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Journal articles on the topic 'Black raspberries'

Author: Grafiati

Published: 4 June 2021

Last updated: 30 January 2023

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1

Jennings, D. L., and R. J. McNicol. "BLACK RASPBERRIES AND PURPLE RASPBERRIES SHOULD BE SPINE-FREE AND TETRAPLOID." Acta Horticulturae, no. 262 (November 1989): 89–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.17660/actahortic.1989.262.11.

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2

Harshman, Julia M., Wayne M. Jurick, Kim S. Lewers, Shiow Y. Wang, and Christopher S. Walsh. "Resistance to Botrytis cinerea and Quality Characteristics during Storage of Raspberry Genotypes." HortScience 49, no. 3 (March 2014): 311–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.21273/hortsci.49.3.311.

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Raspberries are a delicate, high-value crop with an extremely short shelf life exacerbated by postharvest decay caused by Botrytis cinerea Pers. European red raspberry (Rubus idaeus L.) is the most widely grown variety. Yellow (R. idaeus L.), black (R. occidentalis L.), and purple raspberries (R. ×neglectus Peck. or R. occidentalis ×idaeus hybrids) are available mainly at local markets and U-pick farms. To compare the postharvest quality of the raspberry color groups, pesticide-free fruit from cultivars and breeding selections of red, yellow, purple, and black raspberries were examined for oxygen radical absorbance capacity (ORAC), phenolics, anthocyanins, soluble solids, titratable acids, pH, color, firmness, decay and juice leakage rates, ethylene evolution, and respiration. There were significant correlations between decay rate and physiochemical properties. Both decay and leakage rates were correlated with weather conditions before harvest, but each color group responded differently to different weather factors. There were no correlations among changes in color, firmness, decay, or juice leakage rates. All the other color groups were less acidic than the familiar red raspberry. Yellow raspberries had the worst decay rates but the best leakage rates. Black and purple raspberries, with the highest phenolics and anthocyanins and the lowest ethylene evolution rates, resisted decay the longest but bled soonest.

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3

Hummer, Kim E., Les H. Fuchigami, Vonda Peters, and Neil Bell. "SURVEY OF RUBUS COLD HARDINESS." HortScience 27, no. 6 (June 1992): 612e—612. http://dx.doi.org/10.21273/hortsci.27.6.612e.

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Stem and bud tissues of promocanes from more than 260 Rubus genotypes were evaluated for mid-winter cold hardiness after laboratory freezing in January 1990. T50 values were calculated for cane samples of red, yellow, black and purple raspberry, and blackberry cultivars, hybrids and species. Red raspberries exhibited the hardiest stem tissue, although several purple raspberries (Rubus sp. cvs. Brandywine, Royalty) survived as low as -33 C. Fall fruiting red raspberries, such as R. idaeus L. cvs. Zeva Remontante, Indian Summer, St. Regis, and Fallred, survived from -23 to -25 C. Summer-bearing cultivars, Canby and Puyallup, survived to -30 C. Stems of several black raspberries (R. occidentalis L. cvs. New Logan, Bristol) survived to -27 C. Stems of the hardiest blackberry cultivars, (R. sp. cvs. Black Satin, Smoothstem) survived to -22 C. In most genotypes the region of the bud at the axis of the stem was less hardy than tissues within the bud scales. Buds tissue was 2 to 10 C less hardy than stem tissue. Field plants were also visually rated for cold injury following record low temperatures occurring in 1989, 1990, and 1991.

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4

Goulart, Barbara L., Philip E. Hammer, Kathleen B. Evensen, Wojciech Janisiewicz, and Fumiomi Takeda. "Pyrrolnitrin, Captan + Benomyl, and High CO2 Enhance Raspberry Shelf Life at 0 or 18C." Journal of the American Society for Horticultural Science 117, no. 2 (March 1992): 265–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.21273/jashs.117.2.265.

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The effects of preharvest applications of pyrrolnitrin (a biologically derived fungicide) on postharvest longevity of `Bristol' black raspberry (Rubus occidentals L.) and `Heritage' red raspberry [R. idaeus L. var. strigosus (Michx.) Maxim] were evaluated at two storage temperatures. Preharvest fungicide treatments were 200 mg pyrrolnitrin/liter, a standard fungicide treatment (captan + benomyl or iprodione) or a distilled water control applied 1 day before first harvest. Black raspberries were stored at 18 or 0 ± lC in air or 20% CO2. Red raspberries were stored at the same temperatures in air only. Pyrrolnitrin-treated berries often had less gray mold (Botrytis cinerea Pers. ex Fr.) in storage than the control but more than berries treated with the standard fungicides. Storage in a modified atmosphere of 20% CO2 greatly improved postharvest quality of black raspberries at both storage temperatures by reducing gray mold development. The combination of standard fungicide or pyrrolnitrin, high CO2, and low temperature resulted in more than 2 weeks of storage with less than 5% disease on black raspberries; however, discoloration limited marketability after≈ 8 days under these conditions. Chemical names used: 3-chloro-4-(2'-nitro-3'-chlorophenyl) -pyrrole (pyrrolnitrin); N-trichloromethylthio-4-cyclohexene-l12-dicarboximide (captan); methyl 1-(butylcarbamoyl) -2-benzimidazolecarbamate) (benomyl); 3-(3,5 -dichlorophenyl) -N-(l-methylethyl -2,4-dioxo-l-imi-dazolidinecarboxamide (Rovral, iprodione).

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5

Anisimova, Oksana Sergeyevna. "EFFECT OF PROCESSING METHODS AND STORAGE TIME ON THE CONTENT OF ASCORBIC ACID IN BERRIES." chemistry of plant raw material, no. 2 (June 10, 2022): 157–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.14258/jcprm.2022028341.

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The article presents the results of a study of the dynamics of the content of ascorbic acid in berries of black and red currants and raspberries during storage in a frozen form and during conservation of berries grated with sugar. As objects of research, we used two varieties of red currant, black currant and raspberry. The ascorbic acid content served as a marker of the berry quality during storage. The analysis of ascorbic acid was carried out by the iodometric method according to the standard method. It was found that immediately after freezing, the loss of ascorbic acid is from 6 to 20%, which is significantly less than when grinding with sugar (65–97%). The decrease in the content of ascorbic acid in berries during storage occurs unevenly and after 6 months the concentration stabilizes. When storing frozen berries, additional losses of vitamin C in red and black currants averaged 83%, and in raspberries – 66%. During storage of berry puree, additional losses were 32% for red and black currants, and 89% for raspberries. The best preservation of ascorbic acid was observed when stored frozen – in experiments with black currants, while storing berry puree – in experiments with red currants.

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6

Tulio, Artemio Z., Mustafa Ozgen, R. Neil Reese, Steven J. Schwartz, Qingguo Tian, Gary D. Stoner, A. Raymond Miller, and Joseph C. Scheerens. "(467) Anthocyanins as Primary Antioxidants in Black Raspberries." HortScience 40, no. 4 (July 2005): 1091A—1091. http://dx.doi.org/10.21273/hortsci.40.4.1091a.

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Anthocyanins in black raspberry extracts may play a key role in the regulation of oncogene expression in cancer cell cultures. Variations in anthocyanin levels of `Jewel', `Mac Black', and `Bristol' black raspberries grown at seven commercial farms in Ohio were investigated using HPLC and uv-vis spectrometry. Cyanidin-3-rutinoside (cy-3-rut) and cyanidin-3-(2G-xylorutinoside) (cy-3-2-xyl), the two major compounds present in all cultivars (≈2:1), were highly correlated with total anthocyanin contents. Sample variation in total anthocyanin, cy-3-rut, and cy-3-2-xyl levels was greater among commercial farms than among cultivars grown at the same location. The antioxidant activities of cy-3-rut, cyanidin-3-glucoside, cyanidin-3,5-diglucoside (cy-3,5-diglc), and pelargonidin-3-glucoside from purified extracts were determined using the free radical scavenging assays DPPH and ABTS, and the ferric reducing power assay FRAP. All pure anthocyanins showed strong antioxidant potentials except for cy-3,5-diglc. Cy-3-rut was identified and quantified as the dominant anthocyanin in black raspberries and was also the most potent antioxidant. Results suggest that anthocyanins, cy-3-rut in particular, may function as the primary antioxidants in black raspberries. Genetic and environmental variation in the anthocyanin contents necessitate characterization of the antioxidant and anthocyanin levels in fruits from any given source prior to measuring biological and medicinal activities.

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7

Martin, Lloyd W. "Cultural Modifications for Improving Mechanical Harvesting of Red Raspberries and Blackberries." HortScience 20, no. 6 (December 1985): 1014–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.21273/hortsci.20.6.1014.

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Abstract Mechanical harvesting of raspberries and blackberries is accepted practice in the Pacific Northwest (14). Commercial development of mechanical harvesters began in the 1950s when the Weygandt machine was introduced to harvest black raspberries in Oregon (22). Subsequent research in Arkansas and Oregon contributed to the development of mechanization (2, 11), and blackberries and later red raspberries were successfully harvested with machines in the 1960s (5). Progress in cane and bush berry harvesting was reported by Nelson and Booster (17) in 1969, by Martin and Lawrence (13) in 1976, and was reviewed by Booster (4) in 1983.

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8

Dubenok, Nikolay, and Kirill Il'chenko. "Influence of drip irrigation on the formation of seedlings raspberries in the Non-Black earth zone." Melioration and Water Management, no. 1 (April 21, 2021): 6–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.32962/0235-2524-2021-1-6-11.

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Due to the lack of scientifically grounded technologies for the cultivation of red raspberries in the gardens and nurseries of the Non-Chernozem zone of the Russian Federation, aimed at the minimum use of resources and funds, it is relevant research to establish the effect of different moisture availability on the growth, development and productivity of raspberries, as well as the development of an optimal soil moisture regime in the Non-Chernozemregion. Field research is carried out on the territory of the training and experimental farm, the fruit-growing laboratory «Michurinsky Garden». Russian State Agrarian University – Moscow Agricultural Academy named after K.A. Timiryazev. The experiment is two-factor, aimed at studying the different pre-irrigation moisture thresholds for the development of two varieties of raspberries, was laid in the fall of 2018.

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9

Wyzgoski, Faith J., A. Raymond Miller, Joseph C. Scheerens, Peter L. Rinaldi, Bert L. Bishop, R. Neil Reese, Mustafa Ozgen, Artemio Z. Tulio, M. Monica Giusti, and Joshua A. Bomser. "A Nuclear Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy-based Approach to Profile Biologically Active Plant Metabolites Using Black Raspberry Inhibition of Colon Cancer Cell Proliferation as a Model System." HortScience 41, no. 4 (July 2006): 1000B—1000. http://dx.doi.org/10.21273/hortsci.41.4.1000b.

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We have developed a Nuclear Magnetic Resonance (NMR)-based approach to metabolomics research that enables the identification of bioactive compounds in crude plant extracts. For this work, we used black raspberries, which are known to contain compounds that exhibit chemopreventive activity toward oral, esophageal, and colon cancers. To ascertain bioactive components and their interrelationships, NMR results for black raspberry samples from four cultivars grown on commercial farms in Ohio were examined using principal component analysis. Multivariate analysis that included anthocyanin content (HPLC), antioxidant activity (DPPH, ABTS, FRAP), total phenolics (Folin-Ciocalteau assay), and bioactivity as measured by inhibition of colon cancer HT-29 cell line proliferation showed correlations with specific regions of NMR spectra at 400 MHz. Correlations were also observed for major and minor groupings of the black raspberry samples. Replicate black raspberry samples were examined with a 750 MHz NMR spectrometer equipped with a cryoprobe that provided a 4- to 5-fold improvement in sensitivity. In this manner, even minor bioactive components in black raspberries could be examined to determine additive and synergistic effects.

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10

Wang, L. S., S. S. Hecht, S. G. Carmella, N. Yu, B. Larue, C. Henry, C. McIntyre, C. Rocha, J. F. Lechner, and G. D. Stoner. "Anthocyanins in Black Raspberries Prevent Esophageal Tumors in Rats." Cancer Prevention Research 2, no. 1 (January 1, 2009): 84–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.1158/1940-6207.capr-08-0155.

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11

Jungmin Lee, M. Dossett, and C. E. Finn. "ANTHOCYANIN RICH BLACK RASPBERRIES CAN BE MADE EVEN BETTER." Acta Horticulturae, no. 1017 (January 2014): 127–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.17660/actahortic.2014.1017.12.

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12

Shanks, Carl H., and Jimmie D. Chamberlain. "Control of Adult Black Vine Weevil, 1984." Insecticide and Acaricide Tests 10, no. 1 (January 1, 1985): 49. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/iat/10.1.49.

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Abstract Sprays were applied on 3 Aug to single-row plots of raspberries with a vertical boom in 115 gal water/acre at 150 psi. Plots were 475 ft long and 9 ft apart. Treatments were replicated 4 times in a randomized complete block design. Treatments were evaluated after dark on 6 Aug by running the mechanical harvester over each plot and counting all adult weevils that appeared on the sorting belt.

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13

Sedova, I. B., Z. A. Chalyy, N. R. Efimochkina, I. E. Sokolov, V. А. Koltsov, T. V. Zhidekhina, S. A. Sheveleva, and V. A. Tutelyan. "Mycotoxin contamination of fresh berries and fruits marketed in the central region of Russia." Health Risk Analysis, no. 4 (December 2022): 87–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.21668/health.risk/2022.4.08.

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New emerging strains of toxigenic molds in agricultural areas and insufficient data on levels of their toxic metabolites occurring in domestic horticultural fruits and berries require risk assessment of MT contamination for this plant group of mass consumer products. This study concentrated on samples of fresh fruits and berries sold on the consumer market (185 samples, including 127 intact and 58 with signs of deformation and molding). We applied our own developed technique for quantification of mycotoxins based on HPLC-MS/MS. In this study, we were the first in the RF to examine contamination of garden strawberries, raspberries, currants, huck-leberries, blueberries, gooseberries, dogwood, plums, blackthorn, apples, pears) with 27 MT including poorly studied emergent MT (EMT), produced by Aspergillus, Penicillium, Fusarium and Alternaria. Strawberries, gooseberries, black currants and raspberries turned out to be the most contaminated with MT; red currants, apples and pears were less contaminated. The greatest variety of MT and EMT species was found in strawberries (23 MT), gooseberries (8 MT), black currants (7 MT) and raspberries (6 MT). Among the regulated MT, fumonisins B1 and B2, deoxynivalenol, zearalenone, T-2 toxin, ochratoxin A and aflatoxin B1 were detected in intact strawberries; patulin, in raspberries; deoxynivalenol and zearalenone, in black currant. As for damaged and moldy berries and fruits, the list of detectable toxins was expanded, primarily due to the detection of several types of unregulated EMTs. EMT tenuazonic acid was mainly detected in moldy berries; its levels increased manifold in almost all species, except for strawberries in which penicillic acid prevailed. These new data on MT contamination in fruits and berries indicate the necessity to perform in-depth hygienic assessment of such products sold on the Russian market to identify MT, EMT and their producers. The obtained results will be used to identify hazards at the first stage in risk assessment with its focus on MT and EMT contamination of fresh fruits and berries.

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14

Kresty, Laura A., Susan R. Mallery, and Gary D. Stoner. "Black raspberries in cancer clinical trials: Past, present and future." Journal of Berry Research 6, no. 2 (June 16, 2016): 251–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.3233/jbr-160125.

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15

Dossett, Michael, and Chad E. Finn. "Identification of Resistance to the Large Raspberry Aphid in Black Raspberry." Journal of the American Society for Horticultural Science 135, no. 5 (September 2010): 438–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.21273/jashs.135.5.438.

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The large raspberry aphid (Amphorophora agathonica Hottes) is an important vector of viruses in Rubus L. across North America. Although breeding for aphid resistance has long been recognized as an important tool for protecting red raspberries (Rubus idaeus L.) from viral infection, this is the first report of resistance to A. agathonica in black raspberry (Rubus occidentalis L.). Seedlings from 132 wild populations of black raspberries, representing the species' native range, were screened for resistance to A. agathonica. Strong resistance was found in three of these populations, one from Ontario (ORUS 3778), one from Maine (ORUS 3817), and one from Michigan (ORUS 4109). Resistance to the large raspberry aphid in ORUS 3778 and ORUS 3817 is dominant and appears to be conferred by different genes. We propose that the genes for resistance in ORUS 3778 and ORUS 3817 be designated Ag4 and Ag5, respectively. Resistance to A. agathonica in ORUS 4109 also appears to be controlled by a dominant allele at a single locus, but cannot be differentiated from Ag4 at this time.

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16

Nazarova, N. E., T. V. Zaletova, E. V. Zubova, and K. A. Kulagina. "Quality and biological value of wine from gooseberries, raspberries and black currants using vegetable sweetener." Proceedings of the Voronezh State University of Engineering Technologies 81, no. 4 (February 11, 2020): 131–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.20914/2310-1202-2019-4-131-137.

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The results of the study of the natural sweetener effect from Stevia on the quality of two types of table semisweet fruit blended wine - from gooseberries and raspberries, gooseberries and black currants - in comparison with the classical recipe with sugar, are presented in the article. The recipes and the production technology of table blended fruit wine with Stevia extract as a sweetener were presented in the work. Stevia extract and sugar (control sample) were added after complete fermentation of sugars into dry wine material. The extract dose was 1.4 ml per 1 liter of wine material. Organoleptic and tasting evaluation of the finished product showed that wine with the addition of Stevia extract has good quality indicators, a pleasant taste without extraneous smacks. The sugar content was practically at zero point - 0.25 g / l in wine from gooseberries and raspberries, 0.28 g / l in wine from gooseberries and black currants. In the wine made by classical technology, the sugar content was 70.30 g / l and 71.10 g / l, respectively. The titrated acidity of the wine was within the requirements of the regulatory document and ranged from 9.0 to 10.9 g / dm3. The content of vitamin C and beta-carotene depended to a greater extent on the type of fruit and berry raw materials used. A higher content of ascorbic acid was noted in blended wine from gooseberries and black currants - at the level of 26.88–27.02 mg, beta-carotene - in wine from gooseberries and raspberries. The introduction of sugar or Stevia extract did not affect the values of these indicators much. According to the results of studies in the manufacture of blended fruit wines in order to reduce their calorie content and use as a functional product, the addition of Stevia extract is recommended

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17

Goodman, Candace, Katrina N. Lyon, Aitana Scotto, Cyra Smith, Thomas A. Sebrell, Andrew B. Gentry, Ganesh Bala, Gary D. Stoner, and Diane Bimczok. "A High-Throughput Metabolic Microarray Assay Reveals Antibacterial Effects of Black and Red Raspberries and Blackberries against Helicobacter pylori Infection." Antibiotics 10, no. 7 (July 12, 2021): 845. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/antibiotics10070845.

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Helicobacter pylori infection is commonly treated with a combination of antibiotics and proton pump inhibitors. However, since H. pylori is becoming increasingly resistant to standard antibiotic regimens, novel treatment strategies are needed. Previous studies have demonstrated that black and red berries may have antibacterial properties. Therefore, we analyzed the antibacterial effects of black and red raspberries and blackberries on H. pylori. Freeze-dried powders and organic extracts from black and red raspberries and blackberries were prepared, and high-performance liquid chromatography was used to measure the concentrations of anthocyanins, which are considered the major active ingredients. To monitor antibiotic effects of the berry preparations on H. pylori, a high-throughput metabolic growth assay based on the Biolog system was developed and validated with the antibiotic metronidazole. Biocompatibility was analyzed using human gastric organoids. All berry preparations tested had significant bactericidal effects in vitro, with MIC90 values ranging from 0.49 to 4.17%. Antimicrobial activity was higher for extracts than powders and appeared to be independent of the anthocyanin concentration. Importantly, human gastric epithelial cell viability was not negatively impacted by black raspberry extract applied at the concentration required for complete bacterial growth inhibition. Our data suggest that black and red raspberry and blackberry extracts may have potential applications in the treatment and prevention of H. pylori infection but differ widely in their MICs. Moreover, we demonstrate that the Biolog metabolic assay is suitable for high-throughput antimicrobial susceptibility screening of H. pylori.

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18

Shi, Ni, and Tong Chen. "Chemopreventive Properties of Black Raspberries and Strawberries in Esophageal Cancer Review." Antioxidants 11, no. 9 (September 15, 2022): 1815. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/antiox11091815.

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Esophageal cancer is one of the most fetal malignancies in the world. Esophageal squamous cell carcinoma (SCC) and esophageal adenocarcinoma (AC) are two main types of esophageal cancer and each with distinct epidemiological, etiological and histopathological characteristics. The continued global prevalence of tobacco use and alcohol consumption, coupled with limited intake of fresh fruits and vegetables, ensures that esophageal cancer will remain one of the major health threats. In addition to promoting quitting smoking and alcohol abuse, one of the strategies of cancer prevention is to identify foods, food components, or dietary patterns that can prevent or delay the onset of esophageal cancer. A food-based approach has the advantage of a complex of mixtures of bioactive components simultaneously targeting multiple processes in carcinogenesis. We have employed a preclinical rodent model of esophageal SCC to assess the effects of black raspberries (BRB) and strawberries. Our investigations demonstrate that BRB and strawberries are potent inhibitors of esophageal cancer. To prepare for this review, a literature search was performed to screen BRB and strawberries against esophageal cancer using electronic databases from PubMed, Science Direct and Google Scholar. Search was conducted covering the period from January 2000 to June 2022. Our present review has provided a systematic review about chemopreventive effects of BRB and strawberries in esophageal cancer by collecting and compiling diverse research findings from the above sources. In this review, we discussed the anti-tumor potentials of BRB and strawberries in esophageal SCC and esophageal AC separately. For each cancer type, we discuss animal models and research findings from both animal bioassays and human clinical studies. We also discuss the potential mechanisms of action of berries and their key bioactive components.

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19

Skovorodnikov, D. N., I. V. Kazakov, S. N. Evdokimenko, and F. F. Sazonov. "DIPHENYLUREA DERIVATIVES IN MICROPROPAGATION OF PRIMOCANE-FRUITING RASPBERRIES AND BLACK CURRANTS." Acta Horticulturae, no. 946 (April 2012): 135–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.17660/actahortic.2012.946.19.

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20

Tuma, Rabiya S. "Black Raspberries Show Promise in Prevention of GI & Oral Cancers." Oncology Times 30, no. 6 (March 2008): 38–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/01.cot.0000315973.18359.44.

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21

WARNER, B. M., T. J. KNOBLOCH, B. C. CASTO, A. S. HOLPUCH, B. T. ACCURSO, K. F. SUMMERSGILL, and C. M. WEGHORST. "Topical Black Raspberries Reduce Proliferation and Survivin/Birc5 in Established OSCC." Oral Surgery, Oral Medicine, Oral Pathology and Oral Radiology 120, no. 3 (September 2015): e140. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.oooo.2015.06.008.

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22

Maro, Luana Aparecida Castilho, Rafael Pio, Luiz Carlos de Oliveira Lima, Celeste Maria Patto Abreu, Mayara Neves Santos Guedes, and Leonardo Silva Patto. "Use of refrigeration in the conservation of black raspberries Rubus niveus." Revista de Ciências Agrarias - Amazon Journal of Agricultural and Environmental Sciences 56 (2013): 134–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.4322/rca.2013.093.

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23

Tulio, Artemio Z., Ann M. Chanon, Nithya Janakiraman, Mustafa Ozgen, Gary D. Stoner, R. Neil Reese, A. Raymond Miller, and Joseph C. Scheerens. "(188) Effects of Storage Temperatures on the Antioxidant Capacity and Anthocyanin Contents of Black Raspberries." HortScience 41, no. 4 (July 2006): 1043A—1043. http://dx.doi.org/10.21273/hortsci.41.4.1043a.

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This study was conducted to determine the effects of postharvest storage temperatures on the antioxidant capacity, anthocyanin compounds, phenolic constituents, and physico-chemical properties of black raspberries. Fresh `MacBlack' berries were stored at 4, 12, 20, and 28 °C for up to 11, 6, 4, and 3 days, respectively. Results showed that higher storage temperatures promoted tissue deterioration (cellular leakage), fungal growth, and moisture loss. The levels of the two major anthocyanins, cyanidin 3-rutinoside and cyanidin 3-xylosylrutinoside, increased by up to 2.7- and 1.9-fold, respectively, with increasing storage temperatures. The antioxidant capacity of berries, as measured by FRAP and ABTS assays, increased by up to 1.5- and 1.4-fold, respectively, which was accompanied by increases in soluble solids, total sugars, total phenolics, and total anthocyanin contents. Our findings indicate that postharvest storage at higher temperatures increases the level of bioactive compounds and antioxidant capacity in black raspberries, but this increase may be due in part to moisture loss and sugar metabolism. Storage at 4 °C maintained the level of bioactive compounds and antioxidant capacity present at harvest and prolonged the effective shelf life of the product. Further studies of black raspberry bioactive components as influenced by postharvest conditions and processing procedures (e.g., IQF, freeze-drying, air-drying) are warranted.

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24

Upadyshev, M. T., K. V. Metlitskaya, S. N. Evdokimenko, T. A. Tumaeva, A. A. Borisova, A. D. Petrova, E. A. Tut’, S. Radzeniece, and A. A. Cherdakli. "Prevalence of viral diseases and isolation of candidates in nuclear stock plants of raspberry ex situ." Pomiculture and small fruits culture in Russia 61 (August 3, 2020): 109–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.31676/2073-4948-2020-61-109-116.

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On raspberries, currently about 30 viral diseases are known in the world that can reduce the yield and its quality. According to the results of previous studies in the Moscow region, the prevalence of viruses on raspberries was: Arabis mosaic virus(ArMV) – 14 %, Raspberry ringspot virus(RpRSV) – 30 %, Strawberry latent ringspot virus(SLRSV) – 16 %, Tomato black ring virus (TBRV ) – 18 %, Raspberry bushy dwarf virus (RBDV) – 39 %. Viruses spread in agrocenosis with infected planting material, with tools, with pollen and seeds, nematodes – longidorids (Xiphinema diversicaudatum – ArMV and SLRSVvector, Longidorus elongatus – RpRSV and TBRVvector). The harmfulness of viruses on raspberry plants consisted inreducingthe productivity by 21 %, fruit masse– by 26 % compared with virus-free plants. The aim of the study was to study the species composition of viruses on raspberries to identify candidates for the nuclear stock plants. In serological tests, the ELISA sandwich version was used according, for analysis, diagnostic kits from Loewe (Germany) were used. Leaves were taken as samples. The results of analyzes were recorded on a Stat Fax 2100 hotometer at a wavelength of 405 and 630 nm. RBDV virus RNA was isolated using the CytoSorb kit, followed by RT-PCR. The species composition of viruses on raspberry varieties was studied under ex situ conditions. The total prevalence of viruses was 29 % with the predominance of the RBDV virus (19 %). 102 candidates for nuclearstockplants of 22 varieties of raspberries were identified. After confirming the virus-free status of raspberry plants by PCR, they will receive the category “nuclearstock plant”.

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25

Gu, Inah, Cindi Brownmiller, Luke Howard, and Sun-Ok Lee. "Chemical Composition of Volatile Extracts From Blackberries, Black Raspberries, and Blueberries and Their Apoptotic Effect on A549 Non-Small-Cell Lung Cancer Cells." Current Developments in Nutrition 6, Supplement_1 (June 2022): 284. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/cdn/nzac053.025.

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Abstract Objectives Berry volatiles are responsible for the flavor and aroma of berries. Berry volatiles has been recently reported to have an anti-inflammatory effect. However, there is still limited information available on the health-promoting activities of berry volatiles. The objectives of this study were to evaluate the chemical composition of volatile extracts from blackberries, black raspberries, and blueberries and to investigate the anti-proliferative effect of three berry volatile extracts on A549 non-small-cell lung cancer cells and their mechanism. Methods The chemical composition of berry volatile extracts (BVEs) from blackberries (BK), black raspberries (BR), and blueberries (BU) were identified by using gas chromatography-mass spectrometry. A549 non-small cell lung cancer cells were treated with different dilutions (2-, 4-, and 8-fold dilutions) of three berry volatile extracts for 12, 24, and 48 h. The proliferation of A549 was measured by using an MTS assay. The induction of apoptosis and changes in the cell cycle by berry volatile extracts were analyzed by using a cell death detection ELISA kit and flow cytometry. All statistical tests were analyzed by using one-way ANOVA, followed by Tukey's multiple comparisons. The significant difference was defined at P < 0.05. Results Total volatiles in BK, BR, and BU volatile extracts were 1588.5 ± 170.9,3184.9 ± 75.3, and 3107.5 ± 256.4 μg/L, respectively. Among them, monoterpene was the most abundant compound in all three BVEs. All BVEs with two-fold dilution significantly induced apoptosis after 24 h (p < 0.05) and inhibited the proliferation of A549 after 48 h treatment (p < 0.05). In the cell cycle, the proportion of cells in G0/G1 interphase increased with two-fold diluted BVE treatments (64.9–73.1%) compared to control (60.3%) after 48 h. Conclusions These findings showed that berry volatile extracts from blackberries, black raspberries, and blueberries have the anti-proliferative effect on non-small lung cancer cells through apoptosis and possibly cell cycle arrest. This suggests that berry volatiles from blackberry, black raspberry, and blueberry may have a potential impact on lung cancer. Funding Sources Arkansas Biosciences Institute.

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Pan, Pan, Chad W. Skaer, Hsin-Tzu Wang, Michael A. Kreiser, Steven M. Stirdivant, Kiyoko Oshima, Yi-Wen Huang, Matthew R. Young, and Li-Shu Wang. "Systemic Metabolite Changes in Wild-type C57BL/6 Mice Fed Black Raspberries." Nutrition and Cancer 69, no. 2 (January 17, 2017): 299–306. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/01635581.2017.1263748.

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Gu, Junnan, Jennifer M. Thomas‐Ahner, Kenneth M. Riedl, Michael T. Bailey, Yael Vodovotz, Steven J. Schwartz, and Steven K. Clinton. "Dietary Black Raspberries Impact the Colonic Microbiome and Phytochemical Metabolites in Mice." Molecular Nutrition & Food Research 63, no. 8 (March 7, 2019): 1800636. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/mnfr.201800636.

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Stachniuk, Anna, and Emilia Fornal. "Analytical considerations on the use of a fruit-specific and representative matrix in pesticide residue analysis by LC-ESI-MS/MS." Open Chemistry 11, no. 7 (July 1, 2013): 1112–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/s11532-013-0247-y.

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AbstractOne of the quantification methods frequently applied to pesticide residue analysis in food by liquid chromatography — mass spectrometry (LC-MS) involves matrix-matched calibrations with a representative matrix used for all commodities belonging to one group. This approach, although very practical, is deemed to generate analytical errors. The effect of the application of a representative-matrix calibration curve on the pesticide quantification result was examined. Extractions of 56 pesticides from five soft fruits (strawberries, blackberries, raspberries, black currant and red currant) were carried out using QuEChERS method. Pesticide determinations were performed by LC-MS/MS in multiple reaction monitoring mode. Quantification difference functions and parameters were proposed and calculated. At the concentration of 0.05 mg kg−1 for ca. 90% of examined pesticides the quantification difference arising from the use of a representative matrix calibration curve (raspberries) instead of a specific fruit matrix calibration curve was below 20% for black and red currents, and below 30% and 35% in the case of strawberries and blackberries, respectively. The 25% difference limit was not exceeded for 51 pesticides in black and red currents, 46 pesticides in blackberries and 45 pesticides in strawberries. Quantification difference functions and parameters such as relative standard deviation of corrected process efficiencies were found to be helpful in data-driven decision-making on the applicability of a representative matrix; the former may be also used as a tool for data correction to ensure the reliability and accuracy of analyses.

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Wang, Shiow Y., and Hsin-Shan Lin. "308 Antioxidant Activity in Leaves and Fruit of Blackberry, Raspberry, and Strawberry." HortScience 34, no. 3 (June 1999): 495E—496. http://dx.doi.org/10.21273/hortsci.34.3.495e.

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Fruit and leaves from different cultivars of thornless blackberry (Rubus sp.), red raspberry (Rubus idaeus L.), black raspberry (Rubus occidentalis L.), and strawberry (Fragaria × ananassa D.) plants were analyzed for total antioxidant capacity (oxygen radical absorbance capacity, ORAC) and total phenolic content. In addition, fruit were analyzed for total anthocyanin content. Compared to fruit, leaves were found to have higher ORAC values. In fruit, ORAC values ranged from 7.8 to 33.7 μmol Trolox equivalents (TE)/g of fresh berries, while in leaves, ORAC values ranged from 20.8 to 45.6 μmol TE/g of fresh leaves. Fruit harvested at different stages of maturity were analyzed in blackberries, raspberries, and strawberries. Blackberries and strawberries had their highest ORAC values during the green stages, while raspberries generally had the highest ORAC activity at the ripe stage (with exception of cv. Jewel, a black raspberry). Total anthocyanin content increased with maturity for all three fruit. There was a linear correlation existed between total phenolic content and ORAC activity for fruit and leaves. For ripe berries, there was also a linear relationship between ORAC values and anthocyanin content. Of the ripe fruit and leaves tested, raspberry plants appeared to be the richest source for antioxidants.

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Ozgen, Mustafa, Faith J. Wyzgoski, Artemio Z. Tulio, Aparna Gazula, A. Raymond Miller, Joseph C. Scheerens, R. Neil Reese, and Shawn R. Wright. "Antioxidant Capacity and Phenolic Antioxidants of Midwestern Black Raspberries Grown for Direct Markets Are Influenced by Production Site." HortScience 43, no. 7 (December 2008): 2039–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.21273/hortsci.43.7.2039.

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Black raspberries (Rubus occidentalis L.) are rich in phytonutrients that have demonstrated chemoprotective properties against certain degenerative diseases. To estimate variability in phytonutritional quality among sources of black raspberry, 19 samples representing four common midwestern cultivars obtained from eight production sites were assayed for their antioxidant capacity [2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) and ferric reducing ability of plasma (FRAP) methods], total phenolic content (TP), total monomeric anthocyanin levels (TMA), and levels of cyanidin 3-rutinoside. The antioxidant potential among samples averaged 2.92 ± 0.29 and 4.62 ± 0.88 mmol TE·100 g−1 fresh weight by the DPPH and FRAP methods, respectively; TP, TMA, and cyanidin 3-rutinoside means averaged 449 ± 62, 336 ± 109, and 244 ± 84 mg·100 g−1 fresh weight, respectively. Levels of FRAP, TP, TMA, and cyanidin 3-rutinoside were strongly correlated (r = +0.85 to +0.96). Mean antioxidant capacities and phenolic constituent levels were similar among ‘Bristol’, ‘Jewel’, and ‘MacBlack’ samples; values for a single sample of ‘Haut’ were lower but comparable to levels found in individual samples of the other three cultivars. Black raspberry production site differences were statistically significant for FRAP, TMA, cyanidin 3-rutinoside, and titratable acidity (TA) levels. Inverse relationships (r = –0.65 to –0.74) among black raspberry samples for FRAP, TMA, or cyanidin 3-rutinoside levels versus levels of TA suggested that site differences may be partially attributable to fruit ripeness at harvest. Relationships among these parameters versus regional differences in soil temperatures were also significant but weak. Regardless of its environmental or physiological drivers, point-source variation in fruit phytonutrient contents may be a relevant concern in health-related studies or clinical applications. Moreover, it may impact the nutritional benefits to the consumer and affect the quality advantages associated with direct-marketed black raspberries.

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Pan, Pan, Kiyoko Oshima, Yi-Wen Huang, Martha Yearsley, Jianying Zhang, Mark Arnold, Jianhua Yu, and Li-Shu Wang. "Gut bacteria are required for the benefits of black raspberries in ApcMin/+ mice." Journal of Berry Research 8, no. 4 (December 20, 2018): 239–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.3233/jbr-180337.

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Wang, Li-Shu, Chieh-Ti Kuo, Tim H. M. Huang, Martha Yearsley, Kiyoko Oshima, Gary D. Stoner, Jianhua Yu, John F. Lechner, and Yi-Wen Huang. "Black Raspberries Protectively Regulate Methylation of Wnt Pathway Genes in Precancerous Colon Tissue." Cancer Prevention Research 6, no. 12 (October 15, 2013): 1317–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.1158/1940-6207.capr-13-0077.

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Pan, Pan, Chad W. Skaer, Steven M. Stirdivant, Matthew R. Young, Gary D. Stoner, John F. Lechner, Yi-Wen Huang, and Li-Shu Wang. "Beneficial Regulation of Metabolic Profiles by Black Raspberries in Human Colorectal Cancer Patients." Cancer Prevention Research 8, no. 8 (June 8, 2015): 743–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.1158/1940-6207.capr-15-0065.

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Pan, Pan, Chad W. Skaer, Hsin-Tzu Wang, Steven M. Stirdivant, Matthew R. Young, Kiyoko Oshima, Gary D. Stoner, John F. Lechner, Yi-Wen Huang, and Li-Shu Wang. "Black raspberries suppress colonic adenoma development in ApcMin/+mice: relation to metabolite profiles." Carcinogenesis 36, no. 10 (August 5, 2015): 1245–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/carcin/bgv117.

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Wang*, Shiow, and Wei Zheng. "Preharvest Application of Methyl Jasmonate Increases Content of Antioxidant Compounds and Oxygen Absorbing Capacities in Raspberries." HortScience 39, no. 4 (July 2004): 829B—829. http://dx.doi.org/10.21273/hortsci.39.4.829b.

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The effects of preharvest methyl jasmonate (MJ) application on fruit quality, flavonoid content and antioxidant capacity (ORAC) in black raspberry cv. Jewel (Rubus occidentalis L) were studied under field conditions. Raspberries treated with 0.1 mm methyl jasmonate had 20% higher soluble solids content, 20% higher total sugars, 16% higher fructose, 34% higher glucose and 30% lower titratable acids, 31% lower malic acid and 17% lower citric acid than untreated fruit. El-lagic acid, quercetin 3-glucoside, kaempferol 3-glucoside, kaempferol 3-glucuronide, cyanidin 3-glucoside and cyaniding 3-rutinoside were found in raspberry fruit extract. Cyanidin 3-rutinoside was the most dominant anthocyanin and was the major contributor to antioxidant activity in Jewel raspberries. MJ treatments significantly enhanced the content of anthocyanins by 92%, total phenolics by 53%, flavonoids by 98% and the antioxidant capacities by 74% in the fruit. The ORAC value was positively correlated with anthocyanins and total phenolics. In this study, the correlation coefficient for ORAC (y) vs anthocyanins (x) was 0.977 (y = 0.056x + 27.874), and that for ORAC (y) vs. total phenolics (x) was 0.988.

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Khadgi, Archana, and Courtney A. Weber. "RNA-Seq Analysis of Prickled and Prickle-Free Epidermis Provides Insight into the Genetics of Prickle Development in Red Raspberry (Rubus ideaus L.)." Agronomy 10, no. 12 (December 2, 2020): 1904. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/agronomy10121904.

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Red raspberry (Rubus idaeus L.) is a globally commercialized specialty crop with growing demand worldwide. The presence of prickles on the stems, petioles and undersides of the leaves complicates both the field management and harvesting of raspberries. An RNA sequencing analysis was used to identify differentially expressed genes in the epidermal tissue of prickled “Caroline” and prickle-free “Joan J.” and their segregating progeny. Expression patterns of differentially expressed genes (DEGs) in prickle-free plants revealed the downregulation of some vital development-related transcription factors (TFs), including a MIXTA-like R2R3-MYB family member; MADS-box; APETALA2/ETHYLENE RESPONSIVE FACTOR (AP2/ERF) and NAM, ATAF1/2 and CUC2 (NAC) in prickle-free epidermis tissue. The downregulation of these TFs was confirmed by qRT-PCR analysis, indicating a key regulatory role in prickle development. This study adds to the understanding of prickle development mechanisms in red raspberries needed for utilizing genetic engineering strategies for developing prickle-free raspberry cultivars and, possibly, other Rubus species, such as blackberry (Rubus sp.) and black raspberry (R. occidentalis L.).

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Stanciu, Gabriela, Simona Lupsor, Aneta Tomescu, and Rodica Sirbu. "Evaluation of Antioxidant Capacities and Phenols Composition of Wild and Cultivated Berries." Revista de Chimie 70, no. 2 (March 15, 2019): 373–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.37358/rc.19.2.6919.

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The study presents original results concerning analytical characterization of alcoholic extracts of four wild berries (blueberries, blackberries, red currants and raspberries) and two cultivated berries (black cherries and strawberries). Total and some individual phenols concentrations were determined using molecular absorption spectrometry (modified Folin Ciocalteu method) and HPLC-DAD technique. The measurement of lipid-soluble antioxidant capacity (ACL) was done by photochemiluminescence method using trolox as standard.The highest total phenolic content was registered in blueberries (543.5 mg/100g f.w.), while the lowest was found in raspberries (344.5 mg/100g f.w.).HPLC � DAD analysis indicated the presence of six individual polyphenolic compounds in different concentrations: gallic acid (62.664 - 178.821 mg/100 g f.w); chlorogenic acid (30.152 - 243.923 mg/100g f.w.); 3-O-methyl-gallic acid (2.035 - 4.907 mg/100 g f.w.); caffeic acid (0.401 - 5.664 mg/100 g f.w.); p-coumaric acid (4.252 - 10.806 mg/100 g f.w.) and cinnamic acid (0.665-0.958 mg/100 g f.w.). ACL results showed values between 54.00 and 1152 �mols trolox/100 g f.w.

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38

Ozgen, Mustafa, Artemio Z. Tulio, Ann M. Chanon, Nithya Janakiraman, R. Neil Reese, A. Raymond Miller, and Joseph C. Scheerens. "(173) Phytonutrient Accumulation and Antioxidant Capacity at Eight Developmental Stages of Black Raspberry Fruit." HortScience 41, no. 4 (July 2006): 1082C—1082. http://dx.doi.org/10.21273/hortsci.41.4.1082c.

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To investigate phytonutrient accumulation in black raspberries, fruits of `Jewel' and `MacBlack' were harvested at stages from the onset of color development (S1) to ripe fruit (S7). S1–S7 samples were characterized for color reflectance and then frozen at –28 °C within an hour of harvest. Additional ripe fruit were maintained at 20 °C for 3 days to overripen (S8) before freezing. After storage, samples were analyzed for dry weight (DW), total soluble solids (TSS), fructose (FRU), glucose (GLU), and organic acid (ORG) contents; total phenolic (PHE) and anthocyanin (ACY) contents; individual cyanidin glycoside levels (ICG); and antioxidant capacity (FRAP and ABTS) by standard methodology. `Jewel' and `MacBlack' ripened similarly. Chroma values and DW percentage decreased while TSS levels, sugar contents (FRU+GLU), PHE, ACY, the ACY: PHE ratio, and ICG increased with progressive ripening stages (S1–S7). Values of PHE, ACY, and ICG were highly correlated (r < +0.95) with FRAP and ABTS values. ACY levels in S6 fruit were 18% to 23% less than those of S7; lower S6 ACY levels were associated with reduced antioxidant capacity in `MacBlack', but not `Jewel'. Overripened fruit (S8) exhibited increased DW (11% to 25%) and decreased sugar contents (16% to 17%), consistent with moisture and respiratory losses after harvest. After correction for these losses, S7 and S8 levels of PHE, ACY, FRAP, and ABTS were similar in `MacBlack'. However, as `Jewel' overripened, ACY levels and antioxidant activity increased 44% and 22% to 26%, respectively. Our data suggests that significant changes in the antioxidant behavior of black raspberries can occur during the periods surrounding peak ripeness.

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Yang, Yange, Mingchang Liu, Na Niu, Hongyue Wang, Bin Wang, Meige Li, Yingchun Wang, and Yajun Wu. "Identification of Small Berry Species in Food and Juice Using TaqMan-Based Real-Time PCR." Journal of AOAC INTERNATIONAL 102, no. 5 (September 1, 2019): 1552–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/jaoac/102.5.1552.

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Abstract Background: Public interest is growing for small berries in recent years because they are very delicious, low in energy, and full of bioactive compounds with potential health benefits. Similar to other food products, adulteration of small berry fruit products poses economic and safety problems to consumers. Objective: To protect consumers and regulate the small berry fruit products market, it is necessary to establish a robust method for detecting the authenticity. Methods: In this study, TaqMan-based real-time PCR assay was established for species identification of cranberry, raspberry, and blueberry to ensure authenticity of commercial small berry food products (pulp, dried fruit, fruit juice, jam, and puree). Results: Absolute detection limit was 0.1 pg/μL DNA for raspberries, 1 pg/μL DNA for blueberries, and 10 pg/μL DNA for cranberries. Practical LOD was 0.1% (v/v) for fresh juice. For processed juice, practical LOD was 1% for blueberry and red raspberries, 0.1% for black and yellow raspberries, and 5% for cranberry. Conclusions: The method was shown to be functional and effective to detect the raw material composition of cranberry, raspberry, and blueberry for commercial products. Highlights: TaqMan probe-based real-time PCR methods were designed to identify three small berries (blueberry, raspberry, and cranberry) in berry products. Efficient DNA recovery methods and detection strategy were established to ensure correct and sensitive testing of fresh small berries exhibited a detection limit of 0.1 to 10 pg/μL. The practical minimum detection levels were 0.1 to 5% in fresh and processed juice, including pasteurization and HTHP.

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Moore, Patrick P. "CHLOROPLAST RESTRICTION FRAGMENT VARIABILITY IN RASPBERRY." HortScience 25, no. 9 (September 1990): 1159f—1159. http://dx.doi.org/10.21273/hortsci.25.9.1159f.

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Cultivated raspberries may include North American red raspberry (Rubus idaeus strigosus Michx), European red raspberry (R. idaeus vulgatus Arrhen.) or black raspberry (R. occidentalis in their pedigrees. Twenty-one raspberry clones were investigated using chloroplast restriction fragment length polymorphisms to determine the cytoplasm type and the amount of cytoplasmic diversity among these selected clones. The raspberry clones were selected representing North American red raspberry, European red raspberry, black raspberry and cultivars with divergent maternal lineages. Total cellular DNA was probed with two 32P-labelled fragments of tomato chloroplast DNA. Probe-restriction enzyme combinations were selected which discriminated between representatives of the two red raspberry subspecies. Raspberry clones were grouped according to the chloroplast restriction fragment patterns. The composition of the groups was compared with their pedigrees.

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May, Stephanie, Grace McDermott, Julian R. Marchesi, and Lee Parry. "Impact of black raspberries on the normal and malignant Apc deficient murine gut microbiome." Journal of Berry Research 10, no. 1 (March 17, 2020): 61–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.3233/jbr-180372.

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42

Bi, Xiuli, Wenfeng Fang, Li-Shu Wang, Gary D. Stoner, and Wancai Yang. "Black Raspberries Inhibit Intestinal Tumorigenesis in Apc1638+/− and Muc2−/− Mouse Models of Colorectal Cancer." Cancer Prevention Research 3, no. 11 (November 2010): 1443–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.1158/1940-6207.capr-10-0124.

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Stoner, K. "Dietary black raspberries-modulated DNA methylation in dextran sodium sulfate (DSS)-induced ulcerative colitis." Inflammatory Bowel Diseases 17, suppl_1 (January 1, 2011): S25. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/ibd/17.supplement1.s25a.

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Tu, Pengcheng, Xiaoming Bian, Liang Chi, Jingchuan Xue, Bei Gao, Yunjia Lai, Hongyu Ru, and Kun Lu. "Metabolite Profiling of the Gut Microbiome in Mice with Dietary Administration of Black Raspberries." ACS Omega 5, no. 3 (January 17, 2020): 1318–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/acsomega.9b00237.

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45

Wang, Li-Shu, Chieh-Ti Kuo, Kristen Stoner, Martha Yearsley, Kiyoko Oshima, Jianhua Yu, Tim H. M. Huang, et al. "Dietary black raspberries modulate DNA methylation in dextran sodium sulfate (DSS)-induced ulcerative colitis." Carcinogenesis 34, no. 12 (September 25, 2013): 2842–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/carcin/bgt310.

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Pan, Pan, Zheng Zhu, Kiyoko Oshima, Mohammed Aldakkak, Susan Tsai, Yi‐Wen Huang, Wenjuan Dong, et al. "Black raspberries suppress pancreatic cancer through modulation of NKp46 + , CD8 + , and CD11b + immune cells." Food Frontiers 1, no. 1 (March 2020): 70–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/fft2.1.

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Huang, Yi-Wen, Fei Gu, Alan Dombkowski, Li-Shu Wang, and Gary D. Stoner. "Black raspberries demethylate Sfrp4, a WNT pathway antagonist, in rat esophageal squamous cell papilloma." Molecular Carcinogenesis 55, no. 11 (November 19, 2015): 1867–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/mc.22435.

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Borges, Gina, Alexandra Degeneve, William Mullen, and Alan Crozier. "Identification of Flavonoid and Phenolic Antioxidants in Black Currants, Blueberries, Raspberries, Red Currants, and Cranberries†." Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry 58, no. 7 (April 14, 2010): 3901–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/jf902263n.

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Warner, Blake M., Bruce C. Casto, Thomas J. Knobloch, Brent T. Accurso, and Christopher M. Weghorst. "Chemoprevention of oral cancer by topical application of black raspberries on high at-risk mucosa." Oral Surgery, Oral Medicine, Oral Pathology and Oral Radiology 118, no. 6 (December 2014): 674–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.oooo.2014.09.005.

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Kula, Marta, Magdalena Majdan, Daniel Głód, and Mirosława Krauze-Baranowska. "Phenolic composition of fruits from different cultivars of red and black raspberries grown in Poland." Journal of Food Composition and Analysis 52 (September 2016): 74–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jfca.2016.08.003.

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