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1
Priya, Prerna, and Ran Vijay Singh. "Stabilization of Black cotton soil using Fly ash." International Journal of Recent Technology and Engineering 9, no. 5 (January 30, 2021): 91–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.35940/ijrte.e5164.019521.
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Expansive Black cotton clay soils are widely distributed worldwide, and are a significant damage to infrastructure and buildigs.It is a common practice around the world to stabilize black cotton soil using fly ash to improve the strength of stabilized sub- base and sub grade soil. Soil stabilization is the improvement of strength or bearing capacity of soil by controlled compaction, proportioning or addition of suitable admixtures or stabilizers. The Black cotton soils are extremely hard when dry, but lose its strength fully when in wet condition. In monsoon they guzzle water and swell and in summer they shrink on evaporation of water from there. Because of its high Swelling and shrinkage characteristics the black cotton soils has been a challenge to the highway engineers.So in this research paper fly ash has been used to improve the various strength properties of natural black cotton soil.The objective of this research paper is to improve the engineering properties of black cotton soil by adding different percentage of fly ash by the weight of soil and make it suitable for construction. A series of standard Proctor tests (for calculation of MDD and OMC) and California Bearing Ratio (C.B.R) tests are conducted on both raw Black cotton soil and mixed soil with different percentages of fly ash (5%, 10%, 20%, 30%) by weight. A comparison between properties of raw black cotton soil, black cotton soil mixed with fly ash are performed .It is found that the properties of black cotton soil mixed with fly ash are suitably enhanced.
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Jha, Manish Kumar. "Enhancement of Various Properties of Soil and Stabilization of Soil Using Copper Slag and GGBS." International Journal for Research in Applied Science and Engineering Technology 10, no. 6 (June 30, 2022): 2817–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.22214/ijraset.2022.44473.
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Abstract: The primary objective of this work is to study the interaction of black cotton soils with Copper Slag and GGBS. To improve the Geo-Technical and Engineering Properties of the Black- Cotton soil. To study the behaviour of strength gain in black cotton soil using Copper Slag and GGBS Stabilization
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Argade, Sagar, Sanchita Bamble, Gautam Budharam, Saurabh Patil, and Prasenkumar Saklecha. "Stabilization of Black Cotton Soil by Using Rice Husk and Bagasse Ash." International Journal for Research in Applied Science and Engineering Technology 10, no. 5 (May 31, 2022): 317–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.22214/ijraset.2022.42130.
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Abstract: Black cotton soil is expansive type of soil that expands suddenly and starts swelling once it comes in contact with water. The strength of the soil is very poor due to its physical properties. Expansive soils exhibit improved response in behaviour with different types of stabilizers. Stabilization with admixtures is found to be an effective technique to improve the strength properties of the black cotton soil. During this study the potential of rice husk ash and bagasse ash are found to be useful admixtures to improve the strength properties of the expansive soil. The rice husk is an agricultural by-product from rice milling and bagasse ash is a sugarcane waste from sugar industry. In this research an approach is made to improve the properties of black cotton soil with combination of bagasse ash and rice husk ash. The results show substantial improvement in engineering properties of black cotton soil with the admixtures. Keywords: Black Cotton Soil, Rice Husk Ash, Bagasse Ash.
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Khan, MD Shahbaz, Swayamdip wankhede, Nikhil Ramteke, Ishwar burand, P. M. Bhagatkar, S. N. Kulkarni, and ,. S. R. Marve. "Stabilization of Black Cotton Soil by Using Terrazyme Chemical." International Journal of Research Publication and Reviews 5, no. 5 (May 7, 2024): 6211–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.55248/gengpi.5.0524.1274.
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Sawarkar, Miss Rutuja. "Stabilization of Black Cotton Soil Using Lime and Bamboo Fiber Mixture as a Subgrade Material." International Journal for Research in Applied Science and Engineering Technology 11, no. 6 (June 30, 2023): 4741–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.22214/ijraset.2023.54517.
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Abstract: The design of pavements on black cotton soil has always been a difficult task for the engineers as the structure and pavement resting on black cotton soil cracks without any warning. Black cotton soil is most commonly found in Indian region. Soil proportion changes depending upon their constituents, i.e., water content, density, bulk density, compressive strength etc. The properties of black cotton soil can be modified by stabilizing the soil with the use of additives or by mechanical means. The aim of this project is to find the optimum percentage of lime separately and lime + bamboo fibre separately to be added in black cotton Soil and study the properties of soil. In this project an attempt has been made to stabilize the soil using lime and bamboo fibre. Initially lime is blended with black cotton soil in different proportions (2%, 4%, 6%, 8%). The experimental work included the tests carried out on virgin black cotton soil and lime added black cotton soil which are Liquid limit, Plastic limit, modified proctor, specific gravity, free swell index, C.B.R. test, unconfined compressive strength test. On the basis of the soaked CBR and Modified Proctor Values, it is determined that 6% of lime is an optimum percent which can be added to stabilize black cotton soil for road construction. So, 6% lime is added with black cotton soil and different percentages of bamboo fibres (2%, 4%, 6%, 8%). California Bearing Ration, modified proctor test, Unconfined Compressive strength test are performed on the soil mixture of 6% lime + Black Cotton Soil + different percent of Bamboo Fibre. On the basis of the soaked CBR, it is concluded that if 6% lime with 8% of bamboo fibre is blended in black cotton soil, engineering properties of BCS can be improved to such an extent that the pavements built on this soil can efficiently withstand the loads applied on it while vehicular movement. Hence, according to the results obtained from experimental study, pavement design is performed for CBR 5%, 6%, 8%. The evaluation of cost for each pavement design is carried out which shows the decrease in cost of construction of pavement as the CBR values increases.
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Bawaskar, Dhananjay B. "Stabilization of B.C. Soil by Using Chemicals and Fly Ash." International Journal for Research in Applied Science and Engineering Technology 9, no. VIII (August 15, 2021): 570–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.22214/ijraset.2021.37423.
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Black cotton soils are very susceptible to detrimental volumetric changes with changes in moisture. This behaviour of soil is attributed to the presence of mineral montmorillonite which has an expanding lattice. Black cotton soils because of their specific physical and chemical make are subjected to volume changes. In many countries including India, these soils are so extensive that alteration of highway routes to avoid the material is virtually impossible. Various remedial measures like soil replacement, prewetting, moisture control, lime stabilization etc. have been practiced with varied degrees of success. Extensive research is going on to find the solutions to Black cotton soils. Recent investigations on chemical stabilisation revealed that electrolytes like Calcium Sulphate, Calcium Carbonate, Zinc Chloride can be used in place of conventionally used lime, due to their ability to supply adequate cations. Fly ash is a waste by product from thermal power plants consuming thousands hectors of precious land for its disposal and also causing severe health and environmental hazards. This work presents the results of an experimental program undertaken to investigate the effect of Calcium Sulphate, Calcium Carbonate, Zinc Chloride and fly ash at different percentages on properties of black cotton soil. Atterbergs Limit of subgrade soil effect of addition of Fly Ash and Chemicals on CBR ,MDD ,OMC, From the results it is observed that 2% of Zinc Chloride and 12% of Fly ash improves the properties of black cotton soil as compared to Calcium sulphate & Calcium Carbonate. The conclusion drawn from this investigation is that a combination of 2% of chemicals and 12% of fly ash is more effective in improving the properties of black cotton soil.
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Akbar Firoozi, Ali, and Ali Asghar Firoozi. "Assessment of lime stabilization of black cotton soil for roads construction projects." MOJ Civil Engineering 7, no. 1 (March 28, 2023): 1–6. http://dx.doi.org/10.15406/mojce.2023.07.00167.
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The design foundation (i.e., pavements) on black cotton soil has always been a difficult task for the engineers as the structure resting on black cotton soil cracks without any warning. This research evaluates the effect of lime (anhydrous sodium sulphate) on engineering properties of black cotton soil which are considered highly problematic to civil engineering works. Black cotton soil brings about significant geotechnical and structural engineering challenges to property and infrastructure development around the world. The objective of the study is to investigate the use of lime-stabilized black cotton soil as subbase material in flexible pavements. Black cotton soil procured from the local area in Gaborone, Botswana, tested for suitability as subbase material, turned out to be unsuitable as it resulted in very less CBR value (4.8%). The black cotton soil-lime mix was checked for consistency limits, compaction, CBR for different proportions of lime (i.e., 0, 5, 10 and 15%). It was observed that the plasticity index of the soil shows a substantial decrease upon addition of the lime whereas CBR values show a marked increase with unsoaked CBR. The addition of 5%, 10% and 15% of lime produced some desirable soil properties. It can be concluded lime could be one of the best alternative stabilizer materials for highly expansive clayey.
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Srikanth Reddy, S., A. C. S. V. Prasad, and N. Vamsi Krishna. "Lime-Stabilized Black Cotton Soil and Brick Powder Mixture as Subbase Material." Advances in Civil Engineering 2018 (2018): 1–5. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2018/5834685.
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Various researchers, for the past few decades, had tried to stabilize black cotton soil using lime for improving its shrinkage and swelling characteristics. But these days, the cost of lime has increased resulting in increase in need for alternative and cost effective waste materials such as fly ash and rice husk ash. Brick powder, one among the alternative materials, is a fine powdered waste that contains higher proportions of silica and is found near brick kilns in rural areas. The objective of the study is to investigate the use of lime-stabilized black cotton soil and brick powder mixture as subbase material in flexible pavements. Black cotton soil procured from the local area, tested for suitability as subbase material, turned out to be unsuitable as it resulted in very less CBR value. Even lime stabilization of black cotton soil under study has not showed up the required CBR value specified for the subbase material of flexible pavement by MORTH. Hence the lime-stabilized black cotton soil is proportioned with brick powder to obtain optimum mixture that yields a better CBR value. The mixture of 20% brick powder and 80% lime-stabilized black cotton soil under study resulted in increase in the CBR value by about 135% in comparison with lime-stabilized black cotton soil. Thus it is promising to use the mixture of brick powder and lime-stabilized black cotton soil as subbase material in flexible pavements.
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Ghosh, Mahuya, Guda Venkatappa Rao, Syamal Kanti Chakrabarti, Supriya Pal, and Uma Sankar Sarma. "Biodegradability study to develop longer life jute geotextiles for road applications." Textile Research Journal 89, no. 19-20 (February 13, 2019): 4162–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0040517519828985.
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To enhance the life of jute geotextiles (JGTs) for road applications, new types of JGT fabrics were developed following two different routes, viz., (a) rot-proof treatment of 100% JGT fabric and (b) preparation of jute–polypropylene blended JGT fabrics. The biodegradability behavior of these fabrics along with grey JGTs was studied for different durations up to 12 months in three categories of saturated soils, namely, Guwahati Lateritic Red soil, Kolkata Alluvial Silty soil and Andhra Pradesh Black Cotton soil and water separately. Biodegradability assessment was done through residual tensile strength study and microscopic study. The experimentation reveals that rate of biodegradation of the JGTs is different in the three experimental saturated soils and water. Saturated Black Cotton soil was found to be the most detrimental medium. Studies were also carried out to understand this differential degradation behavior of JGTs in different soils. This indicates that the pH of soil media and microbial population growing capability of the respective soils both affect the level of degradation of the JGT fabrics. Jute–synthetic blended JGT is essential for Black Cotton soil road-subgrade, while grey JGT and treated JGT can be used in Lateritic soil and Silty soil, respectively.
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Chamberlin, K. S., and M. Rama Rao. "Influence of Lime for Enhancing Characteristics of Expansive Soils in Road Works." IOP Conference Series: Materials Science and Engineering 1197, no. 1 (November 1, 2021): 012077. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1757-899x/1197/1/012077.
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Abstract Expansive soils are found in black cotton soils, which swell or shrink in volume when presented to changes in moisture content. Lime treatment is exhaustively used to increment the properties of sensitive and fragile soils. One of the hugest clarifications behind using lime is to decline the developing presentation of the earth soil. The arrangement of extra safeguards improves the reaction of quicklime (CaO) with water, structures hydrated (slaked) lime (Ca (OH)2), and thus earth characteristics. The vast inadequacy of employing lime is growing the deficiency of lime offset earth. Following that, the goal of this study is to see how re-establishing time affects the geotechnical qualities of settled Black cotton soils with lime. These discoveries recommend that adding Lime as a stabilizer works on the strength of black cotton soil. Some of the characteristics of the soil likely to be increased by using stabilizer in this work are UCS (Unconfined Compressive Strength) at different curing periods (7,14,28 and 56 days), CBR (California Bearing Ratio) value at unsoaked and soaked and MDD (Maximum Dry Density) decrease at different lime percentages(%) like 2.4.6.8 and 10. The result showed here untreated soil got stabilized by using the stabilizer in certain extent In this adjustment various rates of cementitious material is added to black cotton soil and directed tests like plasticity, compaction, swell pressure, free swell index(FSI), Coefficient of permeability (k) and CBR(soaked and unsoaked) at various conditions like OMC,OMC+2% water and OMC+5% water, UCS (Unconfined Compressive Strength) was performed. From the test results, it is identified that the stabilization agent decreases plasticity and improves strength characteristics. Addition of stabilizing agent makes the black cotton soil to non-plastic, non-swelling and attains increase CBR values which are greater than 25% for a dosage of 10% lime at OMC but remaining OMC+2%water & OMC+5%water CBR values are not various much difference as per test results. With the addition of lime, the black cotton soil becomes non-plastic, non-swelling, and has high strengths. Treated soils are used as a development material, for example, a subgrade layer in the development of adaptable asphalt pavements for roads.
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Vastrad, Mahesh, M. Karthik, Varsha Dhanavandi, and M. S. Shilpa. "Stabilization of Black Cotton Soil by Using GGBS, Lime and Nano-Silica." International Journal of Research in Engineering, Science and Management 3, no. 9 (September 11, 2020): 1–7. http://dx.doi.org/10.47607/ijresm.2020.273.
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Soil is known of their geotechnical properties and suitability as base, sub-based and sub-grade materials for road construction with the increase in population reduce the land availability. In current situation there is increasingly more development of structures and other structural building structures must be completed on less strength or poor soil. Black cotton soil is found in Madhya Pradesh, Karnataka, Maharashtra Andhra Pradesh & Tamilnadu covering an area of about 3.0 lakh sq. km in our nation. Black cotton soil is one of the largest soil stores of India, so for the reason need to increase its geotechnical properties and make it comfortable for the development reason. In pavement surface causes problems like cracking, rutting, patching, potholes and detoriation in the pavement surface. The development on black cotton soil (expansive soil) has consistently been a giving tough task for the specialists as the Road & structure laying on black cotton soil breaks without any notice. Stabilization of soil by GGBS couldn't just take care of the issue of appropriate stabilization of black cotton soil, yet in addition settle the issue of removal of a modern waste for example GGBS. The properties of black cotton soil can be modified by stabilizing the soil with the use of additives or stabilizers like Lime (6%), GGBS (30%) & Nano silica (0.3%, 0.6% & 0.9%). There is increase in various geotechnical properties like liquid limit, and plastic limit, compaction characteristics, unconfined compressive strength, CBR values and swelling pressure were determined. An experimental investigation is carried out to study the influence of admixture in soil with respect to the strength characteristics. In this comparative study laboratory tests such as Atterberg’s limit, Compaction test, swelling index and California Bearing Ratio (CBR)& Unconfined compressive strength (UCS)test were carried out for black cotton soil.
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Ingabire, Divine, and Sanjeet Kumar. "Enhancement of Engineering Properties of Black Cotton Soil Using rice husk and sawdust ash." E3S Web of Conferences 391 (2023): 01023. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/e3sconf/202339101023.
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The weak engineering properties of black cotton soil can cause instability and failure of structures built upon it. Thus, the improvement of its properties is of utmost importance. The present research is to investigate the effect of integrating sawdust ash and rice husk ash on the engineering features of black cotton soil. The soil samples were collected from Guntur KL University, Andhra Pradesh, at a depth of 1-2 meters. Rice husk ash was added to the soil in varied percentages of 0, 3, 6, 9, 12, and 15% by weight of black cotton soil, whereas sawdust ash was added to all mixed samples at 6% by weight of soil. To analyze the engineering properties of the soil and its mixtures, laboratory tests such as Atterberg’s Limits, Specific Gravity, Particle Size Distribution, Standard Proctor test, Unconfined Compressive Strength (UCS), and California Bearing Ratio (CBR) were performed. Results showed that adding a combination of 9% Rice husk and 6% sawdust ash to the weight of black cotton soil notably improves its engineering properties. Therefore, sawdust and rice husk ash have the potential as soil stabilizing agents, making black cotton soil a more suitable foundation material for construction.
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Mamatha, K. H., and S. V. Dinesh. "Resilient modulus of black cotton soil." International Journal of Pavement Research and Technology 10, no. 2 (March 2017): 171–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ijprt.2017.01.008.
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P, Guru Raju, Hemant Kumar, and Amit K. Verma. "Black Cotton Soil in Highway Construction *." HELIX 10, no. 1 (February 29, 2020): 144–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.29042/2020-10-1-144-148.
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Nanda, Phoolwanti. "Black Cotton Soil Stabilization by Using Fly Ash - Kota Stone Slurry Mix." International Journal for Research in Applied Science and Engineering Technology 9, no. 11 (November 30, 2021): 1699–703. http://dx.doi.org/10.22214/ijraset.2021.39086.
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Abstract: The usage of waste material for stabilizing black cotton soil has been a sustainable interest. Kota stone slurry is a waste from kota stone and fly ash is a waste from industries containing high amount of sodium and magnesium, was used as a soil stabilizer for blac cotton soil improvement in this study. This research investigated the effects of sizes and percentages of kota stone slurry mix and fly ash on the physical and strength properties, which included particle size distribution, Atterberg limits, compaction, and unconfined compressive strength (UCS) of blac cotton soil. Micro structural characterization, including the scanning electron microscopic, energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy, and X-ray diffraction was conducted on both untreated and treated black cotton soil samples to examine the mechanism of strength development. The addition of kota stone slurry and fly ash reduced the water holding capacity, which then caused the reduction in soil plasticity (from 18 to 11%) and optimum water content (from 20 to 16%) along with the increase in peak dry density (from 1.66 to 1.74 Mg/m3). The strength of black cotton soil may increased from 50 to almost 220 kPa. The optimum kota stone slurry and fly ash contents, providing the highest UCS, were at 20 and 30% for 0.063 mm kota stone slurry and fly ash and 0.15 mm kota stone slurry and fly ash, respectively. The UCS improvement of treated marine clay is attributed to the formation of cementation compounds, mainly aluminum magnesium silicate hydrate (A–M–S–H). The outcome of this research will allow the use of RBT as a low-carbon soil stabilizer across civil engineering applications. Keywords: Stablization, Fly ash, kota stone slurry, Atterberg limits, Compaction, and unconfined compressive strength
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RAJA SEKHAR, P. "STABILIZATION OF BLACK COTTON SOIL WITH WASTE PLASTIC STRIPS." YMER Digital 21, no. 08 (August 9, 2022): 383–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.37896/ymer21.08/34.
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Black cotton soil is fine textured and clayey in nature. It has high amounts of lime, iron, magnesium and generally low quantities of phosphorus, nitrogen and organic matter.In this project an attempt is made to reinforce and stabilize black soil with plastic bottle strips. The plastic strips were prepared and added at different mixing ratio (2%,4%,6%,8% and 10%) by weight and in aspect ratio(2mm*10mm).The experimental results showed that there was a significant improvement in shear strength parameters. The swelling and desiccation cracking behavior of the soil were also expressively reduced. There was a substantial reduction in the optimum moisture content and slight increment in maximum dry density. The optimum plastic content that results in optimum result can be selected based on the importance of the selection parameter for a specified engineering work. Stabilizing Black soils with waste plastic bottles simultaneously solves the challenges of improper plastic waste recycling that is currently a teething problem in most developing countries. The results obtained from this study favorably suggest that inclusion of this material in expansive soils would be effective for ground improvement in geotechnical engineering. Keywords: Black cotton soil, Plastic strips, Soil stabilization, Ground improvement
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Kabade, Kushappa M., Bhagyashree Shinde, Akshata Beerappagol, Swarnakavya Rothod, and Sumalata Desai. "Experimental Investigation on Black Cotton Soil Mixed with Tyre Waste." International Journal for Research in Applied Science and Engineering Technology 10, no. 5 (May 31, 2022): 4104–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.22214/ijraset.2022.43340.
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Abstract: Expansive soil or black cotton soil are one of the problematic soil. Settlement of the structure, cracking in the different component of the structure etc. are some major problems caused in the structure constructed over such soil. The Stabilization is process done for improvement of existing soil by using an admixture. Rubber crumbs can be treated as admixture. The potential of using rubber from warm tyres in many civil engineering works has been studied for more than 30 years. Applications where tyres can be used have proven to be effective in protecting the environment and conserving natural resources. Hence in this study attempt is made study to behaviour of black cotton soil using rubber crumbs in terms of stability behaviour. Keywords: Black cotton soil, Rubber crumbs.
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Kabade, Kushappa M., Bhagyashree Shinde, Akshata Beerappagol, Swarnakavya Rothod, and Sumalata Desai. "Experimental Investigation on Black Cotton Soil Mixed with Tyre Waste." International Journal for Research in Applied Science and Engineering Technology 10, no. 5 (May 31, 2022): 4104–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.22214/ijraset.2022.43340.
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Abstract: Expansive soil or black cotton soil are one of the problematic soil. Settlement of the structure, cracking in the different component of the structure etc. are some major problems caused in the structure constructed over such soil. The Stabilization is process done for improvement of existing soil by using an admixture. Rubber crumbs can be treated as admixture. The potential of using rubber from warm tyres in many civil engineering works has been studied for more than 30 years. Applications where tyres can be used have proven to be effective in protecting the environment and conserving natural resources. Hence in this study attempt is made study to behaviour of black cotton soil using rubber crumbs in terms of stability behaviour. Keywords: Black cotton soil, Rubber crumbs.
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Kumar, Deepak, Abhishek Sharma, and Kanwarpeet Singh. "Towards Sustainable Stabilization: Utilizing Waste Material as Binder." IOP Conference Series: Earth and Environmental Science 1110, no. 1 (February 1, 2023): 012002. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1755-1315/1110/1/012002.
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Abstract The expansion and contraction of black cotton soil makes it difficult to build structures on it. The expansion and contraction behavior of black cotton soil must be adapted to make it suitable for construction purposes. This research is an attempt to evaluate the geotechnical characteristics of black cotton soil by performing laboratory testing incorporating ground granulated blast furnace slag (GGBFS) (10, 20, 30 and 40%) and polypropylene fiber (0.5, 1 and 1.5%) so as to use the combination as subgrade material. Various laboratory testing’s such as consistency limits, compaction and California bearing ratio (CBR) tests were conducted on varying amount of both the materials. The laboratory tests revealed that adding the right amount of GGBFS and polypropylene fiber alone or in combination improved the geotechnical features of black cotton soil (BCS). The mix obtained does not only solve the problems associated with BCS but also provides a cost effective solution for soil stabilization.
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Keeley, Paul E., and Robert J. Thullen. "Growth and Competition of Black Nightshade (Solanum nigrum) and Palmer Amaranth (Amaranthus palmeri) with Cotton (Gossypium hirsutum)." Weed Science 37, no. 3 (May 1989): 326–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0043174500072003.
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Black nightshade plants were controlled by hoeing in the same cotton plots each year (1982 to 1986) for 3 to 15 weeks after crop emergence to evaluate the influence of several black nightshade-free periods on cotton yield, reproduction of black nightshade, and longevity of weed seeds in soil. Similar information, although limited, was also collected for Palmer amaranth that escaped the initial herbicidal treatment each year. Except for 1982, black nightshade competing with cotton for the duration of the growing season in nonhoed plots severely reduced yields (60 to 100%), with greatest yield reductions (82 to 100%) occurring in 1983 and 1984 when 0.5 to 0.7 cm of rain fell within 10 days after cotton planting. When combined with cultivation, a 3-week nightshade-free period at cotton planting was of sufficient duration to protect cotton yields. Weed seed production for all hoed treatments was less than 1% of the nonhoed treatment, and after five consecutive cotton crops (1982 to 1986), the amount of both black nightshade and Palmer amaranth seeds in soil was similar for all hoed treatments. These populations were 60 to 80% and 95 to 97% less than beginning populations of black nightshade and Palmer amaranth in 1982, respectively. After 5 yr of continuous treatments, cotton was grown in 1987, with standard cultivation as the only method of weed control, to evaluate how the weed-free periods in 1982 to 1986 influenced weed seed populations in the soil and the resultant effect on weed competition and cotton yields. Reduction of cotton yields in 1987, in the absence of weed-free periods, indicated that black nightshade seed survival in soil appears to be sufficiently long for ample establishment of this weed to compete with cotton. Thus, fields will have to be kept weed free for greater than 5 yr to reduce black nightshade populations to a level that will not reduce cotton yields.
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Aswari, S. B., and G. V. R. Prasada Raju. "Stabilizing Expansive Soil with Industrial Waste of Coir and Terrasil." IOP Conference Series: Earth and Environmental Science 1086, no. 1 (September 1, 2022): 012020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1755-1315/1086/1/012020.
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Abstract Black cotton soils either swell or shrink on seasonal variation of water content. Soil swells if it absorbs water and shrinks once the water evaporates. Constructions on expansive soil pose several difficulties such as settlements, cracks in the superstructures, low strength, and high volume change. Different stabilization techniques have been used to alter the properties of soil. Stabilizing black cotton soil with industry waste is an economical way to enhance the soil for construction purposes. This study discusses the use of coir and terrasil chemical to improve the subgrade properties of expansive soil. Experiments are conducted on black cotton soil with and without admixtures. Various combinations of coir (0.25%, 0. 5% and 0.75%) and terrasil (0.04%, 0.06% and 0.08%) have been mixed with the soil, and the optimum proportion have arrived. The addition of soil blended with optimum percentages of coir (0.75%) and terrasil (0.06%) gave better strength characteristics to the subgrade. This combination reduces the construction cost and enhances durability. IS code methods are used, to obtained Optimum Moisture Content (OMC) 28%, Maximum Dry Density (MDD) 18.25kN/m2, and Unconfined Compressive Strength (UCS) 197.36 kPa. Adding these admixtures reduces the plasticity property of the original soil and finally, it modifies as less plastic material and offers more strength.
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Kumar, Beerendra, Ashish Gupta, and Adarsh Kasaudhan. "CBR Characteristics and Swelling Behaviour of Black Cotton Soil Mixing with Fly Ash and Silica Fume." SAMRIDDHI : A Journal of Physical Sciences, Engineering and Technology 14, no. 04 (December 31, 2022): 49–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.18090/samriddhi.v14i04.08.
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Today’s rapid growing world produces waste that is very difficult to handle eco-friendly. Soil contamination is also one of the major geo-environmental issues by pouring industrial wastes directly over soil without treating it like caustic soda, fly ash, etc. Fly ash reaches ground water through percolation and pollutes the ground water. The main reason behind the soil contamination is due to rapid urbanization. This innovative and non-traditional research on waste utilization is gaining importance nowadays. Geotechnical engineers are adopting soil properties remolding and monitoring techniques by using waste material like fly ash Slag, Silica fume etc. This research aims to find the suitability of by-product silica fume and fly ash for Black cotton soil. In this research number of laboratory test are performed on black cotton soil using silica fume & fly ash as admixture in varying percentage. The outcome of the research shows the enhancement in properties of black cotton soil also significant decrease in free swelling index is observed. This expansive soil has very high swelling and shrinkage characteristics due to the clay mineral montemorillonite. It is found in abundant quantity in southern region of India and due to its poor characteristic, it is also termed as poor soil. Building any structure, road, bridge, embankment etc is so risky, and the solution is to replace this poor soil with good natural soil. Hence in this thesis work, emphasis is given on the use of black cotton soil by mixing stabilizers like silica fume and fly ash. Both increase the maximum dry density of black soil, and also CBR %value is increased. On adding silica fume, it also possesses a very low free swell value; hence, using both additives simultaneously will be a better solution to the problem of black cotton soil.
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Pokkunuri, Guru Raju, Rabindra Kumar Sinha, and Amit K. Verma. "Field Studies on Expansive Soil Stabilization with Nanomaterials and Lime for Flexible Pavement." Sustainability 15, no. 21 (October 26, 2023): 15291. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su152115291.
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The long-term performance of pavement is greatly influenced by the subgrade soil-bearing capacity. The areas with lower bearing capability experience higher construction costs due to soil replacement. Soil stabilization is one of the engineering measures that may be used to improve soil properties. The improvement in the soil properties varies depending on the soil type and type and dosage of the stabilizer. The primary objective of this study is to determine the impact of the different types of stabilizers on different types of black cotton soil. In the present study, black cotton soil was treated with Terrasil (0.5, 0.75, and 1 kg/m3), Zycobond (0.5, 0.75, and 1 kg/m3), and lime (0, 2, and 3%). The influence of varying dosages of Terrasil, Zycobond, and lime showed a significant improvement in the FSI, CBR, and UCS. In this study, attempts were made to investigate the field performance of chemically treated black cotton soil. A 100 m trail section with chemical- and lime-treated subgrade was constructed and analyzed using the dynamic cone penetration test. Finally, the mechanical design indicated that the chemical stabilization layer could be helpful to reduce asphalt layer thickness by 30 mm and cost. It is anticipated that this study will be useful to perceive, visualize, and understand the advantages of chemically treated black cotton soil. Overall, it is a step toward sustainable construction, which will reduce the demand for natural materials by optimizing pavement design and the use of existing unsuitable materials (black cotton soil) in flexible pavement construction.
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Hulugalle, N. R., P. C. Entwistle, J. L. Cooper, S. J. Allen, and D. B. Nehl. "Effect of long-fallow on soil quality and cotton lint yield in an irrigated, self-mulching, grey Vertosol in the central-west of New South Wales." Soil Research 36, no. 4 (1998): 621. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/s97111.
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Reduced crop growth rates (‘long-fallow disorder’) can be a feature of long-fallow cotton (cotton, alternating with a bare fallow, is sown every other year). This is usually attributed to decreased development of arbuscular mycorrhiza (AM), although associated soil physical, chemical, and biological properties are very rarely reported. A study was conducted from 1993 to 1997 in a grey, self-mulching Vertosol in the central-west of New South Wales to characterise soil properties under long-fallow cotton with a view to identifying soil factors other than AM that could contribute to cotton growth rate reductions. Soil quality indicators monitored were compaction (bulk density and air-filled porosity), strength (cone resistance), plastic limit, exchangeable cations, nitrate-N, pH, organic C, development of AM, and incidence of cotton root diseases. In comparison with continuous cotton, long-fallow cotton had lower soil strength, and lower plastic limit. Exchangeable Ca and Mg were higher with continuous cotton only in 1994. Higher nitrate-N was also observed with long-fallow during the first fallow phase of the experiment. Long-fallow did not have any significant effect on soil organic carbon. However, a net decline in soil organic C and exchangeable Mg occurred with both treatments. During the cotton phase, subsoil nitrate-N and incidence of black root rot were lower with long-fallow cotton. Uptake of nitrogen by continuous cotton may have been reduced by greater severity of black root rot. Vegetative and reproductive growth, water extraction, and cotton lint yields in long-fallow cotton plots were higher than those in continuous cotton plots. AM development was similar with continuous cotton and long-fallow cotton. Compared with long-fallow cotton, the lower lint yield in continuous cotton was thought to be due to the interactive effects of declining nutrient availability, higher soil strength, and greater severity of black root rot causing decreases in nutrient and water uptake.
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L, Silviya, Syed Ariff, Priyanka P, Murali B, Suchandra Pradhan, and Krishne Gowda S. "STABILIZATION OF BLACK COTTON SOIL USING RICE HUSK ASH AND CRUMB RUBBER." International Journal of Current Engineering and Scientific Research 6, no. 6 (June 2019): 19–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.21276/ijcesr.2019.6.6.4.
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Khaire, Subodh D., Dipanshu R. Atram, Rohan V. Ambatkar, Tapasvi M. Galbale, Rounak K. Ramteke, Chetan D. Karekar, and S. R. Marve. "Stabilization of Black Cotton Soil By Using Coal Dust And Stone Dust." International Journal of Research Publication and Reviews 5, no. 5 (May 17, 2024): 7611–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.55248/gengpi.5.0524.1313.
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Gautam, Prashant. "Enhancing the Geotechnical Properties of Black Cotton Soil using Terrazyme." International Journal for Research in Applied Science and Engineering Technology 12, no. 4 (April 30, 2024): 1628–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.22214/ijraset.2024.60128.
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Abstract: The cost, performance, durability, and time of every project are its most crucial components. Black cotton soil, due to its strong swelling and shrinkage qualities, also known as expansive clay soil and regur soil, presents considerable difficulties in building and agriculture. Building on black cotton soil has its challenges, including foundation and road settlement, among others. Due to the shortcomings of conventional soil stabilizing technologies, new ways for enhancing the engineering properties of soil are being investigated. There is a demand for the creation of novel techniques to enhance the geotechnical properties of soil due to the inefficiency and high costs associated with conventional methods. Study examines the use of terrazyme, a state-of-the-art enzymatic soil stabilizer, to improve the geotechnical properties of black cotton soil, optimum moisture content, maximum dry density, liquid limit, plastic limit, plasticity index, and CBR test, which are used for pavement base courses, sub-base courses, and sub-grades.
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Kalyan, Ch D. V., and Mr Ch Sivanarayana. "Stabilization of Black Cotton Soil Using RBI Grade 81 and Sodium Silicate." International Journal for Research in Applied Science and Engineering Technology 10, no. 11 (November 30, 2022): 1023–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.22214/ijraset.2022.47476.
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Abstract: Nearly 51.8 million hectares of land area in India is covered with expansive soils (mainly Black Cotton soil). The property of the expansive soils, in general, is that they are very hard when in dry state, but they lose all of their strength when in wet state. In light of this property of expansive soils, these soils pose problems worldwide that serve as challenge to overcome for the Geotechnical Engineers. One of the most important aspects for construction purpose issoil stabilization, which is used widely in foundation and road pavement constructions; this is because such a stabilization regime improves engineering properties of the soil, such as volume stability, strength and durability. In this process, removal or replacing of the problematic soil is done; replacement is done by a better quality material, or the soil is treatedwith additives. In the present study, RBI Grade 81 obtained from Alchemist Touchnology Limited, Gurgaon, Haryana and Sodium Silicate solution 5mol/Liter obtained from Organ Refractories, Khammam, Telangana are used for the stabilization of black cotton soil. These additives are added in various proportions
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Sankhat, Mr Alpesh K. "Strength Improvement of Black Cotton Soil by using Different Materials." International Journal for Research in Applied Science and Engineering Technology 12, no. 6 (June 30, 2024): 1055–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.22214/ijraset.2024.63259.
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Abstract: This study examines the effect of geotextiles, plastic rings, plastic shavings and fibres on soil California bearing capacity (CBR). The experiment evaluates the effectiveness of these additions to improve the bearing capacity and reduce the sedimentation of the soil samples. Geotextiles are introduced to improve soil compaction and reduce lateral movement. Plastic rings and chips are added to create voids and improve drainage, which can reduce water content and improve strength. Polypropylene Fibres were added to study their effect on soil reinforcement and stress distribution improvement. CBR tests are performed on soil samples with hand without these additives to quantify the improvement in strength and deformation properties. The results of this study should provide valuable information on the potential benefits of using geotextiles, plastic rings, plastic chips and polypropylene fibres in pavement construction to improve soil CBR of soils in pavement applications
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Abhishek, Kumar Singh, Kumar Shukla Nitin, Mittal Ayush, and Pandey Ramendra. "Effect of coconut coir fiber on black cotton soil for lalitpur area in uttar pradesh." i-manager’s Journal on Civil Engineering 12, no. 4 (2022): 59. http://dx.doi.org/10.26634/jce.12.4.19057.
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Black cotton soil is weak soil, possessing undesirable characteristics like shrinkage and swelling. Before undertaking any civil engineering project on such land, it must be rehabilitated before construction. Various work has been done by researchers to overcome these problems by using different types of soil stabilization, such as cement soil stabilization, lime soil stabilization, bitumen soil stabilization, etc. The present study includes the determination of the geotechnical properties of soil obtained from Lalitpur, Uttar Pradesh, and coir fiber (% of black cotton soil samples) in terms of soil strength.
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Sahu, Rohit, Krishna Thakur, Pankaj Singh, Sonu Kumar, and Rohit Kumar Jatav. "An Investigational Evaluation on Soil Stabilization by Using Bio-Enzymes." International Journal for Research in Applied Science and Engineering Technology 11, no. 1 (January 31, 2023): 452–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.22214/ijraset.2023.48567.
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Abstract: The conventional methods are time consuming and are not economically feasible. Hence there is a need to find the other possible ways to satisfy the performance as well as economical criteria. These enzymes have been demonstrated to be very effective and economical. Another advantage of the bio enzyme is that these are environment friendly. The efficiency of bio enzyme depends upon the amount of quantity, type of soil and curing time span. In our country vast areas consist of black cotton soils. As the conventional soil stabilizers like gravel, sand and others are exhausting and becoming costly day by day at a very rapid pace, it becomes necessary to look towards for alternative eco-friendly stabilizers as their substitute. Recently many Bioenzymes have emerged as cost effective stabilizers for soil stabilization. Some such type of bio-enzyme, like Terazyme, bagasse ash, lime etc. has been used in the present work. Recently many Bio-enzymes have emerged as value influential stabilizers for soil stabilization. One such Bio-enzyme, Terrazyme, has been used withinside the gift paintings to take a look at its impact at the Unconfined Compressive electricity of the Black Cotton soil. It has been located that Terrazyme dealt with Black Cotton soil suggests vast boom in Unconfined Compressive electricity with longer curing period
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Sultana, Tasleem, and Pavan Kumar Pindi. "Regulating Cotton Growth via Rhizobium Species." Journal of Pure and Applied Microbiology 18, no. 2 (June 1, 2024): 1253–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.22207/jpam.18.2.46.
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Unpredictable precipitation is a common problem for plant growth in India’s Deccan plateau, which is known for its poor soil and frequent droughts. Critical to the regulation of plant diseases and the enhancement of plant growth are root-colonizing rhizobacteria like Rhizobium. Isolating productive Rhizobium species from soil around the Eturnagram region’s cotton rhizosphere was the goal of a study carried out at Palamuru University. Rhizobium variant-5, currently known as Rhizobium sp. PKS [NCBI-OK663003, NCMR-MCC4960], was one of five different strains of Rhizobium isolated using the top layer method. It showed strong support for the growth of six different cotton cultivars. Out of the six cotton varieties tested, the Mahyco cultivar had the lowest proline levels while having higher amounts of IAA, proteins, chlorophyll, and sugars. The effectiveness of Mahyco was confirmed by experimental field testing conducted in four distinct cotton agricultural soils of Mahabubnagar District using Rhizobium sp. PKS [NCBI-OK663003, NCMR-MCC4960]. Deep black soil showed improved phytohormone synthesis and good biochemical alterations, whereas shallow black soil showed that the strains considerably enhanced plant development. Based on these results, the novel Rhizobium sp. PKS could be used as a bioinoculant in cotton fields on the Deccan plateau, which could improve agricultural yields despite the harsh conditions.
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Singh, Ayush, and Rahul Sharma. "A Study of Black Cotton Soil by Using Sisal Fibre and Coconut Fibre." International Journal for Research in Applied Science and Engineering Technology 10, no. 3 (March 31, 2022): 276–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.22214/ijraset.2022.40609.
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Abstract: The present study is aimed to compare the behaviour of black cotton soil reinforced with sisal and coconut fiber also referred as coir. The soil used is black cotton soil collected from Arera Colony Area of Bhopal District (M.P). Sisal fiber and coconut fiber are mixed randomly with soil in varying percentages (2%, 4% and 6%) respectively by dry weight of soil and compacted to maximum dry density at optimum moisture content. The test results indicate a reduction in the maximum dry density and the optimum moisture content of soil due to the addition of sisal fiber. It also indicates an improvement in the CBR value of soil due to the addition of sisal fiber and coconutfiber and the combination of above two shows better results. The optimum CBR valueis obtained for 2 cm length for both the fibers i.e. for sisalfiber with 4% fiber content and for coconut fiber with 6%. Keywords: Black Cotton soil, Sisal fiber, Coconut fiber, Maximum Dry Density, Stabilization, CBR
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V, RAVI, and CHRISTOPHER LOURDURAJ A. "COMPARATIVE PERFORMANCE OF PLASTIC MULCHING ON SOIL MOISTURE CONTENT, SOIL TEMPERATURE AND YIELD OF RAINFED COTTON." Madras Agricultural Journal 83, November (1996): 709–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.29321/maj.10.a01092.
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Field experiments were conducted on rainfed cotton at the Tamil Nadu Agricultural University, Coimbatore to study the effect of different mulching materials viz., black LLDPE, coir pith and dried banana leaves. Mulching increased the soil moisture content, soil temperature, cotton yield attributes and kapas yield. Among the different mulches tried, LLDPE mulch proved to be the best in enhancing the soil moisture content and yield of cotton.
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., S. Vinodhkumar, A. Kabilan ., and A. Kabilan . "Study of Black Cotton Soil Characteristics with Molasses." Asian Journal of Engineering and Applied Technology 7, no. 1 (March 5, 2018): 73–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.51983/ajeat-2018.7.1.857.
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Civil engineering structure resting on expansive soil needs more attention since it causes undesirable engineering behavior when the soil comes in contact with water. The areas consisting of expansive soil need a proper stabilization method to solve the site problems faced by the civil engineers. Pavements constructed on such soil shows signs of damage continuously during the service life of the pavement eventually increase the maintenance costs. Stabilization of this soil is a usual practice for improving the strength. In this work an attempt was made on the utilization of Molasses with soil by adding various percentages of 5, 7.5, 10, 12.5 and 15% in soil and accessed their geotechnical behavior for different curing periods. The effects of Molasses treatment on the strength improvement of compacted expansive clays are studied based on Unconfined Compression tests for different curing periods of 0, 7 and 14 days. UCS performed on these mixes and identified that addition of Molasses attained high strength with the increasing percent of Molasses in soil. From the test results, it was observed that the UCS peak value were increases to 160%. From the experimental study, it is observed that the treatment of the expansive soil with the addition of Industrial waste material Molasses is more efficient in subgrade modification and other geotechnical applications.
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Kumar, P. Ashween, V. Abdul Raffi, M. Preethi, and M. V. S. S. Sastri. "Stabilizing black cotton soil using iron ore waste." E3S Web of Conferences 405 (2023): 04028. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/e3sconf/202340504028.
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Using discarded iron ore powder to settle subgrade soil will improve the characteristics of black cotton soil. The soil's engineering properties are analysed using various tests, such as specific gravity, grain size analysis, Atterberg's limits, compaction properties, and unconfined compressive strength. These tests examine the classification of the soil, the optimum moisture content (OMC), the maximum dry density (MDD), the strength of the soil, and other variables. The black cotton soil (BCS) was taken from Ghatkesar Mandal in the Malkalgiri-Medchal region, while the iron ore was procured from a small-scale local enterprise. For this, a clay soil sample with a medium degree of plasticity was combined with iron ore powder in concentrations ranging from 0% to 20% with a 5% increment. The data obtained demonstrated a steady rise in specific gravity with the addition of scrap iron ore and raised from 2.54 to 2.81 when it comes to unconfined compressive strength. Adding more iron ore increased the UCS to stabilize the soil from 149.31kPa to 232.22kPa. The OMC increased from 16% to 12.5%, MDD from 1.86gm/cc to 1.98gm/cc and Plasticity Index from 42.8% to 28.08%. For all mixes, the soil is well-graded. The results demonstrate that iron ore waste can successfully stabilize the soil.
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Hulugalle, N. R., T. B. Weaver, L. A. Finlay, and P. Lonergan. "Soil properties, black root-rot incidence, yield, and greenhouse gas emissions in irrigated cotton cropping systems sown in a Vertosol with subsoil sodicity." Soil Research 50, no. 4 (2012): 278. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/sr12088.
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Comparative studies of soil quality and energy use in two- and three-crop rotations in irrigated cotton (Gossypium hirsutum L.) based cropping systems under varying stubble management practices in Australian Vertosols are sparse. Our primary objective was to quantify selected soil quality indices (salinity, sodicity, exchangeable cations, nitrate-N, pH), crop yields, and greenhouse gas emissions in four irrigated cotton-based cropping systems sown on permanent beds in a Vertosol with subsoil sodicity near Narrabri in north-western New South Wales. A secondary objective was to evaluate the efficacy of sowing vetch in rotation with cotton over a long period on the incidence of black root-rot in cotton seedlings. Results presented in this report pertain to the period June 2005–May 2011. The experimental treatments were: cotton–cotton; cotton–vetch (Vicia benghalensis L.); cotton–wheat (Triticum aestivum L.), where wheat stubble was incorporated; and cotton–wheat–vetch, where wheat stubble was retained as in-situ mulch. Vetch was terminated during or just before flowering by a combination of mowing and contact herbicides, and the residues were retained as in-situ mulch. Soil pH, electrical conductivity (EC1 : 5), Cl–, NO3–-N, exchangeable cations, exchangeable sodium percentage (ESP), electrochemical stability index (= EC1 : 5/ESP), and EC1 : 5/ESC (exchangeable sodium concentration) were evaluated in samples taken from the 0–1.2 m depth before sowing cotton during late September or early October of each year. Incidence of black root-rot was assessed 6 weeks after sowing cotton. Compared with sowing cotton every year, including wheat in cotton-based cropping systems improved cotton yield and reduced soil quality decline, emissions of carbon dioxide equivalents (CO2-e) per unit area, and CO2-e emissions per unit of cotton yield. Including vetch in the rotation was of negligible benefit in terms of yield and CO2-e emissions per unit of yield. The rate of soil quality decline was unaffected by including vetch in a cotton–wheat rotation but was accelerated when included in a cotton–cotton sequence. Among all cropping systems, soil quality was best with cotton–wheat and cotton–wheat–vetch but poorest with cotton–vetch. Although CO2-e emissions associated with growing 1 ha of cotton could be reduced by 9% by growing vetch because of substituting fixed atmospheric N for N fertiliser derived from fossil fuels, this advantage was partly negated by the emissions from farming operations associated with growing a vetch crop. Relative to a two-crop rotation (one cotton–one rotation crop), negligible benefits in terms of yield, soil quality, greenhouse gas emissions, and black root-rot control accrued from a three-crop rotation (one cotton–two rotation crops). Incidence of black root-rot increased as the number of cotton crops sown increased. In addition to the cropping systems, soil quality indices and yield were significantly influenced by irrigation water quality and climate.
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Nyakach, Samwel, Seth F. O. Owido, and Japheth O. Onyando. "Evaluation of Plant Growth on Expanded Black Cotton Soil." Sustainable Agriculture Research 7, no. 2 (February 1, 2018): 41. http://dx.doi.org/10.5539/sar.v7n2p41.
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In aggregate hydroponics, the suitability of a particular medium is often guided by its physical properties. However these may not provide adequate evaluation. By growing a crop, the growth characteristics can also be used to guide medium preparation and selection. Tomatoes (Anna F1 variety) were grown in containers under a greenhouse and provided with equal amount of nutrient solution. The expanded black cotton soil was prepared by mixing with rice husk at a ratio of 90:10, fired at 750oC for 30 minutes and size reduced to various textures. The crops planted in the expanded clay aggregates performed better than the black cotton soil both in terms of stem elongation and enlargement due to improved drainage, nutrient flow and aeration conditions. The root length density was 25654 m m-3 in black cotton soil, being the highest and lowest in the coarse aggregates which had 9433 m m-3.
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Issac, Serin, and V. Geetha Varma. "Dewatering and stabilization of Black cotton soil using Electrokinetic Geosynthetics." IOP Conference Series: Earth and Environmental Science 1279, no. 1 (December 1, 2023): 012018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1755-1315/1279/1/012018.
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Abstract Electrokinetic Geosynthetics (EKG) is a platform technology used to dewater and stabilize highly saturated soft clayey soils, mine tailings, tunnelling slurry waste, sewage sludge etc. This laboratory study investigates the potential of EKG made of woven coir geotextile to stabilize highly expansive saturated black cotton soil collected from the Hubli-Dharward region of Karnataka state, India. An electoosmosis design was made in a tank setup where the soil was dewatered for a period of 7 days under three varying potential (15V, 30V & 60V) and different electrode configuration. The results demonstrated an increase in the rate of pore water dissipation by 500% at an optimum voltage gradient of 30V in various electrode spacing. The results of the EKG treatment at various voltages revealed that, as applied voltages increased up to 60 V, the liquid limits and plasticity indices rapidly dropped. An exponential increase in undrained shear strength of the soil was observed at an electrode configuration of 4A-1C.
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Sen, Divya. "Stabilization of Black Cotton Soil using Fly Ash." International Journal for Research in Applied Science and Engineering Technology 9, no. 3 (March 31, 2021): 1100–1106. http://dx.doi.org/10.22214/ijraset.2021.33455.
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Priyanka, T. Raj. "Stabilization of Black Cotton Soil with Marble Dust." International Journal for Research in Applied Science and Engineering Technology 6, no. 5 (May 31, 2018): 2057–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.22214/ijraset.2018.5337.
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Gupta, Prof A. R. "Study of Suitable Foundations for Black Cotton Soil." International Journal for Research in Applied Science and Engineering Technology 7, no. 5 (May 31, 2019): 3230–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.22214/ijraset.2019.5531.
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Akki, Basavaraj. "Stabilization of Black Cotton Soil using Terrazyme Enzyme." International Journal for Research in Applied Science and Engineering Technology 8, no. 8 (August 31, 2020): 858–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.22214/ijraset.2020.31037.
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Gadre, A. D., and V. S. Chandrasekaran. "Swelling of Black Cotton Soil Using Centrifuge Modeling." Journal of Geotechnical Engineering 120, no. 5 (May 1994): 914–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.1061/(asce)0733-9410(1994)120:5(914).
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Rajakumar, C., and P. Kodanda Rama Rao. "Geotechnical Properties of Black Cotton Soil Stabilized with Fly Ash and Geogrids." International Journal of PharmTech Research 12, no. 4 (2019): 83–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.20902/ijptr.2019.120412.
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Geotechnical properties of black cotton soil may need to be improved by stabilization to make such soils suitable for construction of highway pavements. Stabilization of such soils has been traditionally depend on treatment with lime, cement, chemicals and waste materials, etc. fly ash is a waste material obtained from thermal power stations. This paper presents the results of stabilization of local black cotton soil with fly ash and geogrid. Series of laboratory tests have been conducted with varying percentage of these stabilizers, added individually with and without geogrids, to determine their optimum percentages. From the results, it is observed that CBR value, for both soaked and unsoaked conditions, increases substantially by addition of 25% of fly ash with double layer of geogrids. The pavement designed with these improved values of CBR indicated a marked reduction in its thickness leading to economy in the construction of road pavements on or using clayey soils.
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Chakravarthy, Thokala, and K. Shyam Chamberlin. "Fly ash and bagasse ash embankment in flexible pavements for the analysis and strengthening of black cotton soil’s strength stabilized properties." E3S Web of Conferences 391 (2023): 01005. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/e3sconf/202339101005.
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Soil stabilization is necessary to increase the soil’s durability, volume stability, and engineering expansion strength. Expansive soils (also known as black cotton soil), a problem that affects the entire world and poses various challenges for civil engineers, are extremely hard while dry but completely lose their strength when wet. In this study, fly ash has been employed to stabilize the soil. Five, ten, twenty, and twenty-five percent of fly ash was used in the experiments. Bagasse ash is an easily accessible byproduct of the sugar cane refining process that has negative environmental effects. In this study, any potential pozzolanic benefits are evaluated while taking into account bagasse ash. material that stabilizes elongated soil In order to examine the soils’ geotechnical characteristics, the experimental investigation focuses on altering the fly ash content of the soils. The goal is to learn more about the characteristics of black cotton soil’s tensile strength. The primary goal of this research is to examine the effects of bagasse ash on the engineering expansive soil’s properties as revealed by various lab tests, and after improving the treated soil through embankment work at various civil engineering activities, such as roadways.
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Shrisaila Haranatti, Jagadish, Miryala Vijayakumar, Mudigonda Rathna Chary, Kotha Hima Bindu, Soumya Sucharita Singha, V. Swapna, and Darya Viktorovna Nemova. "Efficiency of cement and sand in stabilizing the black cotton soil." MATEC Web of Conferences 392 (2024): 01008. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/matecconf/202439201008.
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As the population rises and access to land decreases, an increasing number of buildings and other civil engineering structures must be constructed on weak or soft soil. Because of the soil's poor shear strength and substantial swelling and shrinking, a variety of ground improvement techniques, including soil stabilisation and reinforcing, are implemented to improve the mechanical behavior of the soil, hence boosting construction reliability. One of the most important soils is black cotton soil, which we intend to develop by utilising India's resources of sand and cement. In this research, several tests were conducted to determine the basic properties of soil. Instead of opting for the removal and replacement of unstable soil, soil modification is the only viable option because it saves both time and money. When exposed to changes in moisture content, they exhibit significant swelling and shrinking, making them the most challenging from an engineering standpoint. In this study, 2% cement was added at a steady rate while the sand percentage ranged from 10% to 40% which is utilised for the experiment was clean sand that had been passed through a 425 micron sieve and basic tests were performed to determine soil parameters. The physical properties of Black Cotton Soil determined & where the soil is of clay type & specific gravity is 2.6 and it is classified as CH. After determining the basic properties of virgin soil, the proctor test and CBR tests were performed by stabilizing with cement and sand. Sand is utilized in various percentages, such as 10%, 20%, 30%, and 40% of the total soil weight. MDD increased from 1.820 to 1.902 gm/cc. The CBR increased to 5.21% from 0.55% for 2.5mm penetration and 4.12% from 0.48% for 5mm penetration. As the percentage of sand increases, both thickness and cost drop. The CBR design chart yields a pavement thickness of 480mm for 20% sand and 2% cement, which is comparable to the minimum thickness of 475mm.
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Furkhan, Mohd, Sufyan Syed, Maroof Ahmed, and Mehraj Mohiuddin. "Improve Soil Strength by Use of Plastic Bottles." International Journal of Innovative Research in Computer Science and Technology 11, no. 5 (September 20, 2023): 34–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.55524/ijircst.2023.11.5.6.
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Any procedure that enhances the physical characteristics of soil, such as raising its shear strength or bearing capacity, is referred to as soil stabilization. This can be accomplished through the use of controlled compaction or by adding the right admixtures, such as cement, lime, and waste products like fly ash and phosphogypsum. Since good quality soil for embankments and pavements is difficult to come by, using plastic bottles as a soil stabilizer is an inexpensive use of waste materials. This project entails a thorough investigation into the potential use of used plastic bottles for stabilizing soil. In order to conduct the analysis, a CBR test was performed on soil that had been reinforced with layers of plastic bottles at varying percentages (0.5%, 0.7%, and 0.9% for distinct soils). The CBR test is carried out on red, loamy soil and black cotton soil. It is discovered that the strength of the soil is increased, resulting in a bearing ratio of 3.3 for black cotton soil and 0.7% for red soil after the addition of plastic stripes. Additionally, loamy soil's strength is boosted by adding 0.7% of plastic strips, resulting in a bearing ratio of 2.9.
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Yadav, Koushlandra. "Evaluation of Dry Density for Black Cotton Soil Using Rice Husk Ash." International Journal for Research in Applied Science and Engineering Technology 12, no. 2 (February 29, 2024): 305–7. http://dx.doi.org/10.22214/ijraset.2024.58315.
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Abstract: Stabilization is a broad term that refers to the various methods used to improve the engineering performance of a soil and its application in a variety of engineering works. Soil stabilisation is a major concern for civil engineers today, both for road construction and for increasing soil strength or stability, which reduces construction costs. Soil stabilisation is the chemical or physical modification of soil properties to improve the soil's engineering quality. The primary goal of soil stabilisation is to increase the soil's bearing capacity, resistance to weathering processes, and permeability. Due to the rapid growth of urbanization and industrialization, minimizing industrial waste. Because of the rapid growth of urbanization and industrialization, reducing industrial waste has become a major issue in recent years. To encounter this innovative and nontraditional research on waste utilization is becoming increasingly important. Soil improvement using waste materials such as slags, rice husk ash, and silica fume has been recommended from an environmental standpoint in geotechnical engineering. This paper examines the effects of blast furnace slag, fly ash, and micro silica added to black cotton soil to improve soil properties. In addition, this paper provides a review of the use of various solid waste materials for soft soil stabilisation. However, there are numerous methods and techniques available for stabilising these soils. This study describes how waste materials can be used to stabilise soft soil
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S., Nyakach, Onyando J.O, and Owido S.F.O. "ESTIMATION OF HYDRAULIC PROPERTIES OF EXPANDED BLACK COTTON SOIL." Journal of Engineering in Agriculture and the Environment 8, no. 2 (May 11, 2022): 12. http://dx.doi.org/10.37017/jeae.v8i2.87.
Full textAbstract:
In the study a hydroponic medium was prepared from black cotton soil and rice husks. The process involved mixing, moulding, firing and size reduction. The aggregates were prepared at 750°C, 30 minutes and 9:1 for firing temperature, time and ratio of black cotton soil to rice husk (on a weight basis) respectively. Size reduction was done to give a 90:5:5 composition of sand, silt and clay sized particles. The Hydrus 1D version 4.16.0110 model was used to estimate the hydraulic parameters. The results were 0.1 cm3 cm-3, 0.55 cm3 cm-3, 0.01, 1.91, 0.00368 cm s-1 and -1 for Өr, Өs, ά, n, Ks and l respectively. The goodness of fit (R2) and Root Mean Square error (RMSE) used to evaluate the model gave values of 0.83 and 0.0895 cm3 cm-3 respectively. This showed that the model estimations were within acceptable ranges and can be applied to determine the water retention and hydraulic conductivity of the expanded black cotton soil aggregates at varied saturation.