To see the other types of publications on this topic, follow the link: Black Terraces.
Journal articles on the topic 'Black Terraces'
Create a spot-on reference in APA, MLA, Chicago, Harvard, and other styles
Consult the top 50 journal articles for your research on the topic 'Black Terraces.'
Next to every source in the list of references, there is an 'Add to bibliography' button. Press on it, and we will generate automatically the bibliographic reference to the chosen work in the citation style you need: APA, MLA, Harvard, Chicago, Vancouver, etc.
You can also download the full text of the academic publication as pdf and read online its abstract whenever available in the metadata.
Browse journal articles on a wide variety of disciplines and organise your bibliography correctly.
1
Zerkal, O. V., R. R. Gabdullin, and E. N. Samarin. "Problems of the quaternary geologyof the Crimean peninsula central part at the present time." Moscow University Bulletin. Series 4. Geology, no. 3 (June 28, 2017): 27–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.33623/0579-9406-2017-3-27-34.
Full textAbstract:
In the study of Quaternary deposits of the Crimea selected two phases. In the first stage (since the late XIX century to the sixties of XX century) stratigraphic description of the Quaternary strata was based on the allocation of terraced complexes (a marine terraces - in the coastal part and synchronous them alluvial ones - in continental part of the Crimean peninsula). In the second stage description of the Quaternary deposits is made on the basis of their climatic and stratigraphic dissection under the leading role of the loess-soil formation structure. The basis for stratigraphic subdivision of Quaternary deposits of the Crimea was the structure of the valleys of the paleo-Dnieper and paleo-Dniester. It is shown that the nonlinear, reversible character of Black sea level changes that took place in the Quaternary can be broken a rule “the lower the hypsometrically level of the terrace is, the younger this terrace is”.
2
Bunn, Alfred Rex. "The Eighth Wonder of the World in New Zealand: Seismic studies confirm the new Hochstetter paradigm." Smart Tourism 4, no. 1 (2023): 2174. http://dx.doi.org/10.54517/st.v4i1.2174.
Full textAbstract:
<p>The most famous tourist attractions in the southern hemisphere, in the nineteenth century were the Pink and White Terraces—New Zealand’s lost Eighth Wonder of the World. They were assumed lost in an1886 eruption. The unpublished 2018 data from passive seismic stations across the Lake Rotomahana overflow in the Taupō Volcanic Zone are examined for evidence of acoustic interfaces that may be traced to Te Tarata, the White Terraces, the stations were coincidentally placed over the reported course of the Kaiwaka Channel buried in the 1886 Tarawera eruption. There was no seismic evidence of the Channel at the reported altitude under either the Smith-Keam or Hochstetter paradigms. This absence is strong empirical negative evidence that the Kaiwaka Channel did not flow beneath today’s Lake Rotomahana overflow, as has been assumed since 1886 under the Smith-Keam paradigm. Unlike the seismic and GPR Black Terrace Crater and Te Tuhi’s Stream (aka Black Terrace Stream) bed evidence obtained by the same 2018 survey—there is no evidence of a pre-1886 eruption paleochannel beneath today’s overflow saddle at the lake and at the Kaiwaka altitude under the 1886 Smith-Keam paradigm or the contemporary Hochstetter paradigm, the latter based upon Hochstetter’s unique terrestrial survey of the Rotomahana Basin. The study reports strong empirical evidence contradicting the assumed Kaiwaka location and with it, the assumed locations of old Lake Rotomahana and the Pink and White Terraces. The Smith-Keam paradigm is thereby confounded. The seismic data provide concomitant empirical evidence for the Rotomahana altimetry and topography reported by Bunn and Nolden, who locate the Kaiwaka Channel 440 m west of the seismic stations. The Pink and White Terraces can no longer be assumed destroyed. They may yet be explored and recovered.</p>
3
Biagi, Paolo, Renato Nisbet, and Romana Haider. "Short Report: A déjeté Levallois tool from Khyber Pakhtunkhwa (Pakistan) and the role it plays in the chronology of the Pleistocene terraces of the Bannu Basin." Journal of Lithic Studies 7, no. 1 (2020): 1–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.2218/jls.5171.
Full textAbstract:
This paper discusses the importance of the discovery of one déjeté Levallois tool from the surface of a dark grey and black patinated gravel terrace located ca. 500 m south-west of the Neolithic site of Sheri Khan Tarakai in the Bannu Basin (Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, Pakistan), and provides a detailed geomorphological description of the area where it was found. The Neolithic site rests on a large gravelly fan, at present terraced and dismembered by small seasonal streams. Scatters of black varnished pebbles, at the top of a thick ochre silt of possible alluvial origin, cover its surface. Amongst the numerous siliceous gravels forming the deposit, some are of a good quality chert, whose source can be found in the Tertiary Sulaiman Formation. The typological characteristics of the tool, the chert employed for its manufacture, its location and the presence of black patina on its cortex are all important elements that contribute to the definition of the Pleistocene period during which pebble terraces formed. The tool comes from a region where Middle Palaeolithic artefacts had never been found before, though the re-analysis of old collections would suggest their presence as far as the course of the Indus in Lower Sindh. Moreover, its discovery contributes to the study of the south-eastern spread of the Middle Palaeolithic Levallois technique, an important topic that still needs to be fully understood.
4
Fenton, Cassandra R., and Jon D. Pelletier. "Cosmogenic 3He age estimates of Plio-Pleistocene alluvial-fan surfaces in the Lower Colorado River Corridor, Arizona, USA." Quaternary Research 79, no. 1 (2013): 86–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.yqres.2012.10.006.
Full textAbstract:
AbstractPlio-Pleistocene deposits of the Lower Colorado River (LCR) and tributary alluvial fans emanating from the Black Mountains near Golden Shores, Arizona record six cycles of Late Cenozoic aggradation and incision of the LCR and its adjacent alluvial fans. Cosmogenic 3He (3Hec) ages of basalt boulders on fan terraces yield age ranges of: 3.3–2.2 Ma, 2.2–1.1 Ma, 1.1 Ma to 110 ka, < 350 ka, < 150 ka, and < 63 ka. T1 and Q1 fans are especially significant, because they overlie Bullhead Alluvium, i.e. the first alluvial deposit of the LCR since its inception ca. 4.2 Ma. 3Hec data suggest that the LCR began downcutting into the Bullhead Alluvium as early as 3.3 Ma and as late as 2.2 Ma. Younger Q2a to Q4 fans very broadly correlate in number and age with alluvial terraces elsewhere in the southwestern USA. Large uncertainties in 3Hec ages preclude a temporal link between the genesis of the Black Mountain fans and specific climate transitions. Fan-terrace morphology and the absence of significant Plio-Quaternary faulting in the area, however, indicate regional, episodic increases in sediment supply, and that climate change has possibly played a role in Late Cenozoic piedmont and valley-floor aggradation in the LCR valley.
5
Łabaz, Beata, Adam Bogacz, and Cezary Kabała. "Anthropogenic transformation of soils in the Barycz valley – conclusions for soil classification / Antropogeniczne przekształcenia gleb w Dolinie Baryczy - wnioski dotyczące klasyfikacji gleb." Soil Science Annual 65, no. 3 (2014): 103–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/ssa-2015-0001.
Full textAbstract:
AbstractLarge-scale river regulation, drainage and intense farming in the Barycz valley initiated in 17th century activated a transformation of the initial alluvial and swamp-alluvial soils. Soils on the Holocene flooded terraces have deep, acid humus horizons (umbric) and gleyic properties at shallow depth, but have no stratification of parent material to a depth of 100 cm. Despite the location in the floodplain, soils cannot be classified as black-earth alluvial soils (mady czarnoziemne) using the criteria of Polish soil classification (2011). The soils on the Pleistocene non-flooded terraces have a deep, base-saturated humus horizon (mollic) and gleyic properties in the lower part of soil profile, which allows to classify them as the black earths (czarne ziemie). Prominent stratification of the parent material well preserved in these soils has no influence on their classification (due to the age sediments). Almost all humus horizons of these soils meet the definition of anthric characteristics, and more than half of the studied soils can be classified as culturozemic soils - rigosols - which emphasises the important role of man in the transformation and gaining of morphological features of these soils. The lack of precise criteria for identifying soil types in the chernozemic order of the Polish soil classification (2011) causes difficulties in the classification of soils on the river terraces, in particular, in distinguishing between black-earth alluvial soils and black earths.
6
Denneler, Bernhard, Hugo Asselin, Yves Bergeron, and Yves Bégin. "Decreased fire frequency and increased water levels affect riparian forest dynamics in southwestern boreal Quebec, Canada." Canadian Journal of Forest Research 38, no. 5 (2008): 1083–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/x07-223.
Full textAbstract:
The relative importance of fire and flooding on the population dynamics of eastern white-cedar ( Thuja occidentalis L.) and black ash ( Fraxinus nigra Marsh.) was evaluated in eight old-growth riparian stands of southwestern boreal Quebec, Canada. Rising water levels and decreasing fire frequency since the end of the Little Ice Age (ca. 1850) were expected to have favoured an inland migration of the riparian forest fringe, with the flood-tolerant black ash colonizing the lower parts of the shore terraces and eastern white-cedar the upper parts. Black ash was found to be restricted to the riparian zone (<200 cm elevation), whereas eastern white-cedar trees did not occur below 100 cm above lake level. Gaps of postfire eastern white-cedar recruitment were noted in stands exposed to riparian disturbances, whereas relatively continuous recruitment occurred at protected sites. Black ash, more tolerant to flooding and ice push, invaded the shore terrace sites left vacant by eastern white-cedar. The riparian forest fringe surrounding Lake Duparquet is currently migrating upland and this trend is expected to continue as water levels continue to increase and fire frequency continues to decrease during the 21st century.
7
Kim, Seog-Jun, and Darrell H. Reneker. "Scanning Tunneling Microscopy of Carbon Blacks." Rubber Chemistry and Technology 66, no. 4 (1993): 559–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.5254/1.3538328.
Full textAbstract:
Abstract Three kinds of carbon black, HAF (high abrasion furnace, N330), MT (medium thermal, N990), and graphitized MT were observed with the scanning tunneling microscope (STM), the transmission electron microscope (TEM), and the scanning electron microscope (SEM) All the STM images are formed from measurements of the x, t, and z position of points on the surface of the particle. The STM images of carbon blacks were compared to transmission electron microscope (TEM) photographs. Pitted and stepped bumps were observed on the surface of HAF carbon black. The surface of MT carbon black was more rough and disorganized At the atomic scale, ordered structure was found on the surface of HAF carbon-black particles Graphitized MT carbon-black particles were faceted polyhedra. Some facets were smooth while others had multiple terraces. The surface of graphitized MT carbon black was so well ordered that a lattice of carbon atoms similar to HOPG (highly ordered pyrolytic graphite) was observed on the smooth facets.
8
DOĞAN, Uğur, and Çetin ŞENKUL. "When did the drainage system of the Kızılırmak River form in Cappadocia (Anatolia, Turkey)? A revised geological and geomorphological stratigraphy." TURKISH JOURNAL OF EARTH SCIENCES 29, no. 7 (2020): 1100–1113. http://dx.doi.org/10.3906/yer-2002-17.
Full textAbstract:
The Kızılırmak is the longest river in Turkey, extending from the western part of eastern Anatolia to the Black Sea, and crossing the orogenic Central Anatolian Plateau (CAP) and Black Sea Mountains. This study focuses on the formation period of the drainage system of the Kızılırmak River in the Cappadocia region, which is situated in the middle of the CAP. The Upper Pliocene-Quaternary geological and geomorphological stratigraphy of the Cappadocia region was revised with new findings and those of previous studies. In this study, the oldest terrace (Sünnetli Tepe Terrace, T0) of the Kızılırmak River was identified 214 m above the current river level. The terrace deposit is located between the Pliocene lacustrine Kışladağ Limestone Member (~5–2.7 Ma) and the ~2.7 Ma Valibaba Tepe ignimbrite. A minimum age for the terrace deposits was provided by the Valibaba Tepe ignimbrite, which caps the terrace. Therefore, the terrace T0 revealed that the Kızılırmak River drainage system existed in the eastern part of the CAP after the deposition of the Kışladağ Limestone Member (~5–2.7 Ma ago) and before the formation of the Valibaba Tepe ignimbrite 2.7 Myr ago. Contrary to most previous studies, this finding shows that Valibaba Tepe ignimbrite cannot be included in the Late Miocene-Pliocene Ürgüp Formation, which formed under an extensional tectonic regime and was incised by the Kızılırmak River. The data obtained showed that 17 of the Kızılırmak River terraces that have formed since ~2.7 Ma have been preserved to the present day.
9
BERBECARIU, Alexandru, and Alfred VESPREMEANU-STROE. "In search of marine terraces from Central Dobrogea (Casimcea Plateau, Western Black Sea). Preliminary inquires on distribution, extension and vertical crustal movements." Revista de Geomorfologie 22, no. 1 (2020): 87–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.21094/rg.2020.100.
Full textAbstract:
Casimcea Plateau is an uplifted (exhumated) peneplain cut in Proterozoic green–schists and one of the oldest tectonic units around the Black Sea. Despite its overall monotonous physiognomy, the plateau is crossed by Casimcea Valley and presents a seaward façade to the east which preserves (sub)horizontal surfaces as testimonies of the paleoenvironmental changes (sea level and climate). This research aims to identify the marine and fluvio–marine terraces and to define their vertical distribution based on the morphometric analysis of two study sites (north – Ceamurlia; south – Tașaul Lake) using EU-DEM. 6 levels were identified as possible marine terraces within the 2–50 m altitude range and also some inferences were made concerning the age of the lower three levels. Also, the present work highlights a differential (stronger) uplift of the northern sector between Peceneaga – Camena and Ostrov – Sinoe faults reflected by both the elevation difference of 5–6 m between the terraces staircases identified at the two sites and by the elevation gaps analysed on an array of cross-fault transects carried on over Ostrov – Sinoe fault.
10
Stukalova, I. E., T. A. Sadchikova, A. L. Chepalyga, S. V. Naugolnykh, and I. V. Latysheva. "Fossil Coals (Gagates) from Pleistocene Sediments in Black Sea Terraces, Southeastern Crimea." Lithology and Mineral Resources 56, no. 6 (2021): 523–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.1134/s0024490221060079.
Full text
11
Wang, Guibin, Zhi Zhang, Mark Henderson, et al. "Effects of Terracing on Soil Aggregate Stability and Erodibility in Sloped Farmland in Black Soil (Mollisols) Region of China." Agriculture 14, no. 9 (2024): 1534. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/agriculture14091534.
Full textAbstract:
Soil aggregates are important indicators of soil structure stability and quality. The black soil region of northeast China, known for its high agricultural productivity, faces significant challenges due to soil erosion. This study investigates the impact of terracing on the stability and erodibility characteristics of soil aggregates in sloped farmlands, which is crucial for this important agricultural area. Three research sites with the same basic management modes were selected along a latitudinal gradient, from the mid-temperate zone to the cold temperate zone, in the black soil region of northeast China. The Savinov method was used to analyze the differences in soil aggregate size distribution, stability characteristics, and soil erodibility between terraced and non-terraced slopes at each research site. The results showed that terracing increased the content of large soil aggregates (>0.25 mm) by 5.38–6.35%, with the increase becoming more pronounced from north to south. The improvement in soil structure varied by location and slope position, with the most significant improvement at the middle slope position. Terracing enhanced soil aggregate stability, reduced soil erodibility, and improved soil structure by increasing clay and soil organic matter (SOM) content and reducing soil bulk density (BD), promoting the conversion of small aggregates to large aggregates. Soil stability indicators such as water-stable aggregates (WSAs), mean weight diameter (MWD), and geometric mean diameter (GMD) were dominated by aggregates > 5 mm, while erodibility indicators such as fractal dimensions (Ds) and the soil erodibility factor (K values) were mainly influenced by aggregates < 0.25 mm. Terraces can improve the soil structure and stability of sloping farmland by increasing the content of large soil aggregates and enhancing overall soil quality. The benefits of these improvements increase with latitude. These findings provide critical insights for determining effective management practices for sloped farmlands in the black soil region under various site conditions. They offer scientific evidence for preventing soil erosion and improving soil quality, thus supporting the sustainable development strategy for protecting black soil and ensuring long-term agricultural productivity.
12
Kaplin, P. A., A. A. Svitoch, and O. B. Parunin. "Radiocarbon Chronology of Paleogeographic Events of the Late Pleistocene and Holocene in Russia." Radiocarbon 35, no. 3 (1993): 399–407. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0033822200060410.
Full textAbstract:
14C chronology of Late Pleistocene paleogeographical events in the Black Sea–Caspian Sea region shows that the following transgressions partly correlate with each other: Karangat and Khazarian; Neo-Euxinian and Khvalyn; Holocene and Neo-Caspian. The main climatic events were synchronous in intercontinental Siberia. In the far eastern region, the Middle-Wisconsinan transgression is reflected by Chukotka and western Kamchatka terraces and by submerged ancient shorelines in Primorye.
13
Goto, Hideaki. "Seafloor Stereo Map of Coastal Areas for Geomorphological Studies." Abstracts of the ICA 1 (July 15, 2019): 1–2. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/ica-abs-1-98-2019.
Full textAbstract:
<p><strong>Abstract.</strong> Topographical anaglyph maps produced from digital elevation model (DEM) are an easy and practical means of inland topography and seafloor observations (Goto, 2016). Since the 2000s, several coastal DEMs surveyed by multi-beam sound systems have been stored, though submarine topographic features have been popularly represented by contour lines in the previous century. Various DEM-based visual maps including shaded relief or stereo maps with contour lines have been adapted to observe inland topography (Awata, 2017); however, they have been rarely used to express slope shade with contour lines in coastal areas.</p><p> Since the development of submarine topography above &amp;minus;120&amp;thinsp;m has become relevant for sea-level changes after the last glacial age, deep-sea features such as cliffs and terraces could provide essential information on topographical evolution and crustal movement. Therefore, we produced a stereo image map of slope shade and contour lines in a coastal area based on DEM. Although Louis Ducas du Hauron patented the original idea of producing anaglyphs in 1891(Waker and Dodge, 2001), anaglyph seafloor maps expressing slope shade and contour lines from DEM are new as well as are effective for understanding the geomorphic features of submerged terraces and the broad deformation of the oceanic bed because they enable us to identify small topographic features, such as submerged coral crests and height differences in the wide area.</p><p> We studied the area around Inazejima and Iheyajima islands distributed in the north of Okinawa prefecture, southwest Japan. We found it difficult to understand the active tectonics of Nansei–Shoto arc based on only the isolated small islands; thus, we focused on the submerged marine terraces widely developed around these islands to reveal the depth distribution of paleo-shorelines.</p><p> The Japan Coast Gard (JCG) conducted a multi-beam survey along the northwestern coast of Okinawa island from 2008 to 2012 (Yasuhara, 2013). The JAMSTEC (2016) stored and disseminated information for the rock and sediment core samples as well as the results of the multi-beam survey on their website, “Data and Sample Research System for Whole Cruise Information in JAMSTEC.” We retrieved these data from the JCG and JAMSTEC to generate 1.44-smesh (approximately 44&amp;thinsp;m) and 2-s-mesh (approximately 65&amp;thinsp;m) seafloor DEMs, respectively. We combined these DEMs with a 500-m-mesh DEM (J-EGG500) published by JCG, which were subsequently overlapped in a decreasing resolution. We imported these seafloor DEMs into Simple DEM Viewer&amp;reg; to produce an anaglyph map that was overlapped onto the black and white slope shading base map and contour lines for stereoscopic analysis with red-cyan glasses.</p><p> Interpretation of the map revealed that the several submerged marine terraces were distributed around the islands, and the NWW-trending active faults cut and deformed these terraces in the southwest off the coast of Izena island. Stereoscopic analysis with contour lines enabled us to obtain the height difference of the submerged terraces between the west and east sides of Iheya island, which were estimated to have formed during the last glacial age based on the terrace platform depth.</p>
14
Dykan, Natalya I., Maryna S. Komar, Albina K. Granova, et al. "SCIENTIFIC HERITAGE OF ACADEMICIAN OF THE NATIONAL ACADEMY OF SCIENCES OF UKRAINE PETRO FEODOSIYOVYCH GOZHYK IN QUATERNARY GEOLOGY." Collection of Scientific Works of the Institute of Geological Sciences of the NAS of Ukraine 14, no. 1 (2021): 26–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.30836/igs.2522-9753.2021.229036.
Full textAbstract:
The scientific heritage of Academician of the National Academy of Sciences of Ukraine P. F. Gozhik in Quaternary geology isdescribed. The analysis of the scientific heritage of the NASU academician P. F. Gozhik in Quaternary geology (paleontology,stratigraphy, paleogeography, marine geology, geomorphology, tectonics) is made for the period from 1962 to 2020. The scientificachievements of P.F. Gozhik were published in more than 120 scientific papers (monographs, articles, preprints, guides, etc.)and are the next: the study of the alluvial terraces of the main rivers of Ukraine such as Danube, Dniester, Southern Buh, Prut,Dnieper (geomorphology of the river valleys, lithology of the alluvial deposits, age determination of the terraces according tothe mollusks etc.), the estuaries of the south-western coast of the Black Sea (the attitude conditions and the stratigraphy of theestuarу deposits, the history of formation of the estuaries), the glacial dislocations of the Middle Dnieper (the study of the glacialand water-glacial deposits; the structure, dynamics, conditions of the regional glacial formations and glacial dislocations), theloess formation of Ukraine (the distribution and the sediment thickness of the loess and buried soils, the features of the verticalstratification of a loess formation, the loess mineral composition etc.), the marine sediments of the Black Sea, the biostratigraphyof the continental (alluvial, loess) and marine sediments, the paleogeography of the Quaternary, the history of the developmentof the continental part of Ukraine and the Black Sea in the Quaternary, the study of the Quaternary freshwater and marinemollusks. The great role of P.F. Gozhik in the organization of the joint Ukrainian-Polish studies of the loess sediments is shown.
15
PANIN, Nicolae. "THE BLACK SEA COASTAL ZONE – AN OVERVIEW." Geo-Eco-Marina No 11/2005 (December 31, 2005): 21–40. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.57388.
Full textAbstract:
Abstract. The total length of the Black Sea coastline is over 4 400 km and belongs to 6 states: Bulgaria, Turkey, Georgia, Russian Federation, Ukraine and Romania. The proposed zoning of the Black Sea coastal zone evidences 17 main sections characterised by different geology and morphology, as well as specific littoral water circulation, sediment drift systems and sedimentary budget. These zones belong to three main morphodynamic categories: (1) low, accumulative coasts mostly related to the rivers mouth zones (mainly sandy complex barrier beaches with strong longshore sediment drift systems); (2) Erosive coasts within lowstanding plateaux and plains, with active cliffs with very narrow beaches in front of the cliffs; (3) Mountainous coasts, with cliffs, marine terraces, land slides, sometimes with sandy or gravely beaches. An overview of the coastal erosion in the Black Sea and of factors controlling these erosional process is given. The threats to the coastal zone generated by global changes and anthropogenic pressure are analysed. The most vulnerable sections of the Black Sea coastal zone exposed to environmental risks are presented and analysed.
16
FIELDING, W. J., and D. P. SHERCHAN. "The variability of level and sloping terraces in eastern Nepal and the implications for the design of experiments." Experimental Agriculture 35, no. 4 (1999): 449–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0014479799354065.
Full textAbstract:
Nepalese hillside terraces are classified into two broad groups, sloping or bari terraces which are only rainfed, and level or khet terraces which are commonly flood irrigated but may also be rainfed. Although such terraces may be adjacent, the process of irrigation by flooding and puddling changes the pattern of variability both within and between terraces. Data collected from Pakhribas Agricultural Centre, Dhankuta, Nepal, were used to describe this variability. The variability is manifest not only in the soil characteristics of the two terrace types, with khet terraces being more uniform than bari terraces both within and between terraces, but also in the variability of field experiments on the two terrace types. However, both terrace types exhibit similar patterns of variability which influence the design of experiments. These include the following: a gradient between the terrace riser and wall which is generally more important than gradients along the terrace, variability within terraces which can preclude the assumption that plots on the same terrace are similar, and variability between terraces which requires experimental units in the same block to be assigned to the same terrace.
17
Shopov, Vladimir, Yordan Evlogiev, and Nikolai Popov. "Correlation between the Quaternary continental sediments in North-eastern Bulgaria with the marine sediments in the Black Sea Shelf." Geologica Balcanica 24, no. 5 (1994): 3–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.52321/geolbalc.24.5.3.
Full textAbstract:
North-eastern Bulgaria was an extraglacial region during the Quaternary. The active erosion and abrasion in this region is connected with the pluvial facies of the glaciation epoch. The alluvial sediments in the terraces – T0-T6, accumulated during the relevant glacial and stacial cycles were sources of fine grained loess. The loess accumulated from a given cycle lies over the older terraces and levels then denuded for eolian sedimentation. The active eolian activity has to be connected with the deglaciation phases of the glaciers. From the beginning of the Quaternary the effects of five big glaciations corresponding to the regressions of the sea are marked in the Black Sea region. These are: Dunavium, Günz, Mindel, Riss and Würm. The alluvial soil on the seventh loess reveals that there has been a break in sedimentation - the regression of Günz 2. The alluvium of sixth loess - the Mindel regression, that of fifth loess - the regression of Riss 1 and the alluvium of fourth loess - maybe the regression of Riss 2. The alluvium of third loess (corresponding lo the glaciation (W1) - the Post-Karangatian regression, this of second loess (W2) - the break which caused the deposition of continental sediments over the Lower New Euxinian Substage and this on first loess (W3) - the regression between the Upper Pleistocene and Holocene sediments. The break, in recent soil time, probably corresponds to the Fanagorian regression.
18
Zubakov, V. A. "Climatostratigraphic Scheme of the Black Sea Pleistocene and its Correlation with the Oxygen-Isotope Scale and Glacial Events." Quaternary Research 29, no. 1 (1988): 1–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0033-5894(88)90067-1.
Full textAbstract:
New evidence from the Asov Sea-Black Sea region shows that after the Cobb Mountain magnetic event (1.1 myr) there were 8 saline water events, with Mediterranean molluscs penetrating into the Asov Sea (five times farther than the western Manych Strait), and 7 or 10 cold freshwater events. During the freshening phase, the Caspian Sea molluscan fauna penetrated into the Black Sea; each time the Caspian mollusc assemblage was characterized by a new species of Didacna. Thus, some 18–20 bioclimatostratigraphic units can be distinguished in the Asov Sea-Black Sea section for the last 1 myr. Their numerical age is estimated by some dozen thermoluminescence dates and 12 magnetic-polarity datum planes. The Karangatian s. lato corresponds to the interval 300,000–50,000 yr, the Uzunlarian to 580,000–300,000 yr, and the Chaudian to 1,100,000–600,000 yr. The Karangatian and Tyrrhenian marine terraces correspond to marine isotope stages 5 and 7, the Uzunlarian and Milazzian to stages 11–15, and the Chaudian and Sicilian to stages 16–28. The number and ages of glacial-interglacial cycles in continental Europe are identical to the climatic cycles in the Black Sea and Mediterranean.
19
Kalynii, T., and V. Omelchenko. "GEOMORPHOLOGY, NEOTECHONICS AND PALEOGEOGRAPHY OF THE NATURAL GEOLOGICAL MONUMENTSON "STARUNIA" TERRITORY." Visnyk of Taras Shevchenko National University of Kyiv. Geology, no. 3 (86) (2019): 6–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.17721/1728-2713.86.01.
Full textAbstract:
A survey of geomorphological and neotectonic features around "The Starunia paleontological site" allows to produce a complete description of paleogeographic conditions and geological age of the Pleistocene mammals. The floodplain terraces I and II and a redevelopment valley have been distinguished on the geomorphological map and a sketch of cross-section of the Velyky Lukavets River valley. The location of fossil fauna (mammoth and rhinoceroses) has been indicated. The prospect of finding new extinct Pleistocene mammals preserved in bitumen and salt has been substantiated. In the late Pliocene, the northeast macro-slope of the Carpathians was dissected by many parallel river valleys transverse to the main Carpathian direction of structures and longitudinal valleys. The rivers took down coarse-grained material from the mountains that formed the high terraces and debris cones (inland delta) of the ancient Dniester valley. The latter was formed at the foot of the Carpathians, in the area of the modern village of Loyeva and the Dniester, then gradually retreated 30–40 km to the northeast and took its present location on the longitude of the town of Halych. Its block mass alluvium formed two ancient terrace plains – Krasna and Loyeva. The climate was subtropical, the type of the present Mediterranean, as evidenced by the red-brown color of the clayey cement of coarse-grained alluvium and cover clays with active migration of iron and manganese. In the early Pleistocene, in the wide swampy valley of the river Lukavets Velykyi, the winding beds of the last stage of river valleys development were quietly meandered. Monotonous dark gray to black marsh accumulations, silt clays, biogenic silts with numerous plant remains accumulated. Landscapes – tundra with dwarf birch, alder, willow etc. The climate was severe, consistent with Wurm (Valdai) glaciation (59–13 thousand years ago). Perhaps just then herds of mammoths and rhinos grazed in the valleys of the Starunia territory and our ancestors Cro-Magnons lived here. The extremely important practical value of Starunia is that further expansion of research and creation of an international ecological-tourist center – the Geopark of the Ice Age will significantly improve the socio-economic status of the village of Starunia, provide the population with new jobs and raise the level of tourism in the Ivano-Frankivsk region. The authors hope that the unique phenomenon of Starunia will be preserved for future generations.
20
Erturaç, Mehmet Korhan, Eren Şahiner, Cengiz Zabcı, et al. "Fluvial response to rising levels of the Black Sea and to climate changes during the Holocene: Luminescence geochronology of the Sakarya terraces." Holocene 29, no. 6 (2019): 941–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0959683619831428.
Full textAbstract:
The Sakarya River is among the largest fluvial systems of the southern Black Sea basin, draining most of NW Anatolia. The river crosses the high relief of the Pontide mountain range through successive narrow gorges and strike-slip basins formed by the North Anatolian Fault (NAF) System. We have investigated this fluvial record along the course of the main river channel at its lower reaches. The study site is located south of the Adapazarı Basin, ~50 km inland from the Black Sea, where remnant floodplains are preserved as a three-step terrace staircase resulting from continuous uplift to the south of the NAF. The combination of high resolution mapping with a detailed luminescence (OSL and p-IR-IRSL) and radiocarbon geochronology has shed light on changes in the level of the Black Sea and in the hydrological system during the late Pleistocene to recent. The last glacial period is represented by the highest terrace (T3) indicating deposition during marine isotope stage (MIS) 3 in between two low stands of the Black Sea. Following a long-term erosional period initiated prior to last glacial maximum (LGM), the initiation of the deposition (T2) was synchronous with the proposed catastrophic sea level rise of the Black Sea (cal. C14 9.3 ka BP) which continued throughout the Holocene until the Roman warm period (1.8 ka BP). The late-Holocene to recent morphological evolution of the region is marked with two sequential erosional and depositional (T1 and T0) periods, which can be correlated with the well-documented historical climate shifts affecting the hydrological system. These results reveal that the erosional and depositional periods on the Sakarya River floodplain are controlled by major sea level changes and climatically induced fluctuations in discharge and sediment supply.
21
Kerr, Ross C., and J. Stewart Turner. "Crystallization and gravitationally controlled ponding during the formation of mound springs, terraces, and “black smoker” flanges." Journal of Geophysical Research: Solid Earth 101, B11 (1996): 25125–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.1029/96jb02468.
Full text
22
Zhang, Jia-Fu, Wei-Li Qiu, Gang Hu, and Li-Ping Zhou. "Determining the Age of Terrace Formation Using Luminescence Dating—A Case of the Yellow River Terraces in the Baode Area, China." Methods and Protocols 3, no. 1 (2020): 17. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/mps3010017.
Full textAbstract:
Dating fluvial terraces has long been a challenge for geologists and geomorphologists, because terrace straths and treads are not usually directly dated. In this study, the formation ages of the Yellow River terraces in the Baode area in China were determined by dating fluvial deposits overlying bedrock straths using optically stimulated luminescence (OSL) dating techniques. Seven terraces (from the lowest terrace T1 to the highest terrace T7) in the study area were recognized, and they are characterized by thick fluvial terrace deposits overlaid by loess sediments. Twenty-five samples from nine terrace sections were dated to about 2–200 ka. The OSL ages (120–190 ka) of the fluvial samples from higher terraces (T3–T6) seem to be reliable based on their luminescence properties and stratigraphic consistency, but the geomorphologic and stratigraphic evidence show that these ages should be underestimated, because they are generally similar to those of the samples from the lower terrace (T2). The formation ages of the terrace straths and treads for the T1 terrace were deduced to be about 44 ka and 36 ka, respectively, based on the deposition rates of the fluvial terrace deposits, and the T2 terrace has the same strath and tread formation age of about 135 ka. The incision rate was calculated to be about 0.35 mm/ka for the past 135 ka, and the uplift rate pattern suggests that the Ordos Plateau behaves as a rigid block. Based on our previous investigations on the Yellow River terraces and the results in this study, we consider that the formation ages of terrace straths and treads calculated using deposition rates of terrace fluvial sediments can overcome problems associated with age underestimation or overestimation of strath or fill terraces based on the single age of one fluvial terrace sample. The implication is that, for accurate dating of terrace formation, terrace sections should be systematically sampled and dated.
23
Wen, Yanru, Till Kasielke, Hao Li, Bin Zhang, and Harald Zepp. "May agricultural terraces induce gully erosion? A case study from the Black Soil Region of Northeast China." Science of The Total Environment 750 (January 2021): 141715. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2020.141715.
Full text
24
Baird, Rebecca A., David Verbyla, and Teresa N. Hollingsworth. "Browning of the landscape of interior Alaska based on 1986-2009 Landsat sensor NDVI." Canadian Journal of Forest Research 42, no. 7 (2012): 1371–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/x2012-088.
Full textAbstract:
We used a time series of 1986–2009 Landsat sensor data to compute the Normalized Difference Vegetation Index (NDVI) for 30 m pixels within the Bonanza Creek Experimental Forest of interior Alaska. Based on simple linear regression, we found significant (p < 0.05) declining trends in mean NDVI of three dominant landscape types of floodplains, lowlands, and uplands. At smaller patch sizes, similar declining trends occurred among topographic classes of north- and south-facing slopes and valley bottoms and among forest classes, including black spruce (Picea mariana (Mill.) B.S.P.). Significant positive trends in mean NDVI occurred only in areas that were recently burned, whereas wetlands had no significant trend. The greatest departure from the NDVI trend line occurred following the 2004 drought for all forest classes except black spruce, which dominates the coldest sites, and balsam poplar (Populus balsamifera L.), which occurs on low, moist terraces within the Tanana River floodplain. The consistent long-term declining trend at several spatial scales may be due to a regional climatic regime shift that occurred in the mid-1970s.
25
Woolderink, Hessel Antonius Gerardus, Cornelis Kasse, Kim Mikkel Cohen, Wim Zacharias Hoek, and Ronald Theodorus Van Balen. "Spatial and temporal variations in river terrace formation, preservation, and morphology in the Lower Meuse Valley, The Netherlands." Quaternary Research 91, no. 2 (2018): 548–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/qua.2018.49.
Full textAbstract:
AbstractThe Lower Meuse Valley crosses the Roer Valley Rift System and provides an outstanding example of well-preserved late glacial and Holocene river terraces. The formation, preservation, and morphology of these terraces vary due to reach-specific conditions, a phenomenon that has been underappreciated in past studies. A detailed palaeogeographic reconstruction of the terrace series over the full length of the Lower Meuse Valley has been performed. This reconstruction provides improved insight into successive morphological responses to combined climatic and tectonic external forcing, as expressed and preserved in different ways along the river. New field data and data obtained from past studies were integrated using a digital mapping method in GIS. Results show that late glacial river terraces with diverse fluvial styles are best preserved in the Lower Meuse Valley downstream sub-reaches (traversing the Venlo Block and Peel Block), while Holocene terrace remnants are well-developed and preserved in the upstream sub-reaches (traversing the Campine Block and Roer Valley Graben). This reach-to-reach spatial variance in river terrace preservation and morphology can be ascribed to tectonically driven variations in river gradient and subsurface lithology, and to river-driven throughput of sediment supply.
26
Choi, Dongsu, Woongsoon Jang, Hiroto Toda, and Masato Yoshikawa. "Differences in Characteristics of Photosynthesis and Nitrogen Utilization in Leaves of the Black Locust (Robinia pseudoacacia L.) According to Leaf Position." Forests 12, no. 3 (2021): 348. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/f12030348.
Full textAbstract:
Robinia pseudoacacia L. has been widely planted worldwide for a variety of purposes, but it is a nonindigenous species currently invading the central part of Japanese river terraces. To understand and control this invasion, we investigated how this species invests nitrogen resources in different functions depending on the leaf location, and how these resources are used in physiological reactions such as photosynthesis. The Tama river terrace was examined in Tokyo, Japan. The leaf nitrogen (N) concentration, chlorophyll (Chl) concentration, Chl a/b ratio, leaf mass per unit area (LMA) and ribulose-1,5-bisphosphate carboxylase oxygenase (RuBisCo) concentration were all significantly lower in shade leaves than in leaves exposed to the sun. Conversely, the net photosynthetic rate in saturated light conditions (Pmax), the net photosynthetic rate under enhanced CO2 concentration and light saturation (Amax), the maximum carboxylation rate of RuBisCo (Vcmax) and the maximum rate of electron transport driving RUBP regeneration (Jmax) were all significantly lower in shade leaves than in leaves exposed to the sun. We also found that RuBisCo/N and Chl/N were significantly less in shade leaves, and values of Jmax/N, Vcmax/N less in shade leaves than in sun leaves, but not significantly. Allocation of nitrogen in leaves to photosynthetic proteins, RuBisCo (NR) was broadly less in shade leaves, and NL (light-harvesting complex: LHC, photosystem I and II: PSI and PSII) and NE (electron transport) were also lower. The N remaining was much greater in shade leaves than in sun leaves. We suggest that N remobilization from RuBisCo is more efficient than remobilization from proteins of NE, and from NL. This study shows that R. pseudoacacia has an enhanced ability to adapt to environmental changes via characteristic changes in N allocation trade-offs and physiological traits in its sun and shade leaves.
27
Yap, Joseph Sebastian, Marie Christine Chua, Tara Jessica Chan, and Nico Canoy. "To build a home: A phenomenological approach of reconstructing “feeling-at-home” among children living in households with parents exhibiting depressive symptoms." Journal of Social and Personal Relationships 37, no. 6 (2020): 1766–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0265407520908053.
Full textAbstract:
Living in a household with a parent exhibiting depressive symptoms causes major disruptions in family relations, particularly between parent and child, and radically changes family life spaces. In this study, we integrated a place-based approach to interpretative phenomenological analysis to examine the subjective experiences of “feeling-at-home” among children living in households with parents exhibiting depressive symptoms. Using accounts obtained from photo elicitation interviews with seven participants, four key findings show the experience of “feeling-at-home” as (1) navigating emotional turmoil evoked through black holes and comfort rooms, (2) managing “being together” evoked through walls and dining tables, (3) overcoming fear evoked through terraces and flowers, and (4) seeing hope in what is (left of) home (somewhere). Main discussion highlights the spatial constitution in phenomenological research, children’s agency within volatile and “immovable” households, and changing spaces of emotional scarring.
28
Aytac, Asli. "An approach to the sea level changes to base on the marine terraces of the Turkish Black Sea coasts." Quaternary International 279-280 (November 2012): 30. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.quaint.2012.07.130.
Full text
29
Ishchenko, Iryna, Yurii Savchuk, and Ibrokhim Sapaev. "Characteristics of cultivation and development of technical grape varieties on the terraces of the Black Sea region of Odessa." BIO Web of Conferences 151 (2025): 04002. https://doi.org/10.1051/bioconf/202515104002.
Full textAbstract:
The article presents an analysis of long-term data obtained as a result of growing technical grape varieties under drip irrigation, such as Cabernet Sauvignon, Sangiovese Grosso and Merlot, on artificially created terraces in the coastal zone of the Black Sea. A characteristic feature of these plantations is the increased planting density according to the 1x1 m scheme, which is 10 thousand bushes per hectare. As a result of the conducted research and observations, it was established that, starting from the third year of full fruiting, excessive thickening of the crown of the bushes is observed, both as a result of powerful growth from wintering buds and as a result of the development of fattening shoots and side shoots, therefore, there is a need for pinching shoots in several stages. It has been established that with such placement it is difficult to combat the development of the main diseases of grapes, which leads to an increase in the cost of the grape protection system, however, the yield can be from 20 to 25 t/ha, while the average yield of plantings with traditional schemes is 7-12 t/ha.
30
Du, Zhenbo, Bingbo Gao, Cong Ou, et al. "A Quantitative Analysis of Factors Influencing Organic Matter Concentration in the Topsoil of Black Soil in Northeast China Based on Spatial Heterogeneous Patterns." ISPRS International Journal of Geo-Information 10, no. 5 (2021): 348. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijgi10050348.
Full textAbstract:
Black soil is fertile, abundant with organic matter (OM) and is exceptional for farming. The black soil zone in northeast China is the third-largest black soil zone globally and produces a quarter of China’s commodity grain. However, the soil organic matter (SOM) in this zone is declining, and the quality of cultivated land is falling off rapidly due to overexploitation and unsustainable management practices. To help develop an integrated protection strategy for black soil, this study aimed to identify the primary factors contributing to SOM degradation. The geographic detector, which can detect both linear and nonlinear relationships and the interactions based on spatial heterogeneous patterns, was used to quantitatively analyze the natural and anthropogenic factors affecting SOM concentration in northeast China. In descending order, the nine factors affecting SOM are temperature, gross domestic product (GDP), elevation, population, soil type, precipitation, soil erosion, land use, and geomorphology. The influence of all factors is significant, and the interaction of any two factors enhances their impact. The SOM concentration decreases with increased temperature, population, soil erosion, elevation and terrain undulation. SOM rises with increased precipitation, initially decreases with increasing GDP but then increases, and varies by soil type and land use. Conclusions about detailed impacts are presented in this paper. For example, wind erosion has a more significant effect than water erosion, and irrigated land has a lower SOM content than dry land. Based on the study results, protection measures, including conservation tillage, farmland shelterbelts, cross-slope ridges, terraces, and rainfed farming are recommended. The conversion of high-quality farmland to non-farm uses should be prohibited.
31
Papageorgiou, Irini. "TRUTH LIES IN THE DETAILS: IDENTIFYING AN APIARY IN THE MINIATURE WALL PAINTING FROM AKROTIRI, THERA." Annual of the British School at Athens 111 (August 30, 2016): 95–120. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0068245416000101.
Full textAbstract:
One of a number of enigmatic depictions in the Aegean iconography of the second millenniumbceis the structure painted on the south wall of the Miniature Frieze from the West House at Akrotiri, Thera. This structure covers the slope of a hill and consists of two vertical blue bands on its western edge and four horizontal blue bands, all with features indicating masonry construction. Five rows of black triangles alternate with the horizontal bands. Each triangle has a round opening in its base. Unique in Aegean iconography, it has been interpreted as a dovecote, a shipshed, a storage space, a rock-cut structure with triangular niches, a geological formation and even a stretch of land with terraces and a vineyard. In one very brief reference it has been identified with an apiary.In line with contemporary rules of perspective, certain details suggest this structure could represent an apiary on a terraced area, protected on its western edge by a wall to windward. The triangular elements must depict the vertical-type fixed-comb woven beehives, which were in use until quite recently in Greece. A road leading from the apiary and connecting the settlement with the tripartite building at the top of the hill completes the elements needed for organised beekeeping. Similarly, there is a trapezoidal expanse of blue to the east of it which probably depicts a pond, another essential element of beekeeping. Both the extent of the area covered by the installation and the prominence of beekeeping products (indicated by chemical analysis and references on Linear B tablets) raise questions about the management of the apiary and the function of the building at the top of the hill.
32
Neradovsky, Yu N., Ya A. Miroshnikova, A. A. Kompanchenko, and A. V. Chernyavsky. "About terraces on the shore of the Teriberskaya Bay of the Barents Sea (the Kola Peninsula)." Vestnik MGTU 25, no. 1 (2022): 38–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.21443/1560-9278-2022-25-1-38-49.
Full textAbstract:
The paper considers the results of the study of modern terraces on the coast of the Lodeyny Peninsula in the Barents Sea. According to field observations, decoding of space and geodetic maps and volumetric modeling, signs of three terraces have been identified. Two terraces having a rear seam, a cliff, a brow and horizontal platforms have been studied in more detail. The rear seams are located at 7 and 30 m, and the edges at 10 and 40 m above the sea level. The third terrace is confined to the level of 40-60 m, and has not been studied in detail. According to estimates, the first two terraces were formed about 3,300 and 6,000 years ago respectively. The 1st terrace characterizes the period of slow land rise by 10 m, at the speed up to 3 mm/year, which began about 3,300 years ago and continues to the present. It is characterized by a uniform sea retreat of about 15 mm/year. The erosion products of this terrace are common in the lateral zone and represent modern marine sediments, including beaches forming a new terrace. The 2nd terrace characterizes to the dynamics of rapid land rise by 30 m at a speed of about 11 mm/year, which occurred in the period from 6,000 to 3,300 years ago. The erosion products of this terrace are most common on the coast and are found at a distance of 100 m to 2-3 km from the shore. It is assumed that the speed of movement of the coastline during the retreat of the sea was different and reached up to 900 mm/year. According to the authors, preliminary data indicate the instability of the territory and the manifestation of block movements, which may have a negative impact on the development of infrastructure.
33
Li, Muzi, Bin Wang, Wengang Wang, Zuming Chen, and Shenyao Luo. "Hydrological Connectivity Response of Typical Soil and Water Conservation Measures Based on SIMulated Water Erosion Model: A Case Study of Tongshuang Watershed in the Black Soil Region of Northeast China." Water 16, no. 18 (2024): 2568. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/w16182568.
Full textAbstract:
The black soil region of Northeast China is the largest commercial grain production base in China, accounting for about 25% of the total in China. In this region, the water erosion is prominent, which seriously threatens China’s food security. It is of great significance to effectively identify the erosion-prone points for the prevention and control of soil erosion on the slope of the black soil region in Northeast China. This article takes the Tongshuang small watershed (Heilongjiang Province in China) as an example, which is dominated by hilly landforms with mainly black soil and terraces planted with corn and soybeans. Based on the 2.5 cm resolution Digital Elevation Model (DEM) reconstructed by unmanned aerial vehicles (UAVs), we explore the optimal resolution for hydrological simulation research on sloping farmland in the black soil region of Northeast China and explore the critical water depth at which erosion damage occurs in ridges on this basis. The results show that the following: (1) Compared with the 2 m resolution DEM, the interpretation accuracy of field roads, wasteland, damaged points, ridges and cultivated land at the 0.2 m resolution is increased by 4.55–27.94%, which is the best resolution in the study region. (2) When the water depth is between 0.335 and 0.359 m, there is a potential erosion risk of ridges. When the average water depth per unit length is between 0.0040 and 0.0045, the ridge is in the critical range for its breaking, and when the average water depth per unit length is less than the critical range, ridge erosion damage occurs. (3) When local erosion damage occurs, the connectivity will change abruptly, and the remarkable change in the index of connectivity (IC) can provide a reference for predicting erosion damage.
34
Evlogiev, Yordan. "Evidence for the Aeolian Origin of Loess in the Danubian Plain." Geologica Balcanica 36, no. 3-4 (2007): 31–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.52321/geolbalc.36.3-4.31.
Full textAbstract:
The present work considers the evidences for the Aeolian origin of loess in the Danubian plain, put forward by previous authors, which have been amended with results from new investigations. One of the main proofs consists in the grain-size composition changes of the loess complex from north to south, from east to west and with depth. Other evidences are the well expressed directions of loess winnowing in the Danubian plain: from west-northwest and north-northeast. The next evidence for the Aeolian origin of loess is the sequence in the loess accumulation process. It was started before 2.59 Ma BP along the coast of the Dacian basin and after its regression loess winnowing was also spread on the occupied by the basin territories (0.82 Ma BP). The loess complex becomes younger towards the Danubian terraces. The deflation of the loess fine earth material occurred from the flooded areas of the Paleodanube River and its tributaries, from the Black sea shelf and the clayey alluvium of the Dacian basin. The orientation of the deflation area with respect to the transporting Aeolian corridor was one of the reasons for the differences in the lithostratigraphy and the thickness of the loess complex. Five loess regions were differentiated in the Danubian plain: Northeast, “Yantra-Vit”, “Vit-Ogosta”, “Ogosta-Lom” and the Black Sea region.
35
EVSTATIEV, Dimcho, and Yordan EVLOGIEV. "Landslides along the northern Black Sea coast between Varna city and Kavarna town (Bulgaria)." Geo-Eco-Marina No 19/2013 (December 31, 2013): 39–57. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.56842.
Full textAbstract:
Abstract. The landslides along the Northern Black Sea coast, between the Varna City and Kavarna town, may be divided in the following six regions, according to their geological structure, geomorphological and engineering geological settings: I – Varna city – Golden Sands resort; II – Golden Sands resort – Kranevo village; III – Batova River valley; IV – Batova River – Balchik town; V – Balchik town – Topola village; VI – Topola Dere –Kavarna town and northward of it. The results of the new engineering geological investigations, made mainly in regions II, III and V, are discussed in the paper. They include geological and engineering geological mapping, photo surveying of the terrain by a helicopter, geodetic surveys, re-interpretation of data from old drilling, considerable number of new boreholes and resistivity survey (RS), slope stability analyses, and engineering geological zoning. The main result of these investigations is the elaboration of a new geological model with tiered landslide steps, where the sliding surfaces are not connected between them. In the previous studies, the presence of an unified rupture surface from the plateau till the sea cost has been accepted. The separate landslides, their lithology and stratigraphy, geomorphology and engineering geology are also described. Several marine terraces are established and dated. Based on this, the age of landslides is determined. The major factors for the origin of the studied landslides are: the eustatic fluctuations of the sea during the Pliocene and Pleistocene, the constant uplifting of the dry land, the relatively high slope inclination, the high seismicity (IX degree, according to the MSK scale), and the anthropogenic activity at present. The lithological-stratigraphic structure of the Sarmatian sediments is an important prerequisite for the slope instability.
36
Krklec, Kristina, Igor Ljubenkov, and Aleksandra Bensa. "Prirodni resursi otoka Korčule." Geoadria 16, no. 1 (2011): 3. http://dx.doi.org/10.15291/geoadria.259.
Full textAbstract:
In this paper, the authors analyse geological, geomorphological, soil, climate, hydrological and phytocenological characteristics of the Island of Korčula. The island is built of limestone and dolomite of Cretaceous age, covered with terra rossa and Quaternary sands. Morphologically, the relief of the island is characterized by interleaving of hills and fields, and indented coastline. There are a large number of soil units (calcocambisol, red, colluvium, reddish black soil, and rigoled soil of fields and terraces). The island is characterized by Csa type of climate (Mediterranean climate with mild winters and hot and dry summers). There are no surface water flows, and there is only one permanent source of drinking water of a small capacity. In vegetation and bioclimatic terms Korčula Island belongs to the Mediterranean vegetation region. There are two distinct vegetation zones on the island: Steno-Mediterranean and Eu-Mediterranean. Natural resources are limited, and therefore their exploitation should be consistent with sustainable development. With respect to this fact, the guidelines for the future development of the Island of Korčula are proposed.
37
Desponts, Mireille, and Serge Payette. "Recent dynamics of jack pine at its northern distribution limit in northern Quebec." Canadian Journal of Botany 70, no. 6 (1992): 1157–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/b92-144.
Full textAbstract:
The northernmost jack pine (Pinus banksiana Lamb.) populations in northern Quebec are located at the boreal forest–forest tundra boundary, along the Grande rivière de la Baleine, where they colonize the sandy terraces affected by recurrent fires. The recent fire history in the study area, as deduced from fire scar and age structure data, spans a 216-year period from 1773 to 1988. Forest fires occurred on the sites at intervals averaging 40 to 80 years. The analysis of 19 coniferous stands (jack pine and black spruce (Picea mariana (Mill.) Bsp)) indicated that forest communities younger than 67 years old were open jack pine – Cladina mitis or jack pine – black spruce – C. mitis woodlands, while the oldest stands, more than 132 years old, were dominated by jack pine, black spruce, and Cladina stellaris. Stands less than 67-years-old had an age structure almost normally distributed and regeneration often occurred within less than 30 years after fire in both species, while most stands older than 132 years had a multiaged structure. In sites with a prolonged fire-free interval, jack pine was overgrown by black spruce. Spruce woodlands have developed on sites where the organic layer was relatively thick and continuous and they are the end result of the postfire successional process. However, at several sites both conifer species showed an ability to regenerate in prolonged absence of fire disturbance, particularly in open sites with exposed mineral substrates. At the regional scale, fire frequency during the last 200 years has been high enough to prevent pine exclusion at its range limit. The key requirement for the long-term maintenance of jack pine populations is that fires return at intervals shorter than the average life-span of individual trees. It is concluded that the northernmost jack pine populations are able to maintain and regenerate under present fire conditions. Key words: fire, subarctic, jack pine, postfire regeneration, boreal forest.
38
Alonso, Pascal, Pierre Gladieux, Oumaima Moubset, et al. "Emergence of Southern Rice Black-Streaked Dwarf Virus in the Centuries-Old Chinese Yuanyang Agrosystem of Rice Landraces." Viruses 11, no. 11 (2019): 985. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/v11110985.
Full textAbstract:
Southern rice black-streaked dwarf virus (SRBSDV), which causes severe disease symptoms in rice (Oriza sativa L.) has been emerging in the last decade throughout northern Vietnam, southern Japan and southern, central and eastern China. Here we attempt to quantify the prevalence of SRBSDV in the Honghe Hani rice terraces system (HHRTS)—a Chinese 1300-year-old traditional rice production system. We first confirm that genetically diverse rice varieties are still being cultivated in the HHRTS and categorize these varieties into three main genetic clusters, including the modern hybrid varieties group (MH), the Hongyang improved modern variety group (HY) and the traditional indica landraces group (TIL). We also show over a 2-year period that SRBSDV remains prevalent in the HHRTS (20.1% prevalence) and that both the TIL (17.9% prevalence) and the MH varieties (5.1% prevalence) were less affected by SRBSDV than were the HY varieties (30.2% prevalence). Collectively we suggest that SRBSDV isolates are freely moving within the HHRTS and that TIL, HY and MH rice genetic clusters are not being preferentially infected by particular SRBSDV lineages. Given that SRBSDV can cause 30–50% rice yield losses, our study emphasizes both the need to better monitor the disease in the HHRTS, and the need to start considering ways to reduce its burden on rice production.
39
Gogoi, Bijoylakshmi, Devojit Bezbaruah, and Yadav Krishna Gogoi. "River terraces assessment to evaluate the regional tectonic activity of the fore parts of Mishmi Block and Manabhum Anticline, North-east India: A conjunctive approach using Field Mapping and Satellite imagery." Disaster Advances 16, no. 8 (2023): 39–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.25303/1608da039054.
Full textAbstract:
Terraces are the remains of a river's old floodplain. They are created when a river channel is downcut into its former floodplain, which is then deserted and subjected to lateral erosion. A former floodplain's downcutting, abandonment and lateral erosion can be caused by local or regional tectonic uplift, changes in the climate and changes in the river's discharge or a combination of these. The 1950 Mw 8.6 Great Assam Earthquake, which completely wrecked the region, occurred in the Mishmi Hills. The study area lacks tectonics research, therefore understanding the region's undulations requires a thorough understanding of terraces. Using ArcGIS 10.4, a digital elevation model (DEM) with a 30m resolution and satellite images form Google Earth Pro was superimposed on the Survey of India's topographic map for this investigation. The goal of the study is to use terrace analysis to comprehend the regional tectonic activity of the entire frontal and foothills of the Mishmi Hills. The Lohit, Dibang and Noa Dihing River are the most notable rivers in the research area. The rivers possess incised valleys and tributaries where different level of terraces may be identified. The terraces of the said rivers and tributaries are the subject of this study. Since the terrace levels vary from valley to valley, it is impossible to correlate adjacent valleys. The terraces are typically found where one of these rivers and one of its tributaries converge. The tectonic influence on various features in the studied area is typically defined through the study of terraces.
40
Trebeleva, Galina, Andrey Kizilov, Vladlen Yurkov, and Vasiliy Lobkovskiy. "GIS in paleogeographic and historical reconstructions of the coastal zone of Northwstern Colchis in the ancient and medieval periods." InterCarto. InterGIS 29, no. 2 (2023): 277–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.35595/2414-9179-2023-2-29-277-290.
Full textAbstract:
For northwestern Colchis, many questions about both the ancient Greek colonization and the later Roman presence remain controversial. To a large extent, this is due to the poor preservation of the archaeological sites of the coastal area, which is one of the most dynamically changing natural formations. Therefore, one of the main objectives of the study was to investigate the paleo-landscape and paleo-climate of the area. At present, there is a lack of research in this area. For this purpose, a special GIS of the north-western coast of Colchis was created, which allows the summary, combination and analysis of data and results from various studies (historical, archaeological, paleogeographical, etc.), cartographic material (including historical coastline maps) and UAV surveys. In order to analyze the coastline of the study area, a series of maps were digitized. This allowed the different timelines of the coastline in ancient and medieval times to be represented in a GIS and combined with a modern map of the depth of the sea near the coastline. It was found that in contrast to modern times, the Black Sea coastline in the study area was more indented in ancient and medieval times, necessitating more detailed study of individual areas selected based on GIS analysis of the spatial location of archaeological sites. They were described, and soil samples were taken for further analysis during the field season of 2022. The discovery of a previously unrecorded Holocene marine terrace system was one of the interesting results of the survey. The analysis of the location of archaeological sites in GIS has shown that Byzantine and Medieval sites were mainly recorded on the coast. Ancient sites are mostly found in areas with strong accumulation of rivers (Pitsunda, Sukhumi Cape), while they are often located relatively far from the coast. The GIS currently contains information on 1 780 archaeological sites and will be updated with paleogeographic data on selected Holocene terraces and soil samples.
41
Childs, CW, RWP Palmer, and CW Ross. "Thick iron oxide pans in soils of Taranaki, New Zealand." Soil Research 28, no. 2 (1990): 245. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/sr9900245.
Full textAbstract:
Thick iron oxide pans are a distinctive feature of some soils in Taranaki, New Zealand, which occur on the ringplain, or on terraces of valleys draining the ringplain of Mount Egmont. The pans tend to form in the boundary area between layers of differing texture within the zone of water table fluctuations. The pans are indurated, brittle, and vesicular, and have a black or reddish brown appearance with a shiny black fracture. They are up to 50 cm thick and form lenticular deposits sometimes several metres across at depths ranging from a few centimetres to about 1 m. Analysis of seven samples of pan gave 34-45% elemental Fe, 3-5% A1 and 4-10% Si, consistent with about 55-70% iron oxides, together with entrapped and adhering soil particles. V and Mo are enriched in the pan samples and probably occur as anionic species strongly adsorbed on the iron oxide surfaces. X-ray powder diffraction, Moessbauer spectroscopy and acid-oxalate dissolution indicate that the dominant iron oxides present are goethite and ferrihydrite. The relative proportion of these two minerals varies widely without any noticeable change in the nature of the pan materials. Microstructures in one sample were examined by scanning electron microscopy. The pans are considered to have formed from the aeration of groundwaters (rich in ferrous ions) moving laterally through the soils. Such groundwaters are formed on Mount Egmont from the reaction of meteoric water, sometimes containing dissolved volcanic carbon dioxide, with ferromagnesian minerals. Positive tests for ferrous ions (using �,�'-dipyridyl as indicator) were obtained from groundwaters presently associated with the pans.
42
Yang, Qi, Glenn Benoy, Zhengyong Zhao, Thien Lien Chow, Charles P. A. Bourque, and Fan-Rui Meng. "Watershed-level analysis of exceedance frequencies for different management strategies." Water Quality Research Journal 46, no. 1 (2011): 64–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wqrjc.2011.020.
Full textAbstract:
Exceedance of water-quality standards is important in assessing water quality. The effectiveness of soil conservation Beneficial Management Practices (BMPs) should be measured according to the BMPs' impact on exceedance frequencies. However, estimating exceedance frequencies for different management scenarios with field measurements is practically impossible due to difficulties in obtaining adequate data for analysing different combinations of BMPs. The objective of this modeling research was to analyse exceedance frequencies for different management strategies applied in the Black Brook Watershed (BBW). Daily concentrations of total suspended sediments (TSS) and soluble phosphorous (sol-P) were predicted with the Soil and Water Assessment Tool (SWAT) and assessed against water-quality standards from the Canadian Council of Ministers of the Environment (CCME) and National Agri-Environmental Standards Initiative-Ideal Performance Standards (NAESI-IPS). The investigated BMPs included conservation tillage, reduced fertilizer application, crop rotation, flow diversion terraces (FDT) and the combination of all four BMPs. The results indicated that FDT was the most effective at reducing exceedance frequencies of TSS and sol-P. Under the different management scenarios, we calculated the annual exceedance frequencies of TSS and sol-P concentrations above the CCME (20–45% and 10–26%) and NAESI-IPS (32–55% and 20–38%).
43
Liviu, Apostol, and Mihăiţă Tiron. "Suitability of Wind Potential in Some Areas of Central Moldavian Plateau." Present Environment and Sustainable Development 8, no. 2 (2014): 255–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/pesd-2014-0039.
Full textAbstract:
Abstract In the contemporary period, the most important element in sustaining and developing the society, under all its aspects, is represented by energy. Due to the fact that in society consumption is increasing, the actual preoccupation is to reduce the energy consumption and also to find clean, alternative sources to produce energy. The theme of this article is directed towards the concepts of increased availability and energetic independency and concerns estimations over the wind potential in certain areas of Central Moldavian Plateau. For this purpose there were analyzed genetic factors of the wind in the analyzed area and those parameters of wind speed, useful to the justification of the wind potential study. The obtained results confirm the fact that in Central Moldavian Plateau, in many areas, especially those of high altitude, are favorable conditions to use wind energy. Along with the remoteness from the Eastern Carpathians and the proximity of the Black Sea, the conditions become more and more favorable. Unfortunately, the lack of meteorological stations on the top of hills (besides the Barnova station, situated in the woods). Increased wind speed in the meaning of what was stated, was approved only on high valleys and upper terraces in the main valleys, especially on the Prut.
44
Trommelen, Michelle, and Vic Levson. "Quaternary stratigraphy of the Prophet River, northeastern British ColumbiaThis article is one of a selection of papers published in this Special Issue on the theme Geology of northeastern British Columbia and northwestern Alberta: diamonds, shallow gas, gravel, and glaciers." Canadian Journal of Earth Sciences 45, no. 5 (2008): 565–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/e07-072.
Full textAbstract:
Exposures in the Prophet River valley in northeast British Columbia provide a unique glimpse into the Quaternary history of the northwest Canadian Boreal Plains. The region shows evidence of Late Wisconsinan Laurentide glaciation in the form of widespread till, containing abundant erratic clasts derived from the Canadian Shield. Vertical sections along the Prophet River expose non-glacial and advance glacial sediments below this till. Pre-Late Wisconsinan non-glacial or interglacial floodplain sediments are interbedded with fluvial gravels at many sites. Macrofossils within horizontally laminated organic-rich black clay and silt indicate deposition on the floodplain of the paleo-Prophet River within an oxbow lake. The climate during deposition is interpreted to be similar to present, supporting a dominantly spruce forest. Wood obtained from eight sites provided non-finite radiocarbon ages, and one sample provided an age of 49 300 ± 2000 BP, which is also considered non-finite. Glaciolacustrine clays and silts, deposited during impoundment of eastward-flowing drainage by the advance of the Laurentide Ice Sheet (LIS) in the Late Wisconsinan, overlie the non-glacial sediments throughout the valley. A blanket of clast-poor, clay-rich till up to 20 m thick, and deposited by the LIS, drapes the glaciolacustrine sediments. Since deglaciation, the Prophet River has incised the valley and formed fluvial terraces at different levels above the modern river.
45
Li, Yuting, Yang Yu, Ruoxiu Sun, Mingshuang Shen, and Jianjun Zhang. "Simulation of Soil Water Dynamics in a Black Locust Plantation on the Loess Plateau, Western Shanxi Province, China." Water 13, no. 9 (2021): 1213. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/w13091213.
Full textAbstract:
Soil moisture plays an important role in vegetation restoration and ecosystem rehabilitation in fragile regions. Therefore, understanding the soil water dynamics and water budget in soil is a key target for vegetation restoration and watershed management. In this study, to quantitatively estimate the water budget of the GFGP forests in a dry year and a wet year and to explore the recharge in deep profiles, the vertical and temporal soil moisture variations in a black locust (Robinia pseudoacacia) plantation were simulated under typical rainfall events and two-year cycles in a loess area between April 2014 and March 2016. We calibrated and tested the HYDRUS-1D (Salinity Laboratory of the USDA, California, USA) model using the data collected during in situ field observations. The model’s performance was satisfactory, the R2, Nash efficiency coefficient (NSE), root mean square error (RMSE), and mean absolute error (MAE) were 0.82, 0.80, 0.021, and 0.030, respectively. For the four rainfall events of 9.1 mm, 25 mm, 71.1 mm, and 123.6 mm, the infiltration amounts were 8.1 mm, 19.3 mm, 65.2 mm, and 95.3 mm, respectively. Moreover, the maximum infiltration depths were 30 cm, 100 cm, 160 cm, and >200 cm, respectively. Additionally, in the two-year model cycles, the upward average water flux was 1.4 mm/d and the downward water flux was 1.69 mm/d in the first-year cycle; the upward average annual water flux was 1.0 mm/d and the downward water flux was 1.1 mm/d in the second-year cycle. The annual water consumption amounts in the two-year cycles were 524.6 mm and 374.2 mm, and the annual replenishment amounts were 616.8 mm and 401 mm. The amounts of percolation that recharged the deep soil were only 28.1 mm and 2.04 mm. A lower annual rainfall would cause a water deficit in the deep soil, which was not conducive to the growth of Robinia pseudoacacia vegetation. To ensure the high-quality sustainable development of the forest land, it is suggested to adjust the stand density in a timely manner and to implement horizontal terraces to increase the infiltration and supply of precipitation. Our study provides an improved understanding of the soil water movement in Robinia pseudoacacia plantations and a simulated temporal moisture variation under different time scales. The results of our study provide a feasible approach for the sustainable management of Robinia pseudoacacia plantations during vegetation restoration.
46
Dewi, LGLK. "POLA PERJALANAN DAN PENGELUARAN WISATAWAN MILENIAL KE BALI." Jurnal IPTA 8, no. 1 (2020): 24. http://dx.doi.org/10.24843/ipta.2020.v08.i01.p04.
Full textAbstract:
The trend of world tourism, especially in the dimension of tourists as travelers. The current phenomenon is that millennial tourists are the most potential types of tourists for Bali tourism at this time. Bali as a central tourist area in Indonesia, and world tourist destinations have the potential to support tourism growth. These potentials include human potential and culture. Beautiful and ideal natural panorama, green forests, mountains, lakes, rivers and rice fields that stretch with terraces and beautiful beaches with a variety of black and white sand. This study aims to determine the trend of millennial tourist trips during their trips in Bali and to find out the travel patterns and spending patterns of millennial tourists during their tour activities in Bali. This study uses descriptive qualitative-quantitative data analysis (mix method). The sample was determined purposively amounting to 100 millennial tourists who traveled to Bali. Data collection techniques are observation, questionnaires, and documentation. The study results show that the pattern of millennial tourists traveling to Bali is that the millennial tourists are tourists who have come more than once, with trips dominated by airplanes to Bali, in their activities tourists prefer social media as a source of information, preferring to take selfies on tourist attraction, use a private rental vehicle. Millennial tourists spending patterns, dominated by accommodation, souvenirs, attractions, rental vehicles and food and beverages. In the selection of accommodation, attractions and food and drinks are more influenced by social media which is the source of his recommendations.
47
Wintersteen, Wendy K., and David E. Foster. "Stalk Borer Control in Field Corn Adjacent to Terraces, 1984." Insecticide and Acaricide Tests 10, no. 1 (1985): 222. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/iat/10.1.222.
Full textAbstract:
Abstract Pydrin, paraquat and pydrin/paraquat tank mix were applied to field corn and sections of adjacent high berm, brome grass covered terraces to test for control of stalk borer. Plots in Clayton County near Elkader Iowa, were planted on 15 May. Treatments were arranged in a randomized complete block design and replicated 4 times. Plots were 25 m long. Plot widths were either 4 rows, 4 rows + the adjacent 1 m of terrace, or 4 rows plus the entire width of the terrace. Treatments were applied using a CO2 pressurized backpack sprayer equipped with 11004 Tee Jet nozzles, delivering 20 gal/acre. Treatments were applied on 25 May when the corn was in the early spike stage. Stand counts were made on 30 May and plots were evaluated on 25 Jun. Evaluations were made by determining the number of stalk borer infested plants per 17.4 ft, from the center of the second row from the outside in each plot. Missing plants along with those exhibiting stalk borer damage (e.g., foliar feeding, dead heart or wilting) were deemed to be infested.
48
Novikov, I. S., and D. A. Borisenko. "Geomorphology and Neotectonics of Southwestern Crimea." Russian Geology and Geophysics 62, no. 4 (2021): 401–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.2113/rgg20194094.
Full textAbstract:
Abstract —The area of southwestern Crimea includes the ending of the Crimean Mountains that arose during the neotectonic activation at the place of the Cretaceous–Paleogene denudation plain and the adjacent shallow-water carbonate sedimentation basin. The Crimean Mountains are one of the links of the Alpine–Himalayan orogenic belt formed during the collision of the Eurasian, African, and Indo–Australian plates. Their area includes late Cenozoic marine terraces of the complete Mediterranean series and a staircase of Neogene, Paleogene and Cretaceous planation surfaces over them. The planation surfaces of different ages resulted from the successive lowering of the World Ocean level. Their subsequent deformations make it possible to outline the area of the neotectonic uplifting and determine its parameters. The main mechanism of the neotectonic activation was the thrust of the East Black Sea microplate under the Scythian one and the formation of a ramp fold structure. The amplitude of the neotectonic uplifting of southwestern Crimea for the past 2 Myr varies from 0 to 800 m, i.e., is up to 0.04 mm/year. The recent neotectonic structure of the area is formed by the northern flank of the ramp fold; it is a monocline of NW dip consisting of “keys” of NW strike separated by the latest faults with vertical displacements of 10 to 120 m. The uplifting of the area and the lowering of the World Ocean level led to a widespread of denudation surfaces. Their good preservation makes it possible to refine the sequence of neotectonic events, whose first pulses reached the study area in the Oligocene, and the main activation phase began in the Pliocene.
49
Lucchitta, Ivo, Garniss H. Curtis, Marie E. Davis, Sidney W. Davis, and Brent Turrin. "Cyclic Aggradation and Downcutting, Fluvial Response to Volcanic Activity, and Calibration of Soil-Carbonate Stages in the Western Grand Canyon, Arizona." Quaternary Research 53, no. 1 (2000): 23–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.1006/qres.1999.2098.
Full textAbstract:
AbstractIn the western Grand Canyon, fluvial terraces and pediment surfaces, both associated with a Pleistocene basalt flow, document Quaternary aggradation and downcutting by the Colorado River, illuminate the river's response to overload and the end of overload, and allow calibration of soil-carbonate stages and determination of downcutting rates. Four downcutting–aggradation cycles are present. Each begins with erosion of older deposits to form a new river channel in which a characteristic suite of deposits is laid down. The current cycle (I) started ∼700 yr B.P. The oldest (IV) includes the 603,000 ± 8000 to 524,000 ± 7000 yr Black Ledge basalt flow, emplaced when the river channel was ∼30 m higher than it is now. The flow is overlain by basalt–cobble gravel and basalt sand. Soils reach the stage V level of carbonate development. Calibrated ages for soil stages are Stage V, ∼525,000 yr; stage IV, <525,000 yr, ≥250,000 yr; stage III, <250,000 yr, ≥100,000 yr. The monolithologic basalt sand beds represent overloading by volcanic ash produced by an eruption 30–50 km upstream. The basalt–cobble beds signal breaching and rapid destruction of lava dams and erosion of flows. These deposits show that the Colorado River responds to overload by aggrading vigorously during the overload and then downcutting equally vigorously when the overload ends. The overall downcutting rate for the interval studied is 1.6 cm/1000 yr, much lower than rates upstream. The current downcutting rate, 11–14 m/1000 yr, likely is a response both to the end of late Pleistocene and early Holocene overload and to the reduction of sediment supply caused by Glen Canyon Dam.
50
Bernas, Siti Masreah. "Effect of Coffee Pulp Compost and Terrace on Erosion, Run off and Nutrients Loss from Coffee Plantation in Lahat Regency, South Sumatra." Journal of Tropical Soils 16, no. 2 (2013): 161–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.5400/jts.2011.v16i2.161-167.
Full textAbstract:
On some coffee plantations in Lahat Regency South Sumatra, in some places the farmers did not apply agricultural practices, such as tillage, conservation practices, and fertilizers. Many researches have been done to study about effects of organic fertilizer on soil nutrients content and plant growth as well as and the impacts of terrace on soil water content, run-off and erosion. However, there was less research in the highland area. Whereas the possibilityof run off, erosion and nutrient leaching the high land area was high. Thus, it was important to apply terrace and organic coffee pulp in this farm. The aims of this research were to determine the effect of terrace and organic fertilizer on run off and soil erosion, nutrients loss and nutrient content in coffee leaves. Terrace system and organic fertilizer were applied on a one year old coffee plantation in Lahat Regency. Before the treatment applied,coffee pulp as organic fertilizer was decomposed in the chamber for about 2 months. The experiment was conducted in factorial in a Randomized Block Design with two factors. The first factor was coffee pulp compost (0, 3, and 6 Mg ha-1), and the second factor was type of terrace (without, individual, and bund terraces). The size of each plot was 2 m width and 10 m length. Data was analysed by using LSD (Least Significant Different) test. The resultshows that bund terrace reduced runoff and erosion significantly up to 79% (for run off water) and 78% (for eroded soil) compared to without terrace. Organic fertilizer did not affect run off and soil erosion. This may be caused by properties of coffee pulp compost which were fine particulates and the dosages of application were too low to cover soil suface. Bund terrace decreased significantly N, P, K nutrients in soil loss (sediment). The amount of N losswas reduced from 3.37 kg ha-1 per four months (without terrace) to about 0.75 kg ha-1 per four months (bund terrace). Terrace and organic fertilizer did not affect significantly nutrients content in the leaves, but P-content was low without organic fertilizer addition. It is suggested to apply bund terrace and higher organic fertilizer dose on the coffee farm, and further experiments when harvesting the yield (berries) are needed for the second year oldcoffee farm.Keywords: Coffee, compost, erosion, nutrient, pulp, terrace