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Journal articles on the topic 'Black bear Black bear Black bear hunting'

Author: Grafiati

Published: 4 June 2021

Last updated: 14 February 2022

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1

Stempniewicz, Lech, Dorota Kidawa, Mateusz Barcikowski, and Lech Iliszko. "Unusual hunting and feeding behaviour of polar bears on Spitsbergen." Polar Record 50, no. 2 (February 28, 2013): 216–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0032247413000053.

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ABSTRACTProlonged chasing of an adult reindeer (Rangifer tarandus) by a polar bear (Ursus maritimus) was observed both on land and in the sea, in Magdalenefjorden, northwest Spitsbergen. Polar bears were also observed catching black guillemot (Cepphus grylle) in the sea in northwest Spitsbergen and feeding on chicks in the arctic tern (Sterna paradisea) colony in Hornsund, southwest Spitsbergen. While feeding on seabird species is unsurprising, the prolonged chasing of adult reindeer is unusual for polar bear hunting behaviour. The few documented cases of polar bear hunting reindeer consist of either surprising and killing resting/sleeping prey or stalking and a short rapid chase of the reindeer. Our observations describe new feeding habits of polar bears that may be in response to decreasing seal availability due to shrinking sea-ice cover in the Arctic.

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2

Hamr, Josef, Jesse N. Popp, Dorthy L. Brown, and Frank F. Mallory. "Problem behaviour of black bears (Ursus americanus) in central Ontario: the effects of hunting and natural food availability." Animal Biology 65, no. 2 (2015): 151–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/15707563-00002467.

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Problem bear behaviour in residential areas often results in human anxiety and potential injury, bear mortality and demographic instability. Identifying and understanding factors related to problem bear activity and encounters is important for developing successful management strategies. Indices of natural bear forage availability and hunting pressure were related to problem bear activity in central Ontario. Data were collected 5 years before and 5 years after the cancellation of a spring bear hunt, providing a unique opportunity to study the effect of management policy on problem behaviour. Problem bear activity indices increased significantly following the closure of the spring hunt. Natural food availability from the previous year was found to be highly correlated with early season problem bear activity indices; however, natural food availability during the same year was not significantly related to early or late season problem activity rates. This demonstrates that multiple potential causal agents of problem bear behaviour need to be considered when developing management strategies.

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3

Kolenosky, George B. "The Effects of Hunting on an Ontario Black Bear Population." Bears: Their Biology and Management 6 (1986): 45. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/3872805.

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4

Bjorndal, KA. "Significance of anecdotes for historical perspective: black bear predation on sea turtle eggs." Endangered Species Research 43 (November 19, 2020): 353–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.3354/esr01071.

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In his April 2010 TED talk on the shifting baseline syndrome, Daniel Pauly warned us that ‘we transform the world, but we don’t remember it.’ This lapse is the greatest obstacle to understanding and restoring the structure and function of ecosystems transformed by anthropogenic effects over past centuries or even over the past few decades. Historical anecdotes can be a powerful tool to address gaps in our knowledge of the past. I present a case study to demonstrate the use of anecdotes to reveal the extensive predation by black bears Ursus americanus on sea turtle eggs in Florida, USA. Until the late 1800s, bears were major predators on eggs deposited by the large sea turtle aggregations nesting on the east coast of Florida. However, this past source of mortality, and the resulting substantial transport of nutrients from marine to terrestrial habitats via the bears, are largely unknown today. By the early 1900s, the great influx of humans to the east coast of Florida quickly decimated the bear populations by hunting and habitat degradation. Without historical anecdotes, knowledge of the extensive predation by black bears on sea turtle eggs in Florida would have been lost.

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5

Campbell, Michael, and Betty-Lou Lancaster. "Public Attitudes toward Black Bears (Ursus americanus) and Cougars (Puma concolor) on Vancouver Island." Society & Animals 18, no. 1 (2010): 40–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/106311110x12586086158448.

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AbstractThe sharp increase in the human population of Vancouver Island; the urban development policy favoring forest fragmentation and smaller, scattered settlements; and the relatively sizable population of large predatory mammals have contributed to one of the highest human-large predator contact zones in North America. Although some studies have evaluated public attitudes toward larger carnivores from urban/rural, gender, and generational perspectives, few have focused on black bears and cougars on the British Columbia coast. In this study, four hundred people in the densely populated southeast corner of Vancouver Island were interviewed about their attitudes toward black bear and cougar presence and behavior. The majority of interviewees had positive attitudes toward both bears and cougars, and were opposed to the shooting of carnivores, preferring trapping and removal. Contrary to expectation, few respondents saw carnivores as threats to livestock, companion animals, or children. Both black bears and cougars were perceived as serving useful functions as part of the island’s heritage and cultural development (through hunting, tourism, and recreation).

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6

Ryan, Christopher W., John W. Edwards, and Mark Damian Duda. "West Virginia residents' attitudes and opinions toward American black bear hunting." Ursus 20, no. 2 (November 2009): 131–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.2192/08gr032.1.

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7

Yaoting, Gao. "From Hunting, to Capturing, to Breeding the Black Bear (Selenarctos thibetanus)." Bears: Their Biology and Management 9 (1994): 143. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/3872693.

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8

Goddan, Richard. "Bear, Man, and Black: Hunting the Hidden in Faulkner’s Big Woods." Faulkner Journal 23, no. 1 (2007): 3–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.1353/fau.2007.0000.

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9

Ryan, Christopher W., James C. Pack, William K. Igo, and Anthony Billings. "Influence of mast production on black bear non-hunting mortalities in West Virginia." Ursus 18, no. 1 (April 2007): 46–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.2192/1537-6176(2007)18[46:iompob]2.0.co;2.

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10

Malcolm, Karl D., and Timothy R. Van Deelen. "Effects of habitat and hunting framework on American black bear harvest structure in Wisconsin." Ursus 21, no. 1 (January 2010): 14–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.2192/08gr035.1.

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11

Smith, Bruce, Katherine McFarland, Fred Lindzey, and Elizabeth Williams. "Neonatal Mortality of Elk in Areas with and without Grizzly Bears." UW National Parks Service Research Station Annual Reports 21 (January 1, 1997): 3–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.13001/uwnpsrc.1997.3309.

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The Greater Yellowstone Ecosystem (GYE) may support the densest populations of elk in North America, and a diverse community of large carnivores that prey on elk. The Jackson elk herd has doubled in size since 1984 and currently exceeds its winter population objective of 11,000 elk by about 5,000 animals (Smith and Anderson 1998). In and adjacent to Grand Teton National Park (GTNP), mortality of neonatal of Jackson elk averaged 15% annually during 1990-1992 (Smith and Anderson 1996). Predation by black bears and coyotes, when calves were less than 4 weeks of age, caused 68% of neonatal mortality. Calves killed by mountain lions were more than 4 months old. Except for hunting, predation was the largest source of mortality of radio-collared elk from birth through adulthood. Since 1992, grizzly bear activity on federal cattle grazing allotments in eastern GTNP and the adjacent Spread Creek drainage of the Bridger-Teton National Forest (the East Study Area or East SA) has markedly increased and cattle losses to bears have become common. Personnel of the Wyoming Game and Fish Department attributed 26 cattle losses (25 calves, 1 cow) in the East SA in 1993 to grizzly bear predation. The Wyoming Game and Fish Commission, which compensates cattle producers for losses due to grizzly predation, initiated a study in 1994 to quantify the proportion of cattle losses in the East SA due to grizzly predation. One grizzly bear documented killing cattle each year, was captured and euthanized in GTNP in 1996.

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12

Smith, Bruce, Katherine McFarland, Fred Lindzey, and Elizabeth Williams. "Neonatal Mortality of Elk in Areas With and Without Grizzly Bears." UW National Parks Service Research Station Annual Reports 22 (January 1, 1998): 65–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.13001/uwnpsrc.1998.3369.

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The Greater Yellowstone Ecosystem (GYE) may support the densest populations of elk in North America, and a diverse community of large carnivores that prey on elk. The Jackson elk herd has doubled in size since 1984 and currently exceeds its winter population objective of 11,000 elk by about 5,000 animals (Smith and Anderson 1998). In and adjacent to Grand Teton National Park (GTNP), mortality of neonatal Jackson elk averaged 15% annually during 1990-1992 (Smith and Anderson 1996). Predation by black bears and coyotes, when calves were less than 4 weeks of age, caused 68% of neonatal mortality. Calves killed by mountain lions were more than 4 months old. Except for hunting, predation was the largest source of mortality of radioÂcollared elk from birth through adulthood. Since 1992, grizzly bear activity on federal cattle grazing allotments in eastern GTNP and the adjacent Spread Creek drainage of the Bridger-Teton National Forest (the East Study Area or East SA) has markedly increased and cattle losses to bears have become common. Personnel of the Wyoming Game and Fish Department attributed 26 cattle losses (25 calves, 1 cow) in the East SA in 1993 to grizzly bear predation. The Wyoming Game and Fish Commission, which compensates cattle producers for losses due to grizzly predation, initiated a study in 1994 to quantify the proportion of cattle losses in the East SA due to grizzly predation. One grizzly bear that was documented killing cattle each year, was captured and euthanized in GTNP in 1996.

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13

Elbroch, L. Mark, and Anna Kusler. "Are pumas subordinate carnivores, and does it matter?" PeerJ 6 (January 24, 2018): e4293. http://dx.doi.org/10.7717/peerj.4293.

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Background Interspecific competition affects species fitness, community assemblages and structure, and the geographic distributions of species. Established dominance hierarchies among species mitigate the need for fighting and contribute to the realized niche for subordinate species. This is especially important for apex predators, many of which simultaneous contend with the costs of competition with more dominant species and the costs associated with human hunting and lethal management. Methods Pumas are a widespread solitary felid heavily regulated through hunting to reduce conflicts with livestock and people. Across their range, pumas overlap with six apex predators (gray wolf, grizzly bear, American black bear, jaguar, coyote, maned wolf), two of which (gray wolf, grizzly bear) are currently expanding in North America following recovery efforts. We conducted a literature search to assess whether pumas were subordinate or dominant with sympatric apex predators, as well as with three felid mesocarnivores with similar ecology (ocelot, bobcat, Canada lynx). We also conducted an analysis of the spatial distributions of pumas and their dominant sympatric competitors to estimate in what part of their range, pumas are dominant versus subordinate. Results We used 64 sources to assess dominance among pumas and other apex predators, and 13 sources to assess their relationships with felid mesocarnivores. Evidence suggested that wolves, grizzly bears, black bears, and jaguars are dominant over pumas, but that pumas are dominant over coyotes and maned wolves. Evidence suggested that pumas are also dominant over all three felid mesocarnivores with which they share range. More broadly, pumas are subordinate to at least one other apex carnivore in 10,799,252 (47.5%) of their 22,735,268 km2 range across North and South America. Discussion Subordinate pumas change their habitat use, suffer displacement at food sources, likely experience increased energetic demands from harassment, exhibit increased starvation, and are sometimes directly killed in competitive interactions with dominant competitors. Nevertheless, we lack research clearly linking the costs of competition to puma fitness. Further, we lack research that assesses the influence of human effects simultaneous with the negative effects of competition with other sympatric carnivores. Until the time that we understand whether competitive effects are additive with human management, or even potentially synergistic, we encourage caution among managers responsible for determining harvest limits for pumas and other subordinate, apex carnivores in areas where they are sympatric with dominant species. This may be especially important information for managers working in regions where wolves and brown bears are recolonizing and recovering, and historic competition scenarios among multiple apex predators are being realized.

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14

Samson, Claude, and Jean Huot. "Spatial and temporal interactions between female American black bears in mixed forests of eastern Canada." Canadian Journal of Zoology 79, no. 4 (April 1, 2001): 633–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/z01-021.

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Few studies have examined in detail the spacing patterns of American black bears (Ursus americanus), especially populations protected from hunting. We radio-tracked bears between 1990 and 1992 in La Mauricie National Park in southern Quebec to study their social interactions. We measured the zone of overlap between home-range core areas and evaluated the spatial and temporal use of the overlap zones for 12 adult females radio-tracked during 1992. The proportion of overlap between the core areas used by 22 pairs of females was variable but low (14.2 ± 17.6% (mean ± SD)). This proportion did not differ (p > 0.05) from that obtained from a random distribution of home ranges (17.1 ± 17.1%). For 12 (55%) of 22 pairs with overlapping core areas, at least one of the females was significantly attracted by the overlap zone, whereas one of the females of another pair significantly avoided it. Significant simultaneous use of the overlap zone was observed for 7 pairs and significant temporal avoidance of the overlap zone was noted for 1 pair. The overlap zone contained a significantly higher proportion of food-producing cover types (maplebeech and early-successional stands) than the overall study area. Our results indicate that although most females did not share a large proportion of their core area with their neighbours, the overlap zone was used intensively for foraging by more than one bear, often simultaneously. Some aggressive behaviours were noted when bears were seen foraging simultaneously in the same area. We discuss the influence of spatial and temporal interactions on the regulation of this unhunted population.

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15

Sullivan, Thomas P. "Feeding damage by bears in managed forests of western hemlock–western red cedar in midcoastal British Columbia." Canadian Journal of Forest Research 23, no. 1 (January 1, 1993): 49–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/x93-008.

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This study measured the incidence of feeding damage in 1989 and 1990 by black bears (Ursusamericanus Pallas), and possibly by grizzly bears (Ursusarctos L.), within managed and unmanaged second-growth western hemlock (Tsugaheterophylla (Raf.) Sarg.)–western red cedar (Thujaplicata Donn) forest stands near Jennis Bay, 39 km northwest of Port Hardy, British Columbia. Tree mensuration (1989) and damage assessments (1989 and 1990) were conducted in 69 sample plots located in stands that were spaced in 1980 to 1982, when the trees were juvenile, and in 19 plots located in a nearby unspaced (control) stand. Western red cedar, which represented 13.6% of the managed stands, was the most severely damaged species (cumulative attack of 63.8% in 1989, increasing to 69.1% in 1990). Western hemlock, the major tree species, had <0.5% of trees attacked, and amabilis fir (Abiesamabilis (Dougl.) Forbes) was not attacked. Cumulative incidence of damage to red cedar in the control stand was 66.7% in 1989, increasing to 71.4% in 1990. The annual incidence of attack in 1990 was 18.1% in the spaced stands and 16.7% in the control stand. The total percentage of girdled cedar stems (mortality) was 10.7% in the control and 23.3% in the spaced stands overall. Bear damage clearly declined during 1990, which may be related to dispersal or removal (hunting) of animals from the general area or to a declining number of cedar trees (30%) that remain unattacked by bears. Crop tree selection against red cedar in future spacing projects could alleviate bear attacks.

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16

Kiroh, H. J., M. J. Hendrik, F. S. Ratulangi, and S. C. Rimbing. "Studi penyebaran populasi dan daya dukung habitat Kuskus Beruang (Ailurops ursinus) di Pulau Manado Tua Sulawesi Utara." ZOOTEC 41, no. 1 (January 31, 2021): 291. http://dx.doi.org/10.35792/zot.41.1.2021.33525.

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STUDY OF SPREADING POPULATION AND HABITAT CARRYING CAPACITY OF THE SULAWESI BEAR CUSCUS (Ailurops ursinus) AT MANADO TUA ISLAND OF NORTH SULAWESI. Manado Tua Island is still keeping the endemic Sulawesi bear cuscus (Ailurops ursinus), dwarf cuscus (Strigocuscus celebensis), black macaque (Macaca nigra), tarsius (Tarsius spectrum) as well as some kinds of plant biodiversity including forest galangal (Alpina sp.) and forest pandanus (Pandanus sp.), all should be protected intensively. Objective of this study was to evaluate spreading population and habitat carrying capacity of bear cuscus (Ailurops ursinus) at the Island of Manado Tua I and II, to be used for recommendation package of conservation model on the base of administrative condition of Manado governmental areas. The Variables observed in this study were population density of bear cuscus and dwarf cuscus as well as their habitat carrying capacity of plant vegetation including categories of try, bush, thicket and seedling levels. Data of wild animals were found by Line Transect Method. Plant vegetations were calculated based on the important index values of each category level. Result showed that Manado Tua I Island was inhabited by dwarf cuscus (Strigocuscus celebensis) of about 295 heads and bear cuscus (Ailurops Ursinus) of about 49 heads. Manado Tua II Island was inhabited by dwarf cuscus (Strigocuscus celebensis) of about 305 heads and bear cuscus (Ailurops Ursinus) of about 57 heads. Habitat carrying capacity of try vegetation level of the important index values was about 298,65% and seedling vegetation level of about 300,68%. These mean that carrying capacity was supporting the conservation for both kinds of cuscus in Manado Tua Island. These population of the endemic wild animals in Manado Tua I dan II Islands should be protected as their habitat area was degrading due to uncontrol illegal logging and hunting by local community.Keywords: habitat carrying capacity, dwarf cuscus, bear cuscus

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17

Smith, Bruce, Elizabeth Williams, Katherine McFarland, Fred Lindzey, and Tom Moore. "Neonatal Mortality of Elk in Areas With and Without Grizzly Bears." UW National Parks Service Research Station Annual Reports 23 (January 1, 1999): 159–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.13001/uwnpsrc.1999.3401.

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The Greater Yellowstone Ecosystem (GYE) may support the densest populations of elk in North America, and a diverse community of large carnivores that prey on elk. From 1984 to 1996, the Jackson elk herd doubled in size exceeding its winter population objective of 11,000 elk by nearly 7,000 animals (Smith and Anderson 1998). In and adjacent to Grand Teton National Park (GTNP), mortality of neonatal elk averaged 15% annually during 1990-1992 (Smith and Anderson 1996). Predation by black bears and coyotes, when calves were less than 4 weeks of age, caused 68% of neonatal mortality. Calves killed by mountain lions were more than 4 months old. Except for hunting, predation was the largest source of mortality of radioÂcollared elk from birth through adulthood. After 1992, grizzly bear activity on federal cattle grazing allotments in eastern GTNP and the adjacent Spread Creek drainage of the Bridger-Teton National Forest (the East Study Area or East SA) markedly increased as did cattle losses to bears. Personnel of the Wyoming Game and Fish Department attributed 26 cattle losses (25 calves, 1 cow) in the East SA in 1993 to grizzly bear predation (Wyoming Game and Fish Department 1995). The Wyoming Game and Fish Commission, which compensates cattle producers for losses due to grizzly predation, initiated a study in 1994 to quantify the proportion of cattle losses in the East SA due to grizzly predation. One grizzly bear documented killing cattle each year, was captured and euthanized in GTNP in 1996. Grizzly bears are opportunistic omnivores that consume both plant and animal foods (Blanchard et al. 1992). Grizzly bear predation on elk calves less than 4 weeks of age was the primary cause of mortality of calves and a major factor regulating the size of Yellowstone National Park's northern elk herd (Singer et al. 1997). Smith and Anderson (1996) found no evidence of grizzly predation on Jackson elk during 1990-1992. However, mid-summer calf:cow ratios of elk in the Spread Creek area of eastern GTNP declined after 1993. We initiated this study in 1997 to compare causes of elk calf mortality in the grizzly-occupied East SA and the relatively grizzly-free area of GTNP west of the Snake River (West SA). The objectives were to: determine: 1) if grizzly bears were preying on elk calves, 2) whether such mortality was compensatory or additive to other sources of mortality, 3) if changes in neonatal mortality altered the harvestable surplus of elk from the Jackson elk herd for hunters, and 4) any influence of environmental factors, and physiological status on survival of elk neonates.

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18

O'Brien, Timothy G., and Margaret F. Kinnaird. "Changing populations of birds and mammals in North Sulawesi." Oryx 30, no. 2 (April 1996): 150–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0030605300021530.

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The issues of habitat loss and hunting are of paramount importance to wildlife conservation in Asia. In Sulawesi, Indonesia, these problems are having a serious impact on the vertebrate fauna. Using line-transect methods, the densities of 11 species of large birds and mammals were compared between 1979 and 1994 in the Tangkoko-DuaSudara Nature Reserve in North Sulawesi. During those 15 years, populations ofanoa Bubalus depressicornis, bear cuscus Phalanger ursinus, crested black macaque Macaca nigra, maleo Macrocephalon maleo and red junglefowl Gallus gallus declined by 50–95 per cent while populations of Sulawesi pig Sus celebensis, Tabon scrubfowl Megapodius cumingii, Sulawesi tarictic hornbill Penelopides exarhatus and red-knobbed hornbill Aceros cassidix increased by 5–100 per cent. We considered hypotheses for these changes: habitat loss outside the reserve, habitat degradation inside the reserve, and hunting. Only hunting adequately explained the pattern of changing densities observed. Unless protection from hunting is enforced for these species, we may soon witness the demise of these unique animals in North Sulawesi and possibly throughout the island.

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19

Olson, Erik R., Adrian Treves, Adrian P. Wydeven, and Stephen J. Ventura. "Landscape predictors of wolf attacks on bear-hunting dogs in Wisconsin, USA." Wildlife Research 41, no. 7 (2014): 584. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/wr14043.

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Context In Europe and the United States, wolf–human conflict has increased as wolf populations have recovered and recolonised human-dominated ecosystems. These conflicts may lead to negative attitudes towards wolves and often complicate wolf management. Wolf attacks on bear-hunting hounds (hereafter, hounds) are the second-most common type of depredation on domestic animals in Wisconsin, USA, and, typically, the most costly in terms of compensation per individual animal. Understanding the geospatial patterns in which these depredations occur could promote alternative hunting practices or management strategies that could reduce the number of wolf–human conflicts. Aims We compared variables differentiating between wolf attacks on hounds and non-hounds (e.g., pets), we constructed a spatial, predictive model of wolf attacks on hounds, and we explored how the landscape of risk changed over time. Methods We characterised landscape features of hound depredations using logistic regression. We applied the spatial model to a geographic information system (GIS) to display spatial patterns and to predict areas of risk for wolf attack. Key results Our model correctly classified 84% of sites of past depredations, 1999–2008, and 78% of nearby random-unaffected sites. The model correctly predicted 82% of recent (2009–11) depredation sites not used in model construction, thereby validating its predictive power. Risk of wolf attack on hounds increased with percentage area of public-access land nearby, size of the nearest wolf pack, proximity of the nearest wolf pack, and decreased with percentage of human development. National and county forest lands had significantly (P < 0.001) more hound depredations than did other land-ownership types, whereas private lands had significantly fewer. Conclusions Risk of wolf attacks on hounds had distinctive temporal and spatial signatures, with peak risk occurring during the black bear hound training and hunting seasons and in areas closer to the centre of wolf pack territories, with larger wolf packs and more public access land and less developed land. Implications Our analysis can help bear hunters avoid high-risk areas, and help wildlife managers protect wildlife and recreational use of public lands, and reduce public costs of predator recovery. We present a risk-adjusted compensation equation. If wildlife managers choose, or are required, to provide compensation for hounds attacked by wolves, while hunting on public lands, we suggest that managers consider adjusting compensation payments on the basis of the relative landscape of risk.

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20

Doyon, C., V. L. Trudeau, B. M. Hibbert, L. A. Howes, and T. W. Moon. "mRNA analysis in flattened fauna: obtaining gene-sequence information from road-kill and game-hunting samples." Canadian Journal of Zoology 81, no. 4 (April 1, 2003): 692–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/z03-048.

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Whether gene-sequence information could be obtained using mRNA from road-kill and hunting samples was investigated. Adipose tissue was used to clone cDNA fragments of the hormone leptin and brain tissue was used for the enzyme glutamic acid decarboxylase (GAD). Tissues collected from road-killed animals were used to clone leptin from RNA samples of raccoon (Procyon lotor) and woodchuck (Marmota monax). We were able to extract RNA and clone GAD67 from samples of masked shrew (Sorex cinereus), although the time of death was unknown. We collaborated with hunters who provided tissues from which we cloned leptin and GAD isoforms from beaver (Castor canadensis), red squirrel (Tamiasciurus hudsonicus), black bear (Ursus americanus), and moose (Alces alces americana). Molecular phylogenetic analyses confirmed that the sequences obtained did not result from contamination. A time-course experiment showed that even 24 h after the death of rats, sufficient mRNA remains to amplify leptin from adipose tissue. These results suggest that road-kill and hunting samples could be used as a valuable source of gene-sequence information.

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21

Rettie, W. James, and François Messier. "Dynamics of woodland caribou populations at the southern limit of their range in Saskatchewan." Canadian Journal of Zoology 76, no. 2 (February 1, 1998): 251–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/z97-193.

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Woodland caribou (Rangifer tarandus caribou) in central Saskatchewan are aggregated into several spatially disjunct populations. Historical data indicate that some local populations were eliminated and that the regional metapopulation declined during the 1970s. Proximate causes of decline may have included hunting, severe winter weather, and the end of predator control, though the ultimate causes may relate to road construction and logging activity, which expanded after 1966. There has been no sport hunting since 1987, yet the caribou populations in the region appear to be declining. Based on serum progesterone levels, first conception by females occurred at 16 months and the overall pregnancy rate was 94%, and in addition the minimum parturition rate was 86%, all of which indicate adequate nutrition. The annual survival rate of adults was 84%, which is comparatively low, though similar to results from other studies on woodland caribou. We observed a low rate of calf recruitment (28 calves : 100 cows), which we suspect was due to predation. Wolves (Canis lupus) have long been thought to limit woodland caribou populations while subsisting on other ungulate prey, but we speculate that black bear (Ursus americanus) predation may be an important cause of poor calf survival.

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22

Li, Fei, Xiang-Yuan Huang, Xing-Chao Zhang, Xing-Xi Zhao, Jian-Huan Yang, and Bosco Pui Lok Chan. "Mammals of Tengchong Section of Gaoligongshan National Nature Reserve in Yunnan Province, China." Journal of Threatened Taxa 11, no. 11 (September 9, 2019): 14402–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.11609/jott.4439.11.11.14402-14414.

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We conducted field surveys on the mammalian diversity in the Tengchong Section of Gaoligongshan National Nature Reserve in Yunnan Province, China, using camera trap and transect method between April 2014 and May 2018. A total of 46 identifiable mammal species were recorded, including one new record for China and nine new species for the Tengchong County. Of the 46 species, nine are globally threatened (three Endangered and six Vulnerable) and six are Near Threatened on the IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. Species richness of most mammal groups in Tengchong remains high compared to similar sites in neighbouring countries; however, encounter rates for species vulnerable to high hunting pressures were quite low and large carnivores, except the Asiatic Black Bear, were either extirpated or at critically low numbers. Future surveys should cover a wider elevation range and a variety of microhabitats to increase the probability of detecting the species not yet recorded. To enhance the conservation value of the reserve for the diverse mammalian community, poaching and livestock grazing should be further controlled; in addition, protection and restoration of low-altitude forests should be encouraged. Monitoring and research on selected flagship species should also be conducted.

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23

Poland, Tim. "Bear-Black." Appalachian Heritage 34, no. 4 (2006): 66. http://dx.doi.org/10.1353/aph.2006.0128.

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24

O’Dell, C. L. "Black Bear." Ploughshares 39, no. 4 (2013): 105. http://dx.doi.org/10.1353/plo.2013.0094.

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25

Foran, Charles. "Black Bear." Review: Literature and Arts of the Americas 41, no. 1 (May 2008): 123–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/08905760801979988.

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26

Stevens, Kara, Alex Dehgan, Maria Karlstetter, Farid Rawan, Muhammad Ismail Tawhid, Stephane Ostrowski, Jan Mohammad Ali, and Rita Ali. "Large mammals surviving conflict in the eastern forests of Afghanistan." Oryx 45, no. 2 (April 2011): 265–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0030605310000517.

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AbstractWe used transect and camera-trap surveys and DNA identification of scat samples to provide the first update since 1977 of large mammals in the montane forests of the conflict-ridden province of Nuristan in eastern Afghanistan. Nuristan contains a range of habitats from oak Quercus spp. forests to treeless alpine steppes that historically hosted populations of markhor Capra falconeri, Asiatic black bear Ursus thibetanus, grey wolf Canis lupus and common leopard Panthera pardus, among others. Surveys conducted in 2006–2009 in an area of 1,100 km2 by the Wildlife Conservation Society confirmed the presence of some of these species, and also recorded the common palm civet Paradoxurus hermaphroditus, previously unknown from Afghanistan; this extends the westernmost boundary for this species. The most commonly recorded species, as determined by direct sightings, scat identification or camera-trap photographs, were the Indian crested porcupine Hystrix indica, red fox Vulpes vulpes and a canid (grey wolf or golden jackal Canis aureus). Despite indications of significant habitat loss and unsustainable hunting, globally important species persist in the area and targeted conservation programmes are required for the protection of these species, the forests they inhabit and the surrounding communities who depend on both for their survival.

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27

van Eijk, Jan P. "Salish Words for ‘Black Bear’ and ‘Grizzly Bear’." Anthropological Linguistics 59, no. 3 (2017): 322–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.1353/anl.2017.0011.

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28

Pharris, Larry D., and Joseph D. Clark. "Arkansas Black Bear Hunter Survey." Bears: Their Biology and Management 7 (1987): 373. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/3872647.

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29

Hazumi, Toshihiro. "Status of Japanese Black Bear." Bears: Their Biology and Management 9 (1994): 145. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/3872694.

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30

Vonk, Jennifer, and Stephanie E. Jett. "“Bear-ly” learning: Limits of abstraction in black bear cognition." Animal Behavior and Cognition 5, no. 1 (February 1, 2018): 68–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.26451/abc.05.01.06.2018.

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31

Picton, Harold D., and Katherine C. Kendall. "Chromatographic (TLC) Differentiation of Grizzly Bear and Black Bear Scats." Bears: Their Biology and Management 9 (1994): 497. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/3872737.

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32

LeCount, Albert L. "Causes of Black Bear Cub Mortality." Bears: Their Biology and Management 7 (1987): 75. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/3872610.

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33

Nelson, Ralph A., and James D. Jones. "Leucine Metabolism in the Black Bear." Bears: Their Biology and Management 7 (1987): 329. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/3872640.

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34

Cunningham, Mark W., Lynette A. Phillips, and Cal Welbourn. "Trombiculiasis in the Florida Black Bear." Journal of Wildlife Diseases 37, no. 3 (July 2001): 634–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.7589/0090-3558-37.3.634.

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35

Donahue, Seth W., Meghan E. McGee, and Kirsten Simoni. "Anabolic activity of black bear PTH." Bone 42 (March 2008): S69—S70. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.bone.2007.12.126.

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36

DREHER, BRIAN P., SCOTT R. WINTERSTEIN, KIM T. SCRIBNER, PAUL M. LUKACS, DWAYNE R. ETTER, GUILHERME J. M. ROSA, VERONICA A. LOPEZ, SCOT LIBANTS, and KRISTI B. FILCEK. "Noninvasive Estimation of Black Bear Abundance Incorporating Genotyping Errors and Harvested Bear." Journal of Wildlife Management 71, no. 8 (November 2007): 2684–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.2193/2006-398.

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37

Wilton, Clay M., Jerrold L. Belant, and Jeff Beringer. "Distribution of American black bear occurrences and human–bear incidents in Missouri." Ursus 25, no. 1 (May 2014): 53–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.2192/ursus-d-13-00017.1.

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38

Svoboda, Nathan J., Jerrold L. Belant, Scott D. Fitzgerald, Dean E. Beyer, Jared F. Duquette, and Thomas M. Cooley. "Aspiration pneumonia in an American black bear." Ursus 23, no. 1 (May 2012): 1–5. http://dx.doi.org/10.2192/ursus-d-11-00028.1.

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39

Smith, Martin E., John L. Hechtel, and Erich H. Follmann. "Black Bear Denning Ecology in Interior Alaska." Bears: Their Biology and Management 9 (1994): 513. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/3872739.

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40

Nuñez-Torres, M., M. M. Zarco-González, O. Monroy-Vilchis, and R. Carrera-Treviño. "Human–black bear interactions in Northern Mexico." Human Dimensions of Wildlife 25, no. 5 (April 19, 2020): 438–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/10871209.2020.1752419.

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41

O'GRADY, R. J. P., G. LAW, H. BOYLE, A. MACDONALD, and J. JOHNSTONE. "Himalayan black bear exhibit at Glasgow Zoo." International Zoo Yearbook 29, no. 1 (January 1989): 233–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1748-1090.1989.tb01121.x.

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42

O'GRADY, R. J. P., G. LAW, H. BOYLE, A. MACDONALD, and J. JOHNSTONE. "Himalayan black bear exhibit at Glasgow Zoo." International Zoo Yearbook 29, no. 1 (December 18, 2007): 233–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1748-1090.1990.tb03360.x.

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43

Lee, Daniel J., and Michael R. Vaughan. "Black Bear Family Breakup in Western Virginia." Northeastern Naturalist 11, no. 2 (June 2004): 111–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.1656/1092-6194(2004)011[0111:bbfbiw]2.0.co;2.

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44

Duncan, R. B., D. Caudell, D. S. Lindsay, and H. D. Moll. "Cryptosporidiosis in a Black Bear in Virginia." Journal of Wildlife Diseases 35, no. 2 (April 1999): 381–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.7589/0090-3558-35.2.381.

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45

KOSHLAND, D. E. "New Year's Resolutions and the Black Bear." Science 234, no. 4783 (December 19, 1986): 1481. http://dx.doi.org/10.1126/science.234.4783.1481.

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46

Spencer, Stephen, Karen Safcsak, and Joseph A. Ibrahim. "Multifaceted Treatment for a Black Bear Attack." American Surgeon 83, no. 8 (August 2017): 326–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/000313481708300822.

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47

Singh Thakur, Jagdeep, Chander Mohan, and Dev R. Sharma. "Himalayan black bear mauling: offense or defense?" American Journal of Otolaryngology 28, no. 4 (July 2007): 247–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.amjoto.2006.08.014.

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48

White, Thomas H., Jacob L. Bowman, Harry A. Jacobson, Bruce D. Leopold, and Winston P. Smith. "Forest Management and Female Black Bear Denning." Journal of Wildlife Management 65, no. 1 (January 2001): 34. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/3803274.

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49

Fremmerlid, Mark, and A. David M. Latham. "Lone Wolf, Canis lupus, Displaced from a Kill by an Adult Black Bear, Ursus americanus, in Northeastern Alberta." Canadian Field-Naturalist 123, no. 3 (July 1, 2009): 266. http://dx.doi.org/10.22621/cfn.v123i3.977.

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Wolf (Canis lupus) packs are generally competitively dominant over Black Bears (Ursus americanus); however, less is known about lone Wolf-Black Bear interactions. We report an observation of a lone Wolf and an adult Black Bear at a kill made by the Wolf in northeastern Alberta. In this instance, the bear chased the Wolf from the kill site. Our observation supports the hypothesis that Wolf-Black Bear interactions may fit the pattern of asymmetrical interference competition when the interaction involves a lone Wolf rather than a pack.

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50

Stewart, William B., Gary W. Witmer, and Gary M. Koehler. "Black Bear Damage to Forest Stands in Western Washington." Western Journal of Applied Forestry 14, no. 3 (July 1, 1999): 128–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/wjaf/14.3.128.

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Abstract Cambium-feeding behavior by black bears (Ursus americanus), or bear damage, is a major reforestation problem in the Pacific Northwest. Historically, studies have measured the cumulative effects of damage over time, but few have viewed damage in the frame of one season. Bear damage occurring in 1996 was surveyed in areas of radio-marked bears in western Washington. Fresh damage occurred on 48% of bear location plots (n = 96). Douglas-fir (Pseudotsuga menziesii) (69%), western hemlock (Tsuga heterophylla) (19%), and Pacific silver fir (Abies amabilis) (10%) with a mean dbh of 25.1, 29.5, and 30.7 cm, respectively, were most frequently damaged. Random plots were surveyed from mid-July to mid-August to measure habitat availability. Stand and site variables were measured on freshly damaged bear location plots, random plots, and nondamaged bear location plots. This study identified several variables that make forest stands vulnerable to bear damage: conifer dbh, conifer density, stand age, and canopy cover. Awareness of such stand characteristics can assist natural resource managers with animal damage prevention and control programs. West. J. Appl. For. 14(3):128-131.

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