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Journal articles on the topic 'Black bear Black bear Black bear DNA'

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Published: 4 June 2021

Last updated: 1 February 2022

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1

Cronin, Matthew A., Steven C. Amstrup, Gerald W. Garner, and Ernest R. Vyse. "Interspecific and intraspecific mitochondrial DNA variation in North American bears (Ursus)." Canadian Journal of Zoology 69, no. 12 (December 1, 1991): 2985–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/z91-421.

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We assessed mitochondrial DNA variation in North American black bears (Ursus americanus), brown bears (Ursus arctos), and polar bears (Ursus maritimus). Divergent mitochondrial DNA haplotypes (0.05 base substitutions per nucleotide) were identified in populations of black bears from Montana and Oregon. In contrast, very similar haplotypes occur in black bears across North America. This discordance of haplotype phylogeny and geographic distribution indicates that there has been maintenance of polymorphism and considerable gene flow throughout the history of the species. Intraspecific mitochondrial DNA sequence divergence in brown bears and polar bears is lower than in black bears. The two morphological forms of U. arctos, grizzly and coastal brown bears, are not in distinct mtDNA lineages. Interspecific comparisons indicate that brown bears and polar bears share similar mitochondrial DNA (0.023 base substitutions per nucleotide) which is quite divergent (0.078 base substitutions per nucleotide) from that of black bears. High mitochondrial DNA divergence within black bears and paraphyletic relationships of brown and polar bear mitochondrial DNA indicate that intraspecific variation across species' ranges should be considered in phylogenetic analyses of mitochondrial DNA.

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Stetz, Jeff B., Tucker Seitz, and Michael A. Sawaya. "Effects of Exposure on Genotyping Success Rates of Hair Samples from Brown and American Black Bears." Journal of Fish and Wildlife Management 6, no. 1 (October 1, 2014): 191–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.3996/122013-jfwm-085.

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Abstract Noninvasively collected hair samples have been used in numerous studies to answer questions about the demographic and genetic status and trends of wildlife populations. In particular, these methods are well-suited for researching and monitoring ursid populations, which are typically difficult to study because of their rare and cryptic nature. Recently, researchers have taken increasing advantage of natural bear behaviors to obtain hair samples for genetic analyses by conducting surveys of bear rubs (objects that bears rub against such as trees and power poles). The low quality and quantity DNA in noninvasively collected samples, however, can result in low genotyping success rates, which may be exacerbated by potentially lengthy duration of environmental exposure. We investigated the effects of environmental exposure (sunlight, moisture, and duration of exposure) on genotyping success rates of brown bear Ursus arctos and American black bear Ursus americanus hair samples. We exposed a total of 238 hair samples from one brown bear and one black bear to multiple treatments for either 30-d or 60-d, periods consistent with collection intervals of recent bear rub survey projects. Sample treatments consisted of full or dappled sunlight, kept dry or saturated with water one to two times daily. We genotyped each sample at three microsatellite loci commonly used in noninvasive genetic studies of bear populations. Our results were consistent with predictions, with all three factors significantly reducing genotyping success rates. Based on our results, we recommend that the specific conditions of field exposure be considered when selecting a suite of microsatellite markers for noninvasive genetic sampling projects, and that researchers carefully consider the duration and environmental conditions that hair samples will be exposed to when designing field studies. Limiting exposure to moisture and sunlight by collecting hairs from bear rubs at relatively short intervals and selecting dry and shaded sites should reduce DNA degradation and thus result in higher genotyping success rates.

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3

Lan, Tianying, Stephanie Gill, Eva Bellemain, Richard Bischof, Muhammad Ali Nawaz, and Charlotte Lindqvist. "Evolutionary history of enigmatic bears in the Tibetan Plateau–Himalaya region and the identity of the yeti." Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences 284, no. 1868 (November 29, 2017): 20171804. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rspb.2017.1804.

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Although anecdotally associated with local bears ( Ursus arctos and U. thibetanus ), the exact identity of ‘hominid’-like creatures important to folklore and mythology in the Tibetan Plateau–Himalaya region is still surrounded by mystery. Recently, two purported yeti samples from the Himalayas showed genetic affinity with an ancient polar bear, suggesting they may be from previously unrecognized, possibly hybrid, bear species, but this preliminary finding has been under question. We conducted a comprehensive genetic survey of field-collected and museum specimens to explore their identity and ultimately infer the evolutionary history of bears in the region. Phylogenetic analyses of mitochondrial DNA sequences determined clade affinities of the purported yeti samples in this study, strongly supporting the biological basis of the yeti legend to be local, extant bears. Complete mitochondrial genomes were assembled for Himalayan brown bear ( U. a. isabellinus ) and black bear ( U. t. laniger ) for the first time. Our results demonstrate that the Himalayan brown bear is one of the first-branching clades within the brown bear lineage, while Tibetan brown bears diverged much later. The estimated times of divergence of the Tibetan Plateau and Himalayan bear lineages overlap with Middle to Late Pleistocene glaciation events, suggesting that extant bears in the region are likely descendants of populations that survived in local refugia during the Pleistocene glaciations.

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Wasser, Samuel K., Barbara Davenport, Elizabeth R. Ramage, Kathleen E. Hunt, Margaret Parker, Christine Clarke, and Gordon Stenhouse. "Scat detection dogs in wildlife research and management: application to grizzly and black bears in the Yellowhead Ecosystem, Alberta, Canada." Canadian Journal of Zoology 82, no. 3 (March 1, 2004): 475–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/z04-020.

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We report the development and application of a method using domestic dogs (Canis familiaris Linnaeus, 1758) to systematically locate wildlife scat over large remote areas. Detection dogs are chosen for their strong object orientation, high play drive, and willingness to strive for a reward. Dogs were trained to detect grizzly bear (Ursus arctos Linnaeus, 1758) and black bear (Ursus americanus Pallas, 1780) scats over a 5200-km2 area of the Yellowhead Ecosystem, Alberta, Canada. DNA from scat provided the species and (for grizzly bears only) sex and individual identities of the animal at each location. Concentrations of fecal cortisol and progesterone metabolites from these same grizzly bear scats provided indices of physiological stress and reproductive activity (in females), respectively. Black and grizzly bears were most concentrated in the northern portion of the multiuse study area, where food is most abundant yet poaching-related mortality appears to be heaviest. Physiologic stress was also lowest and female reproductive activity correspondingly highest for grizzly bears in the north. The scat-based distributions corresponded to concurrently collected hair-snag data in 1999 and global positioning system radiotelemetry data (of grizzly bears) in 1999 and 2001. Results suggest that the scat dog detection methodology provides a promising tool for addressing a variety of management and research questions in the wildlife sciences.

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5

Gardner, Beth, J. Andrew Royle, Michael T. Wegan, Raymond E. Rainbolt, and Paul D. Curtis. "Estimating Black Bear Density Using DNA Data From Hair Snares." Journal of Wildlife Management 74, no. 2 (February 2010): 318–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.2193/2009-101.

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6

TSAI, CHI-LI, YII-CHENG CHOU, CHIH-CHIN SHIH, HSI-CHI CHENG, CHIEH-CHUNG YANG, and HSIAO-WEI KAO. "The complete mitochondrial genome of the Formosan black bear (Ursus thibetanus formosanus)." Zootaxa 1971, no. 1 (January 7, 2009): 50–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.1971.1.2.

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A complete mitochondrial genome of the Formosan black bear (Ursus thibetanus formosanus) was obtained by PCR amplification and DNA sequencing. The genome spans 17,044 bp that includes 13 protein-coding genes, 22 tRNA genes, and two rRNA genes. The base composition of the heavy strain is 31.0% A, 25.6% C, 15.7% G, and 27.7% T. The control region (CR) is located between tRNA-Pro and tRNA-Phe, consists of 1,595 bp, and comprises 9.4% of the whole genome. The DNA sequence shares 98.7%, 96.3%, 91.0%, 91.8%, and 91.7% similarity with those of U. t. thibetanus, U. t. mupinensis, U. americanus, U. arctos, and U. maritimus respectively. Phylogenetic analyses suggest that the Formosan black bear is more closely related to U. t. thibetanus than to U. t. mupinensis.

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Wilton, Clay M., Jeff Beringer, Emily E. Puckett, Lori S. Eggert, and Jerrold L. Belant. "Spatiotemporal factors affecting detection of black bears during noninvasive capture–recapture surveys." Journal of Mammalogy 97, no. 1 (November 16, 2015): 266–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/jmammal/gyv176.

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Abstract Accounting for low and heterogeneous detection probabilities in large mammal capture–recapture sampling designs is a persistent challenge. Our objective was to improve understanding of ecological and biological factors driving detection using multiple data sources from an American black bear ( Ursus americanus ) DNA hair trap study in south-central Missouri. We used Global Positioning System telemetry and remote camera data to examine how a bear’s distance to traps, probability of space use, sex-specific behavior, and temporal sampling frame affect detection probability and number of hair samples collected at hair traps. Regression analysis suggested that bear distance to nearest hair trap was the best predictor of detection probability and indicated that detection probability at encounter was 0.15 and declined to < 0.05 at nearest distances > 330 m from hair traps. From remote camera data, number of hair samples increased with number of visits, but the proportion of hair samples from known visits declined 39% from early June to early August. Bears appeared attracted to lured hair traps from close distances and we recommend a hair trap density of 1 trap/2.6 km 2 with spatial coverage that encompasses potentially large male home ranges. We recommend sampling during the late spring and early summer molting period to increase hair deposition rates.

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8

Immell, Dave, and Robert G. Anthony. "Estimation of Black Bear Abundance Using a Discrete DNA Sampling Device." Journal of Wildlife Management 72, no. 1 (January 2008): 324–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.2193/2006-297.

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9

Shih, Chih-Chin, Chuan-Chin Huang, Shou-Hsien Li, Mei-Hsiu Hwang, and Ling-Ling Lee. "Ten novel tetranucleotide microsatellite DNA markers from Asiatic black bear, Ursus thibetanus." Conservation Genetics 10, no. 6 (February 13, 2009): 1845–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10592-009-9830-3.

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10

Ramsey, Alan B., Michael A. Sawaya, Lorinda S. Bullington, and Philip W. Ramsey. "Individual identification via remote video verified by DNA analysis: a case study of the American black bear." Wildlife Research 46, no. 4 (2019): 326. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/wr18049.

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Context Researchers and managers often use DNA analysis and remote photography to identify cryptic animals and estimate abundance. Remote video cameras are used less often but offer an increased ability to distinguish similar-looking individuals as well as to observe behavioural patterns that cannot be adequately captured with still photography. However, the use of this approach in species with minimally distinguishing marks has not been tested. Aims To determine the utility and accuracy of distinguishing characteristics of American black bears, Ursus americanus, observed on remote video for identifying individuals in an open population. Methods We compared individuals identified on video with individuals and their sex identified by DNA analysis of hairs collected from hair traps visited by the bears. Key results We found that remote video could be used to determine the number of male and female black bears sampled by the video cameras. Specifically, we matched 13 individual bear genotypes with 13 video identifications, one genotype for each individual. We correctly matched ~82% of video identifications with all 38 genotypes collected from hair traps. Conclusions We demonstrated that distinguishing characteristics of a cryptic animal in remote video can be used to accurately identify individuals. Remote video complements genetic analysis by providing information about habitat use and behaviour. Implications When remote video cameras can be used to identify individuals, a wealth of other information will subsequently be obtained. Multi-year video-based studies can show sex ratios, and relative physical condition; shed light on fine-scale habitat use, such as when and where animals feed and what they eat; and display social interactions and rare behaviours.

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11

Yasukochi, Y., S. Nishida, S. H. Han, T. Kurosaki, M. Yoneda, and H. Koike. "Genetic Structure of the Asiatic Black Bear in Japan Using Mitochondrial DNA Analysis." Journal of Heredity 100, no. 3 (March 20, 2009): 297–308. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/jhered/esn097.

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12

Laufenberg, Jared S., Frank T. Van Manen, and Joseph D. Clark. "Effects of sampling conditions on DNA-based estimates of american black bear abundance." Journal of Wildlife Management 77, no. 5 (April 29, 2013): 1010–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jwmg.534.

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13

Aacute valos Ramiacute rez, R, Joseacute Mijangos Araujo, L, Zarate Ramos, J J, Martinez Muntilde oz, et al. "DNA-based population density estimation of black bear at northern Mexico: A preliminary study." African Journal of Biotechnology 12, no. 2 (January 9, 2013): 103–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.5897/ajb11.4209.

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14

Wu, Jiaqi, Naoki Kohno, Shuhei Mano, Yukio Fukumoto, Hideyuki Tanabe, Masami Hasegawa, and Takahiro Yonezawa. "Phylogeographic and Demographic Analysis of the Asian Black Bear (Ursus thibetanus) Based on Mitochondrial DNA." PLOS ONE 10, no. 9 (September 25, 2015): e0136398. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0136398.

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15

Virgl, John A., Shane P. Mahoney, and Kim Mawhinney. "Phenotypic Variation in Skull Size and Shape Between Newfoundland and Mainland Populations of North American Black Bears, Ursus americanus." Canadian Field-Naturalist 117, no. 2 (April 1, 2003): 236. http://dx.doi.org/10.22621/cfn.v117i2.702.

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It is well recognized that differences in environmental selection pressures among populations can generate phenotypic divergence in a suite of morphological characteristics and associated life history traits. Previous analysis of mitochondrial DNA and body size have suggested that Black Bears (Ursus americanus) inhabiting the island of Newfoundland represent a different subspecies or ecotype from mainland populations. Assuming that body size covaries positively with skull size, we predicted that skull size would be greater for bears on the island than the mainland, and the distribution of size-related shape components in multivariate space should show a distinct separation between Newfoundland and mainland populations. Measurements of 1080 specimens from Newfoundland, Alberta, New York, and Quebec did not provide unequivocal support for our prediction that skull size in Newfoundland bears would be larger than bears from the mainland populations. After removing ontogenetic effects of skull size, between-population variation in skull shape was greater in females than males, and the analysis significantly separated Newfoundland bears from mainland populations. Explanations for this pattern are numerous, but currently remain hypothetical. Limited covariation between skull size and body size suggests that genetic traits regulating the size of Black Bear skulls are more heritable (i.e., less influenced by environmental selection pressures) than characteristics affecting body size. We hypothesize that if gape size does not limit prey size in solitary terrestrial carnivores, large degrees of among-population variation in body size should be coupled with little covariation in skull size. In general, sexual dimorphism in skull size and shape was marginal for the phenotypic characters measured in our study. We believe that sexual dimorphism in skull size in Black Bears is primarily driven by intrasexual selection in males for increased gape size display, while similarity in skull shape between sexes is associated with the constraints of a temporally-selective, but similar diet.

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Kovach, Adrienne I., and Roger A. Powell. "Effects of body size on male mating tactics and paternity in black bears, Ursus americanus." Canadian Journal of Zoology 81, no. 7 (July 1, 2003): 1257–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/z03-111.

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The reproductive behaviour of large, solitary mammals is difficult to study. Owing to their secretive nature and wide-ranging habits, aspects of male mating behaviour are poorly documented in solitary than in social species. We used radiotelemetry and microsatellite DNA analysis to investigate the influence of body size on male mating tactics and short-term reproductive success in the black bear, Ursus americanus, a solitary carnivore. We investigated male ranging behaviour and documented male encounters with breeding females to determine whether males employed conditional mating tactics according to their body sizes. We found that male home-range sizes were not positively associated with body size, but encounter rates with breeding females were. Although all males searched widely for females, mating access appeared to be largely determined by fighting ability. Large males encountered more breeding females and had more frequent encounters during the females' estimated receptive periods than did small- and medium-sized males. Paternity was highly skewed toward the three dominant males who fathered 91% of the cubs sampled during the 3-year study. Paternity was correlated with the frequency of male encounters during female receptive periods. Male encounters, however, overestimated the success of medium-sized males and underestimated the overall variance in male reproductive success. Multiple paternity occurred in two of seven litters, indicating that sperm competition is important in black bear mating behaviour. Implications for male lifetime reproductive success are discussed.

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Kiroh, H. J., M. J. Hendrik, F. S. Ratulangi, and S. C. Rimbing. "Studi penyebaran populasi dan daya dukung habitat Kuskus Beruang (Ailurops ursinus) di Pulau Manado Tua Sulawesi Utara." ZOOTEC 41, no. 1 (January 31, 2021): 291. http://dx.doi.org/10.35792/zot.41.1.2021.33525.

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STUDY OF SPREADING POPULATION AND HABITAT CARRYING CAPACITY OF THE SULAWESI BEAR CUSCUS (Ailurops ursinus) AT MANADO TUA ISLAND OF NORTH SULAWESI. Manado Tua Island is still keeping the endemic Sulawesi bear cuscus (Ailurops ursinus), dwarf cuscus (Strigocuscus celebensis), black macaque (Macaca nigra), tarsius (Tarsius spectrum) as well as some kinds of plant biodiversity including forest galangal (Alpina sp.) and forest pandanus (Pandanus sp.), all should be protected intensively. Objective of this study was to evaluate spreading population and habitat carrying capacity of bear cuscus (Ailurops ursinus) at the Island of Manado Tua I and II, to be used for recommendation package of conservation model on the base of administrative condition of Manado governmental areas. The Variables observed in this study were population density of bear cuscus and dwarf cuscus as well as their habitat carrying capacity of plant vegetation including categories of try, bush, thicket and seedling levels. Data of wild animals were found by Line Transect Method. Plant vegetations were calculated based on the important index values of each category level. Result showed that Manado Tua I Island was inhabited by dwarf cuscus (Strigocuscus celebensis) of about 295 heads and bear cuscus (Ailurops Ursinus) of about 49 heads. Manado Tua II Island was inhabited by dwarf cuscus (Strigocuscus celebensis) of about 305 heads and bear cuscus (Ailurops Ursinus) of about 57 heads. Habitat carrying capacity of try vegetation level of the important index values was about 298,65% and seedling vegetation level of about 300,68%. These mean that carrying capacity was supporting the conservation for both kinds of cuscus in Manado Tua Island. These population of the endemic wild animals in Manado Tua I dan II Islands should be protected as their habitat area was degrading due to uncontrol illegal logging and hunting by local community.Keywords: habitat carrying capacity, dwarf cuscus, bear cuscus

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18

Fang, Zou, and Li Ning. "Isolation and characterization of sixty sequences of cot-1 DNA from the Asiatic black bear, Ursus thibetanus." African Journal of Biotechnology 11, no. 89 (November 6, 2012): 15493–500. http://dx.doi.org/10.5897/ajb11.057.

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19

Byun, S. A., B. F. Koop, and T. E. Reimchen. "NORTH AMERICAN BLACK BEAR mt DNA PHYLOGEOGRAPHY: IMPLICATIONS FOR MORPHOLOGY AND THE HAIDA GWAII GLACIAL REFUGIUM CONTROVERSY." Evolution 51, no. 5 (October 1997): 1647–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1558-5646.1997.tb01487.x.

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20

Schenk, Anita, Martyn E. Obbard, and Kit M. Kovacs. "Genetic relatedness and home-range overlap among female black bears (Ursus americanus) in northern Ontario, Canada." Canadian Journal of Zoology 76, no. 8 (August 1, 1998): 1511–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/z98-075.

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The degree of philopatry exhibited by females in an unhunted black bear (Ursus americanus) population occupying the Chapleau Crown Game Preserve in northern Ontario was examined. A truncated kernel estimator was used to identify home-range use. Pairs of adult females were categorized as having home ranges that had moderate overlap or low overlap or were adjacent and non-overlapping or non-adjacent and non-overlapping. Females had low overlap with 6.4 other females, on average, and moderate overlap with 1.5 females. The degree of philopatry was assessed using two methods, each of which was used in an attempt to examine home-range overlap and average genetic relatedness. Relatedness among bears was determined from DNA fingerprints, using an alkaline phosphatase labelled multilocus probe and chemiluminescence detection. The first method involved choosing the 3 oldest females in the region to represent potential matriarchs, and all neighbouring females were identified (n = 8, 8, and 11). DNA fingerprints from each matriarch were compared with those of her neighbours. Average band-sharing coefficients and relatedness estimates within the groups did not reveal patterns of close kinship. The second method involved band-sharing comparisons among pairs of females from each of the 4 home-range categories (n = 12, 57, 80, and 21). Again, no relationship between spatial proximity and average genetic relatedness (range 0.032-0.120) was suggested. The extensive home-range overlap exhibited by this population is not a consequence of natal philopatric tendencies.

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Schwab, Clarissa, and Michael Gänzle. "Comparative analysis of fecal microbiota and intestinal microbial metabolic activity in captive polar bears." Canadian Journal of Microbiology 57, no. 3 (March 2011): 177–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/w10-113.

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The composition of the intestinal microbiota depends on gut physiology and diet. Ursidae possess a simple gastrointestinal system composed of a stomach, small intestine, and indistinct hindgut. This study determined the composition and stability of fecal microbiota of 3 captive polar bears by group-specific quantitative PCR and PCR–DGGE (denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis) using the 16S rRNA gene as target. Intestinal metabolic activity was determined by analysis of short-chain fatty acids in feces. For comparison, other Carnivora and mammals were included in this study. Total bacterial abundance was approximately log 8.5 DNA gene copies·(g feces)–1in all 3 polar bears. Fecal polar bear microbiota was dominated by the facultative anaerobes Enterobacteriaceae and enterococci, and the Clostridium cluster I. The detection of the Clostridium perfringens α-toxin gene verified the presence of C. perfringens. Composition of the fecal bacterial population was stable on a genus level; according to results obtained by PCR–DGGE, dominant bacterial species fluctuated. The total short-chain fatty acid content of Carnivora and other mammals analysed was comparable; lactate was detected in feces of all carnivora but present only in trace amounts in other mammals. In comparison, the fecal microbiota and metabolic activity of captive polar bears mostly resembled the closely related grizzly and black bears.

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22

Scimeca, Ruth C., Erica Perez, W. Sue Fairbanks, Sawsan Ammar, Chunlei Su, Richard W. Gerhold, and Mason V. Reichard. "Seroprevalence, DNA isolation, and genetic characterization of Toxoplasma gondii from black bear (Ursus americanus) sera collected in Eastern Oklahoma." Parasitology Research 119, no. 3 (February 21, 2020): 1109–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00436-019-06535-z.

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23

Kim, Yung-Kun, Yoon-Jee Hong, Mi-Sook Min, Kyung Seok Kim, Young-Jun Kim, Inna Voloshina, Alexander Myslenkov, et al. "Genetic Status of Asiatic Black Bear (Ursus thibetanus) Reintroduced into South Korea Based on Mitochondrial DNA and Microsatellite Loci Analysis." Journal of Heredity 102, no. 2 (2011): 165–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/jhered/esq121.

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Zeng, Yichun, Yi-Ling Hou, Xiang Ding, Wan-Ru Hou, and Jian Li. "Comparative Analysis and Molecular Characterization of a GeneBANF1Encoded a DNA-Binding Protein During Mitosis from the Giant Panda and Black Bear." Nucleosides, Nucleotides and Nucleic Acids 33, no. 8 (July 10, 2014): 536–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/15257770.2014.902067.

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25

Poland, Tim. "Bear-Black." Appalachian Heritage 34, no. 4 (2006): 66. http://dx.doi.org/10.1353/aph.2006.0128.

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O’Dell, C. L. "Black Bear." Ploughshares 39, no. 4 (2013): 105. http://dx.doi.org/10.1353/plo.2013.0094.

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Foran, Charles. "Black Bear." Review: Literature and Arts of the Americas 41, no. 1 (May 2008): 123–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/08905760801979988.

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PYRON, R. ALEXANDER, and FRANK T. BURBRINK. "Systematics of the Common Kingsnake (Lampropeltis getula; Serpentes: Colubridae) and the burden of heritage in taxonomy." Zootaxa 2241, no. 1 (September 28, 2009): 22–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.2241.1.2.

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We present a systematic revision of the Lampropeltis getula group, based on a recent range-wide phylogeographic analysis. We define our theoretical and operational concepts of species delimitation, and provide diagnoses based on mitochondrial DNA evidence, ecological niche modeling, morphology, and historical precedence. We find support for the recognition of five distinct species, which bear the name of the nominate subspecies found primarily within the range of each phylogeographic lineage: the Eastern lineage (Lampropeltis getula, Eastern Kingsnake), the Mississippi lineage (L. nigra, Black Kingsnake), the Central lineage (L. holbrooki, Speckled Kingsnake), the Desert lineage (L. splendida, Desert Kingsnake), and the Western lineage (L. californiae, California Kingsnake). Interestingly, all of these taxa had originally been described as distinct species and recognized as such for up to 101 years (in the case of L. californiae) before being demoted to subspecies. We discuss the impact that increasingly detailed genetic information from phylogeographic analyses may have on traditional taxonomy.

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29

van Eijk, Jan P. "Salish Words for ‘Black Bear’ and ‘Grizzly Bear’." Anthropological Linguistics 59, no. 3 (2017): 322–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.1353/anl.2017.0011.

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Stevens, Kara, Alex Dehgan, Maria Karlstetter, Farid Rawan, Muhammad Ismail Tawhid, Stephane Ostrowski, Jan Mohammad Ali, and Rita Ali. "Large mammals surviving conflict in the eastern forests of Afghanistan." Oryx 45, no. 2 (April 2011): 265–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0030605310000517.

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AbstractWe used transect and camera-trap surveys and DNA identification of scat samples to provide the first update since 1977 of large mammals in the montane forests of the conflict-ridden province of Nuristan in eastern Afghanistan. Nuristan contains a range of habitats from oak Quercus spp. forests to treeless alpine steppes that historically hosted populations of markhor Capra falconeri, Asiatic black bear Ursus thibetanus, grey wolf Canis lupus and common leopard Panthera pardus, among others. Surveys conducted in 2006–2009 in an area of 1,100 km2 by the Wildlife Conservation Society confirmed the presence of some of these species, and also recorded the common palm civet Paradoxurus hermaphroditus, previously unknown from Afghanistan; this extends the westernmost boundary for this species. The most commonly recorded species, as determined by direct sightings, scat identification or camera-trap photographs, were the Indian crested porcupine Hystrix indica, red fox Vulpes vulpes and a canid (grey wolf or golden jackal Canis aureus). Despite indications of significant habitat loss and unsustainable hunting, globally important species persist in the area and targeted conservation programmes are required for the protection of these species, the forests they inhabit and the surrounding communities who depend on both for their survival.

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Pharris, Larry D., and Joseph D. Clark. "Arkansas Black Bear Hunter Survey." Bears: Their Biology and Management 7 (1987): 373. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/3872647.

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Hazumi, Toshihiro. "Status of Japanese Black Bear." Bears: Their Biology and Management 9 (1994): 145. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/3872694.

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Vonk, Jennifer, and Stephanie E. Jett. "“Bear-ly” learning: Limits of abstraction in black bear cognition." Animal Behavior and Cognition 5, no. 1 (February 1, 2018): 68–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.26451/abc.05.01.06.2018.

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34

Picton, Harold D., and Katherine C. Kendall. "Chromatographic (TLC) Differentiation of Grizzly Bear and Black Bear Scats." Bears: Their Biology and Management 9 (1994): 497. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/3872737.

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Mumma, Matthew A., Jennifer R. Adams, Chris Zieminski, Todd K. Fuller, Shane P. Mahoney, and Lisette P. Waits. "A comparison of morphological and molecular diet analyses of predator scats." Journal of Mammalogy 97, no. 1 (October 20, 2015): 112–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/jmammal/gyv160.

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Abstract An understanding of a species’ diet is required to make sound conservation and management decisions. Traditionally, morphological analyses of undigested hard parts from food items remaining in scats have been used to assess diets. More recently, molecular analyses of scats have been used to identify plant and prey species’ DNA, but no studies have compared morphological and molecular diet analyses for large, terrestrial carnivores. We used molecular tools to determine the percentage of black bear and coyote scats that contained 3 common prey species (caribou, moose, and snowshoe hares) in Newfoundland and compared the results to a traditional morphological analysis. We found that a ranking of relative prey frequencies was consistent between the 2 methods, but molecular methods tended to detect prey species in a greater percentage of scats for all prey species. However, there were individual scats in which a prey species was detected by morphological methods only, and we provide evidence that molecular methods could result in false negatives if prey DNA is not uniformly distributed throughout a scat or as a result of PCR inconsistency. We also found that the per sample cost comparison between morphological and molecular analyses was dependent upon whether or not a molecular test was needed to identify scats to the predator species, the cost of developing molecular methods, and the number of samples being processed. We recommend that controlled feeding studies be performed to validate molecular methods and investigate the utility of molecular techniques to estimate the proportions of food items consumed.

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36

LeCount, Albert L. "Causes of Black Bear Cub Mortality." Bears: Their Biology and Management 7 (1987): 75. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/3872610.

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Nelson, Ralph A., and James D. Jones. "Leucine Metabolism in the Black Bear." Bears: Their Biology and Management 7 (1987): 329. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/3872640.

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38

Cunningham, Mark W., Lynette A. Phillips, and Cal Welbourn. "Trombiculiasis in the Florida Black Bear." Journal of Wildlife Diseases 37, no. 3 (July 2001): 634–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.7589/0090-3558-37.3.634.

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Donahue, Seth W., Meghan E. McGee, and Kirsten Simoni. "Anabolic activity of black bear PTH." Bone 42 (March 2008): S69—S70. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.bone.2007.12.126.

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DREHER, BRIAN P., SCOTT R. WINTERSTEIN, KIM T. SCRIBNER, PAUL M. LUKACS, DWAYNE R. ETTER, GUILHERME J. M. ROSA, VERONICA A. LOPEZ, SCOT LIBANTS, and KRISTI B. FILCEK. "Noninvasive Estimation of Black Bear Abundance Incorporating Genotyping Errors and Harvested Bear." Journal of Wildlife Management 71, no. 8 (November 2007): 2684–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.2193/2006-398.

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41

Wilton, Clay M., Jerrold L. Belant, and Jeff Beringer. "Distribution of American black bear occurrences and human–bear incidents in Missouri." Ursus 25, no. 1 (May 2014): 53–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.2192/ursus-d-13-00017.1.

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Svoboda, Nathan J., Jerrold L. Belant, Scott D. Fitzgerald, Dean E. Beyer, Jared F. Duquette, and Thomas M. Cooley. "Aspiration pneumonia in an American black bear." Ursus 23, no. 1 (May 2012): 1–5. http://dx.doi.org/10.2192/ursus-d-11-00028.1.

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Smith, Martin E., John L. Hechtel, and Erich H. Follmann. "Black Bear Denning Ecology in Interior Alaska." Bears: Their Biology and Management 9 (1994): 513. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/3872739.

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Nuñez-Torres, M., M. M. Zarco-González, O. Monroy-Vilchis, and R. Carrera-Treviño. "Human–black bear interactions in Northern Mexico." Human Dimensions of Wildlife 25, no. 5 (April 19, 2020): 438–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/10871209.2020.1752419.

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O'GRADY, R. J. P., G. LAW, H. BOYLE, A. MACDONALD, and J. JOHNSTONE. "Himalayan black bear exhibit at Glasgow Zoo." International Zoo Yearbook 29, no. 1 (January 1989): 233–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1748-1090.1989.tb01121.x.

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O'GRADY, R. J. P., G. LAW, H. BOYLE, A. MACDONALD, and J. JOHNSTONE. "Himalayan black bear exhibit at Glasgow Zoo." International Zoo Yearbook 29, no. 1 (December 18, 2007): 233–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1748-1090.1990.tb03360.x.

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Lee, Daniel J., and Michael R. Vaughan. "Black Bear Family Breakup in Western Virginia." Northeastern Naturalist 11, no. 2 (June 2004): 111–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.1656/1092-6194(2004)011[0111:bbfbiw]2.0.co;2.

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Duncan, R. B., D. Caudell, D. S. Lindsay, and H. D. Moll. "Cryptosporidiosis in a Black Bear in Virginia." Journal of Wildlife Diseases 35, no. 2 (April 1999): 381–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.7589/0090-3558-35.2.381.

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KOSHLAND, D. E. "New Year's Resolutions and the Black Bear." Science 234, no. 4783 (December 19, 1986): 1481. http://dx.doi.org/10.1126/science.234.4783.1481.

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Spencer, Stephen, Karen Safcsak, and Joseph A. Ibrahim. "Multifaceted Treatment for a Black Bear Attack." American Surgeon 83, no. 8 (August 2017): 326–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/000313481708300822.

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