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Academic literature on the topic 'Black Birch Experimental Station'
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Journal articles on the topic "Black Birch Experimental Station"
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Fajvan, Mary Ann, Audrey Barker Plotkin, and David R. Foster. "Modeling tree regeneration height growth after an experimental hurricane." Canadian Journal of Forest Research 36, no. 8 (August 1, 2006): 2003–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/x06-097.
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Annual height growth rates for six species of tree seedlings were modeled during the first 10 years of cohort initiation following an experimental hurricane in central Massachusetts. Selected canopy trees in a second-growth, transition oak – northern hardwoods forest were pulled over with a winch in a 50 m × 160 m area. Regeneration height growth did not follow the species-specific patterns anticipated if the disturbance had been stand replacing. Instead, the temporal increase in shade from crown expansion and sprouting of residual trees slowed cohort development and resulted in a variety of annual height growth patterns among species. Height development was followed separately for advance regeneration and new seedlings of red maple white ash, black cherry, black and yellow birch, paper birch, and red oak. All species had increasing height growth rates for 3 years followed by either decreasing or unchanged (flat) rates except red maple and ash advance regeneration, which had increasing rates throughout the measurement period. After 10 years, black and yellow birch, and red maple are the most numerous species and compose the majority of the tallest regeneration. Red oaks, which dominated the original stand, are few and unlikely to emerge to the canopy of the new cohort.
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Cottrell, P. L. "New Zealand Astronomy in the 1990s." Publications of the Astronomical Society of Australia 9, no. 1 (1991): 64–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1323358000024917.
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AbstractThere has been a dramatic increase in astronomical research output in New Zealand over the last decade. This is set to increase with the advent of a number of new pieces of astronomical hardware over the last five years. These include the 1m telescope and associated instrumentation at Mount John and the JANZOS collaboration, with its instrumentation on Black Birch. Black Birch is also the site of the US Naval Observatory’s southern hemisphere astrometric station, where, using a transit circle instrument, they are collecting data which will form part of the International Reference Star Catalogue. As well as these ‘professional’ programs there is also a large network of amateur astronomers, who can provide extremely useful input into certain astronomical programs at the various observatories around the country and the world.A brief overview of the existing New Zealand astronomical scene will be followed by discussion of a number of new initiatives being proposed, which includes an automatic patrol telescope being developed by Carter Observatory, an expansion of the JANZOS collaboration and initial discussion about the possibility of an eastern arm for the Australia Telescope some where in New Zealand. In addition, for programs which require a long timebase of observations, extreme southerly latitudes or longitudinal coverage, New Zealand could provide a unique opportunity.
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Pustovitenko, B., and I. Kalinyuk. "SOURCE PARAMETERS of CRIMEAN-BLACK SEA REGION EARTHQUAKES." Zemletriaseniia Severnoi Evrazii [Earthquakes in Northern Eurasia], no. 22 (November 12, 2019): 299–310. http://dx.doi.org/10.35540/1818-6254.2019.22.27.
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The source dynamic parameters of 12 earthquakes in Crimea with energy classes КП=7.0–10.1 have been restored by 63 amplitude spectra of P and S body waves registered by a group of regional seismic stations of the Crimea. For the three strongest earthquakes: May 1, October 15, and December 9, the solution of the focal mechanism has been obtained and the direction of radiation from the source at the registration station has been determined to take into account in the calculation of the scalar seismic moment. For these earthquakes, the best convergence of station definitions of all source dynamic parameters has been obtained. The average values of seismic moments and radii of circular dislocation within the experimental error of their determination satisfy the average long-term dependencies of the parameters on the energy level of earthquakes ob-tained previously by analog records
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Kurvits, Vahur, Katri Ots, Ahto Kangur, Henn Korjus, and Peeter Muiste. "Assessment of load and quality of logging residues from clear-felling areas in Järvselja: a case study from Southeast Estonia." Central European Forestry Journal 66, no. 1 (March 1, 2020): 3–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/forj-2019-0022.
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AbstractThe properties of biomass-based fuel and combustion tests showed that logging residues are promising renewable energy sources. The data used in this study were collected from four clear-felling areas in Järvselja Training and Experimental Forest Centre, Southeast Estonia in 2013–2014. Logging was carried out by harvesters in Scots pine (Pinus sylvestris L.), Norway spruce (Picea abies [L.] Karst.), silver birch (Betula pendula Roth.) and black alder (Alnus glutinosa L. Gaertn.) dominated stands with a small admixture of other tree species according to the cut-to-length method and logging residues were placed in heaps. The aim of this research is to assess different characteristics of logging residues (quantity, moisture content, energetic potential, ash content and amount) in clear-felling areas. The highest load of slash was measured on the birch dominated study site, where the dry weight of the logging residues was 29 t ha−1. Only the branch fraction moisture content on the black alder dominated site (35.4%) was clearly different from respective values on other sites (21.6–25.4%). The highest calorific value of the residues was assessed with the residues from the birch dominated site, where in moist sample it was 365 GJ ha−1 and in dry matter 585 GJ ha−1. The heating value of the fresh residues is highest in coniferous trees. The highest ash content in branch segments was registered for the black alder dominated site. Järvselja data indicate higher quality in conifer dominated sites, yet a higher load of logging residues in broadleaf dominated stands.
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Lindstrom, Orville M. "WEEKLY COLD HARDINESS LEVELS OF SEVEN DECIDUOUS HARDWOODS OVER THREE WINTER SEASONS." HortScience 25, no. 9 (September 1990): 1143b—1143. http://dx.doi.org/10.21273/hortsci.25.9.1143b.
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The cold hardiness of seven deciduous hardwoods, red maple (Acer rubrum L.), white oak, (Quercus alba L.), green ash (Fraxinus pennsylvanica Marsh.), sweetgum (Liguidambar stryaciflua L.), sugar maple (Acer saccharum Marsh.), river birch (Betula nigra L.) and black cherry (Prunus serotina Ehrh.) were evaluated weekly during the fall, winter and spring for three consecutive years. All trees evaluated were established (20-40 years old) and locatd on the Georgia Station Griffin, GA. Each species developed a maximum cold hardiness of at least -30 C by mid-January or early February each season. Response to temperature fluctuations varied with species. Red maple, for example, lost less cold hardiness due to warm mid-winter temperatures than the other species tested, while white oak tended to respond more quickly to the temperature fluctuations. Data will be presented comparing the response of cold hardiness to mid-winter temperature fluctuations for each species for the three year period.
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Tjahjono, Hendro. "INVESTIGATION OF RDE THERMAL PARAMETERS CHANGES IN RESPONSE TO LONG-TERM STATION BLACK OUT." JURNAL TEKNOLOGI REAKTOR NUKLIR TRI DASA MEGA 19, no. 2 (May 26, 2017): 83. http://dx.doi.org/10.17146/tdm.2017.19.2.3258.
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Due to long-term station black out (SBO) of the RDE (Experimental Power Reactor), the residual heat from the core will be removed to a residual heat removal system (RHRS). The objective of this study is to know the transient characteristic of RDE thermal parameters in response to the loss of residual heat removing ability for long-term. To achieve this objective, an analysis model of reactor thermal parameters changes during SBO, using Matlab program to simulate heat transfer equations of conduction, convection and radiation has been performed. Using this program, the changes of RDE thermal parameters until 800 hours after reactor trip have been analyzed. It is concluded that, in long-term SBO condition, the reactor is still safe with the maximum core temperature of 1140°C, which is still far under the safety limit of 1600°C as stated in the design criteria. More attentions are needed to be taken with the increasing of concrete temperature up to 600°C when the water storage is empty. Therefore, the availability of water in the RHRS shall absolutely be maintained.Keywords: experimental power reactor, residual heat removal, transient, Matlab. INVESTIGASI PERUBAHAN PARAMETER TERMAL RDE PADA KONDISI KEHILANGAN CATU DAYA LISTRIK DALAM JANGKA PANJANG. Akibat kehilangan catu daya listrik luar pada Reaktor Daya Eksperimental (RDE), panas sisa dari reaktor dibuang ke suatu sistem pembuang panas sisa. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui karakteristik transien parameter termal RDE ketika terjadi kegagalan pembuangan kalor sisa tersebut dalam jangka panjang. Untuk mencapai tujuan tersebut telah disusun model analisis perubahan parameter termal reaktor ketika terjadi Station Black Out (SBO) menggunakan pemrograman Matlab dengan melibatkan persamaan-persamaan perpindahan kalor secara konduksi, konveksi dan radiasi. Dengan menggunakan program ini perubahan parameter termal RDE hingga 800 jam setelah reaktor trip telah dianalisis. Disimpulkan bahwa pada kondisi SBO dalam jangka panjang tersebut, reaktor masih tetap aman dengan temperatur maksimum teras sebesar 1140 °C, yaitu masih jauh di bawah batas aman 1600 °C yang telah ditetapkan dalam kriteria desain. Perlu diperhatikan adanya peningkatan temperatur beton hingga 600 °C jika air pendingin sudah habis. Oleh karena itu, ketersediaan air pendingin di sistem pembuang panas sisa mutlak harus dijaga.Kata kunci: reaktor daya eksperimental, pembuang panas sisa, transien, Matlab.
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Jobidon, Robert, Lise Charette, and François Trottier. "Dégagement chimique ou manuel de plantations d'épinette noire? Étude de cas dans le domaine de la sapinière à bouleau blanc au Québec." Forestry Chronicle 75, no. 6 (December 1, 1999): 973–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.5558/tfc75973-6.
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This study aimed at comparing manual and chemical release treatments in black spruce plantations within the balsam fir – white birch ecosystems located in the Lower-Saint-Lawrence and inland Gaspé région of Québec. Three experimental sites characterized by competition dominated by red raspberry (Rubus idaeus) were selected for the study. On each site, a completely randomized block design with seven repetitions was used. Each block was composed of four plots, each representing a vegetation treatment: a manual release, a manual release to be repeated two years later, a chemical release using Vision® (Monsanto Canada), and no treatment on a control plot. The effects of treatment on spruce growth were assessed 1, 2, and 5 years after treatment. The spruce seedlings benefited from the release treatments. After five years, spruce diameter was 25.2 to 42.9% superior, height was 12.5 to 24.8% superior and the mean volume index was 89.3 to 168.6% superior to seedlings on control plots. Moreover, growth profiles over time for the released and control seedlings were not parallel; the seedlings in the released plots showed a growth rate which was superior to that of the control plots, and differences in growth trajectories increased over time. For the three experimental sites, chemical release showed no significant advantage over manual release when assessed after five years of spruce growth variables. This result is attributed to a relatively poor vegetation regrowth after treatment. A manual release treatment was applied a second time on only one of the three sites. In this case, spruce demonstrated a significantly higher growth than on plots which were only manually released once. The survival rate was not significantly affected by either of the treatments except when seedlings suffered mechanical damage. This study supports the hypothesis whereby sites located within the balsam fir – white birch ecosystems for which vigor of competing vegetation is moderate, a manual release treatment produces similar results to a chemical release treatment in terms of black spruce growth in the ensuing years. Key words: black spruce, chemical release, competition, manual release, red raspberry, spruce plantations.
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Dedova, A. E. "Selection of china plum varieties (Prunus salicina lindl.) for use in modern plantings of the northern caucasus foothill zone." Pomiculture and small fruits culture in Russia 61 (August 3, 2020): 69–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.31676/2073-4948-2020-61-69-76.
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This paper presents the results of two years of research (2018-2019) of the most important phonological phases of seasonal growth and development, biometric parameters, productivity and economic efficiency of new varieties of Chinese plum (P. salicina Lindl.) grown in the foothill zone of the North Caucasus in the Krymsk district of Krasnodar territory on a plot of the Krymsk experimental breeding station – branch of VIR. As a result of research, the varieties Angeleno, Black Star, Byron Gold, Black Amber, Larry Ann and Sun Gold were recommended for cultivation using intensive technologies.
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Ribe, Espen, Margaretha Söderqvist Lindblad, Olof Dahlman, and Hans Theliander. "Xylan sorption kinetics at industrial conditions Part 1. Experimental results." Nordic Pulp & Paper Research Journal 25, no. 2 (May 1, 2010): 138–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.3183/npprj-2010-25-02-p138-149.
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Abstract The sorption kinetics for birch black liquor xylan onto unbleached softwood kraft fibers at industrial relevant process conditions was investigated. The impact of process conditions on total sorption and rate was studied. It was found that an unbleached fiber can increase its weight up to 40% by sorption of xylan if process conditions are favorable and sufficient xylan is present in the liquor. A decrease in pH, an increase in temperature and an increase in ionic strength enhances both the initial sorption rate and the maximum sorption, as expected from the literature. Moreover, an increased xylan charge from 5 to 10 g/l increased sorption by about 20-30% on average. At the highest temperature tested some deviations from the expected results were obtained, which indicates that more than one mechanism affect sorption. Analysis of the surface carbohydrate composition suggests that xylan is preferably sorbed on the fiber surfaces. This is especially obvious at higher sorption temperatures. SEM pictographs of the cellulose fibers indicate that xylan sorbs as single xylan chains at 87 and 127°C. In contrast, at 167°C globular structures are observed on the fibers, which probably is due to precipitation of globular xylan aggregates from the liquor.
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Ribe, Espen, Margaretha Söderqvist Lindblad, Olof Dahlman, and Hans Theliander. "Xylan sorption kinetics at industrial conditions Part 2. Modeling." Nordic Pulp & Paper Research Journal 25, no. 2 (May 1, 2010): 150–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.3183/npprj-2010-25-02-p150-155.
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Abstract A model describing the sorption kinetics for black liquor birch xylan onto unbleached softwood kraft fibers at industrially relevant process conditions has been developed. The experimental results support the suggestion that xylan sorption is a physical process. Our model is based on the assumption that the mass transfer between bulk liquor and fiber surfaces is the rate determining step. The effects of changes in process conditions like temperature, NaOH concentration and ion strength are included in the model. The model fits the experimental data quite well for sorption temperatures between 87 and 127°C. Other mechanisms affect the observed sorption at higher sorption temperatures. Consequently, more data is needed to produce a model for sorption at elevated temperatures. Deviations from the experimental data at temperatures up to 127°C are proposed to be a result of competing mechanisms not accounted for in our model. These can, for instance, be the transportation of xylan from the surface into the cell wall, the degradation of xylan in solution, the removal of substituents from the xylan backbone, or a decrease in NaOH concentration in the solution.
Conference papers on the topic "Black Birch Experimental Station"
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Kumar, Sunil, P. K. Vijayan, R. B. Grover, U. Kannan, Harekrishna Yadav, and A. Agrawal. "Experimental Investigations on Thermal Stratification in a Large Pool of Water With Immersed Isolation Condenser." In 2020 International Conference on Nuclear Engineering collocated with the ASME 2020 Power Conference. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/icone2020-16647.
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Abstract Advanced nuclear reactors use large pool of water inventory with an immersed heat exchanger to remove decay heat especially in the case of Station Black Out (SBO). The isolation condenser (IC) immersed in Gravity Driven Water Pool (GDWP) of Advanced Heavy Water Reactor (AHWR) is an example of such systems. Heat rejected by the IC is absorbed in the pool. As a result, water density decreases and moves towards the free surface of pool causing layers of hot water piling up over colder one giving rise to stratified water inventory. consequently, the pool at the free surface starts boiling before the grace period (7 days). In the present paper, thermal stratification has been modeled in a power to volume scaled experimental setup. The study is focused on investigating the effect of heater orientation on suppression of thermal stratification in the pool for both the cases of with and without shrouds around heat exchanger.
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Yamamoto, Yasunori, Masayoshi Mori, Kosuke Ono, and Tetsuya Takada. "Experimental Study of the Effect of Hydrogen Inflow on Passive Core Cooling System With Natural Circulation Flow." In 2020 International Conference on Nuclear Engineering collocated with the ASME 2020 Power Conference. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/icone2020-16949.
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Abstract Isolation Condenser (IC) is one of the passive core cooling systems with natural circulation flow, which is effective for safety measures against station black out. Once core uncover occurs, hydrogen generated in the core affects operating condition of ICs. To use ICs as an important safety measure not only for transient conditions but also for accident conditions, robustness of ICs against hydrogen inflow must be understood well. In this study, experiments with high pressure steam were conducted using experimental setup simulating IC, where helium was injected to simulate hydrogen effects. When the pressure in an accumulator increased high enough, natural circulation flow generated in the experimental loop. After the long-term operation, the pressure and the natural circulation flow rate achieved nearly constant. The pressure at quasi-steady state increased with increasing the helium injection amount. The pressure difference in a section including outlet side of a vertical pipe was slightly increased when helium was injected which may have indicated that the helium accumulated in the section and caused increment of the pressure loss. The startup pressure of the IC simulator also increased when helium was injected, where the driving force by the water head difference also decreased. Though long-term operations were performed after helium injection, the effect of injected helium on operating conditions of the IC remained for quasi-steady state conditions.
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Tamura, Akinori, Toshinori Kawamura, Naoyuki Ishida, and Kazuaki Kitou. "Development of Inherently Safe Technologies for Large Scale BWRs: (3) Infinite-Time Air-Cooling System." In 2014 22nd International Conference on Nuclear Engineering. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/icone22-30989.
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To address long-term station black outs, which occurred at the Fukushima Nuclear Power Station, we have been developing the infinite-time air-cooling system which operates without electricity by a natural circulation loop. The air-cooling heat exchanger, which is located outside the primary containment vessel of a reactor, transfers the decay heat to the atmosphere by natural circulation resulting from the density difference of the air. Improvement in the heat-transfer performance of air-cooling is a key technology in the development of the infinite-time air-cooling system. In this paper, we developed the air-cooling enhancing technology for the infinite-time air-cooling system by using a micro-fabrication surface, turbulence-enhancing structures, and heat-transfer fins. To evaluate the performance of this air-cooling enhancing technology, we conducted a heat exchange test using an element test apparatus. A single tube of the air-cooling heat exchanger, which includes a sheath heater and thermo-couples, was used. The air flow outside the tube and the heat quantity were respectively controlled using an air-compressor and the sheath heater. The heat-transfer performance was calculated from the heat-quantity and temperature difference measured using thermo-couples. The developed air-cooling enhancing technology demonstrated superior heat-transfer performance in this test. The heat-transfer performance increased approximately 100 % with this technology compared with a bare pipe. From these experimental results, we confirmed good feasibility for implementing the infinite-time air-cooling system.
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Tsuruoka, Hokuto, Shinya Miyata, Manabu Maruyama, and Daisuke Kanamori. "The Early Depressurization Method for the Vapor Generation at the Top of Reactor Vessel." In 2016 24th International Conference on Nuclear Engineering. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/icone24-60520.
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Mitsubishi Heavy Industries (MHI) is developing improved reactor cooling process in accident conditions, by using steam generator (SG) on accident in order to enhance safety of operating plants. In case of station black out (SBO), leak from the reactor coolant pump (RCP) seal should be terminated by depressurizing the primary system. In this process, operators use the main steam relief valves (MSRVs) to reduce primary coolant temperature and pressure. However, coolant temperature in vessel head and upper plenum tends to remain higher than reactor temperature, and the coolant in these regions eventually starts boiling because of depressurization. This phenomenon inhibits smooth decrease in primary coolant temperature and pressure by forming large void region in the primary system. MHI is investigating improved process to achieve smooth decrease of primary temperature and pressure. In the process, condensation of the void generated should be appropriately achieved. In this study, experimental tests on void condensation in the vessel head were performed using Large Scale Test Facility (LSTF). In addition, applicability of M-RELAP5, a plant transient computer code used in safety analysis for Japanese PWRs, to actual plant behavior modeling was confirmed, in terms of void generation/condensation in vessel head in accidental condition.
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Cho, Seok, Seok Kim, Byoung-Uhn Bae, Yun-Je Cho, Yeon-Sik Kim, Woo-Jin Jeon, Young-Jung Youn, Sung-Min Chu, and Sang-Youn Bang. "Qualification Test of APR1400’s RCP Seal Under Extended SBO Condition." In 2018 26th International Conference on Nuclear Engineering. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/icone26-82006.
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The US NRC’s post-Fukushima taskforce recommend extending the coping time up to at least 72 hours. In PWRs, the reactor coolant pump (RCP), and more particularly the shaft seal system located between the motor and the impeller, are directly impacted by these recommendations [AREVA, 2012]. Considering the importance of station black out (SBO) condition, seal performance of RCP shaft seal assembly shall be verified especially under an extended SBO condition. As a final stage of the localization program of the RCP, KAERI performed a seal LOCA test to verify seal leakage characteristics and to produce qualified experimental data for a plant safety analysis during the extended SBO condition. The seal verification test was performed using the localized seal assembly, fabricated by DOOSAN Heavy Industries & Construction Company of Korea, along with the commercial APR1400’s RCP for the Shin-Kori unit-5 nuclear plant to simulate an actual condition of the commercial nuclear power plant. Test condition was derived from a series of safety analysis for the APR1400 plant which reflected the FLEX procedure, and it consisted of three major sub-conditions such as high-pressure and high-temperature condition, saturated condition, and low-pressure and low-temperature condition. The major concerning point of the test is to measure a seal leakage flow rate during the test period. Total leakage amount and maximum leakage flow rate through the localized shaft seal assembly during the whole period of the test are in comparatively smaller ranges than the conventional input values used for a safety analysis of APR1400.