Academic literature on the topic 'Black Cotton Soil'
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Journal articles on the topic "Black Cotton Soil"
1
Priya, Prerna, and Ran Vijay Singh. "Stabilization of Black cotton soil using Fly ash." International Journal of Recent Technology and Engineering 9, no. 5 (January 30, 2021): 91–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.35940/ijrte.e5164.019521.
Full textAbstract:
Expansive Black cotton clay soils are widely distributed worldwide, and are a significant damage to infrastructure and buildigs.It is a common practice around the world to stabilize black cotton soil using fly ash to improve the strength of stabilized sub- base and sub grade soil. Soil stabilization is the improvement of strength or bearing capacity of soil by controlled compaction, proportioning or addition of suitable admixtures or stabilizers. The Black cotton soils are extremely hard when dry, but lose its strength fully when in wet condition. In monsoon they guzzle water and swell and in summer they shrink on evaporation of water from there. Because of its high Swelling and shrinkage characteristics the black cotton soils has been a challenge to the highway engineers.So in this research paper fly ash has been used to improve the various strength properties of natural black cotton soil.The objective of this research paper is to improve the engineering properties of black cotton soil by adding different percentage of fly ash by the weight of soil and make it suitable for construction. A series of standard Proctor tests (for calculation of MDD and OMC) and California Bearing Ratio (C.B.R) tests are conducted on both raw Black cotton soil and mixed soil with different percentages of fly ash (5%, 10%, 20%, 30%) by weight. A comparison between properties of raw black cotton soil, black cotton soil mixed with fly ash are performed .It is found that the properties of black cotton soil mixed with fly ash are suitably enhanced.
2
Jha, Manish Kumar. "Enhancement of Various Properties of Soil and Stabilization of Soil Using Copper Slag and GGBS." International Journal for Research in Applied Science and Engineering Technology 10, no. 6 (June 30, 2022): 2817–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.22214/ijraset.2022.44473.
Full textAbstract:
Abstract: The primary objective of this work is to study the interaction of black cotton soils with Copper Slag and GGBS. To improve the Geo-Technical and Engineering Properties of the Black- Cotton soil. To study the behaviour of strength gain in black cotton soil using Copper Slag and GGBS Stabilization
3
Argade, Sagar, Sanchita Bamble, Gautam Budharam, Saurabh Patil, and Prasenkumar Saklecha. "Stabilization of Black Cotton Soil by Using Rice Husk and Bagasse Ash." International Journal for Research in Applied Science and Engineering Technology 10, no. 5 (May 31, 2022): 317–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.22214/ijraset.2022.42130.
Full textAbstract:
Abstract: Black cotton soil is expansive type of soil that expands suddenly and starts swelling once it comes in contact with water. The strength of the soil is very poor due to its physical properties. Expansive soils exhibit improved response in behaviour with different types of stabilizers. Stabilization with admixtures is found to be an effective technique to improve the strength properties of the black cotton soil. During this study the potential of rice husk ash and bagasse ash are found to be useful admixtures to improve the strength properties of the expansive soil. The rice husk is an agricultural by-product from rice milling and bagasse ash is a sugarcane waste from sugar industry. In this research an approach is made to improve the properties of black cotton soil with combination of bagasse ash and rice husk ash. The results show substantial improvement in engineering properties of black cotton soil with the admixtures. Keywords: Black Cotton Soil, Rice Husk Ash, Bagasse Ash.
4
Khan, MD Shahbaz, Swayamdip wankhede, Nikhil Ramteke, Ishwar burand, P. M. Bhagatkar, S. N. Kulkarni, and ,. S. R. Marve. "Stabilization of Black Cotton Soil by Using Terrazyme Chemical." International Journal of Research Publication and Reviews 5, no. 5 (May 7, 2024): 6211–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.55248/gengpi.5.0524.1274.
Full text
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Sawarkar, Miss Rutuja. "Stabilization of Black Cotton Soil Using Lime and Bamboo Fiber Mixture as a Subgrade Material." International Journal for Research in Applied Science and Engineering Technology 11, no. 6 (June 30, 2023): 4741–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.22214/ijraset.2023.54517.
Full textAbstract:
Abstract: The design of pavements on black cotton soil has always been a difficult task for the engineers as the structure and pavement resting on black cotton soil cracks without any warning. Black cotton soil is most commonly found in Indian region. Soil proportion changes depending upon their constituents, i.e., water content, density, bulk density, compressive strength etc. The properties of black cotton soil can be modified by stabilizing the soil with the use of additives or by mechanical means. The aim of this project is to find the optimum percentage of lime separately and lime + bamboo fibre separately to be added in black cotton Soil and study the properties of soil. In this project an attempt has been made to stabilize the soil using lime and bamboo fibre. Initially lime is blended with black cotton soil in different proportions (2%, 4%, 6%, 8%). The experimental work included the tests carried out on virgin black cotton soil and lime added black cotton soil which are Liquid limit, Plastic limit, modified proctor, specific gravity, free swell index, C.B.R. test, unconfined compressive strength test. On the basis of the soaked CBR and Modified Proctor Values, it is determined that 6% of lime is an optimum percent which can be added to stabilize black cotton soil for road construction. So, 6% lime is added with black cotton soil and different percentages of bamboo fibres (2%, 4%, 6%, 8%). California Bearing Ration, modified proctor test, Unconfined Compressive strength test are performed on the soil mixture of 6% lime + Black Cotton Soil + different percent of Bamboo Fibre. On the basis of the soaked CBR, it is concluded that if 6% lime with 8% of bamboo fibre is blended in black cotton soil, engineering properties of BCS can be improved to such an extent that the pavements built on this soil can efficiently withstand the loads applied on it while vehicular movement. Hence, according to the results obtained from experimental study, pavement design is performed for CBR 5%, 6%, 8%. The evaluation of cost for each pavement design is carried out which shows the decrease in cost of construction of pavement as the CBR values increases.
6
Bawaskar, Dhananjay B. "Stabilization of B.C. Soil by Using Chemicals and Fly Ash." International Journal for Research in Applied Science and Engineering Technology 9, no. VIII (August 15, 2021): 570–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.22214/ijraset.2021.37423.
Full textAbstract:
Black cotton soils are very susceptible to detrimental volumetric changes with changes in moisture. This behaviour of soil is attributed to the presence of mineral montmorillonite which has an expanding lattice. Black cotton soils because of their specific physical and chemical make are subjected to volume changes. In many countries including India, these soils are so extensive that alteration of highway routes to avoid the material is virtually impossible. Various remedial measures like soil replacement, prewetting, moisture control, lime stabilization etc. have been practiced with varied degrees of success. Extensive research is going on to find the solutions to Black cotton soils. Recent investigations on chemical stabilisation revealed that electrolytes like Calcium Sulphate, Calcium Carbonate, Zinc Chloride can be used in place of conventionally used lime, due to their ability to supply adequate cations. Fly ash is a waste by product from thermal power plants consuming thousands hectors of precious land for its disposal and also causing severe health and environmental hazards. This work presents the results of an experimental program undertaken to investigate the effect of Calcium Sulphate, Calcium Carbonate, Zinc Chloride and fly ash at different percentages on properties of black cotton soil. Atterbergs Limit of subgrade soil effect of addition of Fly Ash and Chemicals on CBR ,MDD ,OMC, From the results it is observed that 2% of Zinc Chloride and 12% of Fly ash improves the properties of black cotton soil as compared to Calcium sulphate & Calcium Carbonate. The conclusion drawn from this investigation is that a combination of 2% of chemicals and 12% of fly ash is more effective in improving the properties of black cotton soil.
7
Akbar Firoozi, Ali, and Ali Asghar Firoozi. "Assessment of lime stabilization of black cotton soil for roads construction projects." MOJ Civil Engineering 7, no. 1 (March 28, 2023): 1–6. http://dx.doi.org/10.15406/mojce.2023.07.00167.
Full textAbstract:
The design foundation (i.e., pavements) on black cotton soil has always been a difficult task for the engineers as the structure resting on black cotton soil cracks without any warning. This research evaluates the effect of lime (anhydrous sodium sulphate) on engineering properties of black cotton soil which are considered highly problematic to civil engineering works. Black cotton soil brings about significant geotechnical and structural engineering challenges to property and infrastructure development around the world. The objective of the study is to investigate the use of lime-stabilized black cotton soil as subbase material in flexible pavements. Black cotton soil procured from the local area in Gaborone, Botswana, tested for suitability as subbase material, turned out to be unsuitable as it resulted in very less CBR value (4.8%). The black cotton soil-lime mix was checked for consistency limits, compaction, CBR for different proportions of lime (i.e., 0, 5, 10 and 15%). It was observed that the plasticity index of the soil shows a substantial decrease upon addition of the lime whereas CBR values show a marked increase with unsoaked CBR. The addition of 5%, 10% and 15% of lime produced some desirable soil properties. It can be concluded lime could be one of the best alternative stabilizer materials for highly expansive clayey.
8
Srikanth Reddy, S., A. C. S. V. Prasad, and N. Vamsi Krishna. "Lime-Stabilized Black Cotton Soil and Brick Powder Mixture as Subbase Material." Advances in Civil Engineering 2018 (2018): 1–5. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2018/5834685.
Full textAbstract:
Various researchers, for the past few decades, had tried to stabilize black cotton soil using lime for improving its shrinkage and swelling characteristics. But these days, the cost of lime has increased resulting in increase in need for alternative and cost effective waste materials such as fly ash and rice husk ash. Brick powder, one among the alternative materials, is a fine powdered waste that contains higher proportions of silica and is found near brick kilns in rural areas. The objective of the study is to investigate the use of lime-stabilized black cotton soil and brick powder mixture as subbase material in flexible pavements. Black cotton soil procured from the local area, tested for suitability as subbase material, turned out to be unsuitable as it resulted in very less CBR value. Even lime stabilization of black cotton soil under study has not showed up the required CBR value specified for the subbase material of flexible pavement by MORTH. Hence the lime-stabilized black cotton soil is proportioned with brick powder to obtain optimum mixture that yields a better CBR value. The mixture of 20% brick powder and 80% lime-stabilized black cotton soil under study resulted in increase in the CBR value by about 135% in comparison with lime-stabilized black cotton soil. Thus it is promising to use the mixture of brick powder and lime-stabilized black cotton soil as subbase material in flexible pavements.
9
Ghosh, Mahuya, Guda Venkatappa Rao, Syamal Kanti Chakrabarti, Supriya Pal, and Uma Sankar Sarma. "Biodegradability study to develop longer life jute geotextiles for road applications." Textile Research Journal 89, no. 19-20 (February 13, 2019): 4162–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0040517519828985.
Full textAbstract:
To enhance the life of jute geotextiles (JGTs) for road applications, new types of JGT fabrics were developed following two different routes, viz., (a) rot-proof treatment of 100% JGT fabric and (b) preparation of jute–polypropylene blended JGT fabrics. The biodegradability behavior of these fabrics along with grey JGTs was studied for different durations up to 12 months in three categories of saturated soils, namely, Guwahati Lateritic Red soil, Kolkata Alluvial Silty soil and Andhra Pradesh Black Cotton soil and water separately. Biodegradability assessment was done through residual tensile strength study and microscopic study. The experimentation reveals that rate of biodegradation of the JGTs is different in the three experimental saturated soils and water. Saturated Black Cotton soil was found to be the most detrimental medium. Studies were also carried out to understand this differential degradation behavior of JGTs in different soils. This indicates that the pH of soil media and microbial population growing capability of the respective soils both affect the level of degradation of the JGT fabrics. Jute–synthetic blended JGT is essential for Black Cotton soil road-subgrade, while grey JGT and treated JGT can be used in Lateritic soil and Silty soil, respectively.
10
Chamberlin, K. S., and M. Rama Rao. "Influence of Lime for Enhancing Characteristics of Expansive Soils in Road Works." IOP Conference Series: Materials Science and Engineering 1197, no. 1 (November 1, 2021): 012077. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1757-899x/1197/1/012077.
Full textAbstract:
Abstract Expansive soils are found in black cotton soils, which swell or shrink in volume when presented to changes in moisture content. Lime treatment is exhaustively used to increment the properties of sensitive and fragile soils. One of the hugest clarifications behind using lime is to decline the developing presentation of the earth soil. The arrangement of extra safeguards improves the reaction of quicklime (CaO) with water, structures hydrated (slaked) lime (Ca (OH)2), and thus earth characteristics. The vast inadequacy of employing lime is growing the deficiency of lime offset earth. Following that, the goal of this study is to see how re-establishing time affects the geotechnical qualities of settled Black cotton soils with lime. These discoveries recommend that adding Lime as a stabilizer works on the strength of black cotton soil. Some of the characteristics of the soil likely to be increased by using stabilizer in this work are UCS (Unconfined Compressive Strength) at different curing periods (7,14,28 and 56 days), CBR (California Bearing Ratio) value at unsoaked and soaked and MDD (Maximum Dry Density) decrease at different lime percentages(%) like 2.4.6.8 and 10. The result showed here untreated soil got stabilized by using the stabilizer in certain extent In this adjustment various rates of cementitious material is added to black cotton soil and directed tests like plasticity, compaction, swell pressure, free swell index(FSI), Coefficient of permeability (k) and CBR(soaked and unsoaked) at various conditions like OMC,OMC+2% water and OMC+5% water, UCS (Unconfined Compressive Strength) was performed. From the test results, it is identified that the stabilization agent decreases plasticity and improves strength characteristics. Addition of stabilizing agent makes the black cotton soil to non-plastic, non-swelling and attains increase CBR values which are greater than 25% for a dosage of 10% lime at OMC but remaining OMC+2%water & OMC+5%water CBR values are not various much difference as per test results. With the addition of lime, the black cotton soil becomes non-plastic, non-swelling, and has high strengths. Treated soils are used as a development material, for example, a subgrade layer in the development of adaptable asphalt pavements for roads.
Dissertations / Theses on the topic "Black Cotton Soil"
1
Venkata, Swamy B. "Stabilisation Of Black Cotton Soil By Lime Piles." Thesis, Indian Institute of Science, 2000. https://etd.iisc.ac.in/handle/2005/219.
Full textAbstract:
Modification of black cotton soils by chemical admixtures is a common method for stabilizing the swell-shrink tendency of expansive soils. Advantages of chemical stabilization are that they reduce the swell-shrink tendency of the expansive soils and also render the soils less plastic. Among the chemical stabilization methods for expansive soils, lime stabilization is most widely adopted method for improving the swell-shrink characteristics of expansive soils.
Lime stabilization of clays in field is achieved by shallow mixing of lime and soil or by deep stabilization technique. Shallow stabilization involves scarifying the soil to the required depth and lime in powder or slurry form is spread and mixed with the soil using a rotovator. The use of lime as deep stabilizer has been mainly restricted to improve the engineering behaviour of soft clays Deep stabilization using lime can be divided in three main groups: lime columns, lime piles and lime slurry injection. Lime columns refer to creation of deep vertical columns of lime stabilized material. Lime piles are usually holes in the ground filled with lime. Lime slurry pressure injection, as the name suggests, involves the introduction of a lime slurry into the ground under pressure.
Literature review brings out that lime stabilization of expansive clays in field is mainly performed by mixing of lime and soil up to shallow depths. The use of lime as deep stabilizer has been mainly restricted to improve the engineering behaviour of soft clays. Use of lime in deep stabilization of expansive soils however has not been given due attention. There exists a definite need to examine methods for deep stabilization of expansive soils to prevent the deeper soil layers from causing distress to the structures in response to the seasonal climatic variations. In addition, there exists a need for in-situ soil stabilization using lime in case of distressed structures founded on expansive soil deposits.
The physical mixing of lime and soil in shallow stabilization method ensures efficient contact between lime and clay particles of the soil. It however has limitation in terms of application as it is only suited for stabilization of expansive soils to relatively shallow depths. Studies available have not compared the relative efficiency of the lime pile technique and lime-soil mixing method in altering the physico-chemical, index and engineering properties of expansive black cotton soils.
To achieve the above objectives laboratory experiments are performed that study:
1. the efficacy of lime piles in stabilizing compacted black cotton soil specimens from
Chitradurga District in Karnataka. The efficiency of lime piles in chemically stabilizing
the compacted black cotton soil mass was investigated as a function of:
a)amount of lime contained in the lime pile
b)radial migration of lime from the central lime pile
c)migration of lime as a function of soil depth
2. the relative impact of the lime pile technique and lime-soil mixing method in altering the
physico-chemical, index and engineering properties of expansive black cotton soil.
The organization of this thesis is as follows
After the first introductory chapter, a detailed review of literature performed towards highlighting the need to examine stabilization of expansive soils using lime pile technique is brought out in Chapter 2.
Chapter 3 presents a detailed experimental programme of the study. 25 mm and 75 mm diameter lime piles were installed in the compacted soil mass to study the influence of amount of lime contained in the lime pile on the soil properties. The amount of quick lime contained in the 25 mm and 75 mm lime piles corresponded to 1 % and 3 % by dry weight of the soil mass respectively. Radial and vertical migration of lime from the central lime pile was examined by sampling soil specimens at different radial distances from the central lime pile and at different depths of soil sample. At a given depth and radial distance, migration of lime was estimated by comparing the exchangeable cation composition, pH and pore salinity of the treated soil with that of the natural (untreated) black cotton soil specimen. Alterations in the soil engineering properties at a given depth and radial distance were evaluated by comparing the index properties, swell potential and unconfined compressive strength of the lime pile treated soil specimen with those of the untreated specimen. To compare the relative efficiency of lime mixing and lime pile technique in altering the swelling behaviour of black cotton soil, batches of black cotton soil specimens were treated with 1 % and 3 % quick lime on dry soil weight basis. The compacted soil-lime mixes were cured at moisture contents of 31-34 % for a period of 10 days. The physico-chemical, index and engineering properties of the 1 % lime mixed specimens are compared with those of the 25 mm lime pile treated specimens. The properties of the 3 % lime mixed soil specimens are compared with those of the 75 mm lime pile treated specimens.
Chapter 4 examines the efficacy of lime piles in stabilizing compacted black cotton soil specimens from Chitradurga District in Karnataka. Experimental results showed that controlling the swell potential of deep expansive soil deposits is possible by the lime pile technique. Treatment with lime pile caused migration of dissociated calcium and hydroxyl ions into the surrounding soil mass. In case of 25 mm lime pile, the experimental setup allowed measurement of migration of lime up to three times the lime pile diameter. In case of 75 mm lime pile, the experimental setup allowed measurement of migration of lime up to 1.6 times pile diameter. In both experiments, migration of lime was also uniform through out the soil depth of 280 mm. Migration of calcium and hydroxyl ions increased the pore salinity and pH of the treated soil mass. The increase in pH caused clustering of additional exchangeable calcium ions at the negative clay particle edges. The increased pore salinity and exchangeable calcium ions reduced the diffuse ion layer thickness that in turn suppressed the plasticity index and the swell potential of the compacted expansive soil. The laboratory results hence bring out that lime pile treatment in the field can substantially reduce the swell potential of the soil at least to a radial extent of 2 to 3 times the lime pile diameter.
The 75 mm lime pile contained lime content in excess of the initial consumption of lime (ICL) value of the black cotton soil - namely 2.6 %. Laboratory results showed that migration of hydroxyl ions even from the 75 mm pile could not elevate the soil pH to levels required for soil-lime pozzoIonic reactions (pH ≥12). The very low solubility of lime in water (< 1 g/litre) and the impervious nature of the black cotton soil are considered to have impeded efficient interactions between lime and soil in course of treatment of the expansive soil with lime piles. Absence of soil-lime pozzolonic reactions precluded the formation of cementation compounds in the lime pile treated soil specimens. Cementation compounds formed by the soil-lime pozzolonic reactions are responsible for the much higher strengths of lime stabilized soils. Consequently, treatment with 25 mm pile had no impact on the unconfined compressive strength of the black cotton soil. Comparatively, treatment with 75 mm lime pile slightly increased the strength of the treated soil due to increased inter-particle attraction and particle flocculation.
Chapter 5 compares the relative efficiency of the lime pile technique and lime-soil mixing method in altering the physico-chemical, index and engineering properties of expansive black cotton soil. Experimental results showed that mixing of soil and lime promote stronger chemical interactions between lime released hydroxyl ions and clay particles than that achieved by diffusion of lime from a central lime pile. The more alkaline pH of the lime mixed soil specimens rendered the clay particle edges more negative. Consequently, more calcium ions were adsorbed at the clay particle edges of the lime mixed soil specimens imparting them higher exchangeable calcium contents than the lime pile treated soil specimens. Also, at 3 % lime addition, the pH of the lime-mixed soil was sufficiently high (in excess of 12) to cause dissolution of silica and alumina from the clay lattice necessary for the formation of cementation compounds. The stronger lime modification reactions plus the lime-soil pozzolonic reactions (applicable for soil treated with lime content greater than ICL value) achieved by the lime mixing technique rendered the expansive soil much less plastic, much less expansive and much stronger than the lime pile treated specimens. The results of the laboratory study hence suggest that if a choice exists in the field between conventional method of spreading-mixing-compacting of soil-lime mixes and treating the ground with lime piles, the former technique should be adopted because of its greater efficacy in stabilizing the expansive soil.
Chapter 6 summarizes the findings of the study.
2
Venkata, Swamy B. "Stabilisation Of Black Cotton Soil By Lime Piles." Thesis, Indian Institute of Science, 2000. http://hdl.handle.net/2005/219.
Full textAbstract:
Modification of black cotton soils by chemical admixtures is a common method for stabilizing the swell-shrink tendency of expansive soils. Advantages of chemical stabilization are that they reduce the swell-shrink tendency of the expansive soils and also render the soils less plastic. Among the chemical stabilization methods for expansive soils, lime stabilization is most widely adopted method for improving the swell-shrink characteristics of expansive soils.
Lime stabilization of clays in field is achieved by shallow mixing of lime and soil or by deep stabilization technique. Shallow stabilization involves scarifying the soil to the required depth and lime in powder or slurry form is spread and mixed with the soil using a rotovator. The use of lime as deep stabilizer has been mainly restricted to improve the engineering behaviour of soft clays Deep stabilization using lime can be divided in three main groups: lime columns, lime piles and lime slurry injection. Lime columns refer to creation of deep vertical columns of lime stabilized material. Lime piles are usually holes in the ground filled with lime. Lime slurry pressure injection, as the name suggests, involves the introduction of a lime slurry into the ground under pressure.
Literature review brings out that lime stabilization of expansive clays in field is mainly performed by mixing of lime and soil up to shallow depths. The use of lime as deep stabilizer has been mainly restricted to improve the engineering behaviour of soft clays. Use of lime in deep stabilization of expansive soils however has not been given due attention. There exists a definite need to examine methods for deep stabilization of expansive soils to prevent the deeper soil layers from causing distress to the structures in response to the seasonal climatic variations. In addition, there exists a need for in-situ soil stabilization using lime in case of distressed structures founded on expansive soil deposits.
The physical mixing of lime and soil in shallow stabilization method ensures efficient contact between lime and clay particles of the soil. It however has limitation in terms of application as it is only suited for stabilization of expansive soils to relatively shallow depths. Studies available have not compared the relative efficiency of the lime pile technique and lime-soil mixing method in altering the physico-chemical, index and engineering properties of expansive black cotton soils.
To achieve the above objectives laboratory experiments are performed that study:
1. the efficacy of lime piles in stabilizing compacted black cotton soil specimens from
Chitradurga District in Karnataka. The efficiency of lime piles in chemically stabilizing
the compacted black cotton soil mass was investigated as a function of:
a)amount of lime contained in the lime pile
b)radial migration of lime from the central lime pile
c)migration of lime as a function of soil depth
2. the relative impact of the lime pile technique and lime-soil mixing method in altering the
physico-chemical, index and engineering properties of expansive black cotton soil.
The organization of this thesis is as follows
After the first introductory chapter, a detailed review of literature performed towards highlighting the need to examine stabilization of expansive soils using lime pile technique is brought out in Chapter 2.
Chapter 3 presents a detailed experimental programme of the study. 25 mm and 75 mm diameter lime piles were installed in the compacted soil mass to study the influence of amount of lime contained in the lime pile on the soil properties. The amount of quick lime contained in the 25 mm and 75 mm lime piles corresponded to 1 % and 3 % by dry weight of the soil mass respectively. Radial and vertical migration of lime from the central lime pile was examined by sampling soil specimens at different radial distances from the central lime pile and at different depths of soil sample. At a given depth and radial distance, migration of lime was estimated by comparing the exchangeable cation composition, pH and pore salinity of the treated soil with that of the natural (untreated) black cotton soil specimen. Alterations in the soil engineering properties at a given depth and radial distance were evaluated by comparing the index properties, swell potential and unconfined compressive strength of the lime pile treated soil specimen with those of the untreated specimen. To compare the relative efficiency of lime mixing and lime pile technique in altering the swelling behaviour of black cotton soil, batches of black cotton soil specimens were treated with 1 % and 3 % quick lime on dry soil weight basis. The compacted soil-lime mixes were cured at moisture contents of 31-34 % for a period of 10 days. The physico-chemical, index and engineering properties of the 1 % lime mixed specimens are compared with those of the 25 mm lime pile treated specimens. The properties of the 3 % lime mixed soil specimens are compared with those of the 75 mm lime pile treated specimens.
Chapter 4 examines the efficacy of lime piles in stabilizing compacted black cotton soil specimens from Chitradurga District in Karnataka. Experimental results showed that controlling the swell potential of deep expansive soil deposits is possible by the lime pile technique. Treatment with lime pile caused migration of dissociated calcium and hydroxyl ions into the surrounding soil mass. In case of 25 mm lime pile, the experimental setup allowed measurement of migration of lime up to three times the lime pile diameter. In case of 75 mm lime pile, the experimental setup allowed measurement of migration of lime up to 1.6 times pile diameter. In both experiments, migration of lime was also uniform through out the soil depth of 280 mm. Migration of calcium and hydroxyl ions increased the pore salinity and pH of the treated soil mass. The increase in pH caused clustering of additional exchangeable calcium ions at the negative clay particle edges. The increased pore salinity and exchangeable calcium ions reduced the diffuse ion layer thickness that in turn suppressed the plasticity index and the swell potential of the compacted expansive soil. The laboratory results hence bring out that lime pile treatment in the field can substantially reduce the swell potential of the soil at least to a radial extent of 2 to 3 times the lime pile diameter.
The 75 mm lime pile contained lime content in excess of the initial consumption of lime (ICL) value of the black cotton soil - namely 2.6 %. Laboratory results showed that migration of hydroxyl ions even from the 75 mm pile could not elevate the soil pH to levels required for soil-lime pozzoIonic reactions (pH ≥12). The very low solubility of lime in water (< 1 g/litre) and the impervious nature of the black cotton soil are considered to have impeded efficient interactions between lime and soil in course of treatment of the expansive soil with lime piles. Absence of soil-lime pozzolonic reactions precluded the formation of cementation compounds in the lime pile treated soil specimens. Cementation compounds formed by the soil-lime pozzolonic reactions are responsible for the much higher strengths of lime stabilized soils. Consequently, treatment with 25 mm pile had no impact on the unconfined compressive strength of the black cotton soil. Comparatively, treatment with 75 mm lime pile slightly increased the strength of the treated soil due to increased inter-particle attraction and particle flocculation.
Chapter 5 compares the relative efficiency of the lime pile technique and lime-soil mixing method in altering the physico-chemical, index and engineering properties of expansive black cotton soil. Experimental results showed that mixing of soil and lime promote stronger chemical interactions between lime released hydroxyl ions and clay particles than that achieved by diffusion of lime from a central lime pile. The more alkaline pH of the lime mixed soil specimens rendered the clay particle edges more negative. Consequently, more calcium ions were adsorbed at the clay particle edges of the lime mixed soil specimens imparting them higher exchangeable calcium contents than the lime pile treated soil specimens. Also, at 3 % lime addition, the pH of the lime-mixed soil was sufficiently high (in excess of 12) to cause dissolution of silica and alumina from the clay lattice necessary for the formation of cementation compounds. The stronger lime modification reactions plus the lime-soil pozzolonic reactions (applicable for soil treated with lime content greater than ICL value) achieved by the lime mixing technique rendered the expansive soil much less plastic, much less expansive and much stronger than the lime pile treated specimens. The results of the laboratory study hence suggest that if a choice exists in the field between conventional method of spreading-mixing-compacting of soil-lime mixes and treating the ground with lime piles, the former technique should be adopted because of its greater efficacy in stabilizing the expansive soil.
Chapter 6 summarizes the findings of the study.
3
Zein, Abdel Karim Mohammad. "Swelling characteristics and microfabric of compacted black cotton soil." Thesis, University of Strathclyde, 1985. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.332595.
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4
Hine, R. B., P. A. Mauk, and Tesfaye Tedla. "The Effect of Soil Temperature and Inoculum Levels of Thielaviopsis basicola on Black Root Rot of Cotton." College of Agriculture, University of Arizona (Tucson, AZ), 1988. http://hdl.handle.net/10150/204546.
Full textAbstract:
Two planting dates, March 28, and April 28 were used to study the effect of soil temperature during planting on black root rot of cotton. Also, several cotton varieties were evaluated for response to the disease under varying soil temperatures and inoculum levels.
5
Muttharam, M. "Engineering Behaviour Of Ash-Modified Soils Of Karnataka." Thesis, Indian Institute of Science, 2000. https://etd.iisc.ac.in/handle/2005/256.
Full textAbstract:
During a survey of black cotton soil zones of Karnataka, indigenously stabilized black cotton soil deposits were encountered in Belgaum, Bijapur, Bagalkot and Gadag Districts of Karnataka. These modified black cotton soils have low swelling and negligible shrinkage tendencies. Owing to their low volume change potential on moisture content changes, these soils are widely preferred in earth construction activities. The exact origin of these modified black cotton soil deposits is not known. According to anecdotal references, these soils were prepared by mixing unknown proportions of wood ash, organic matter and black cotton soil and allowing them to age for unknown periods of time. As wood-ash was apparently used in their preparation, these modified black cotton soils are referred to as ash-modified soils (AMS) in the thesis.
The practice of preparing ash-modified soils is no longer pursued in black cotton soil regions of Karnataka and the available supply of this indigenously stabilized soil is being fast depleted. Also, attempts have not been made to characterize the physico-chemical and engineering properties of AMS deposits of Karnataka. Given the widespread utilization of ash-modified soils in black cotton soil areas of Karnataka, there is a need to understand their physico-chemical and engineering behaviour and the physico-chemical mechanisms responsible for their chemical modification.
Swelling and shrinkage of expansive soil deposits are cyclic in nature due to periodic climatic changes. Chemically stabilized black cotton soil deposits are also expected to experience cyclic wetting and drying due to seasonal climatic changes. The impact of cyclic wetting and drying on the swelling behaviour of natural expansive soils is well-documented. However, the impact of alternate wetting and drying on the swelling behaviour of admixture stabilized expansive soils (these include natural - ash-modified soils and laboratory - lime stabilized black cotton soils) has not been examined. Such a study would be helpful to assess the long term behaviour of admixture stabilized soils in field situations.
To achieve the above objectives, experiments are performed that study:
1.The physico-chemical and engineering properties of ash-modified soils from different Districts of Karnataka. The physico-chemical and engineering properties of natural black cotton soil (BCS) specimens from locations adjacent to ash-modified soil deposits are also examined to understand and evaluate the changes in the engineering characteristics of the ash-modified soils due to addition of admixtures.
2. Identify the physico-chemical mechanisms responsible for the chemical stabilizationof ash-modified soils.
3.The influence of cyclic wetting and drying on the wetting induced volume changebehaviour of admixture stabilized black cotton soils, namely, ash-modified blackcotton soils and lime stabilized black cotton soils.
6
Muttharam, M. "Engineering Behaviour Of Ash-Modified Soils Of Karnataka." Thesis, Indian Institute of Science, 2000. http://hdl.handle.net/2005/256.
Full textAbstract:
During a survey of black cotton soil zones of Karnataka, indigenously stabilized black cotton soil deposits were encountered in Belgaum, Bijapur, Bagalkot and Gadag Districts of Karnataka. These modified black cotton soils have low swelling and negligible shrinkage tendencies. Owing to their low volume change potential on moisture content changes, these soils are widely preferred in earth construction activities. The exact origin of these modified black cotton soil deposits is not known. According to anecdotal references, these soils were prepared by mixing unknown proportions of wood ash, organic matter and black cotton soil and allowing them to age for unknown periods of time. As wood-ash was apparently used in their preparation, these modified black cotton soils are referred to as ash-modified soils (AMS) in the thesis.
The practice of preparing ash-modified soils is no longer pursued in black cotton soil regions of Karnataka and the available supply of this indigenously stabilized soil is being fast depleted. Also, attempts have not been made to characterize the physico-chemical and engineering properties of AMS deposits of Karnataka. Given the widespread utilization of ash-modified soils in black cotton soil areas of Karnataka, there is a need to understand their physico-chemical and engineering behaviour and the physico-chemical mechanisms responsible for their chemical modification.
Swelling and shrinkage of expansive soil deposits are cyclic in nature due to periodic climatic changes. Chemically stabilized black cotton soil deposits are also expected to experience cyclic wetting and drying due to seasonal climatic changes. The impact of cyclic wetting and drying on the swelling behaviour of natural expansive soils is well-documented. However, the impact of alternate wetting and drying on the swelling behaviour of admixture stabilized expansive soils (these include natural - ash-modified soils and laboratory - lime stabilized black cotton soils) has not been examined. Such a study would be helpful to assess the long term behaviour of admixture stabilized soils in field situations.
To achieve the above objectives, experiments are performed that study:
1.The physico-chemical and engineering properties of ash-modified soils from different Districts of Karnataka. The physico-chemical and engineering properties of natural black cotton soil (BCS) specimens from locations adjacent to ash-modified soil deposits are also examined to understand and evaluate the changes in the engineering characteristics of the ash-modified soils due to addition of admixtures.
2. Identify the physico-chemical mechanisms responsible for the chemical stabilizationof ash-modified soils.
3.The influence of cyclic wetting and drying on the wetting induced volume changebehaviour of admixture stabilized black cotton soils, namely, ash-modified blackcotton soils and lime stabilized black cotton soils.
7
KHANDELWAL, CHETAN. "STUDY OF SOIL STABILIZATION OF BLACK COTTON SOIL USING KOTA STONE DUST." Thesis, 2016. http://dspace.dtu.ac.in:8080/jspui/handle/repository/15407.
Full textAbstract:
This project report shows the result of laboratory study to investigate Kota stone dust mixing
with black cotton soil and its effect on index properties of black cotton soil. Black cotton soil is
very weak soil to bear the load of the structure and contains swelling and shrinking and highly
compressible properties whenever change in water content takes place. So it is required to make
it suitable for construction activities. So that improvement of black cotton soil is required with
the mixing of admixture like as Kota stone dust. The essence of this project is to check out the
feasibility of Kota stone dust as soil stabilization material. Number of laboratory experiments is
required to investigate the effect of Kota stone dust with black cotton soil with the different
proportion of it with 0% to 30% in the interval of 5%. Test results represent a quite change in
consistency limit or Atterberg’s limit. Liquid limit decreases from 53.26% to 37.8%. Plastic limit
changes from 29.76% to 29.12% with a very slight change in mixed proportion of soil. Liquid
limit and plastic limit of black cotton soil decreases with increase in proportion of Kota stone
dust. A big change is found in liquid limit but slight change in plastic limit takes place so overall
plasticity index which shows plasticity behavior of soil also decreases up to a great extent.
Plasticity index decreased from 23.5% to 8.68% with the addition of Kota stone dust from 0% to
30%. The differential free swell index decreased from 64.24% to 39.82% which shows that a
reduction in swelling property of soil due to increase in the proportion of Kota stone dust which
is a pozzolanic material and exerts friction in it due to coarser size particle of pozzolanic Kota
stone dust. The unconfined compressive strength of soil is found maximum when Kota stone
dust is mixed 10-20% with black cotton soil. The unconfined compressive strength of soil
increases up to a certain limit after that it decreases. We found maximum UCS strength at the
mixing of 15% Kota stone dust. Black cotton soil showed good UCS strength in the range of 10-
20% Kota stone dust. When soaked CBR test was performed so that improvement in CBR value
was found maximum within the range of 20-25% mixing of Kota stone dust, it gives maximum
CBR value so it is desirable to mix Kota stone dust in black cotton soil with a proportion of 20-
25% of mixing. CBR value mainly shows the soil behavior according to highway projects so
Kota stone dust is useful in highway pavement design because it shows pozzolanic behavior of
soil and frictional properties that causes good binding found in soil. Kota stone dust mixing with
black cotton soil increases its maximum dry density in the range of 15-25% mixing of Kota stone
dust. We found that in the range of 15-25% Kota stone dust maximum compaction of soil occur
So it is helpful to make the soil dense by providing proper compaction and maximum dry density
of soil. Standard Procter test was performed with heavy compaction during experiments so that it
was found that dry density of soil increases up to a particular proportion of Kota stone dust in the
range of 15-25% but continuous increase in water content was found with increase in its
proportion. So a range of 15-25% is batter to make a highly compacted and dense soil. So that
lots of experiment has conducted during this project and results are positive to stabilize soil by
mixing of Kota stone dust mainly in the range of 15-20%. This range shows best mixture of kota
stone dust with black cotton soil because all the laboratory results are giving satisfactory
improvement in the geotechnical.
8
MUDGAL, ANKUR. "STABILIZATION OF BLACK COTTON SOIL WITH LIME AND STONE DUST." Thesis, 2012. http://dspace.dtu.ac.in:8080/jspui/handle/repository/14136.
Full textAbstract:
Black cotton soil have the tendency to swell when their moisture content is increased and shrink when their moisture content is decreased. The moisture may come from rain flooding, leaking water or sewer lines or from reduction in surface evapotranspiration when an area is covered by a building or pavement. To achieve the economy and for proper performance of structures it is necessary to improve the geotechnical properties of expansive soil. Due to the for construction purpose, rubble and aggregates are high demanded rubble quarries and aggregate crushers are very common. Out of the different quarry wastes, quarry dust is one, which is produced in abundance. About 20–25% of the total production in each crusher unit is left out as the waste material-stone dust. Bulk utilization of this waste material is possible through geotechnical applications like embankments, back-fill material, sub-base material and the like. Lime treatment of soils is a proven method to save time and money on construction projects. Lime drying of wet soils minimizes weather-related construction delays and permits the return to work within hours. Lime modification chemically transforms clay soils into friable, workable, compactable material. Lime stabilization creates long-term chemical changes in unstable clay soils.For our project work we collected Black cotton soil sample from shivpuri (M.P). About 125 Kg soil sample was brought by us to soil mechanics lab for carrying out our project work. In this project the results of an experimental program undertaken to investigate the effect of stone dust & lime combined at different percentage with expansive soil, the test results such as X-ray diffraction analysis, scanning electronic microscopic, index properties, Proctors compaction, differential free swelling test and unconfined compression strength, California bearing ratio obtained on expansive clays mixed at different proportions of lime and stone dust admixture are presented and discussed. From the results, it is observed that at optimum percentages, i.e., 6% lime +25 % stone dust , it is found that the swelling of expansive clay is almost controlled and also noticed that there is a marked improvement in the other properties of soil. The conclusion drawn from this investigation is that the combination of equal proportion of stone dust and lime is more effective than the addition of stone dust/lime alone to the expansive soil in controlling the swelling behavior.
9
MUDGAL, ANKUR. "STABILIZATION OF BLACK COTTON SOIL WITH LIME AND STONE DUST." Thesis, 2015. http://dspace.dtu.ac.in:8080/jspui/handle/repository/14369.
Full textAbstract:
Ankur Mudgal: Geotechnical Engineering, DTU Page | 18
ABSTRACT
Black cotton soil have the tendency to swell when their moisture content is increased and shrink
when their moisture content is decreased. The moisture may come from rain flooding, leaking
water or sewer lines or from reduction in surface evapotranspiration when an area is covered by a
building or pavement. To achieve the economy and for proper performance of structures it is
necessary to improve the geotechnical properties of expansive soil. Due to the for construction
purpose, rubble and aggregates are high demanded rubble quarries and aggregate crushers are
very common. Out of the different quarry wastes, quarry dust is one, which is produced in
abundance. About 20–25% of the total production in each crusher unit is left out as the waste
material-stone dust. Bulk utilization of this waste material is possible through geotechnical
applications like embankments, back-fill material, sub-base material and the like. Lime treatment
of soils is a proven method to save time and money on construction projects. Lime drying of wet
soils minimizes weather-related construction delays and permits the return to work within hours.
Lime modification chemically transforms clay soils into friable, workable, compactable material.
Lime stabilization creates long-term chemical changes in unstable clay soils. For our project
work we collected Black cotton soil sample from shivpuri (M.P). About 125 Kg soil sample was
brought by us to soil mechanics lab for carrying out our project work. In this project the results
of an experimental program undertaken to investigate the effect of stone dust & lime combined
at different percentage with expansive soil, the test results such as X-ray diffraction analysis,
scanning electronic microscopic, index properties, Proctors compaction, differential free swelling
test and unconfined compression strength, California bearing ratio obtained on expansive clays
mixed at different proportions of lime and stone dust admixture are presented and discussed.
From the results, it is observed that at optimum percentages, i.e., 6% lime +25 % stone dust , it is
found that the swelling of expansive clay is almost controlled and also noticed that there is a
marked improvement in the other properties of soil. The conclusion drawn from this
investigation is that the combination of equal proportion of stone dust and lime is more effective
than the addition of stone dust/lime alone to the expansive soil in controlling the swelling behavior
10
Chakrapani, Karnati. "An Experimental Study on Black Cotton Soil Stabilization by Using Terazyme." Thesis, 2016. http://ethesis.nitrkl.ac.in/8186/1/2016_MT_214CE1066_Experimental_study.pdf.
Full textAbstract:
In developing countries like India the most important requirement of any project after performance criteria is its economical feasibility and serviceability criteria. The conventional methods are time consuming and are not economically feasible. Hence there is a need to find the other possible ways to satisfy the performance as well as economical criteria. These enzymes have been proven to be very effective and economical. Another advantage of the bio-enzyme is that these are environment friendly. The efficiency of bio enzyme depends upon the amount of dosage, type of soil and curing period. In our country vast areas consist of black cotton soils. As the conventional soil stabilizers like gravel, sand and others are depleting and becoming expensive day by day at a very rapid pace, it becomes necessary to look towards for alternative eco-friendly stabilizers as their substitute. Recently many Bio-enzymes have emerged as cost effective stabilizers for soil stabilization. One such type of bio-enzyme, Terazyme, has been used in the present work. The Terazyme effect on the unconfined compressive strength and on the atterberg limits were studied. The enzyme treated soil showing significant improvement in unconfined compressive strength values. The untreated soil has compressive strength as 71 kN/m2. After treating with Terazyme the soil showed significant improvement in strength. With curing period, the strength is increasing. The strength increment was found to be 300 percent. No significant improvement in liquid and plastic limit values with treatment of Terazyme enzyme. The compression index and coefficient of consolidation values decreasing with enzyme treatment for a prefixing curing period.
Books on the topic "Black Cotton Soil"
1
Katti, R. K. Behaviour of saturated expansive soil and control methods. Rotterdam: Balkema, 1994.
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2
Katti, R. K. Behaviour of saturated expansive soil and control methods. Lisse [Netherlands]: Balkema, 2002.
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3
M, Kurachev V., ed. Lëssovye chernozemy Zapadnoĭ Sibiri. Moskva: "Nauka," Sibirskoe otd-nie, 1989.
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4
Wang, Wenjuan. Dong bei hei tu qu gou shi fa sheng feng xian ping jia yan jiu: Risk evaluation of gully erosion in the black soil region of northeast China. Beijing Shi: Jing ji guan li chu ban she, 2019.
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5
Katti, R. K. Primer on construction in expansive black cotton soil deposits with C.N.S.L., 1970 to 2005. New Delhi: Oxford & IBH Pub. Co., 2005.
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6
Teixeira, Wenceslau Geraldes. As terras pretas de índio da Amazônia: Sua caracterização e uso deste conhecimento na criação de novas áreas. Edited by Empresa Brasileira de Pesquisa Agropecuária. Manaus, AM: Editora da Universidade Federal do Amazonas, 2010.
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7
Otto, John. The Final Frontiers, 1880-1930. Praeger, 1999. http://dx.doi.org/10.5040/9798400651120.
Full textAbstract:
An examination of the settlement history of the alluvial bottomlands of the lower Mississippi Valley from 1880 to 1930, this study details how cotton-growers transformed the swamplands of northwestern Mississippi, northeastern Louisiana, northeastern Arkansas, and southern Missouri into cotton fields. Although these alluvial bottomlands contained the richest cotton soils in the American South, cotton-growers in the Southern bottomlands faced a host of environmental problems, including dense forests, seasonal floods, water-logged soils, poor transportation, malarial fevers and insect pests. This interdisciplinary approach uses primary and secondary sources from the fields of history, geography, sociology, agronomy, and ecology to fill an important gap in our knowledge of American environmental history. Requiring laborers to clear and cultivate their lands, cotton-growers recruited black and white workers from the upland areas of the Southern states. Growers also supported the levee districts which built imposing embankments to hold the floodwaters in check. Canals and drainage ditches were constructed to drain the lands, and local railways and graveled railways soon ended the area's isolation. Finally, quinine and patent medicines would offer some relief from the malarial fevers that afflicted bottomland residents, and commercial poisons would combat the local pests that attacked the cotton plants, including the boll weevils which arrived in the early twentieth century.
Book chapters on the topic "Black Cotton Soil"
1
Parihar, Niraj Singh, Vijay Kumar Garlapati, and Rajiv Ganguly. "Stabilization of Black Cotton Soil Using Waste Glass." In Handbook of Environmental Materials Management, 1–16. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-58538-3_147-1.
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2
Parihar, Niraj Singh, Vijay Kumar Garlapati, and Rajiv Ganguly. "Stabilization of Black Cotton Soil Using Waste Glass." In Handbook of Environmental Materials Management, 3099–114. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-73645-7_147.
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3
Vinoth, M., and P. S. Prasad. "Optimization of Buffer Layer Thickness Over Black Cotton Soil." In Lecture Notes in Civil Engineering, 565–72. Singapore: Springer Singapore, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-981-15-6237-2_47.
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4
Sindhoora, C., Bhavuk Purbia, J. Sanjit, and M. Muthana. "Analysis of Black Cotton Soil Stabilized with Natural Polymer." In Lecture Notes in Mechanical Engineering, 107–16. Singapore: Springer Nature Singapore, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-981-19-2188-9_10.
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Gautam, Deena Nath, Md Azhar, and A. K. Sinha. "Experimental Study on Black Cotton Soil Stabilization Using GGBS." In Lecture Notes in Civil Engineering, 261–68. Singapore: Springer Singapore, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-981-16-1993-9_28.
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Wath, R. B., and S. S. Pusadkar. "Unconfined Compressive Strength of MICP-Treated Black Cotton Soil." In Lecture Notes in Civil Engineering, 33–40. Singapore: Springer Singapore, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-981-15-9988-0_4.
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Endait, Mahesh, Suyash Wagh, and Shubham Kolhe. "Stabilization of Black Cotton Soil Using Calcium Carbide Residue." In Lecture Notes in Civil Engineering, 75–86. Singapore: Springer Singapore, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-981-33-6444-8_7.
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Jadvani, Ratna, and Nilesh Savani. "Enhancing Properties of Black Cotton Soil Using Bacterial Culture." In Lecture Notes in Civil Engineering, 13–19. Singapore: Springer Singapore, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-981-33-6444-8_2.
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Gowda, P. C. Vishwanth, K. Lubna, M. Shivakumar, M. B. Ganesh, and S. K. Prasad. "Influence of Terrazyme on Moderately Expansive Black Cotton Soil." In Lecture Notes in Civil Engineering, 285–93. Singapore: Springer Nature Singapore, 2024. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-981-97-1745-3_25.
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Wath, R. B., and S. S. Pusadkar. "Influence of Bacteria on Physical Properties of Black Cotton Soil." In Lecture Notes in Civil Engineering, 333–42. Singapore: Springer Singapore, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-981-15-6237-2_28.
Full textConference papers on the topic "Black Cotton Soil"
1
"Stabilization of Black Cotton Soil with Groundnut Shell Ash." In Recent Advancements in Geotechnical Engineering. Materials Research Forum LLC, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.21741/9781644901618-6.
Full textAbstract:
Abstract. The analysis of GSA for the stabilization of soil samples is the subject of this research paper. In recent years, soil stabilization techniques have been effective in improving the shear strength parameters of poor soils. GSA is a naturally occurring substance that causes human health and environmental issues. Physical properties of soil were calculated, including Atterberg's limits, compaction characteristics, and strength characteristics of virgin soil samples. GSA was applied to the soil in various percentages (2 to 10 percent). The soil sample's intensity increased up to 6% before decreasing. It is clear that 6% of GSA to the soil is an optimum percentage and it leads to an increase in shear strength and bearing capacity in expansive soil.
2
Swetha, G., B. Veeraswamy, B. Nikhil, B. Varunkumar, and P. Tharun. "Stabilization of black cotton soil using plastic waste." In LOW RADIOACTIVITY TECHNIQUES 2022 (LRT 2022): Proceedings of the 8th International Workshop on Low Radioactivity Techniques. AIP Publishing, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/5.0164065.
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3
Karthik, V. Manikanta, T. Sri Sai, T. Vigna Sai, B. Prathyush, and G. Manisha. "Bio-stabilization of black cotton soil by MICP." In LOW RADIOACTIVITY TECHNIQUES 2022 (LRT 2022): Proceedings of the 8th International Workshop on Low Radioactivity Techniques. AIP Publishing, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/5.0163614.
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4
Bharti, Gaurav, Bishnu Kant Shukla, Ashish Kumar, and Parikshit N. Hurukadli. "Stabilization of black cotton soil using steel slag." In THE FOURTH SCIENTIFIC CONFERENCE FOR ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING TECHNIQUES RESEARCH (EETR2022). AIP Publishing, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/5.0162699.
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Kumar, Sahil, Himanshu Yadav, and Tadikonda Venkata Bharat. "Geo-Polymerization of Kaolin-Amended Black Cotton Soil." In Geo-Congress 2024. Reston, VA: American Society of Civil Engineers, 2024. http://dx.doi.org/10.1061/9780784485330.029.
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L, B., PRACHI KUSHWAHA, and ROOPIKA SRIVASTAVA. "Suitability of Nano Chemical Stabilizer in Black Cotton Soil." In Fouth International Conference on Advances in Civil, Structural and Construction Engineering - CSCE 2016. Institute of Research Engineers and Doctors, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.15224/978-1-63248-101-6-77.
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Gayathri, V., D. Harshitha, and C. Govardhan. "Stabilization of black cotton soil using alccofine and lime." In THE 8TH ANNUAL INTERNATIONAL SEMINAR ON TRENDS IN SCIENCE AND SCIENCE EDUCATION (AISTSSE) 2021. AIP Publishing, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/5.0109489.
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Muthaiyan, P., M. Uma Maguesvari, S. Yugasini, M. Akash, S. Loshini, and S. Eshwar Kumar. "Effect of bagasse ash and terrazyme on geotechnical properties of black cotton soil." In FOURTH INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE ON ADVANCES IN PHYSICAL SCIENCES AND MATERIALS: ICAPSM 2023. AIP Publishing, 2024. http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/5.0216427.
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Dhatrak, Anant I., and Rushikesh V. Langote. "Experimental research on impact of fly ash on geotechnical characteristics of black cotton soil." In THE IV INTERNATIONAL SCIENTIFIC FORUM “NUCLEAR SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGIES”. AIP Publishing, 2024. http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/5.0193049.
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Bharti, Gaurav, Bishnu Kant Shukla, Ashish Kumar, Manjunath B. Nagaraju, Vaishnavi Bansal, and S. Varadharajan. "Impact of copper and steel slag blend in strengthening mechanical properties of black cotton soil." In THE FOURTH SCIENTIFIC CONFERENCE FOR ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING TECHNIQUES RESEARCH (EETR2022). AIP Publishing, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/5.0163441.
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