 bears/km2). Similar population estimates generated by Hellgren (1988), Tredick (2005), and this study suggest a stable bear population in the Great Dismal Swamp ecosystem over a 20-year period.

I erected a 2.3-kilometer long strand of barbed wire along U. S. Highway 17 to monitor road crossing patterns near the Northwest River drainage. Genetic analysis identified 6 bears (4 males, 1 female, 1 unknown) that apparently crossed the highway in a 10-month period. Five of 6 bears deposited hair in a 171-m section which included the Northwest River corridor. The 6 bears detected crossed the road at least 11 times.

I investigated 10 reports of bear/vehicle collisions on the periphery of the refuge from June 2000 to May 2002. Six bears (4M:1F:1 unknown) were confirmed killed during this time period. Based on reported bear/vehicle collisions from Hellgren (1988), the Virginia Department of Game and Inland Fisheries database, and this study, a minimum of 4 to 5 bears are struck by vehicles each year on the periphery of the refuge. I identified 2 areas of multiple bear/vehicle collisions: highway 58 on the north side of the refuge near Hampton Airport and Highway 17 on the eastern side of the refuge in the vicinity of the Northwest River corridor.
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Fusaro, Jonathan L. "Estimating Baseline Population Parameters of Urban and Wildland Black Bear Populations Using a DNA-Based Capture -Mark-Recapture Approach in Mono County, California." DigitalCommons@USU, 2014. https://digitalcommons.usu.edu/etd/3706.

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Prior to European settlement, black bear (Ursus americanus) were far less abundant in the state of California. Estimates from statewide harvest data indicate the California black bear population has tripled in the last 3 decades. Bears inhabit areas they formally never occurred (e.g., urban environments) and populations that were at historically low densities are now at high densities. Though harvest data are useful and widely used as an index for black bear population size and population demographics statewide, it lacks the ability to produce precise estimates of abundance and density at local scales or account for the numerous bears living in non-hunted areas. As the human population continues to expand into wildlife habitat, we are being forced to confront controversial issues about wildlife management and conservation. Habituated bears living in non-hunted, urban areas have been and continue to be a major concern for wildlife managers and the general public. My objective was to develop DNA-based capture-mark-recapture (CMR) survey techniques in wildland and urban environments in Mono County, California to acquire population size and density at local scales from 2010 to 2012. I also compared population density between the urban and wildland environment. To my knowledge, DNA-based CMR surveys for bears have only been implemented in wildland or rural environments. I made numerous modifications to the techniques used during wildland DNA-based CMR surveys to survey bears in an urban environment. I used a higher density of hair-snares than typically used in wildland studies, non-consumable lures, modified hair-snares for public safety, included the public throughout the entire process, and surveyed in the urban-wildland interface as well as the city center. These methods were efficient and accurate while maintaining human safety. I determined that there is likely a difference in population density between the urban and wildland environments. Population density was 1.6 to 2.5 times higher in the urban study area compared to the wildland study area. Considering the negative impacts urban environments can have on wildland bear populations, this is a serious management concern. The densities I found were similar to those found in other urban and wildland black bear populations. The baseline data acquired from this study can be used as part of a long-term monitoring effort. By surveying additional years, population vital rates such as apparent survival, recruitment, movement, and finite rate of population change can be estimated.
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Reynolds, Melissa Jo Mitchell Michael S. "The effects of forest management on habitat quality for black bears in the Southern Appalachians." Auburn, Ala., 2006. http://repo.lib.auburn.edu/2006%20Summer/Dissertations/REYNOLDS_MELISSA_8.pdf.

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Chilton-Radandt, Tonya. "Spatial and temporal relationships of adult male black bears to roads in northwest Montana, 2003-2004." Connect to this title online, 2006. http://etd.lib.umt.edu/theses/available/etd-03022007-132306/.

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Gaines, William L. "Relationships among black bears, roads, and habitat in the North Cascades Mountains of Washington /." Thesis, Connect to this title online; UW restricted, 2002. http://hdl.handle.net/1773/5599.

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Seger, Rita Logan. "Elucidating the Mechanism for Maintaining Eucalcemia Despite Immobility and Anuria in the Hibernating Black Bear (Ursus americanus)." Fogler Library, University of Maine, 2008. http://www.library.umaine.edu/theses/pdf/SegerRL2008.pdf.

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Ryan, Christopher W. "Population ecology, residents' attitudes, hunter success, economic impact, modeling management options and retention time of Telazol of West Virginia black bears." Morgantown, W. Va. : [West Virginia University Libraries], 2009. http://hdl.handle.net/10450/10637.

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Thesis (Ph. D.)--West Virginia University, 2009.
Title from document title page. Document formatted into pages; contains xv, 321 p. : ill. (some col.), maps (some col.). Vita. Includes abstract. Includes bibliographical references.
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Klenzendorf, Sybille A. "Population dynamics of Virginia's hunted black bear (Ursus americanus) population." Diss., Connect to this title online, 2002. http://scholar.lib.vt.edu/theses/available/etd-02122002-160752/.

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Books on the topic "Black bear Black bear Black bear DNA"

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Cox, Daniel J. Black bear. San Francisco: Chronicle Books, 1990.

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Monroe, Aly. Black bear. Rearsby: W F Howes Ltd, 2014.

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Black bear. New York, NY: AV2 by Weigl, 2013.

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Johnson, Lissa Halls. Project black bear. Colorado Springs, Colo: Focus on the Family, 1994.

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Black bear reflections. Merrillville, Ind: ICS Books, 1995.

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Howard, Schroeder, and Baker Street Productions, eds. The black bear. Mankato, Minn: Crestwood House, 1985.

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ill, Lee Katie 1942, ed. Black Bear Cub. Norwalk, Conn: Soundprints, 1994.

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Yee, Wong Herbert. Big Black Bear. Abingdon: Houghton Mifflin, 1996.

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Furtman, Michael. Black bear country. Minnetonka, Minn: NorthWord Press, 1998.

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Yee, Wong Herbert. Big Black Bear. Boston: Houghton Mifflin, 1993.

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Book chapters on the topic "Black bear Black bear Black bear DNA"

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Papageorgiou, Sophia, Darlene DeGhetto, and Jennifer Convy. "Black Bear Cubs." In Hand-Rearing Wild and Domestic Mammals, 170–80. Oxford, UK: Blackwell Publishing Ltd, 2008. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/9780470385005.ch23.

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Petrovic, Paul. "Ideological State Apparatuses, Perversions of Courtly Love, and Curatorial Violence in “White Bear”." In Through the Black Mirror, 69–81. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-19458-1_6.

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Karner, Frank R., Gordon A. Jenner, Stanley F. White, and Don L. Halvorson. "Field guide day 7: Geology of the Bear Lodge Mountains." In Devils Tower—Black Hills Alkalic Igneous Rocks and General Geology, 83–88. Washington, D. C.: American Geophysical Union, 1989. http://dx.doi.org/10.1029/ft131p0083.

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Sakurai, Ryo. "Studies on the Human Dimensions of Black Bear Management in Japan." In Ecological Research Monographs, 25–68. Singapore: Springer Singapore, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-981-13-6332-0_4.

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Karner, Frank R. "IGC Field Trip T131: Geological framework of the Black Hills—Bear Lodge Mountains region." In Devils Tower—Black Hills Alkalic Igneous Rocks and General Geology, 3–6. Washington, D. C.: American Geophysical Union, 1989. http://dx.doi.org/10.1029/ft131p0003.

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Karner, Frank R., and Richard L. Patelke. "IGC Field Trip T131: General geology of the Black Hills and Bear Lodge Mountains." In Devils Tower—Black Hills Alkalic Igneous Rocks and General Geology, 7–20. Washington, D. C.: American Geophysical Union, 1989. http://dx.doi.org/10.1029/ft131p0007.

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Puckett, Emily E., and Lori S. Eggert. "Using Genetics in the Conservation Management of the American Black Bear (Ursus americanus) in Missouri." In Conservation Genetics in Mammals, 217–28. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-33334-8_10.

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Jenner, Gordon A. "IGC Field Trip 131: Eocene igneous activity and related metasomatic and hydrothermal events, Bear Lodge Mountains, Crook County, Wyoming." In Devils Tower—Black Hills Alkalic Igneous Rocks and General Geology, 50–66. Washington, D. C.: American Geophysical Union, 1989. http://dx.doi.org/10.1029/ft131p0050.

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Jenner, Gordon A. "IGC Field Trip T131: I-type and S-type carbonatites? Evidence from the Bear Lodge Mountains, Crook County, Wyoming." In Devils Tower—Black Hills Alkalic Igneous Rocks and General Geology, 75–82. Washington, D. C.: American Geophysical Union, 1989. http://dx.doi.org/10.1029/ft131p0075.

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Pelton, Michael. "The Black Bear." In Audubon Wildlife Report 1987, 520–29. Elsevier, 1987. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/b978-0-12-041000-2.50035-7.

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Conference papers on the topic "Black bear Black bear Black bear DNA"

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Regmi, Anil. "Feeding Ecology of Asiatic black bear (Ursus thibetanus) in Himalaya." In 5th European Congress of Conservation Biology. Jyväskylä: Jyvaskyla University Open Science Centre, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.17011/conference/eccb2018/107179.

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Tyagi, Avdhesh K. "Scour Modeling of Black Bear Creek Bridge on Cimarron Turnpike, Oklahoma." In World Water and Environmental Resources Congress 2001. Reston, VA: American Society of Civil Engineers, 2001. http://dx.doi.org/10.1061/40569(2001)278.

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GUSKOV, V. YU. "GENETIC DIVERSITY OF MARGINAL POPULATIONS OF TWO BEARS SPECIES: BROWN BEAR URSUS ARCTOS LINNAEUS, 1758 AND ASIAN BLACK BEAR URSUS THIBETANUS G. CUVIER, 1823." In 5TH MOSCOW INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE "MOLECULAR PHYLOGENETICSAND BIODIVERSITY BIOBANKING". TORUS PRESS, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.30826/molphy2018-20.

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Iles, Tinen L., Timothy G. Laske, David L. Garshelis, Lars Mattison, Brian Lee, Val Eisele, Erik Gaasedelen, and Paul A. Iaizzo. "Medtronic Reveal LINQ™ Devices Provide Better Understanding of Hibernation Physiology in the American Black Bear (Ursus Americanus)." In 2017 Design of Medical Devices Conference. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/dmd2017-3498.

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The American black bear (Ursus americanus) has been called a metabolic marvel6. In northern Minnesota, where we have conducted long-term physiological and ecological studies of this species, bears may remain in their winter dens for 6 months or more without eating, drinking, urinating or defecating and yet lose very little muscle mass2. We also found that hibernating black bears elicit asystolic events of over 30 seconds and experience an exaggerated respiratory sinus arrhythmia2. In this previous work we employed Medtronic Reveal® XT devices that required us to visit the den and temporarily extract the bear (under anesthesia) to download the stored data.4 Here we describe Medtronic’s latest generation of Insertable Cardiac Monitor (ICM), the Reveal LINQ™, which enables continuous transmission of data via a relay station from the den site3. Black bear hibernation physiology remains of high interest because of the multiple potential applications to human medicine. ICMs have been used for nearly two decades by clinicians as a critical diagnostic tool to assess the nature of cardiac arrhythmias in humans. Such devices are primarily implanted subcutaneously to record electrocardiograms. The device size, battery life and transmission capabilities have evolved in recent years. The first devices were relatively large and a programmer was needed to retrieve information during each clinical (or in our case, den visit). These devices were programmed to capture cardiac incidents such as asystolic events, arrhythmias and tachycardias and apply algorithms that ensure proper data collection: e.g. ectopy rejection and p-wave presence algorithms. The new generation Reveal LINQ was made to telemetrically transmit heart data from human patients, but we needed to develop a system to enable transmission from bear dens, which are remote (cannot easily be checked and adjusted) and are subject to extreme winter weather conditions. Besides the advantage of these devices transmitting data automatically, they are considerably smaller and thus less prone to rejection by the extraordinary immune system of the hibernating bear1.
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Panthi, Saroj. "Habitat overlaps between red panda (Ailurus fulgens) and Asiatic black bear (Ursus thibetanus) in Himalaya." In 5th European Congress of Conservation Biology. Jyväskylä: Jyvaskyla University Open Science Centre, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.17011/conference/eccb2018/107228.

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Hirabayashi, Jun, Tomomi Hashidate, Tadasu Urashima, Hiroyuki Kaji, Toshiaki Isobe, and Ken-ichi Kasai. "A GLYCOMIC APPROACH TO MILK OLIGOSACCHARIDES FROM A JAPANESE BLACK BEAR: SEPARATION AND IDENTIFICATION OS PYRIDYLAMINATED FORMS." In XXIst International Carbohydrate Symposium 2002. TheScientificWorld Ltd, 2002. http://dx.doi.org/10.1100/tsw.2002.516.

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Ory, Vincent. "“Locking up the Strait in the fifteenth century’s Ottoman Mediterranean”: The Bosporus’ sea forts of Mehmet II (1452)." In FORTMED2020 - Defensive Architecture of the Mediterranean. Valencia: Universitat Politàcnica de València, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.4995/fortmed2020.2020.11333.

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In the fifteenth century, the Mediterranean world was in turmoil. A new sultan, Mehmet II, had just inherited a vast empire stretching over two continents in the centre of which the ruins of the Byzantine Empire survived through the city of Constantinople. In order to seal his accession, he therefore undertook important preparations to conquer the “City guarded by God”. Mehmet then ordered the construction, within 4 months, of an imposing fortress nicknamed Boǧazkesen (the throat cutter). This coup de force is a testimony to the incredible military and economic power of this growing empire that masters a new war technology: artillery. The Ottomans, who were still novices in this field, had therefore had to adapt their fortifications to the use of firearms. Using local and foreign architects and engineers, the Ottoman fortifications built in the fifteenth and sixteenth centuries bear witness to an architectural experimentation that seems to testify, like the work carried out in Rhodes by Pierre d’Aubusson or in Methoni by the Venetians, to a real research in terms of offensive and defensive effectiveness. In this context, the fortifications of Rumeli Hisarı and Anadolu Hisarı, built on either side of the narrowest point of the Bosporus in 1451-1452, are characterized by the presence of large coastal batteries that operate together. They were to block access to Constantinople by the Black Sea, combining sinking and dismasting fire.
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Reports on the topic "Black bear Black bear Black bear DNA"

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Jack Hopkins, Jack Hopkins. A noninvasive approach to monitor the health of Maine's black bear population. Experiment, May 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.18258/11302.

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Orchard, M. J., C. A. McRoberts, E. T. Tozer, M. J. Johns, M R Sandy, and J. S. Shaner. An intercalibrated biostratigraphy of the Upper Triassic of Black Bear Ridge, Williston Lake, northeast British Columbia. Natural Resources Canada/ESS/Scientific and Technical Publishing Services, 2001. http://dx.doi.org/10.4095/211991.

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Sieg, Carolyn Hull, and Kieth E. Severson. Managing habitats for white-tailed deer in the Black Hills and Bear Lodge Mountains of South Dakota and Wyoming. Ft. Collins, CO: U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Forest and Range Experiment Station, 1996. http://dx.doi.org/10.2737/rm-gtr-274.

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Sieg, Carolyn Hull, and Kieth E. Severson. Managing habitats for white-tailed deer in the Black Hills and Bear Lodge Mountains of South Dakota and Wyoming. Ft. Collins, CO: U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Forest and Range Experiment Station, 1996. http://dx.doi.org/10.2737/rm-gtr-274.

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Kabanov, P., S. Saad, D. J. Weleschuk, and H. Sanei. Geological and geochemical data from Mackenzie Corridor. Part II: Lithogeochemistry and Rock-Eval data for the black shale cored section of Little Bear N-09 well (Mackenzie Plain, Horn River Group, Devonian). Natural Resources Canada/ESS/Scientific and Technical Publishing Services, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.4095/297427.

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Geologic structure and altitude of the top of the Minnelusa Formation, northern Black Hills, South Dakota and Wyoming, and Bear Lodge Mountains, Wyoming. US Geological Survey, 1987. http://dx.doi.org/10.3133/wri854053.

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Geohydrology and water quality of the Inyan Kara, Minnelusa, and Madison aquifers of the northern Black Hills, South Dakota and Wyoming, and Bear Lodge Mountains, Wyoming. US Geological Survey, 1987. http://dx.doi.org/10.3133/wri864158.

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