Dissertations / Theses on the topic 'Black Pink'

Ponderosa pine (Pinus ponderosa Laws.) forests have changed considerably during the past century, partly because recurrent fires have been absent for a century or more. In dense stands of ponderosa pine in the Black Hills of South Dakota, a layer of pine needles has replaced understory vegetation. I examined the disturbance history, soil seed bank, and effects of prescribed burning and overstory reduction on understory vegetation in a ponderosa pine stand in the northern Black Hills. Cessation of fires, prolific ponderosa pine regeneration, and logging led to a dense, even-aged stand with very little understory vegetation and few viable seeds in the soil seed bank. Understory vegetation did not respond to restoration treatments the first growing season, but did respond the second growing season. Paucity of viable seeds in the soil seed bank does not appear to constrain recruitment of understory vegetation in dense ponderosa pine forests of South Dakota.

Acid soil infertility has been associated with excess of Al, either Mn toxicity or deficiency, deficiencies or toxicities of one or more other trace elements, or deficiencies of certain major nutrients such as Ca, Mg, P and K. Studies on the influences of these factors on the tree growth are useful in identifying the mechanisms and the genetic sources of tolerance to acid soil. A series of five culture experiments, under controlled conditions, were carried out using Greek and British Scots (Pinus sylvestris L.) seedlings as well as black pine seedlings of Greek (Pinus nigra Arnold var. nigricans Host) and 'British' (Pinus nigra var. maritima (Ait.) Melville) origin. Nine major and trace elements (N, P, K, Ca, Mg, Fe, Mn, Zn and Cu) were determined in the growth components of pine seedlings. The Mn and Ca requirements of the pine seedlings of all growth components were assessed. Foliar values found for the Mn (ppm) and Ca (%) concentrations associated with 90% of maximum yield were: a) Greek-derived Scots pine: Mn 84-855 and Ca 0.34-1.00, b) British-derived Scots pine: Mn 77-1,450 and Ca 0.43-0.87, c) Austrian pine: Mn *-2,100 and Ca 0.27-*, and d) Corsican pine: Mn *-1,400 and Ca 0.30-0.73 (* denotes not estimated). The results suggested that under conditions of low Ca availability, excessive Mn uptake could result in toxicity in Greek pines and the feed solution Ca/Mn concentration ratio is an important factor in determining the ability of British pines to tolerate adverse Mn conditions. The relative tolerance of Corsican pine to Mn toxicity is related both to immobilisation of Mn in roots by increased Ca uptake, particularly at low solution Ca availability, and to inhibition of Mn translocation from roots to the foliage, while that of British P.sylvestris is associated to its ability to withstand high Mn concentration in shoots. The characteristic nutritional behaviour of Corsican pine (exclusion of some essential elements from the foliage) appeared to be partly responsible for the induced Mg and Fe deficiencies by excess Mn availability. Furthermore, the adverse influence of increasing solution Mn availability on Ca concentration of pine seedlings is dependent on the availability of Ca in the nutrient solution, on the component part analysed, on the genotype and on the experimental conditions. The presence of two absorption mechanisms for Mn and a close functional relationship between Ca and Mn in foliage of seedlings is suggested.

Kyoto University (京都大学)
0048
新制・課程博士
博士(農学)
甲第10264号
農博第1336号
新制||農||867(附属図書館)
学位論文||H15||N3785(農学部図書室)
UT51-2003-H685
京都大学大学院農学研究科地域環境科学専攻
(主査)教授 武田 博清, 教授 東 順一, 教授 谷 誠
学位規則第4条第1項該当

Competition from non-crop vegetation decreases the productivity of conifer plantations across Canada. The objectives of this research were: (1) to develop reliable indices of perennial, interspecific competition; (2) to compare the responses of black spruce and jack pine seedlings to tree and brush competition in northern Ontario; and (3) to identify the silvicultural implications of the responses. An examination of potential components of a competition index considered measures based on hemispherical photographs, fractal geometry, stand maps, and mensurational data from 360 seedling-centred plots for each of the two crop species. Reliable competition indices should be simple formulations which include horizontal and vertical dimensions and which express the amount of competition relative to the size of the seedling. The optimum index was found to be the area of competing canopy on hemispherical photographs, relative to the seedling leaf area. An alternate index, requiring no elaborate equipment, was the sum of the competing stem volumes (relative to the seedling stem volume) of the largest competitor in each quadrant surrounding the seedling. Comparisons of crop tree responses were made using functional growth analysis, replacing the conventional time axis with a competition axis. The relationship between growth and competition was adequately modelled with a power exponential composite function. Jack pine and bare root stock of both species maintained superior growth despite greater sensitivities to competition, compared to black spruce and container stock, respectively. Thus, jack pine or bare root stock of black spruce would outperform the alternatives if tending were delayed, but competition should be removed in all cases to capture the maximum growth potential. The rate of growth decline in response to competition was consistently greatest at the lowest competition levels, indicating that no beneficial effect on growth was provided by a light cover of non-crop vegetation. Allometric analyses indicated that black spruce had a greater morphological plasticity than jack pine. At high competition levels black spruce allocated more biomass to branches and foliage, at the expense of stem and roots. Jack pine demonstrated no such adjustment in allocation pattern, but followed a strategy of stress avoidance through sustained high growth rates.
Forestry, Faculty of
Graduate

Magistro darbe vertinami introdukuotų pušų rūšių Kuršių nerijos nacionaliniame parke būklė ir statusas, pažeidimų priežastys, dendrometriniai rodikliai, estetiškumas. Darbo objektas –Kuršių nerijos nacionalinio parko kalninės, juodosios, Bankso ir paprastosios pušų sklypai, kurie įveisti 1896 m. – 1962 m. Juodkrantės (kv.38 skl.29, 39; kv.39 skl.6, 12) ir Smiltynės (Kv.36 skl. 14,16) girininkijose. Darbo tikslas – įvertinti introdukuotų pušų rūšių želdinių būklę ir statusą Kuršių nerijos nacionaliniame parke. Darbo metodai –instrumentinis denrometrinių rodiklių nustatymas, vizualinis medžių įvertinimas, literatūros šaltinių ir dokumentų analizė Darbo rezultatai. 2010 metai medynams nustatyti šie dendrometriniai rodikliai: kalninė pušis Dvid=7.7cm, Dmax=19.5cm, Hvid=6.2m, Hmax=7.5m, tankumas 6000 vnt/ha; Bankso bušis Dvid=10,1cm, Dmax=18cm, Hvid=9.2m, Hmax=12,5m, tankumas 3500 vnt/ha; juodoji pušis Dvid=23,2cm, Dmax=40cm, Hvid=15,1m, Hmax=17,5m, tankumas 931 vnt/ha. Sąlyginai sveiki individai kalninės pušies medynuose nerijos palvėje, sudaro 45%, įvairiu laipsniu pažeisti – 27,92%, o sausuoliai ir virtėliai – 27,08% , Bankso pušies medynus Didžiojo kopagūbrio viršuje, sudaro - sveiki 48,57%, įvairiu laipsniu pažeisti – 45,71%, o sausuoliai ir virtėliai – 5,72% , juodosios pušies medynuose Didžiojo kopagūbrio rytiniame šlaite - sveiki 42,96%, įvairiu laipsniu pažeisti – 50,38%, o sausuoliai ir virtėliai – 6,66% . Visų tirtų introdukuotų pušų rūšių želdinių sanitarinė –... [toliau žr. visą tekstą]
Master’s work evaluates the invasive pine species in Curonian spit national park, its state and status, causes of damages, tree measurement indicators, aesthetic state. Job object – Curonian spit national park plots of mountain, black and Banks pines, planted 1896 – 1962 in Juodkrante (kv.38 plot.29, 39; kv.39 plot 6, 12), Smiltyne (Kv.36 plot. 14,16) forestries. The aim of the study – to evaluate invasive pine species state and status in Curonian spit national park. Working methods – instrumental tree measurement indicators, visual status evaluation, analyzes of literature and document. Study results – 2010 invasive species the following tree measurement indicators: mountain pine Dvid=7.7cm, Dmax=19.5cm, Hvid=6.2m, Hmax=7.5m, density 6000 units/ha; Banks pine Dvid=10,1cm, Dmax=18cm, Hvid=9.2m, Hmax=12,5m, density 3500 units/ha; black pine Dvid=23,2cm, Dmax=40cm, Hvid=15,1m, Hmax=17,5m, density 931 units/ha. Conditionally healthy individuals in trees of mountain pine that are located in spit palve are 45 %, damaged in different degree – 27,92 %, deadwoods – 27,08 %. Banks pine trees on the top of Huge Dune Ridge : healthy – 48,57%, damaged in different degree - 45,71%, deadwoods - 5,72%. Black pine trees: on the east side of Huge Dune Ridge: healthy 42,96%, damaged in different degree – 50,38%, deadwoods – 6,66 %. Sanitary – higienic state of all evaluated invasive pine species is 3. The second class of aesthetic quality corresponds only Black pine stands on the east on... [to full text]

The aim of the study was to investigate the diversity and ecological properties of Dothideomycetes and Sordariomycetes in the alluvial black alder forests and the pine forest affected by cormorants. For the first time in Lithuania, detailed investigations were carried out on the diversity and distribution of Dothideomycetes and Sordariomycetes in the above-mentioned forests. The checklist of the study fungi was complied. 72 Dothideomycetes and Sordariomycetes species new to Lithuania were identified and original descriptions of their morphology were provided. The influence of abiotic factors on the diversity of woody and herbaceous plants fungi was evaluated for the first time in Lithuania. The results of the study enhanced the knowledge about the distribution of Dothideomycetes and Sordariomycetes in the alluvial forests protected in Europe, which may be used to protect the biologic diversity of these habitats. The properties of the diversity and distribution of studied fungi in the pine forest affected by cormorants allow assessing the impact of the hypertrophication, caused by these birds on the pine forest mycobiota.
Darbo tikslas – ištirti dotidėjomicetų (Dothideomycetes) ir sordarijomicetų (Sordariomycetes) įvairovę bei ekologines ypatybes aliuviniuose juodalksnynuose ir kormoranų pažeistame pušyne. Darbe pirmą kartą Lietuvoje detaliai ištirta aliuviniuose juodalksnynuose ir kormoranų pažeistame pušyne dotidėjomicetų ir sordarijomicetų rūšių įvairovė ir paplitimas. Sudarytas šiuose miškuose aptiktų grybų rūšių sąvadas. Išaiškintos 72 naujos Lietuvai tirtų aukšliagrybūnų rūšys ir pateikti originalūs jų morfologijos aprašymai. Pirmą kartą Lietuvoje įvertinta aplinkos veiksnių įtaka sumedėjusių bei žolinių augalų dotidėjomicetų ir sordarijomicetų įvairovei. Darbo rezultatai pagilino žinias apie šių grybų paplitimo dėsningumus Europoje saugomuose aliuviniuose miškuose, kas gali būti panaudota šių buveinių biologinės įvairovės išsaugojimui. Kormoranų pažeistame pušyne nustatyti tirtų grybų rūšinės sudėties ir paplitimo ypatumai leidžia įvertinti šių paukščių sukeliamos hipertrofikacijos poveikį pušyno mikobiotai.

Knowledge of optimum concentrations and ratios of major nutrients in tree foliage is required to assess the nutrient status of the boreal forest. This thesis aimed at determining foliar nutritional standards for white spruce (Picea glauca (Moench) Voss), black spruce (Picea mariana Mill. B.S.P.) and jack pine (Pinus banksiana Lamb.) and to assess the nutrient status of forest stands across Canada for all major nutrients (N, P, K, Ca, Mg and Mn) using critical values (CVA) and compositional nutrient diagnosis (CND). Trees were sampled at three locations in Ontario and Quebec to cover a gradient of soil fertility levels. A boundary line approach was used in combination with quadratic regression models to assess the relationship between growth and foliar nutrient concentrations or CND scores when free of the effects of interacting environmental factors. (Abstract shortened by UMI.)

Carved and engraved bone pins from the Koster, Black Earth and Modoc Rockshelter sites have been used by Professor Richard Jefferies to investigate the development of regional-scale interaction between hunter-gatherer groups of the Midwest Middle Archaic. Using that same data, this pilot study suggests that these artifacts may also be representative material embodiments of inherent social contradictions within and between hunter-gatherer societies at an even earlier date. These contradictions and the conflicts that arose from them may rival in importance ecological and demographic paradigms as catalysts for sedentism and territoriality in the Middle Archaic Midwest.

Darbo tikslas – ištirti dotidėjomicetų (Dothideomycetes) ir sordarijomicetų (Sordariomycetes) įvairovę bei ekologines ypatybes aliuviniuose juodalksnynuose ir kormoranų pažeistame pušyne. Darbe pirmą kartą Lietuvoje detaliai ištirta aliuviniuose juodalksnynuose ir kormoranų pažeistame pušyne dotidėjomicetų ir sordarijomicetų rūšių įvairovė ir paplitimas. Sudarytas šiuose miškuose aptiktų grybų rūšių sąvadas. Išaiškintos 72 naujos Lietuvai tirtų aukšliagrybūnų rūšys ir pateikti originalūs jų morfologijos aprašymai. Pirmą kartą Lietuvoje įvertinta aplinkos veiksnių įtaka sumedėjusių bei žolinių augalų dotidėjomicetų ir sordarijomicetų įvairovei. Darbo rezultatai pagilino žinias apie šių grybų paplitimo dėsningumus Europoje saugomuose aliuviniuose miškuose, kas gali būti panaudota šių buveinių biologinės įvairovės išsaugojimui. Kormoranų pažeistame pušyne nustatyti tirtų grybų rūšinės sudėties ir paplitimo ypatumai leidžia įvertinti šių paukščių sukeliamos hipertrofikacijos poveikį pušyno mikobiotai.
The aim of the study was to investigate the diversity and ecological properties of Dothideomycetes and Sordariomycetes in the alluvial black alder forests and the pine forest affected by cormorants. For the first time in Lithuania, detailed investigations were carried out on the diversity and distribution of Dothideomycetes and Sordariomycetes in the above-mentioned forests. The checklist of the study fungi was complied. 72 Dothideomycetes and Sordariomycetes species new to Lithuania were identified and original descriptions of their morphology were provided. The influence of abiotic factors on the diversity of woody and herbaceous plants fungi was evaluated for the first time in Lithuania. The results of the study enhanced the knowledge about the distribution of Dothideomycetes and Sordariomycetes in the alluvial forests protected in Europe, which may be used to protect the biologic diversity of these habitats. The properties of the diversity and distribution of studied fungi in the pine forest affected by cormorants allow assessing the impact of the hypertrophication, caused by these birds on the pine forest mycobiota.

Apesar da grande melhora nos resultados de desenvolvimento embrionário in vitro, cerca de 40% dos oócitos bovinos fecundados não completam o desenvolvimento na fase de pré-implantação. Diversos fatores estão relacionados a este fenômeno, conhecido como bloqueio do desenvolvimento embrionário. Partindo da premissa que o bloqueio no desenvolvimento ocorre normalmente, durante a ativação do genoma embrionário, aproximadamente, no 4º ciclo celular em bovinos, formulou-se a hipótese de que os genes transcritos no momento da ativação do genoma embrionário estão relacionados ao bloqueio. Nesta tese, um sistema fluorescente de Differential Display PCR (DDPCR) foi desenvolvido para isolar e identificar fragmentos de mRNAs expressos diferencialmente entre embriões que se desenvolvem mais rápido e com melhor taxa de desenvolvimento e aqueles que apresentam desenvolvimento mais lento e com maior taxa de bloqueio. Dentre 176 fragmentos recuperados, 27 foram clonados, seqüenciados e 30 genes identificados. Dois genes, PI3K e ITM2B foram quantificados pela PCR em tempo real. Os resultados sugerem que duas diferentes ativações do genoma podem estar ocorrendo: o grupo de desenvolvimento rápido ativa genes ligados ao desenvolvimento embrionário e, o grupo lento ativa os genes ligados à sobrevivência ou morte celular.
The embryonic developmental block occurs at the 8-cell stage in bovine and is characterized for a lengthening of the cell cycle. At the same stage, also takes place the maternal-embryonic transition (i.e. the activation of the embryonic genome). These events are highly correlated and many genes are activated at the 4th cell cycle however, their functions are mostly unknown. The study of gene expression during this stage will help understand the mechanisms involved in the maternal-embryonic transition and ultimately lead to improvements of in vitro embryo production rates. The aim of this study was to identify genes differentially expressed between bovine embryos with or without developmental competence to reach the blastocyst stage, using Differential Display PCR methodology. Embryos with fast cleavage divisions showing 8 cells at 48 hpi and high potential of development (R8), and embryos with slow cleavage divisions showing 4 cells at 48hpi (L4) and 8 cells at 80 hpi (L8), both with reduced rates of development to blastocyst, were analyzed. We developed an alternative protocol for amplification and recovery of differentially expressed genes from extremely small initial amounts of RNA (10 to 25 pg of mRNA) from preimplantation bovine embryos without need of radio-isotopes. A total of 176 differentially expressed bands were recovered, 27 isolated-fragments were cloned and sequenced confirming the expected primer sequences and allowing the recognition identification of 30 gene transcripts related to bovine embryonic physiology. Two genes, PI3K and ITM2B were chosen for relative quantification of mRNA using Real-Time PCR. Results suggest two different embryonic genome activation mechanisms: fast-developing embryos activate genes related to embryonic development, and slow-developing embryos activate genes related to cellular survival and/or death.

This thesis deals with the design of a crane hook block with a capacity of 20 tons with two guiding and one equalizing roller for handling sheet metal coils. The work includes the calculation and design of the elements and strength calculations of individual parts. Part of the work is the drawings of the given assemblies.

This paper addresses the representation of the male equivalent of the mermaid - the merman - in illustrations. The paper relies on a theoretical framework of gender studies, queer theory, masculinity studies and previous studies of the mermaid including psychoanalysis and folkloric studies. The paper focuses on four different representations of the merman: The Pin-up, The Romantic Couple, The Fish Boy and The Elderly Merman. Each type is examined by their portrayal of gender, sexuality, masculinity, the gendered gazes in the picture and the intertextual relation to mermaid mythology, folklore and research. The paper concludes that the illustrations of the merman are shaped by a polarized gender norm. The different representations show a wide range of implicit looks, sexualities and various ways in how they relate to the mermaid myth. Some strategies implemented in the pictures imply that the male body still resists an objectified position. The sexualized merman follows the beauty ideals for the western man in mainstream media since the 1980’s where whiteness, muscles, youth and sensitivity are prioritized. The mermen that do not follow this ideal is pictured as frightening and/or asexual. All mermen have in common that they are feminized and exoticized due to their close connection to nature.

My Eyes Due See is a multidimensional examination of the “black experience” in America. The installation is composed of a single-channel video, a music composition that utilizes music samples and live instrumentation, and sculptures made up of car parts and broomsedge grass. Each of these elements arranged in space share a nuanced and complicated view of blackness through the lens of a black man decoding personal history and American history simultaneously. Autonomy is the overarching theme throughout the work as it pertains to race, identity, urban and rural environments, and the relationship between generational trauma and nostalgia.

The following is a collection of original poetry. The manuscript consists of an introduction explaining influences and style, and four chapters of poems categorized by subject matter: object/nature, writing/creativity, relationships, and family/figures. INDEX WORDS: Poetry, Poem

The notion of a Pink Economy has become a significant aspect of queer visual and consumer culture over the past two decades. This study investigates the media discourses of the Pink Economy in order to understand and contextualize their historical foundations, as well as their social implications within the queer body politic. This study focuses on post-apartheid queer consumer media in order to investigate the constructions of the Pink Economy and the queer consumer identities which are therein represented. Moreover, this study seeks to locate black queer male subjectivities within the queer media landscape, and investigates the extent to which they are represented as possessing consumer agency, or as legitimate participants within the media discourses of the Pink Economy. A corpus of post-apartheid queer media texts was constructed and organized thematically in accordance to the discourses of sexual identity politics, queer consumption and representations of racialized masculinities. Semi-structured participant interviews with the editors of successful contemporary queer media publications were also designed and incorporated within the corpus for analysis. This was done in order to provide contextual background as to the history of these publications and the editorial motivations behind certain representations which were found to be most salient and interesting. A qualitative discourse analysis was undertaken in order to explore the ways in which the media texts spoke to or problematized the research questions. The assimilationist ideologies which informed the homonormative discourses within these various media platforms were theorized and critiqued accordingly. The homonormative discourses of the Pink Economy were shown to be highly exclusionary in terms of the marginalization of black queer male consumption. This study, therefore, provides a cogent and insightful theory of the homonormative inflection of the discourses of the Pink Economy within post-apartheid queer consumer media. Key terms: queer consumption, Pink Economy, Pink Rand, queer consumer media, sexual identity politics, representation, consumer-citizenship, visibility, “niche” marketing, advertising, DINKS, luxury, leisure, travel and tourism, homonormativity, assimilation, neoliberalism, commodification, hypersexuality, black masculinity, black sexuality, fetishization, stereotype, marginalization.

The purpose of this study was to develop a better understanding of the growth differences between unmanaged, fire-origin, even-aged lodgepole pine {Pinus contorts var. latifolia Dougl. ex Loud) and lodgepole pine-black spruce (P/'cea mariana (Mill.) B.S.P.) stands. Both species commonly grow together on "d" (Labrador tea-mesic) ecosites of the Upper Foothills subregion of Alberta. During the summer of 2000, 27 study stands were selected to assess growth, structure and productivity of pine and pine and pine-spruce stands. These stands were stratified into (i) two stand types: pine and pine-spruce; and (ii) four age classes: (1) 50 - 60, (2) 60 - 80, (3) 90 - 100, and (4) 100 - 120 years at breast height. Vegetation, soil, and stand data were collected and analyzed to determine: (a) site quality, (b) site index, (c) stand structure (diameter, height, and crown height frequency distributions), (d) height and basal area growth, and (e) stand volume. The vegetation and soil analyses confirmed the initial field assessment of fresh, nitrogen-poor sites. The variation in pine site index across age classes varied between 12.3 m and 13.9 m and was not significantly different. Similarly, there was no difference in the mean pine site indices between pine stands (13.5 m) and pine-spruce stands (12.6 m). It was concluded that the sampled plots were ecologically equivalent and were suitable for the productivity comparison of pine vs. pine-spruce stands. Growth of pine in height and diameter was not impeded when it grew with spruce. There was no significant difference between the mean dimensions of pine trees (dbh, height, and height to live crown) in pine vs. pine-spruce stands. The relatively small differences in stand characteristics in both species between age class 2 and 3 stands were attributed to density-dependent mortality and the progressive ingress of spruce into the canopy. Pine-spruce stands were consistently two-storied across age classes with pine in the upper canopy stratum.

碩士
國立中山大學
海洋環境及工程學系研究所
94
The objective of this study was to investigate the spatial and temporal distribution of black carbon (BC) and possible sources by analyzing BC contents in core and sediment trap samples collected from Kao-ping submarine Canyon and surficial sediments collected from Love River, Chianjen River, Kaohsiung Harbor, Kao-ping River and adjacent coastal area. In addition, sediment core and trap samples of Kao-ping submarine Canyon, and suspended solids of Kao-ping estuary were analyzed to estimate the BC loading from Kao-ping River and the flux in Kao-ping submarine Canyon. The concentrations of BC ranged from 0.38 to 3.29 mg g-1 in this study. The results we found in coastal sediments were comparable to those in Asia, but lower than those in America and Europe. Black carbon found in surficial sediments of D2, L1 and of stations from Love River, Chianjen River and Kaohsiung Harbor were contributed from vehicle emission or coal combustion. Correlation coefficients of BC versus total polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon (PAH) concentrations, combustion PAHs, total organic carbon (TOC) and grain size were significant in the sediments of Kao-ping River adjacent coast. Regrading to the temporal distribution of BC in Kao-ping submarine Canyon, BC and PAHs increased in the deposited sediment after 1970, that was probably related to prosperous industrial activities for last decades in Taiwan. Surficial sediments could be grouped into three clusters by hierarchical cluster analysis (HCA). Results of principal component analysis (PCA) showed principal component 1 (PC 1) could explain 35 % of total variances. Significant PC 1 compound loadings were found mostly from high molecular weight PAHs which derived mainly from combustion processes. This result was supported by the significant correlation (p<0.05) of PC 1 scores versus BC concentrations which were also mainly derived from combustion. BC fluxes for sediment cores, S1 and S37, and sediment trap of Kao-ping submarine Canyon, 0.59 g m-2 yr-1, 2.03 g m-2 yr-1 and 23 g m-2 yr-1, respectively, were comparable to those reported for surficial sediments in literature. However, BC fluxes in this study were lower than those in the sediments from Mouth of Providence River, Palos Verdes Shelf and New England Harbors, but higher than those in pelagic sediments of the Pacific Ocean. In addition, we also measured BC concentrations in suspended solid samples to estimate loadings of Kao-ping estuary which ranged from 33 to 1765 kg day-1 with an average of 602 kg day-1. Annual BC loading of Kao-ping River was roughly estimated as 29.55×104 tons which was lower than that of the Mississippi River.

This study develops forestry growth and yield models for two economically important tree species in Manitoba, black spruce [Picea mariana (Mill.) BSP] and jack pine [Pinus banksiana Lamb]. The growth and yield models developed include regression-based individual tree height growth and site index, tree diameter (basal area) growth, tree bole taper, and individual tree mortality models. These regression-based models were developed empirically, using stem analysis, growth and mortality data from 80 permanent sample plots located within the commercially important boreal forests of Manitoba. Model development involved the exploration, comparison and testing of numerous potential regression models and predictor variables. Statistical issues commonly encountered in forest growth and yield modeling, particularly data autocorrelation and variable multicollinearity, were addressed using nonlinear least squares (NLS), generalized nonlinear least squares (GNLS), and nonlinear mixed-effects model regression (NLMM) approaches. Height growth and site index of black spruce and jack pine was modelled using a three-parameter generalized logistic function. NLMM regression was used since the data were spatially autocorrelated. The inclusion of prior measures from individual trees produced more accurate predictions. In the tree diameter (basal area) growth models, tree size variables were significant predictors for black spruce and managed jack pine stands. Site index (a measure of site productivity) was positively correlated, and basal area of trees larger than the target tree (a relative measure of competition) negatively correlated, with diameter increment. Thiessen polygon area, a spatial measure of competition, was a significant predictor for natural jack pine and upland black spruce stands. Tree bole taper was modeled by NLMM approach using a five-parameter equation based on dimensional analysis, with breast height diameter, total height and relative height as predictor variables. The inclusion of a single prior measure from each tree improved model prediction. Black spruce and jack pine mortality was modeled using logistic regression. The black spruce models predicted high survivorship for larger, fast-growing trees in less crowded stands. In the jack pine model, highest survivorship was predicted for larger, less locally crowded trees.

Este trabalho foi expressamente elaborado com vista à obtenção do grau de Doutor em Ciências Agronómicas e Florestais - Tese apresentada à Universidade de Trás-os-Montes e Alto Douro
Pinus nigra Arnold is a relict pine species from the Tertiary period, with a complex botanical classification. Its natural distribution is wide, fragmented and ranges from the Northern Mediterranean, North Africa and Eastwards to the Black Sea, Corsica and Sicily islands. In Portugal, P. nigra populations are allochthonous, were planted 50 to 90 years ago with plant material of unknown origin and, until the beginning of this work, were just characterized morphologically by Louro in 1982. This work intended to evaluate the P. nigra stands planted in the North and Centre of Portugal, their wood density, growth and quality traits, and to characterise molecularly their genetic structure, variability and relationships in order to infer about their origin and/or infraspecific taxonomy by comparison with P. nigra samples from different provenances and with known taxonomic classification. For this work, six planted stands that were considered representative of the species distribution in Portugal were chosen. Height and diameter at breast height (DBH) was measured and the general state of these stands evaluated. Overall, no mortality was observed except in Paredes de Coura, where trees manifested poor growth. Schumacher model was tested for the prediction of DBH growth and provided satisfying results in terms of the model fitness. Wood traits evaluation revealed that P. nigra had identical or slightly higher values of wood density components, similar growth rate and mechanical properties, higher fiber length and extractive content and lower Klason lignin and H/G ratio than Pinus pinaster which constitutes the main species used by the Portuguese forestry industry. In this sense, P. nigra could be used to satisfy wood national demands. Concerning the genetic results achieved with dominant inter-simple sequence repeats (ISSRs) and Start Codon Targeted (SCoT) markers, 127 P. nigra individuals planted in Portugal were clustered per population. Genetic differentiation was higher within rather than among populations. The pooled ISSR and SCoT data indicated that the Portuguese populations had higher genetic proximity with foreign samples of subspecies laricio. Also, the separate analysis per marker system revealed that two varieties of subspecies laricio (corsicana and calabrica) may have been used in the plantations of the Portuguese P. nigra stands. Upon molecularly analysed with codominant markers simple sequence repeats (SSRs), the same planted populations also revealed higher intra-population diversity but a genetic structure defined into two clusters with low differentiation. This last feature might suggest two provenances or infraspecific taxa, corroborating the results achieved with the dominant markers. Despite the comparison of the SSR data among Portuguese and foreign P. nigra samples from different subspecies, it was not possible to infer unequivocally the origin and/or infraspecific taxonomy of the planted populations. Although the multidisciplinary characterizations performed during this work in the P. nigra planted in Portugal provided useful information for future studies on forest management, afforestation and germplasm use, research involving the comparison of the Portuguese samples with others from different provenances and infraspecific taxa, and the use of other marker systems, should not be discarded.
Pinus nigra Arnold é uma conífera do período Terciário, de classificação botânica complexa. A sua distribuição natural é ampla e fragmentada, abrangendo desde o Norte do Mediterrâneo, Norte de África e, a Este, o Mar Negro, bem como as ilhas de Córsega e Sicília. Em Portugal, as populações de P. nigra são alóctones, foram plantadas há 50 a 90 anos com material vegetal de origem desconhecida, e até ao início deste trabalho, foram apenas caracterizadas morfologicamente por Louro em 1982. Este trabalho pretendeu avaliar a aptidão dos povoamentos de P. nigra plantados no Norte e Centro de Portugal, as suas características de densidade, crescimento e qualidade da madeira, e caracterizar molecularmente a estrutura, variabilidade e relações genéticas para inferir sobre a sua origem e/ou taxonomia infraespecífica por comparação com amostras de P. nigra de diferentes origens e com classificação taxonómica conhecida. Para este trabalho foram escolhidos seis povoamentos plantados considerados representativos da distribuição da espécie em Portugal. Foi avaliado o estado geral dos povoamentos através da altura e diâmetro à altura do peito (DAP). No geral, nenhuma mortalidade foi observada, exceto em Paredes de Coura, onde as árvores manifestaram fraco crescimento. O modelo de Schumacher foi testado para a previsão do crescimento do DAP, fornecendo resultados satisfatórios e adequados para a espécie. A avaliação das características da madeira revelou que P. nigra demonstrava valores idênticos ou ligeiramente superiores de componentes de densidade de madeira, taxa de crescimento, propriedades mecânicas semelhantes, maior comprimento das fibras e conteúdo extrativo e menor lenhina Klason e razão H/G comparativamente com Pinus pinaster, que constitui uma das principais espécies utilizadas pela indústria florestal portuguesa. Neste sentido, P. nigra poderia ser utilizada para atender às necessidades nacionais da indústria florestal. Relativamente aos resultados genéticos alcançados com os marcadores dominantes intermicrossatélites (ISSR) e SCoT (“Start Codon Targeted”), 127 indivíduos de P. nigra plantados em Portugal foram agrupados por população. A diferenciação genética foi maior dentro da população do que entre as populações. A totalidade dos dados ISSR e SCoT indicaram que as populações portuguesas tinham maior proximidade genética com amostras estrangeiras da subespécie laricio. Adicionalmente, a análise separada por sistema marcador revelou que as duas variedades da subespécie laricio (corsicana e calabrica) podem ter sido usadas nas plantações dos povoamentos portugueses de P. nigra. Após a análise molecular realizada com os marcadores codominantes microssatélites (SSR), as mesmas populações plantadas também revelaram maior diversidade intra-populacional mas uma estrutura genética definida em dois grupos com baixa diferenciação. Este facto pode sugerir duas proveniências ou taxa infraespecíficos, corroborando os resultados alcançados com os marcadores dominantes. Apesar da comparação dos dados SSR entre amostras portuguesas e estrangeiras de P. nigra de diferentes subespécies, não foi possível inferir de forma inequívoca a origem e/ou a taxonomia infraespecífica das populações plantadas. Embora as caracterizações multidisciplinares realizadas ao longo deste trabalho nas populações de P. nigra plantadas em Portugal tenham fornecido informações úteis para a gestão florestal, florestação e utilização de germoplasma, pesquisas futuras envolvendo a comparação das amostras portuguesas com outras de diferentes proveniências e taxa infraespecíficos, e o uso de outros sistemas marcadores, não devem ser descartadas.

碩士
國立交通大學
電機學院IC設計產業專班
96
With the advanced fabrication technique developing rapidly, more and more circuits could be integrated in a single chip. This trend will cause the complication in package designs and signal interconnection. However, the typical peripheral wire-bond design may not be proper for use in some particular designs, flip-chip becomes a better choice. In flip-chip design, engineers generally arrange the ball chart in the manual manner on experience in package-board codesign. This process is iterative, time-consuming and it will lengthen the time-to-market~(TTM) of products. [1] proposed a method of generating the BGA ball chart automatically by pin-block design and floorplanning, thus helped engineers respin the ball chart slightly and saved the arranging time dramatically. In this thesis, we exhibit the procedure of accomplishing the method of~[1] and improve the flooplanner in~[1]. The proposed pin-block floorplanner designates pin-out for flip-chip BGA package by using the range constraints, and it is based on simulated annealing algorithm. We also develop a representation for this special floorplanning requirement. It not only has flexibility on specifying critical parameters of the pin configuration, but also guarantees the minimum package size. Experimental results show that improved pin-block floorplanner can perform a better pin assignment than that in~[1].

Thesis (M.S.)--University of Wisconsin--Madison, 1996.
Typescript. eContent provider-neutral record in process. Description based on print version record. Includes bibliographical references (leaves 37-42).

Eight different height-diameter models, five height prediction models with stand variables as predictors and six height and site index models were selected, examined, compared and developed for black spruce (Picea mariana [Mill.] B.S.P.) and jack pine (Pinus banksiana Lamb.) in Manitoba. Eight different height-diameter models were fitted using nonlinear modeling techniques and compared in each of the five ecoregions in Manitoba: Churchill River Upland (Ecoregion 88); Hayes River Upland (Ecoregion 89); Lac Seul Upland (Ecoregion 90); Lake of the Woods (Ecoregion 91); Mid-Boreal Lowland (Ecoregion 148). Results suggested that the Weibull-type and Chapman-Richards models were the most suitable models. Differences of the height-diameter relationship among and between ecoregions were tested. Testing results suggested that height-diameter models significantly differred between ecoregions, indicating ecoregion-based or 'local' height-diameter models are needed for prediction purposes. The ecoregion-based height-diameter models developed in this study may provide more accurate information for developing forest growth and yield models. Five height prediction models were examined with the addition of stand density variables into the base height-diameter model. Adding stand variable resulted in increased prediction accuracy. Six height and site index models were examined and compared for black spruce and jack pine based on the provincial stem analysis data and the most suitable models were selected for Manitoba and the provincial height and site index prediction tables were produced.

碩士
義守大學
工業工程與管理學系碩士班
93
The major purposes of this research are to improve the yield of Cr. Thin-Film of Black-Matrix (BM) in Color-Filter (CF) and to find the robust parameters of the process with multiple quality characteristics by using the Taguchi Method with Grey Relational Analysis. After cause and effect diagram Analysis by the team of the experts and engineers in the Department of Thin-Film, we chose two quality characteristics and four experimental factors with three levels and adopted L9(34) orthogonal array to proceed with the experiment. The two quality characteristics are the count of pin-hole and the count of pin-hole larger than 20 pixels. The four experimental factors are: (A) 2nd layer target using time, (B) carrier and spring using count, (C) pre-cleaner brush pressure, (D) carrier module clean frequency. To obtain the relation and the weight between the quality characteristics, the principle component analysis (PCA) and the Entropy Measurement were applied. Based on the results of Grey Relational Analysis with Entropy Weight and confirmation run, the optimal process parameters of Cr Thin-Film of BM were obtained. Manufacturing with the obtained optimal process parameters can reduce the opportunities of repair and rework of Cr. Thin-Film and then raise the yield. This research also utilized the Neuro-fuzzy learning provided by the fuzzyTech software to learn and extract the rules in the BM production. Finally, the 3D response surface provided the process window for the engineers to make decision on process parameters.

碩士
國立高雄師範大學
美術學系
97
“Kaohsiung Sin Pin—the local labor—the Austronesian conscious,” as this title suggest, aims to show the care about the “Artistic Kaohsiung” in terms of its humanities, geography, and politics. The Sin Pin Pier Art Space, established in 1997 and leading the thoughts and experiments of avant-garde, is an ideal target object for this research. The series of exhibitions selected－“Takao labor—industrial Kaohsiung”－are the most controversial and interactive one that represent the local color of Kaohsiung as the beginning of this creative research. Moreover, the researcher explores the development and expansion of the subjectivity of the arts in Kaohsiung, and then, generalizes three themes of the subjectivity of the Kaohsiung arts: (1) “Earth” as the archetype; (2) “black” as the symbolic desire of the subject; (3) “periphery” as the strategic position to expand. The critical period is the 1990s, which suggests the discursive rupture, due to its operation and events associated with the “Kaohsiung subjectivity.” The researcher proposes that this time can be the mature period, which is the “Middle Period” concerning the exhibition content of “Labor Takao.” Then, the time of 1980s can be the “Initial Period,” which suggests the beginning of the subject formation of “Kaohsiung Black Painting” with conflicts and contestations. Then, the researcher indicates two routes of Kaohsiung arts. One is the director, Mr. Li Chun-Hsien, who persists to practice the aesthetic concept of “local priority,” and strategically uses the “periphery” position and the governmental resources to achieve the “Contemporary Austronesian Art.” The other is the director of tour planning of “Sin Pin Pier Art Space,” Mr. Cheng Ming-chuan, who adopts the “intersubjectivity” as the aesthetical practice to initiate a spatial transformation: on the one hand, he maintains and preserves the existing resources, and on the other, he welcomes the new artists to join the new conceptual transformation, and actively contacts other heterogeneous art groups. In the end, he makes this space become a space, which is interactive and contemporarily experimental. Above all, as the two routes are strategically different, they are the same: the subjectivity has gradually come to its maturity, and can, like a chameleon, mobilize with the changes of time, space, and events. However, there are some differences in terms of their aesthetical subjectivity. The current political identity remains still ambivalent, despite its years of efforts on the “Taiwanese Arts.” The researcher proposes that a global viewpoint, which is humane and multicultural, can be a new opportunity for the Taiwanese arts, and opens its local aesthetics to every singular group.