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1
Strom, Robert, Shirley Strom, Pat Collinsworth, Paris Strom, and Dianne Griswold. "Black Grandparents: Curriculum Development." International Journal of Aging and Human Development 43, no. 2 (January 1, 1996): 119–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.2190/j1wa-wh8g-h6n2-dpqa.
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The performance of Black grandparents was examined to determine the most suitable content for an educational program intended to assist them in their role. A sample of 626 non-consanguineous subjects included 204 grandparents, 128 parents, and 294 grandchildren. Each generation group completed a separate version of the Grandparent Strengths and Needs Inventory to identify the favorable qualities of grandparents and aspects of their relationships in which further growth was necessary. A combination of multivariate analysis of variance procedures, univariate analysis of variance tests, and t-tests were used to analyze scores, confirm results, and assist with interpretation of data. All groups described aspects of grandparents success and made known specific realms of learning that grandparents should acquire in order to become more effective. Analysis of the responses revealed significant main effects for generation, gender of grandchild, age of grandchild, and amount of time that grandparent and grandchild spent together. Considerations were identified for improving grandparent influence and guiding the development of grandparent education programs.
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Hess, W. M., P. C. Vegvari, and R. A. Swor. "Carbon Black in NR/BR Blends for Truck Tires." Rubber Chemistry and Technology 58, no. 2 (May 1, 1985): 350–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.5254/1.3536071.
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Abstract A series of ten commercial tread-grade carbon blacks were evaluated in a 60/40 NR/BR truck tire tread formulation. A number of important physical properties and performance criteria were assessed in terms of carbon black surface area and DBPA. Significant response equations were obtained for viscosity, bound rubber, resilience, heat buildup, tear strength, and dynamic properties. Dynamic modulus showed a much greater dependence on DBPA in comparison to previous studies on SBR/BR compounds. In a second designed experiment, a single carbon black (N299) was studied as a function of the NR/BR ratio and the amount of carbon black added to the BR phase. The BR black loading was varied at 30, 60, and 90 phr using separate masterbatches which were blended with NR-black masterbatches to give the same final composition for all of the compounds. Properties such as resilience, heat buildup, fatigue life, and tear strength were all improved in the direction of higher loadings of carbon black in the NR phase. A high loading of black in the BR phase caused low bound-rubber development and poor dispersion. This was found to be related to the viscosity ratio of the separate masterbatches. NR to BR viscosity ratios of about 1 to 3 produced good dispersion and high bound rubber. When the BR masterbatch viscosity was two to three times higher than the NR masterbatch, however, dispersion and bound-rubber development dropped sharply at the same total mixing energy. Low hysteresis properties were found to be most dependent on high bound-rubber development, with polymer phase distribution having a relatively minor influence. In contrast, tear strength and fatigue life reached their maximum levels when the NR was the more continuous polymer phase. High bound rubber also appears to enhance tear strength and fatigue life by improving the microdispersion of the carbon black.
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Paleker, Gairoonisa. "‘Ethnic Films’ for Ethnic Homelands: ‘Black Films’ and Separate Development in Apartheid South Africa, 1972–1979." South African Historical Journal 63, no. 1 (March 2011): 127–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/02582473.2011.549378.
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Powell, Edward. "Equality or unity? Black Consciousness, white solidarity, and the new South Africa in Nadine Gordimer’s Burger’s Daughter and July’s People." Journal of Commonwealth Literature 54, no. 2 (February 13, 2017): 225–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0021989416687349.
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In the early 1970s, the Black Consciousness movement called on black radicals to dissociate themselves from dissident white South Africans, who were accused of frustrating the anti-apartheid cause in order to safeguard their ill-gotten privileges. In turn, liberal whites condemned this separatism as a capitulation to apartheid’s vision of “separate development”, despite the movement’s avowed aspiration towards a nonracial South Africa. This article considers how black separatism affected Nadine Gordimer’s own perspective on the prospect of achieving this aspiration. For Gordimer, Black Consciousness was necessary for black liberation, and she sought ways of reconciling white dissidents with black separatism. Still, these efforts didn’t always sit well together with her continuing belief that if there were to be a place for whites in a majority-ruled South Africa, then they needed to join blacks in a “common culture”. I consider how this tension marks Gordimer’s portraits of whites responding to being rejected by blacks in Burger’s Daughter and July’s People. In both novels, white efforts to resist apartheid’s racial segregations appear to be at odds with black self-liberation, with the effect that whites must find a way of doing without the as-yet deferred prospect of establishing a “common culture” in South Africa.
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Watkins, William. "Black Curriculum Orientations: A Preliminary Inquiry." Harvard Educational Review 63, no. 3 (September 1, 1993): 321–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.17763/haer.63.3.26k2433r77v631k2.
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In this article, William Watkins presents a historical discussion that traces the development of six different curriculum orientations in the educational experience of African Americans. He begins by pointing out that Black curriculum development is inextricably tied to Black America's experience of slavery and oppression in the United States. Watkins then outlines the six orientations, each of which represents African Americans' differing, although sometimes overlapping, sociopolitical responses to their historical reality. The author concludes that, because of the oppressiveness and separateness of U.S. society, Black curriculum orientations will continue to develop as both a part of and separate from the mainstream curriculum movement. Finally,he suggests that further study of the relationship of ethnicity, race, and culture to curriculum may be revealing as we examine contemporary urban education.
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Gerrath, Jean M., and Usher Posluszny. "Morphological and anatomical development in the Vitaceae. IV. Floral development in Parthenocissus inserta." Canadian Journal of Botany 67, no. 5 (May 1, 1989): 1356–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/b89-180.
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The floral ontogeny of Parthenocissus inserta, based on histological and three-dimensional observations, is presented. The inflorescence primordium arises in a leaf-opposed position at two of three nodes. It becomes subtended by a bract, and then bifurcates equally to form a lateral and a main arm. Inflorescence branches are initiated on both arms to form a series of dichasia. The transition from inflorescence branch primordium to floral primordium is marked by the initiation of three sepal primordia. Subsequently a ring primordium forms as the fourth and fifth sepal primordia are initiated, resulting in a calyx which encircles the floral apex. Petals and stamens arise simultaneously as five common petal–stamen primordia, alternating with the sepals. They bifurcate to form separate petal and stamen primordia. The petals are greenish, valvate, hooded, and are separate at maturity. The tetrasporangiate anthers are introrse and pollen is tricolporate. The gynoecium arises as a ring primordium. Two septa arise from the inner gynoecial wall and the floral apex, and will eventually form an essentially two-loculed superior ovary. Two ovules are initiated from the base of each septum. Each of the four ovules is anatropous and bitegmic at maturity. A disc arises from the base of the gynoecium. It appears as five pinkish protuberances of the ovary base at maturity and secretes a nectarlike substance. The fruit is a one- to four-seeded blue-black berry.
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Prévost, Y. H. "SPRUCE CONE AXIS MIDGE, DASINEURA RACHIPHAGA TRIPP (DIPTERA: CECIDOMYIIDAE), IN CONES OF BLACK SPRUCE, PICEA MARIANA (MILL.) B.S.P." Canadian Entomologist 122, no. 3 (June 1990): 441–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.4039/ent122441-5.
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AbstractThe development of spruce cone axis midge, Dasineura rachiphaga Tripp, and its parasitoids, Platygaster lucida Fouts and Torymus sp., was studied in relation to the availability and development stage of black spruce, Picea mariana (Mill.) B.S.P., cones.Spruce cone axis midge inhabiting black spruce cones appeared to undergo an extended diapause. This phenomenon probably was related to the production of cones. Platygaster lucida also appeared to undergo extended diapause and the proportion of P. lucida extending their diapause paralleled that of spruce cone axis midge which suggested a close dependance to their host.Spruce cone axis midge, P. lucida, and Torymus sp. emerged from mature cones about the same time and were closely synchronized with the availability of black spruce flowers.External morphological characters of the spruce cone axis midge that separate the two sexes in the pupal stage were described.
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McAllister, Patrick. "Relocation and Advocacy in South Africa's Transkei." Practicing Anthropology 12, no. 3 (July 1, 1990): 6–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.17730/praa.12.3.a11461556024405w.
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Six years ago the Surplus People's Project, an investigation into forced removals in South Africa, reported that some3.5 million black people had been "uprooted and relocated: as a direct result of prevailing apartheid policies. This figure does not include the missions of people relocated within the areas reserved for blacks (the "homelands") in the name of agricultural "betterment" schemes and associated ideas concerning conservation and rural development, about which relatively little has been written. In what follows I outline what "betterment" entails and look at the implementation of such a plan in Shixini, an administrative area or ward in Willowvale district, Transkei, one of the supposedly "independent states" created under the policy of separate development. Secondly, I document an attempt by a group of researchers at Rhodes University, including myself, to generate an alternative development program for Shixini (and an alternative to "betterment" in the Transkei as a whole).
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Adelman, Madeline, Jesse Veenstra, Ira Wollner, and Joseph McGoey. "Why is My Skin Turning Black? A Rare Side Effect of Capecitabine." SKIN The Journal of Cutaneous Medicine 4, no. 3 (May 8, 2020): 275. http://dx.doi.org/10.25251/skin.4.3.12.
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Introduction: Capecitabine is an oral chemotherapy frequently used in the treatment of metastatic breast and colorectal cancers. Drug-induced cutaneous hyperpigmentation is a rare adverse effect of capecitabine, which is almost exclusively reported with development of hand-foot syndrome (HFS). Here, we report a case of capecitabine-induced hyperpigmentation affecting the hands, feet, face, and tongue in the complete absence of HFS.Case report: An 82-year old man presented with progressive hyperpigmentation of his hands, feet, face, and tongue shortly after initiating capecitabine for treatment of colon adenocarcinoma. There was no associated erythema, edema, blistering, desquamation, tingling, or tenderness. After completion of capecitabine therapy, he endorsed 95% resolution of all hyperpigmentation.Discussion: Previous reports of capecitabine-induced hyperpigmentation have argued that it may be a sign of impending toxicity and should be a part of the HFS grading scale. Others argue that the two are separate entities, yet the mechanism is still unknown. This case supports that capecitabine can cause hyperpigmentation independent of HFS, and thus, should be evaluated as a separate entity of HFS if other symptoms are lacking.
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Anderson, Brian, Matthew Russell, Marcella Windmuller-Campione, Brian Palik, and Douglas Kastendick. "Development and Evaluation of Black Spruce (Picea mariana (Miller) B.S.P.) Diameter Increment Models across Silvicultural Treatments in Northern Minnesota, USA." Forests 9, no. 12 (November 30, 2018): 747. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/f9120747.
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The black spruce cover type occupies roughly 10% of Minnesota’s 7 million hectares of forestland, and is an important species, both ecologically and economically. A clearcut regeneration harvest is the main silvicultural system in black spruce in this region. The effects of managing black spruce with alternative silvicultural methods in the Lake States remains largely understudied. Here, we examine a silviculture study in lowland black spruce to assess the performance of two diameter growth models fit to this data compared to a widely-used model. Six silvicultural treatments (clearcut strips, clearcut patches, thinning, group selection, single-tree selection, and shelterwood) and a control were treated and measured around 1950, with a follow-up measurement occurring 10 years later. Fixed- and mixed-effects growth-models were adapted from the previous work, and fit to 10,231 observations and compared to a recently released diameter growth model. The mixed-effects model using treatment, compartment, and plot as nested random effects outperformed the fixed-effects model, and outperformed a model proposed for use in the Lake States variant of the Forest Vegetation Simulator that was fit to this data. This modeling approach of localized growth models across a wide-range of diameters (9.1–32.1 cm) more accurately predicted the diameter growth in lowland black spruce than the conventional approach of using separate models for large (>12.7 cm) and small (≤12.7 cm) diameter trees.
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Somerville, Carolyn. "Pensée 2: The “African” in Africana/Black/African and African American Studies." International Journal of Middle East Studies 41, no. 2 (May 2009): 193–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0020743809090606.
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In Pensée 1, “Africa on My Mind,” Mervat Hatem questions the perceived wisdom of creating the African Studies Association (focused on sub-Saharan Africa) and the Middle East Studies Association a decade later, which “institutionalized the political bifurcation of the African continent into two academic fields.” The cleaving of Africa into separate and distinct parts—a North Africa/Middle East and a sub-Saharan Africa—rendered a great disservice to all Africans: it has fractured dialogue, research, and policy while preventing students and scholars of Africa from articulating a coherent understanding of the continent.
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Korf, Gerhardus J., and Johannes B. Schoeman. "Applicability of Milliones' DIB-C Model in the South African Context." South African Journal of Psychology 26, no. 4 (December 1996): 212–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/008124639602600402.
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This study resulted from the need for multicultural validation of the theoretical models which describe the nature and development of black racial identity. The specific objective was to investigate the relevance of Milliones' (1980) Developmental Inventory of Black Consciousness (DIB-C) for the South African context. The results confirmed the existence of the preconscious and confrontation DIB-C dimensions, did not confirm the existence of the integration stage as proposed by Milliones, and indicated two separate dimensions (ingroup-outgroup integration and ingroup tolerance) which, taken together, partly resemble the integration construct of Milliones. A short version of the DIB-C for use in multi-measurement studies is also proposed.
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Schönberger, Nora, Sabine Matys, Katrin Flemming, Falk Lehmann, Franziska L. Lederer, and Katrin Pollmann. "Development of Metal Ion Binding Peptides Using Phage Surface Display Technology." Solid State Phenomena 262 (August 2017): 591–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/ssp.262.591.
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Phage surface display technology is a useful tool for the identification of biosorptive peptides. In this work it is used for the identification of cobalt, nickel and gallium binding peptides. We present methods for the enrichment of metal ion binding bacteriophage clones from a commercial phage display library. Metal ion selective peptides are suitable to separate as well as concentrate cobalt and nickel from copper black shale leaching products (EcoMetals project) and gallium from industrial waste waters (EcoGaIn project). In contrast to common capture methods of specific binding phage for solid materials the ionic species have to be immobilized prior to the bio-panning procedure. This was realized by chemical complexation of the metal ions using commercial complexing agents on porous matrices. Moreover, an option to harvest non elutable strong binding phage is proposed.
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Williams, C. Peter. "‘Too Peculiarly Anglican’: The Role of the Established Church in Ireland as A Negative Model in the Development of the Church Missionary Society’s Commitment to Independent Native Churches, 1856-1872." Studies in Church History 25 (1989): 299–310. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0424208400008755.
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Henry Venn, the CMS honorary secretary between 1841 and 1872, is rightly regarded as the great exponent of self-supporting, self-propagating, and self-governing churches. I have argued elsehwere that his principles took many years to assume their final shape and that, when they did, they contained what was regarded as an ecclesiological anomaly—that there should be separate bishops for different races in the same geographical area. Between about 1856 and 1872 Venn became increasingly daring in his proposals, abandoned his support for the idea of a single European bishop wherever there were European settlers and was instrumental, not only in having Samuel Crowther appointed as the first black bishop in West Africa or in responding positively to suggestions of an Indian bishop for South India, but also in proposing, both in India and in China, that the needs of a truly culturally integrated independent ‘native’ church demanded that its structures should be separated from those of the imported European church.
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Ishimoto, Keishi, Masao Takeuchi, Shigeyuki Naitou, and Haruki Furusawa. "Development and Certification of A Visibility-Range Monitor By Image Processing." Annals of Glaciology 13 (1989): 117–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0260305500007734.
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A new visibility-range measuring system has been developed which uses a video camera, and with which visibility can be estimated by measuring the brightness contrast of a black target against a standardized background. This principle has been applied to development of the new visibility-range monitor described in this paper. In this monitor, a charge-coupled device (CCD) video camera measures the brightness of an arbitrary area in its range of vision, and visibility range measured by the video camera in blowing snow can be compared with that measured by the transmissometer-type visibility-range monitor and can also be calculated by direct observation using optical targets. The new sytem can monitor visibility and record information about traffic on highways at 1 s intervals for a maximum of six separate positions. The vertical distribution of visibilities over a snow surface has been observed, and it has been found that the fluctuation in visibility is greatest at lower levels above the ground in blowing snow.
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Ishimoto, Keishi, Masao Takeuchi, Shigeyuki Naitou, and Haruki Furusawa. "Development and Certification of A Visibility-Range Monitor By Image Processing." Annals of Glaciology 13 (1989): 117–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.3189/s0260305500007734.
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A new visibility-range measuring system has been developed which uses a video camera, and with which visibility can be estimated by measuring the brightness contrast of a black target against a standardized background. This principle has been applied to development of the new visibility-range monitor described in this paper. In this monitor, a charge-coupled device (CCD) video camera measures the brightness of an arbitrary area in its range of vision, and visibility range measured by the video camera in blowing snow can be compared with that measured by the transmissometer-type visibility-range monitor and can also be calculated by direct observation using optical targets.The new sytem can monitor visibility and record information about traffic on highways at 1 s intervals for a maximum of six separate positions. The vertical distribution of visibilities over a snow surface has been observed, and it has been found that the fluctuation in visibility is greatest at lower levels above the ground in blowing snow.
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Henderson, A. Scott. "Reviews : The Separate City: Black Communities in the Urban South, 1940-1968 Christopher Silver and John V. Moeser University Press of Kentucky, Lexington, 1995. 220 pages. $29.95." Journal of Planning Education and Research 16, no. 2 (December 1996): 151–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0739456x9601600212.
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Ohuchi, Hidetoshi, Takaaki Ishii, and Shunsuke Muramatsu. "Particle Sorting Using a PZT Jet Pump." International Journal of Automation Technology 4, no. 6 (November 5, 2010): 524–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.20965/ijat.2010.p0524.
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A method of using a PZT jet pump to separate small objects from the flow of the mainstream is presented. The objects may be, for example, cells, medical markers, or hard-to-handle machine parts. For such particles, sorting methods that change the channel mechanically are not particle-friendly and tend to damage them. This research is related to the development of equipment that uses a jet stream from an injection pump driven by a PZT actuator to sort small particles. The particles are separated from the mainstream by small amounts of fluid the pump injects. The injection is produced by the impulsive force generated when voltage is rapidly applied to a multilayer PZT element. In the experiment, white or black polystyrene particles 1 mm in diameter are sorted by color, their colors discriminated by a reflection-type photo sensor. By timing the pump according to the velocity of the flow, a high separation success rate is achieved.
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Gilbert, DrPH, Keon L., Keith Elder, PhD, Sarah Lyons, MS, Kimberly A. Kaphingst, ScD, Melvin Blanchard, MD, and Melody S. Goodman, PhD. "Racial Composition Over the Lifecourse: Examining Separate and Unequal Environments and the Risk for Heart Disease for African American Men." Ethnicity & Disease 25, no. 3 (August 5, 2015): 295. http://dx.doi.org/10.18865/ed.25.3.295.
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<strong>Purpose: </strong>Studies have demonstrated the effects of segregated social and physical environments on the development of chronic diseases for African Americans. Studies have not delineated the effects of segregated environments specifically on the health of African American men over their lifetime. This study examines the relationship between life course measures of racial composition of social environments and diagnosis of hypertension among African American men.<p><strong>Design: </strong>We analyzed cross-sectional data from a convenience sample of African American men seeking health care services in an outpatient primary care clinic serving a medically underserved patient population (<em>N</em>=118). Multivariable logistic regression analyses were used to examine associations between racial composition of multiple environments across the life course (eg, junior high school, high school, neighborhood growing up, current neighborhood, place of employment, place of worship) and hypertension diagnosis.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>The majority (86%) of participants were not currently in the workforce (retired, unemployed, or disabled) and more than half (54%) reported an annual household income of <$9,999; median age was 53. Results suggest that African American men who grew up in mostly Black neighborhoods (OR=4.3; <em>P</em>=.008), and worked in mostly Black environments (OR=3.1; <em>P</em>=.041) were more likely to be diagnosed with hypertension than those who did not.</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>We found associations between mostly Black residential and workplace settings and hypertension diagnoses among African American men. Findings suggest exposure to segregated environments during childhood and later adulthood may impact hypertension risk among African American men over the life course. <em>Ethn Dis</em>. 2015;25(3):295-304.</p>
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Kinasih, Ida, Ramadhani Eka Putra, Agus Dana Permana, Finsa Firlana Gusmara, Muhammad Yusuf Nurhadi, and Ramadini Aini Anitasari. "Growth Performance of Black Soldier Fly Larvae (Hermetia illucens) Fed on Some Plant Based Organic Wastes." HAYATI Journal of Biosciences 25, no. 2 (October 9, 2018): 79. http://dx.doi.org/10.4308/hjb.25.2.79.
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Insect larvae, such as black soldier fly larvae (BSFL: Hermetia illucens) are currently being considered as an alternative source of protein for poultry and aquaculture industry while in the same time apply as agent to manage organic wastes. In order to achieve both roles it is necessary to develop an appropriate farming methodology and understand the impact of different feeding source for the insect production. The study explored the effect of three local plant based organic wastes as feedstocks to growth of the black soldier fly larvae. Separate feeding trials on horse manure (HM), vegetable wastes (VW), and tofu dreg (TD) was done and their effect on BSF larvae growth rate, larvae weight and total prepupal yield in grams content analysed. The efficiency of the BSF larvae to consume and ability to reduce the waste load of the different substrates was also evaluated. The result showed all materials suitable as feeding material for black soldier fly. Difference on physical properties and chemical content affected the development time, harvested biomass, efficiency of digestivity, and efficiency of biomass production which is unique for each type of waste. This study provide base line information for future development of plant based organic waste management.
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Stahr, M., and L. M. Quesada-Ocampo. "Assessing the Role of Temperature, Inoculum Density, and Wounding on Disease Progression of the Fungal Pathogen Ceratocystis fimbriata Causing Black Rot in Sweetpotato." Plant Disease 104, no. 3 (March 2020): 930–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.1094/pdis-12-18-2224-re.
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In 2014, Ceratocystis fimbriata, causal agent of black rot in sweetpotato, reemerged and inflicted large financial losses on growers in the United States. Black rot continues to damage sweetpotatoes and has become a priority to the industry since then. In contrast, little is known about the biology of C. fimbriata and the epidemiology of sweetpotato black rot. In this study, effects of environmental factors such as inoculum density, RH, and temperature on sweetpotato black rot were determined. Cured sweetpotatoes were wounded with a toothpick to simulate puncture wounds, inoculated with different spore suspensions (inoculum density) (104, 105, or 106 spores/ml), and incubated under different RH (85.53, 94.09, or 97.01%) and temperature (13, 18, 23, 29, or 35°C) for 21 days. In a separate experiment, five root wounding types (cuts, punctures, abrasions, end breaks, and macerating bruises) were compared. All wounded roots were subsequently soaked in a 103 spores/ml suspension and incubated at 100% RH and 23°C for 21 days. This study found 29 and 23°C to be the optimal temperature for black rot disease development and sporulation, respectively. No pathogen growth was observed at 13 and 35°C. Increased inoculum density significantly (P < 0.0001) increased disease incidence, but increasing RH had an effect only on sporulation area. All wound types resulted in increased disease incidence and sporulation as early as 7 days postinoculation. Our results highlight the importance of characterizing factors that affect disease development for achieving successful disease management strategies. Findings from this study will be used to improve disease management for sweetpotato black rot by suggesting tighter regulation of curing and storage conditions and better postharvest handling of sweetpotato roots to avoid unnecessary wounding.
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PLIUSHCHYK, I. A., and R. P. OHORODNYK. "PROBLEMS OF ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT AND ATTRACTION OF FOREIGN INVESTMENT IN THE COUNTRIES OF THE BLACK SEA REGION." Economic innovations 21, no. 3(72) (September 20, 2019): 107–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.31520/ei.2019.21.3(72).107-116.
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Topicality. The importance of using new opportunities for economic development, sustainability and connectivity in the region and beyond is enhanced in terms of the growing strategic importance of the Black Sea region for the EU. Investments are the basis of socio-economic development of the region. Investments related to the deepest foundations of economic activity, they determine the process of economic growth in general. In modern conditions, they are the most important tool of ensuring the conditions for the overcoming the economic crisis, for structural changes in the countries, for the growth of technological progress, for the improvement of quality indicators of economic activity at micro and macro levels. Aim and tasks. The purpose of the article is to identify the problems of economic development and the associated features of attracting foreign investment in the Black Sea region. Research results. The basic social and economic indicators of the Black Sea region - GDP (GDP), the index of human development, the population, the share of comparison is used to determine the structure and dynamics of incoming and outgoing flows volumes of direct foreign investments regional GDP in the world, are determined, the strategic importance is emphasized on the geopolitical map of the world of the Black Sea region, according the current political and economic challenges in Asian-European relations, dynamics and structure of incoming and outgoing investments of the countries of the region over the last nine years are defined. On this basis was concluded about the significant drop in investment activity in the region since 2014. A list of the main reasons for the decline in investment activity in the region is formed and relationship with the general indicators of economic development of the region is defined. The connection of problems of economic development and attraction of foreign investments to the countries of the Black Sea region is substantiated, which, unlike the existing approach, covers the participants of the whole region, and not a separate country. Approaches to the joint solution of investment problems of the countries of the Black Sea region are developed, which, unlike the existing ones, provide a synergistic effect and greater attractiveness for investors. Research results can be used by enterprises in attracting investment in cross-border projects, also can be used by intergovernmental groups to formulate strategies for joint provision of investment attractiveness of regional programs, can be used by participants in joint enterprises of the Black Sea region. Conclusion. The countries of the Black Sea region are heterogeneous in their economic indicators, thet are belonging to various economic and geopolitical associations. There are explicit leaders among the countries - Russia and Turkey, which have different geopolitical interests in the region and are not able to become a unifying factor in the region. For several years, the Black Sea region is not in the sight of international investors, and all Black Sea countries must work together to become investment attractive again. China's investment interests are identified in a region that does not hold back political commitments to any of the countries in the region. Business opportunities are the most powerful determinants of FDI.. But the particularities of the investment climate, such as strong institutions and regulatory instruments, are also important for developing countries and countries with economies in transition which looking for attraction of additional FDI. With a poor regional investment climate, foreign investors and their host economies may not be able to take full advantage of business opportunities created by market size and growth potential.
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HOOKER, JULIET. "Indigenous Inclusion/Black Exclusion: Race, Ethnicity and Multicultural Citizenship in Latin America." Journal of Latin American Studies 37, no. 2 (May 2005): 285–310. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0022216x05009016.
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This article analyses the causes of the disparity in collective rights gained by indigenous and Afro-Latin groups in recent rounds of multicultural citizenship reform in Latin America. Instead of attributing the greater success of indians in winning collective rights to differences in population size, higher levels of indigenous group identity or higher levels of organisation of the indigenous movement, it is argued that the main cause of the disparity is the fact that collective rights are adjudicated on the basis of possessing a distinct group identity defined in cultural or ethnic terms. Indians are generally better positioned than most Afro-Latinos to claim ethnic group identities separate from the national culture and have therefore been more successful in winning collective rights. It is suggested that one of the potentially negative consequences of basing group rights on the assertion of cultural difference is that it might lead indigenous groups and Afro-Latinos to privilege issues of cultural recognition over questions of racial discrimination as bases for political mobilisation in the era of multicultural politics.
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Parnell, S. "Shaping a Racially Divided Society: State Housing Policy in South Africa, 1920–50." Environment and Planning C: Government and Policy 7, no. 3 (September 1989): 261–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.1068/c070261.
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Public housing assistance for poor whites in South Africa was introduced to ensure social and geographical isolation for the voting minority. The policy of relative advantage of housing needs of whites over those of the rest of the working class remained unchallenged until the consummation of residential segregation was achieved under the Group Areas Act of 1950. Although endorsed as an instrument for social and residential cleavage, efforts by the state to give residential assistance to working-class whites prior to the imposition of separate group areas are shown to have been restricted by wider political and economic considerations. Efforts to upgrade and separate the housing of working-class whites from the black urban community met with limited success in the interwar years. After World War 2, fiscal restrictions and the politics that surrounded the rapid urbanisation of Africans challenged the practice, if not the policy, of housing advantage for whites.
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Fischer, Anne Gray. "“The Place is Gone!”: Policing Black Women to Redevelop Downtown Boston." Journal of Social History 53, no. 1 (2019): 7–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/jsh/shy112.
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Abstract In the late 1960s and early 1970s, Boston politicians and urban managers sought to reverse the city’s postwar capital drain by luring white consumer dollars and private investment. Their recovery plan featured the Adult Entertainment District (AED), which was established to contain burgeoning sexual commerce while demonstrating the vibrancy and economic viability of the city’s downtown core. At the same time, the changing spatial dynamics of interracial sexual commerce, Black economic isolation, and discriminatory practices citywide drew increasing numbers of Black women onto downtown streets. The presence of Black women in formerly white downtown spaces ignited a powerful law-and-order narrative linking race, sex, and violence. Black women became oversignified with sexual deviance and violent criminality amid the urban crisis. The development of the AED experiment and the raced and gendered crime panic posed unique challenges and opportunities for the Boston Police Department (BPD). Like urban police departments nationwide in the early 1970s, the BPD was embroiled in a battle for its authority. But the deeper motivations of economic turnaround guiding the AED ultimately served to strengthen the BPD’s legitimacy. As the separate goals of political officials and law enforcement authorities converged—to redevelop downtown Boston, and to secure urban authority, respectively—the intensifying policing and spatial banishment of Black women in downtown Boston became central to urban recovery strategies. This history demonstrates that aggressive, racially charged morals policing was deployed to prepare the city for an influx of white capital.
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Walton, Joan. "The role of subjectivity: Response to Noriyuki Inoue." International Journal for Transformative Research 3, no. 1 (July 1, 2016): 24–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/ijtr-2016-0004.
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Abstract This paper offers a response to Dr Noriyuki Inoue’s article published in this issue of the International Journal for Transformative research, entitled The role of subjectivity in teacher expertise development: Mindfully embracing the “black sheep” of educational research. Inoue freely uses the terms ‘subjectivity’ and ‘objectivity’; but referring to findings from quantum physics and consciousness studies, both of which challenge the view that it is possible to observe a world that exists independently of the observer, I ask whether the Japanese concepts of jikkan and ba actually also suggest that it is not possible to separate and define subjective and objective dimensions of reality.
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Perkins-Veazie, P., J. K. Collins, and J. R. Clark. "Cultivar and Conditioning Treatment Affect Development of Red Drupe in Blackberry Fruit." HortScience 31, no. 4 (August 1996): 640f—640. http://dx.doi.org/10.21273/hortsci.31.4.640f.
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Blackberry fruit often exhibit an unattractive discoloration following harvest and storage. This redness appears at random on the berry and has been associated with sunburn or high temperature damage, or with fruit harvested less than fully ripe. We began a study to separate and identify causes of red drupe. Black (fully ripe) berries, free of sunburn, of six blackberry cultivars were harvested in the morning and subjected to conditioning treatments of 20 hours at 2 or at 20°C, followed by 7 days storage at 2°C. Strong cultivar differences and effects of conditioning treatment were found. `Navaho', `Arapaho' and `Chester' had little or no red drupe, regardless of conditioning treatment. As much as 50% of `Shawnee' and `Choctaw' berries exhibited red drupe, with more appearing in fruit conditioned at 2°C. Development of red drupe in berries conditioned at 2°C was quadratically related to total anthocyanin and juice pH, while that of fruit conditioned at 20°C was quadratically related to percent titratable acidity. The red drupe disorder in blackberries is exacerbated by low temperature storage and may be due to decreased cellular pH and subsequent anthocyanin glycosylation in individual drupelets.
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Plum, Jay. "Rose McClendon and the Black Units of the Federal Theatre Project: A Lost Contribution." Theatre Survey 33, no. 2 (November 1992): 144–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0040557400002374.
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Although the then-called Negro Units of the Federal Theatre Project arguably played a pivotal role in the development of African-American theatre, Rose McClendon (1884–1936) is unarguably one of the most overlooked contributors to its history. This oversight is extremely puzzling, in view of the fact that McClendon co-directed the Harlem Unit with John Houseman when it opened in 1935. Five years later Federal Theatre Project director Hallie Flanagan attributed much of the initial success of the unit, as well as the very idea of creating separate black units, to McClendon. Yet, except for a paragraph in Flanagan's Arena, little else has been recorded about McClendon's participation in the Project. Even the official history of the Negro Units written by the Federal Theatre Project's Department of Information claims that “guiding the destinations of the Negro Theatre at its inception were John Houseman and Orson Welles.” The history makes no reference to McClendon.
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Oparin, M. L., A. Yu Kudryavtsev, O. S. Oparina, and A. B. Mamaev. "Invasion of the Black woodpecker (Dryocopus martius L.) (Picidae, Aves) into the Dyakovsky (Saltovsky) forest on the array of sands near the Yeruslan river." Povolzhskiy Journal of Ecology, no. 1 (May 18, 2021): 97–106. http://dx.doi.org/10.35885/1684-7318-2021-1-97-106.
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The paper considers the fact of the black woodpecker (Dryocopus martius L.) colonization of the Dyakovsky (Saltovsky) forest area, which occupies more than 18,000 hectares on the Yeruslan sands in the Saratov and Volgograd Trans-Volga regions. This forest area is located 25 km from the semi-desert of the Caspian lowland. According to our data, the black woodpecker appeared in the Dyakovsky forest in the winter of 2011–2012 after an extensive fire in the very hot summer of 2010. The mass of dead trees led to an outbreak of xylophagous development, which most likely led to the emergence of a settled population of the black woodpecker in the Dyakovsky forest. For 10 years, we have been conducting observations of the named population. Using the route method, parameters of its density in the winter period were determined, part of the nesting sites was identified, which confirms the year-round habitation and reproduction of the black woodpecker in the Dyakovsky forest. Our observations of the black woodpecker dispersal in the Trans-Volga region are consistent with the data of those authors who established the appearance of this species on the Lower Volga in the Volga-Akhtuba floodplain. In all likelihood, the black woodpecker dispersal in the Trans-Volga region is associated with both some change in the structure of habitats, with some increase in the abundance of this species in the main part of the habitat, and with other factors cited in this work. According to modern concepts, the location of habitats is determined by the “climatic space”, which is potentially suitable for the settlement of a particular species. Other factors interacting with the climate determine the actual development of the territory of this space by the species. Such facts of changes in the boundaries of the habitats of separate species as a result of climate change and factors interacting therewith are widespread in the world.
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Kabała, Cezary. "Chernozem (czarnoziem) – soil of the year 2019 in Poland. Origin, classification and use of chernozems in Poland." Soil Science Annual 70, no. 3 (September 1, 2019): 184–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/ssa-2019-0016.
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Abstract The Soil Science Society of Poland has elected chernozem to be the Soil of the Year 2019. Although chernozems cover less than 2% of Poland, they have high importance for agriculture due to their productivity and play a specific scientific role for understanding of soil development and functioning in an environment. Chernozems are also crucial for the reconstruction of Neolithic agriculture development and human impacts on soil and landscape. This introductory paper presents (a) a specific definition of chernozem in Poland, connected with a separate distinction of black earths and colluvial chernozemic soils; (b) a review of the present and former classification schemes for chernozems in Poland and their correlation with international soil classification systems (WRB and Soil Taxonomy); (c) the spatial distribution of chernozems in Poland, their agricultural evaluation and threats for chernozems’ quality and future existence related to intense land use.
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Loessberg, Rick. "Two Societies: The Writing of the Summary of the Report of the National Advisory Commission on Civil Disorders." Journal of Urban History 44, no. 6 (January 30, 2017): 1039–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0096144216689087.
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The Kerner Commission examined the riots that occurred throughout the United States in 1967. The summary of its Final Report concluded that the nation was moving toward “two societies, one black, one white—separate and unequal.” So powerful is the wording that it continues to be invoked whenever there is a Ferguson-type incident. While much has been written about the reaction to the Kerner Report, little has been known about the summary’s development or why it has endured. New interviews with key participants and an examination of Kerner Commission files have not only resulted in the discovery of information which runs counter to what was previously thought, but helps explain why the summary is still influential after almost fifty years.
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Popovicheva, O., R. Subramanian, D. Baumgardner, G. Kok, R. Cary, E. Vlasenko, T. Khokhlova, N. Shonija, and E. Kireeva. "Towards the development of standard reference materials for soot measurements – Part 1: Tailored graphitized soot." Atmospheric Measurement Techniques Discussions 3, no. 2 (April 15, 2010): 1743–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/amtd-3-1743-2010.
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Abstract. The lack of standard reference materials for calibrating, troubleshooting and intercomparing instruments that measure the properties of black carbon, commonly referred to as soot, has been a major obstacle that hinders improved understanding of how climate and health is impacted by this ubiquitous component of the atmosphere. A different approach is offered here as a means of constructing precisely controlled material with fractions of organic carbon (OC) on the surface of elemental carbon (EC) whose structure reflects that of combustion particles found in the atmosphere. The proposed soot reference material (SRM) uses elemental carbon as a basis substrate for surface coatings of organic compounds that are representative of main classes of organics identified in the coverage of soot produced by fossil fuel burning. A number of methods are used to demonstrate the quality and stability of the reference EC and SRM. Comparison of the nominal fraction of OC deposited on the EC substrate with the fraction measured with thermal/optical analysis (TOA) shows excellent agreement. Application of this type of reference material for evaluating the different methods of carbon analysis may help resolve differences that currently exist between comparable measurement techniques when trying to separate OC and EC from ambient samples.
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Kgatla, Thias. "CLERGY’S RESISTANCE TO VENDA HOMELAND’S INDEPENDENCE IN THE 1970S AND 1980S." Studia Historiae Ecclesiasticae 42, no. 3 (February 23, 2017): 121–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.25159/2412-4265/1167.
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The article discusses the clergy’s role in the struggle against Venda’s “independence” in the 1970s and 1980s, as well as resistance to the apartheid policy of “separate development” for Venda. It also explores the policy of indirect white rule through the replacement of real community leaders with incompetent, easily manipulated traditional chiefs. The imposition of the system triggered resistance among the youth and the churches, which led to bloody reprisals by the authorities. Countless were detained under apartheid laws permitting detention without trial for 90 days. Many died in detention, but those responsible were acquitted by the courts of law in the Homeland. The article highlights the contributions of the Black Consciousness Movement, the Black People Conversion Movement, and the Student Christian Movement. The Venda student uprising was second in magnitude only to the Soweto uprising of 16 June 1976. The torture of ministers in detention and the response by church leaders locally and internationally, are discussed. The authorities attempted to divide the Lutheran Church and nationalise the Lutherans in Venda, but this move was thwarted. Venda was officially re-incorporated into South Africa on 27 April 1994.
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BAKER, WINSTON H., REBECCA E. BLANTON, and CAROL E. JOHNSTON. "Diversity within the Redeye Bass, Micropterus coosae (Perciformes: Centrarchidae) species group, with descriptions of four new species." Zootaxa 3635, no. 4 (March 28, 2013): 379–401. http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.3635.4.3.
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The Redeye Bass, Micropterus coosae, was described from the Mobile River basin, Chattahoochee, and Savannah rivers in Alabama and Georgia, USA, by Hubbs and Bailey (1940). At that time the authors recognized significant variation in the Black Warrior River population, and noted that with further study this form may be recognized as a separate taxon. An examination of variation in morphology and mitochondrial DNA supported this observation, and highlighted additional species-level variation, resulting in descriptions of a total of four new species: Micropterus cahabae, new sp., restricted to the Cahaba River system; Micropterus tallapoosae, new sp., restricted to the Tallapoosa River system; Micropterus warriorensis, new sp., from the Black Warrior River system; and Micropterus chattahoochae, new sp., from the Chattahoochee River system. Micropterus coosae is restricted to the Coosa River system. The new species differ from each other and from M. coosae by a combination of pigmentation and scale count characteristics, development of the tooth patch, and divergence within the ND2 gene. While two of these species are relatively common in upland streams within their ranges, M. warriorensis, M. cahabae and M. chattahoochae are uncommon and may warrant protection.
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Bickford-Smith, Vivian. "Black Ethnicities, Communities and Political Expression in Late Victorian Cape Town." Journal of African History 36, no. 3 (November 1995): 443–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0021853700034496.
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In 1994 the National Party of Mr de Klerk defeated the African National Congress in only one of nine South African provinces, the Western Cape. The reason for this success lay in the support that the NP received from a large majority of Coloured South Africans in this region. Many were worried about the possibility of losing homes and jobs to ‘Africans’, and believed that the ANC was a specifically African party. These worries and beliefs were encouraged by Nationalist Party politicians. But the success of the latter's campaign was premised on the existence of more enduring self-identities, while simultaneously lending them new content.This article attempts to explain the emergence of different black ethnicities, and particularly the emergence of Coloured ethnicity, in the British Cape Colony, and its capital, Cape Town. Because of a low non-racial franchise and (theoretical) equality of all before the law, the Victorian Cape provided the possibility of formal black political expression – the establishment of parties, electioneering and political mobilization.The different black ethnicities that emerged were not the inevitable result of different ‘cultures’ or distant historical experiences. But nor were they simply created by élite Ethnic mobilizers in response to white racialization and discrimination, as was sometimes suggested in revisionist South African historiography of the Apartheid era. This historiography was understandably eager to challenge belief in the immutability of race and ethnicity that underpinned ‘separate development’ – a policy which itself served to reshape, perpetuate and reinforce perceptions of ethnic difference.Labels, like ‘Coloured’ or ‘Native’ may have been imposed by whites and used by black élites to challenge state policies or to demand resources. But the labels had to continue to make sense to those they wished to mobilize. The content of ethnicities could not be purely ‘imagined’ by élites.
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Edwards, Harry. "Democratic Pluralism: Placing African-American Student-Athletes in the Context of a New Agenda for Higher Education." NACADA Journal 11, no. 2 (September 1, 1991): 28–118. http://dx.doi.org/10.12930/0271-9517-11.2.28.
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Harry Edwards delivered the NACADA Journal symposium lecture at the 1990 NACADA National Conference. He was invited by the Journal's editors to expand the ideas he presented into an article to give the entire membership an opportunity to examine these ideas. We have also included responses from several professionals who are actively involved in exploring the issues that Edwards deals with. The editors welcome further responses to this article. The character and dynamics of developments at the interface of intergroup relations, education, and sport are shown to be deeply embedded in the historical evolution and intertwined with the contemporary complexities and contradictions of race and ethnic relations more generally in American society. The proposition is developed that African-American student-athletes' patterned negative outcomes can be reliably understood and effectively addressed only if due consideration is given social, cultural, and political forces that serious-impact but that emanate far beyond the institutional functioning of academia and sport. Established and broadly accepted African-American advancement strategies and goals are critiqued and evaluated relative to their past viability and future remedial potential as adjunctive influences upon the content, contours, and direction of African-American education. Competing educational philosophies and methods are analysed and assessed as to the appropriateness and promise of each in a postindustrial, ever more ethnically diverse America. Democratic pluralism is posed as an alternative to both established Black liberal and incipient Black neoconservative integration/assimilation dispositions and change regimens, as well as to various Black separatist and separate development strategems relative to African-American individual and collective advancement in sport, education, and society. Broad perspectives and guidelines pertaining to the role responsibilities and realms of accountability of educational administrators (particularly college presidents and chancellors), counselling supervisors and academic advisors, teachers, African-American communities and families, and African-American student-athletes are discussed against a background of longstanding and ongoing Black/White intergroup tensions and heightened athletic and academic pressures upon the student-athlete.
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Galvan, D., G. McVinnie, and B. Dindoruk. "Perdido Development: Unified Fluid Model for Integrated-Production-System Modeling." SPE Reservoir Evaluation & Engineering 18, no. 03 (July 27, 2015): 303–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.2118/170871-pa.
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Summary The Perdido development is one of the most-complex deepwater projects in the world. It is operated by Shell in partnership with Chevron and BP. It currently produces hydrocarbons from 12 subsea wells penetrating four separate reservoirs. The properties of produced fluid vary per reservoir as well as spatially. The producing wells display a relatively wide range of fluid gravities, between 17 and 41 °API, and producing gas/oil ratios (GORs), between 480 and 3,000 scf/bbl. The fluids produced from the subsea wells are blended in the subsea system and lifted to the topside facilities by means of five seabed caisson electrical submersible pumps. In the topside facility, gas and oil are separated, treated, and exported by means of dedicated subsea pipelines. The fluid compositions and properties across the various elements of the production system are used as input data to the respective simulation models, and the corresponding outcomes (e.g., fluid properties, compositions) vary upon the well/caisson lineup and daily operating conditions. Given the wide spectrum of fluids produced through the Perdido spar, a special equation-of-state (EOS) characterization of the fluids had to be developed. Because a common EOS model was used to characterize the fluids, we will call this the unified fluid model (UFM) throughout this study. This approach enables accurate and efficient prediction of the properties of blended fluids and is suitable for use in an integrated-production system model (IPSM) that connects reservoirs, wells, subsea-flowline networks, and topside-facilities models. Such a modeling scheme enables effective integration among relevant engineering disciplines and can represent production and fluid data from field history with high confidence. The IPSM uses a black-oil fluid description for the well and subsea-flowline network models. By use of the initial composition and producing GOR of each well, the fluid composition is estimated by means of a simple delumping scheme. The resulting composition is tracked through the subsea network to the topside-facilities model, where compositional flash calculations are performed. The IPSM can forecast production rates together with fluid properties and actual oil- and gas-volumetric rates across the whole production system. The model can be used to optimize production under constrained conditions, such as limited gas-compression capacity or plateau oil production.
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Kilian, Rüdiger, and Renée Heilbronner. "Analysis of crystallographic preferred orientations of experimentally deformed Black Hills Quartzite." Solid Earth 8, no. 5 (October 25, 2017): 1095–117. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/se-8-1095-2017.
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Abstract. The crystallographic preferred orientations (textures) of three samples of Black Hills Quartzite (BHQ) deformed experimentally in the dislocation creep regimes 1, 2 and 3 (according to Hirth and Tullis, 1992) have been analyzed using electron backscatter diffraction (EBSD). All samples were deformed to relatively high strain at temperatures of 850 to 915 °C and are almost completely dynamically recrystallized. A texture transition from peripheral [c] axes in regime 1 to a central [c] maximum in regime 3 is observed. Separate pole figures are calculated for different grain sizes, aspect ratios and long-axis trends of grains, and high and low levels of intragranular deformation intensity as measured by the mean grain kernel average misorientation (gKAM). Misorientation relations are analyzed for grains of different texture components (named Y, B, R and σ grains, with reference to previously published prism, basal, rhomb and σ1 grains). Results show that regimes 1 and 3 correspond to clear end-member textures, with regime 2 being transitional. Texture strength and the development of a central [c]-axis maximum from a girdle distribution depend on deformation intensity at the grain scale and on the contribution of dislocation creep, which increases towards regime 3. Adding to this calculations of resolved shear stresses and misorientation analysis, it becomes clear that the peripheral [c]-axis maximum in regime 1 is not due to deformation by basal 〈a〉 slip. Instead, we interpret the texture transition as a result of different texture forming processes, one being more efficient at high stresses (nucleation or growth of grains with peripheral [c] axes), the other depending on strain (dislocation glide involving prism and rhomb 〈a〉 slip systems), and not as a result of temperature-dependent activity of different slip systems.
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Agostini, J. P., N. A. Peres, S. J. Mackenzie, J. E. Adaskaveg, and L. W. Timmer. "Effect of Fungicides and Storage Conditions on Postharvest Development of Citrus Black Spot and Survival of Guignardia citricarpa in Fruit Tissues." Plant Disease 90, no. 11 (November 2006): 1419–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.1094/pd-90-1419.
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Citrus black spot (CBS) is caused by Guignardia citricarpa, which incites lesions on citrus fruit and can induce fruit drop. Quiescent infections occur during the spring and summer, and symptoms appear at fruit maturity or after harvest. Thus, fruit from citrus areas affected by CBS represent a risk for introduction of this pathogen into new areas. The effects of preventive field fungicide programs, postharvest fungicide drenches, packinghouse fungicide applications, and storage temperatures on postharvest symptom development and viability of G. citricarpa in lesions were evaluated in five experiments on Murcott tangor, Valencia oranges, and lemons. Preventive field treatments and fruit storage at 8°C consistently reduced postharvest CBS development, whereas a postharvest fungicide drench or packinghouse treatment with fungicides had no effect on postharvest symptom development. In a separate experiment, postharvest appearance of symptoms was related to the percentage of fruit with symptoms at harvest. The preventive field fungicide program also consistently reduced the percentage of isolation of G. citricarpa from affected fruit, whereas storage temperature and packinghouse fungicide treatment gave variable results. The viability of the fungus declined with storage time of fruit after harvest, but G. citricarpa could still be readily isolated regardless of treatment. In another experiment, the viability of the fungus in detached fruit or peel was minimally affected by temperature or moisture during storage. The frequency of successful isolation declined with time, but G. citricarpa was still recovered frequently from symptomatic tissue at later times. The most effective means to reduce postharvest development of symptoms is through preventive application of fungicides during the fruit growing season and storage of harvested fruit at cold temperatures. None of the measures evaluated substantially reduced viability of G. citricarpa, and the pathogen would likely be introduced on symptomatic fruit from citrus areas with CBS.
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Hamlin, Abbey, A. Zarina Kraal, and Laura Zahodne. "Social Engagement and Episodic Memory in Non-Hispanic Black and White Older Adults." Innovation in Aging 4, Supplement_1 (December 1, 2020): 343. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/geroni/igaa057.1101.
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Abstract Social engagement may confer cognitive benefits in older adulthood, but studies have typically been restricted to largely non-Hispanic White (NHW) samples. Levels of social engagement vary across race such that NHW report larger social networks, more frequent participation in social activities, and greater social support than non-Hispanic Blacks (NHB). Associations between social engagement and cognition may also vary by race, but research is sparse. The current cross-sectional study examined associations between different aspects of social engagement and episodic memory performance, as well as interactions between social engagement and race among NHB and NHW participants in the Michigan Cognitive Aging Project (N = 247; 48.4% NHB; age = 64.19 ± 2.92). Social engagement (network size, activities, support) was self-reported. Episodic memory was a z-score composite of immediate, delayed, and recognition trials of a list-learning task. Separate hierarchical linear regression models quantified interactions between race and each of the three social engagement variables on episodic memory, controlling for sociodemographics, depressive symptoms, and health conditions. Results showed a main effect of more frequent social activity on better episodic memory, as well as an interaction between race and social support indicating a significant positive association in NHB but not NHW. These preliminary findings suggest that participating in social activities may be equally beneficial for episodic memory across NHB and NHW older adults and that social support may be particularly beneficial for NHB. Future research is needed to determine the potential applications of these results in reducing cognitive inequalities through the development of culturally-relevant interventions.
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Lewis, Sophie. "Cyborg uterine geography." Dialogues in Human Geography 8, no. 3 (November 2018): 300–316. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/2043820618804625.
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Most geographers have sided with ‘cyborgs’ (technonatural subjects) against ‘goddesses’ (e.g. Mother Earth) on questions of embodiment. In itself this provides no justification for the relative dearth (in geography) of theorizing ‘with’ the uterus as a site of doing and undoing; what I propose to call uterine geography. ‘Uterine’ relations are fundamentally cyborg, animatedly labouring and not only spatial but spatializing: they make and unmake places, borders, kin. This includes not only abortion, miscarriage, menstruation and pregnancy (whose transcorporeal and chimeric character is well documented in medical anthropology) but also other life-enabling forms of holding and letting go that do not involve anatomical uteri (such as trans-mothering and other alter-familial practices). Despite our discipline’s ostensible interest in co-production, hybridity and the more-than-human, the ‘doing’ aspects of intra and interuterine processes have tended to be black-boxed in accounts of care economies and social reproduction. The proposed remedy is deromanticization: an approach that critically politicizes uterine relations as historically contingent and subject to amelioration through struggle. Potential aides include Maggie Nelson’s idea that ‘labor does you’, Suzanne Sadedin’s account of gestation’s mutual hostility and the concepts of ‘sym-poiesis’ and ‘metramorphosis’. One notable consequence of this expanded concept of the uterine is that ‘assisted reproduction’, as it is characterized today, ceases to be categorically separate from other kinds of reproduction.
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Kong, Dejun, Weixiong Luo, Qiang Liu, Zhuoqing Li, Guoyue Huan, Jianjun Zhang, and Xiaojun Yang. "Habitat use, preference, and utilization distribution of two crane species (Genus: Grus) in Huize National Nature Reserve, Yunnan–Guizhou Plateau, China." PeerJ 6 (July 18, 2018): e5105. http://dx.doi.org/10.7717/peerj.5105.
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Understanding the habitat use and spatial distribution of wildlife can help conservationists determine high-priority areas and enhance conservation efforts. We studied the wintering habitat use, preference, and utilization distribution of two crane species, that is, the black-necked crane (Grus nigricollis, Przevalski, 1876) and common crane (Grus grus, Linnaeus, 1758), in Huize National Natural Reserve, Yunnan–Guizhou Plateau, southwestern China. Line transects indicated that anthropogenic farmland habitat was highly utilized and was positively selected by both crane species (>90% of flocks observed for both species). Black-necked cranes preferred marshland in spring (February and March) but avoided grassland during the entire wintering period, whereas common cranes avoided both marshland and grassland throughout the entire period. The two cranes species had communal nightly roosting sites and separate daily foraging sites. Black-necked cranes were distributed within two km (1.89 ± 0.08 km) of the roosting site, covering an area of 283.84 ha, with the core distribution area encompassing less than 100 ha. In contrast, common cranes were distributed far from the roosting site (4.38 ± 0.11 km), covering an area of 558.73 ha, with the core distribution area encompassing 224.81 ha. Thus, interspecies competition may have influenced the habitat preference and spatial distribution divergence of these two phylogenetically related species. This study should help guide habitat management as well as functional zoning development and adjustment in the future. Based on our results, we recommend restoration of additional wetlands, retention of large areas of farmland, and protection of areas that cranes use most frequently.
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Forbes, Matt, Erick Bestland, and Rod Wells. "Preliminary 14C Dates on Bulk Soil Organic Matter from the Black Creek Megafauna Fossil Site, Rocky River, Kangaroo Island, South Australia." Radiocarbon 46, no. 1 (2004): 437–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0033822200039746.
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Radiocarbon age determinations and stratigraphy suggest that the deposits in Black Creek Swamp on Kangaroo Island record 3 phases of deposition and associated soil development which spanned at least the last 20,000 yr. Four new 14C age determinations on bulk soil organic matter and their stratigraphic context are presented in this paper. Three of these age determinations (FP6: 15,687 ± 110 BP [WK11487]; FP7: 16,326 ± 385 BP [WK11488]; and FP8: 17,618 ± 447 BP [WK11489]), are from the organic-rich fossil layer located 45–75 cm below the current floodplain surface. The fourth, a much younger date, FP5: 5589 ± 259 BP (WK11486), was obtained from the base of the overlying modern soil. The dates for the fossil layer increase systematically with depth and correlate well with 5 previous 14C dates (Hope et al., unpublished), ranging between 15,040 ± 120 BP and 19,000 ± 310 BP. This suggests that the data set represents a possible minimum age of the bulk organic matter, and considering the high organic matter contents of approximately 8%, has implications for the age of the megafauna buried in this layer. The overlying modern soil, with its much younger date, contains lower levels of organic matter (3–7%) and gastropods not seen in the fossil layer. This suggests a substantial change in environmental conditions probably due to an alteration in the floodplain drainage conditions. This chronological and sedimentalogical discontinuity indicates that 2 distinct depositional regimes existed and were separated by up to 10,000 14C yr. A calcareous, sandy silt deposit underlying the fossil layer is a calcarenite deposit with low total organic content and is considered the base of the section; it suggests a third separate depositional episode. As such, the Black Creek Swamp in the southwest corner of Kangaroo Island formed intermittently over at least the last 20,000 yr during 3 distinct depositional phases, one of which was the formation of the fossil-laden, organic-rich floodplain surface, which has a possible minimum age of approximately 15,000 to 19,000 BP.
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Buschman, Lawrent L. "North American missionaries developed a North American-style school to prepare their children for life back in North America." Missiology: An International Review 47, no. 4 (October 2019): 425–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0091829619858600.
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In her article “Sacred children and colonial subsidies” Anicka Fast suggests that the missionaries of the American Mennonite Brethren Mission developed a school for their children in order to separate the missionary children from the Congolese children. That is an unfortunate misinterpretation of the historical situation. The missionary children were always intimately associated with Congolese children on the mission stations. The missionary children’s school was developed to train the missionary children so they could return to North America, where they were legally expected to return and live. They were not immigrants in the Congo. They needed a “North American-style education” so they would have a reasonable chance of success when they returned to North America. The school itself eventually was moved to Kinshasa where it developed into the American School of Kinshasa, which serves a wide spectrum of black and white children from around the world. The matter of colonial subsidies was only tangentially related to the development of the school.
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Charlton, KE, TL Kolbe-Alexander, and JH Nel. "Development of a novel nutrition screening tool for use in elderly South Africans." Public Health Nutrition 8, no. 5 (August 2005): 468–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.1079/phn2005783.
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AbstractObjectiveTo develop a nutrition screening tool for use in older South Africans.DesignA cross-sectional validation study in 283 free-living and institutionalised black South Africans (60+ years).MethodsTrained fieldworkers administered a 24-hour recall and the Mini Nutritional Assessment (MNA) screening tool, and performed anthropometric measurements and physical function tests. Cognitive function was assessed using a validated version of the Six-Item Cognitive Impairment Test. Biochemical indicators assessed included serum albumin, haemoglobin, ferritin, vitamin B12, red-blood-cell folate, cholesterol and vitamin C. The MNA was used as the gold standard against which a novel screening tool was developed using a six-step systematic approach, namely: correspondence analysis; identification of key questions; determination of internal consistency; correlational analyses with objective measures; determination of reference cut-off values for categories of nutritional risk; and determination of sensitivity and specificity.ResultsThe new screening tool includes nine separate concepts, comprising a total of 14 questions, as well as measurement of mid-upper arm circumference. The new tool score was positively associated with level of independence in either basic activities of daily living (r= 0.472) or the more complex instrumental activities of daily living (r= 0.233). A three-category scoring system of nutritional risk was developed and shown to significantly characterise subjects according to physical function tests, level of independence and cognitive function. The new tool has good sensitivity (87.5%) and specificity (95.0%) compared with the MNA scoring system. It has a very high negative predictive value (99.5%), which means that the tool is unlikely to falsely classify subjects as well nourished/at risk when they are in fact malnourished.ConclusionA novel screening tool has been shown to have content-, construct- and criterion-related validity, and the individual items have been shown to have good internal consistency. Further validation of the tool in a new population of elderly Africans is warranted.
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Zuyev, G. V. "Current population structure of European anchovy Engraulis encrasicolus L. (Engraulidae: Pisces) in the Sea of Azov – Black Sea basin and history of its formation." Marine Biological Journal 4, no. 1 (March 31, 2019): 45–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.21072/mbj.2019.04.1.05.
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European anchovy Engraulis encrasicolus L. is one of the most abundant fish species in the Sea of Azov – Black Sea basin. Historically it is the main commercial fish in all Black Sea countries. In modern conditions, the share of anchovy catches totals 80–85 %. In recent years (since 2001) the average annual catch was 250 tones. E. encrasicolus is a polytypic species. In the Black Sea and in the Sea of Azov there are two intraspecific forms – Black Sea anchovy (E. encrasicolus ponticus Alex.) and Sea of Azov anchovy (E. encrasicolus maeoticus Pusanov), and their taxonomic status is still unclear. An actual task is the assessment of the current population structure of E. encrasicolus and its possible changes under the influence of climatic and anthropogenic factors in order to develop the necessary measures to prevent negative impacts and to preserve the resource potential of the species. This work focuses on the study of European anchovy modern population structure in the Black Sea and the Sea of Azov, the geological and paleoclimatic conditions of its formation and assessment of possible changes taking into account real natural and anthropogenic risk factors. The work is based on the research results of intraspecific morphobiological, biochemical, genetic and ecological variability of E. encrasicolus, as well as spatial and reproductive relationships between Sea of Azov anchovy and Black Sea anchovy. Investigations concerned with the study of intraspecific heterogeneity problem of E. encrasicolus in the Black Sea and in the Sea of Azov were reviewed. Data obtained by domestic and foreign authors for a 100-year period (1913–2014) were analyzed; the list of publications includes more than 40 titles. Our own research results were also used in the work. The information about reproductive area boundaries of Sea of Azov anchovy and Black Sea anchovy was systematized and summarized. Their reproductive areas were found to be distributed over the entire water area of the Black Sea and the Sea of Azov and overlapped over the whole space. The absence of spatially separate reproductive areas and the presence of simultaneous spawning exclude belonging of Black Sea anchovy and Sea of Azov anchovy to different subspecies (geographical races). Population level of the differences between Black Sea anchovy and Sea of Azov anchovy was confirmed by the results of genetic and biochemical studies: the coefficients of genetic similarity and genetic distance between them were 0.9983–0.9985 and 0.0015–0.0017, respectively. Geological history of population structure formation of Engraulis encrasicolus was presented. Modern Sea of Azov anchovy and Black Sea anchovy in the past were spatially separated and came into contact again only after appearance of a number of differences between them in the course of evolution. Their isolation occurred in the newly formed Sarmatian Sea isolated from the Tethyan Ocean in the Miocene (23.0–5.3 million years ago). As a result, two geographically isolated and independent anchovy groups (western and eastern) appeared. Further development of these groups occurred at different rates. Faster rates of evolution of the western group led to the formation of more progressive Black Sea anchovy and Mediterranean anchovy, lower rates of evolution of the eastern group led to the formation of more primitive Sea of Azov anchovy. Only in the modern era, after the last glacial period had ended and the connection of the Black Sea with the Mediterranean Sea had been reconstituted (7–5 thousand years ago) Sea of Azov anchovy and Black Sea anchovy contacted, the process was followed by their subsequent hybridization, i. e. by the appearance of the zone of secondary intergradation. There is a real threat of Sea of Azov anchovy genofund destruction and its “genetic absorption” by Black Sea anchovy in conditions of introgressive hybridization in recent decades associated with salinity increase of the Sea of Azov caused by human economic activity. Nevertheless, the genetic uniqueness of Sea of Azov anchovy persists to the present, first of all, due to ecological isolation mechanisms – seasonal isolation (timing) and biotope isolation (site selection) during the reproductive period. А certain pattern of redistribution in the spawning population composition of Sea of Azov anchovy and Black Sea anchovy females was identified: the share of Sea of Azov anchovy females decreased while the share of Black Sea anchovy females increased. Thus, Sea of Azov anchovy and Black Sea anchovy populations are the “temperature” races adapted to different reproductive temperature conditions: Sea of Azov anchovy – to lower temperature conditions, Black Sea anchovy – to higher ones. In addition to seasonal isolation, the biotopic isolation of Black Sea anchovy and Sea of Azov anchovy was found. Black Sea anchovy prefers to spawn in open areas of the Black Sea with water salinity above 16 ‰: its share is here 55–60 %, whereas in the coastal waters its share does not exceed 5–40 %. Sea of Azov anchovy, on the contrary, in spawning period prevails in the coastal freshened waters with salinity below 15 ‰, with its share here reaching 60–90 %.
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Mutu, Costin Stelian, and Ionuţ Radu Răcănel. "Numerical Models used for The Calculation of The Cable-Stayed Bridge at Km 0+540 over Danube-Black Sea Canal." Romanian Journal of Transport Infrastructure 5, no. 2 (December 1, 2016): 37–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/rjti-2016-0047.
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Abstract Cable-stayed bridges are complex structures and for their design, the traditional calculation methods are hard, even impossible to use for a global analysis. Separate analyses for the each component of the bridge in a simplified manner can be conducted, but in this case the concurrence of the elements into the structure is not taken into account, leading to errors in estimating the structural response. For these structures, the construction method and the presence of the stays, which are elements having a nonlinear behaviour, implies to consider a nonlinear staged analysis including the second order effects in order to transmit form one stage to the other the stress-strain state. In the present time, thanks to the evolution and development of the calculation methods and computer analysis, cable-stayed bridges can be accurate analysed so that the obtained response is close to the behaviour of the structure during erection and later, in service. The aim of this paper is to present the results obtained using one of the finite element models and nonlinear staged analysis of the bridge at km 0+540 over Danube-Black Sea Canal near Agigea. Inside the paper, results related to the evolution of stress-strain state in principal structural elements of the bridge - pylons, stays and deck - during the execution and in final stage, in service are to be presented.
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Slynko, Е. Е., Y. V. Slynko, and V. I. Rabushko. "Adaptive strategy of Rapana venosa (Gastropoda, Muricidae) in the invasive population of the Black Sea." Biosystems Diversity 28, no. 1 (February 10, 2020): 48–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.15421/012008.
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We conducted molecular-genetic and morphological studies on the veined rapa whelk Rapana venosa (Valenciennes, 1846) in the Crimean waters of the Black Sea in order to determine possible reasons of the invasive success of this mollusk. Molecular-genetic tests were performed using COI gene; the surveyed samples reliably identified to R. venosa species. We compared the data on initial (from the Far-Eastern seas) and some invasive populations. In the natural conditions of the Yellow, East China Seas, and the Sea of Japan, the genetic diversity of rapa whelk is high (Hd = 0.933, π = 0.002). In all the invasive populations of rapa whelk (Black Sea, European and North American), an extremely low level of haplotypic and nucleotide diversity was determined (Hd = 0.0, π = 0.0). Despite low values of genetic diversity, the invasive populations of rapa whelk are characterized by ecological success. We noted stable growth of populations, tolerance to diseases and parasites, effective reproduction, high fertility. This contradicts the main provisions of the population genetics theory of formation of edge of range populations, because usually only a small number of specimens of rapa whelk were introduced. The explanations of the unique condition of the invasive populations of rapa whelk, both from an ecological perspective (high resistance to fluctuations of hydrological factors and chemical pollution, absence of enemies, high fertility) and genetic perspective (high selective value of separate haplotypes settled in the new water areas) have not been confirmed. We determined that a very important factor for the naturalization of the rapa whelk at low genetic diversity is the intra-species morpho-ecological divergence. In the Crimean water area of the Black Sea, R. venosa was found to have two morpho-ecological forms associated with the peculiarities of the development of the proportions of the shell. Study of successful invasive species would allow timely and adequate reaction to new cases of introduction.
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ZAVHORODNII, Andrii. "ANALYSIS OF THE GOODS STRUCTURE OF EXPORT OF THE UKRAINIAN BLACK SEA REGIONS." Ukrainian Journal of Applied Economics 4, no. 3 (August 30, 2019): 229–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.36887/2415-8453-2019-3-25.
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Introduction. The foreign economic activity of the regions to date is a factor contributing to improving the well-being of the population, improving its quality of life, as well as the socio-economic development of the territory and increasing its competitiveness. The purpose of the article is to analyze the commodity structure of exports of the Ukrainian Black Sea region. Results. The export of Mykolaiv, Kherson, Odesa and Black Sea regions by individual product groups is investigated and the export structure is determined. The export of the Mykolaiv region in 2009-2018 by separate product groups and its structure is investigated. Compared to 2014, the region's exports increased by 10,3 % to $ 2,3 billion with an average annual increase of 7,5 % over the last three years. The largest is the proportion of crop products – about 90 %. Within 5 years, the share of machinery products in the structure of export of goods in the region decreased, the share of which consistently decreased from 14,1 % in 2014 to 2,3 % in 2018, which is explained by the loss of traditional eastern markets. The commodity structure of Kherson region export is investigated, where the largest is the share of crop products – their share in export is about 60 %. Exports of live animals and animal products increased from $ 7982,9 thousand in 2009 to $ 14525,7 thousand in 2018, correspondingly from 3,13 % to 8,34 % of the share. The commodity structure of export of Odessa region is investigated. The largest is the share of crop products, that increased from 43,49 to 64,98 % in exports. The share of fats and animal oils or vegetable origin decreased: from 33,27 % to 20,34 %. The commodity structure of the Black Sea region exports as a whole is investigated. The highest is the share of crop products, that increased from 70,77 to 76,81 % in exports. The volume of finished foods and fats and vegetable oils decreased from 14 % to 10,3 % and 11 % respectively. Conclusions. In general, the indicators of foreign trade activity of the agricultural enterprises of the Black Sea region increased significantly in 2009-2018. In recent years (2014-2018) import volumes have fallen substantially. The most productive in terms of foreign trade balance are the enterprises of the agro-industrial complex of Mykolaiv region. Key words: foreign economic activity of the region, export, import, dynamics, regional foreign economic relations, foreign economic relations of the region.
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Grynchenko, Nataliya, and Pavlo Pyvovarov. "DEVELOPMENT OF TECHNOLOGICAL DECISIONS ON PRODUCTION OF CAPSULATED PRODUCTS BASED ON DAIRY RAW MATERIALS." EUREKA: Life Sciences 3 (May 31, 2018): 18–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.21303/2504-5695.2018.00659.
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Capsulated products – is a segment of the food industry with high rates of development in directions of creating analogues of black and red caviar, oil-fatty capsulated products, capsulated sauces, capsules, based on milk raw materials and also getting capsules with probiotic properties. It is determined, that milk is used as a “passive” recipe component (excretion of separate components, matrix for bifidobacteria) with the additional use of СаСІ2 for realizing encapsulation processes. It determines the aim of the studies – development of new technological principles and approaches to the technologies of processing dairy raw materials taking into account their chemical and technological potentials. At that there is offered to use the potential of lactocalcium of whey for realizing the encapsulation process that gives a possibility to exclude auxiliary substances, especially СаСІ2 from the technological process. There was developed the innovative plan of products, within which there is presented the conception of new products, their competitive advantages, determined the segment of users and consumers. There was elaborated the technological process of producing capsulated products, based on dairy raw materials involving secondary milk products, especially whey. It is noted, that the necessity of introducing whey is conditioned by its properties to be a donor of ionic calcium that is a condition of encapsulation process realization. There were studied the ways of the development of the technology of capsulated products, so a possibility of getting both fermented products and pasteurized ones appears at the expanse of thermostable properties of the coat of capsulated semi-products. It is determined, that the offered technological decisions allow to define directions of milk processing, to create products with high food properties and to offer products of new commodity forms – soft capsulated snack cheeses, soft capsulated dessert cheeses. It is proved, that the technological process of producing capsulated products taking into account consuming advantages provides the effectiveness of business functioning in the link “milk industry-restaurant industry-consumer”.