Academic literature on the topic 'Blackface sheep'
Create a spot-on reference in APA, MLA, Chicago, Harvard, and other styles
Consult the lists of relevant articles, books, theses, conference reports, and other scholarly sources on the topic 'Blackface sheep.'
Next to every source in the list of references, there is an 'Add to bibliography' button. Press on it, and we will generate automatically the bibliographic reference to the chosen work in the citation style you need: APA, MLA, Harvard, Chicago, Vancouver, etc.
You can also download the full text of the academic publication as pdf and read online its abstract whenever available in the metadata.
Journal articles on the topic "Blackface sheep"
1
Dwyer, C. M., and A. B. Lawrence. "EFFECTS OF MATERNAL GENOTYPE AND BEHAVIOUR ON THE BEHAVIOURAL DEVELOPMENT OF THEIR OFFSPRING IN SHEEP." Behaviour 137, no. 12 (2000): 1629–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/156853900502754.
Full textAbstract:
AbstractSignificant breed differences in grazing, activity, social and other affiliative behaviours are known to exist in sheep. The roles of maternal and offspring genotype in determining the development of breed-specific behavioural differences in lambs were investigated using embryo-transfer. Two breeds of sheep (Suffolk and Scottish Blackface) were chosen as they differ markedly in social and affiliative behaviours. Sixty ewe-lamb pairs (15 each of the four combinations of ewe and lamb) were observed over the first 3 days after lambing, then when the lambs were aged between 2-5 months old and during the first 6 weeks after weaning. Lamb breed was the main factor affecting lamb activity at birth and play behaviour over the first postnatal days, with Blackface lambs being significantly more active than Suffolk lambs. Lamb sucking behaviour during this period, however, was significantly affected by ewe breed with a higher frequency of sucking interactions observed with Suffolk ewes. When out at grass the two breeds of ewe differed in their use of the field, with Blackface ewes using upland areas whilst Suffolk ewes were found almost exclusively in the lowland parts. Ewes also differed in their spatial relationship to their lamb, with Blackface ewes maintaining a closer relationship to their lamb than Suffolk ewes, regardless of lamb breed. Blackface ewes were also more active than Suffolk ewes and were more frequently observed grazing. The breed of their mother significantly influenced the behaviour of the lambs, and their spatial relationships to other sheep, both before and after weaning. Lambs with Blackface mothers were more active than lambs with Suffolk mothers and this difference persisted after weaning. Blackface-reared lambs also had a shorter nearest neighbour distance after weaning, aggregated into smaller subgroups and were significantly more likely to be in upland areas of the field, regardless of lamb breed, than lambs reared by Suffolk ewes. Maternal influence, therefore, plays an important role in shaping the behaviour of their offspring in sheep, although neonatal lamb activity is not affected by maternal behaviour.
2
Annett, R. W., A. F. Carson, L. E. R. Dawson, D. Irwin, and D. J. Kilpatrick. "Lifetime performance of crossbred ewes in the hill sheep sector." Proceedings of the British Society of Animal Science 2009 (April 2009): 72. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1752756200029112.
Full textAbstract:
Hill sheep flocks in the UK are dominated by purebred ewe genotypes, with the Scottish Blackface being the most common. However a long term decline in economic returns, combined with recent changes to the Common Agricultural Policy, has lead many hill sheep producers to consider keeping crossbred ewes to exploit the benefits of hybrid vigour for lamb survival and to introduce beneficial traits for prolificacy, ease of lambing and carcass quality. In 2001, a major on-farm research programme was initiated to evaluate the performance of a range of crossbred ewe genotypes for the Northern Ireland hill sheep sector. Provisional data has already identified that retaining Lleyn X Blackface and Texel X Blackface ewes can improve lamb output at weaning by up to 10% relative to purebred Blackface ewes (Speijerset al., 2007). However, ewe longevity is a major issue for hill flocks, where the annual replacement rate often exceeds 20%. Therefore it is inappropriate to evaluate crossbred ewe genotypes based on average annual performance alone, and the aims of this study were to investigate the lifetime performance of a range of crossbred genotypes under hill conditions.
3
Sveistiene, Ruta, and Miika Tapio. "SNPs in Sheep: Characterization of Lithuanian Sheep Populations." Animals 11, no. 9 (2021): 2651. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ani11092651.
Full textAbstract:
In Lithuania, there are two recognised native sheep breeds: old native Lithuanian Coarsewooled and Lithuanian Blackface. In addition, in 2005, primitive Heidschnucke-type Skudde sheep were imported to Lithuania and were argued to possibly represent a lost Lithuanian sheep type. The aim of the study was to investigate the genetic variation in the two Lithuanian native sheep breeds, compare them with the imported Skudde sheep and establish the historical patterns of admixture and the genetic relatedness of Lithuanian sheep to British, Central European and Nordic sheep breeds included in the SheepHapMap study. In total, 72 individuals, representing two Lithuanian native and imported Skudde sheep breeds, were genotyped using a Neogen 12K Illumina Infinium chip. The population analysis was carried out by model-based clustering, principal component analysis and neighbour net analysis, and showed similar patterns for the Lithuanian sheep populations. Lithuanian Coarsewooled and Skudde in Lithuania have unique divergence and possibly some shared ancestry, while the Lithuanian Blackface conforms to a modern synthetic breed. The study clearly showed that the Coarsewooled and the Skudde breeds are distinct from each other. Historical data strongly suggest that the Coarsewooled breed represents a local breed, while the Skudde origin is less directly linked to the geographical area of modern-day Lithuania. Within the modern-day Lithuanian context, the Lithuanian Coarsewooled sheep is very important historical sheep type for conservation.
4
AL-NAKIB, F. M. S., N. BATEMAN, R. H. FINDLAY, C. SMITH, and R. THOMPSON. "Comparative performance of British hill sheep breeds and crosses." Journal of Agricultural Science 128, no. 2 (1997): 199–206. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0021859696003991.
Full textAbstract:
Five British hill sheep breeds and their crosses were compared on a hill farm in a common environmental and husbandry system in 1974 in Peeblesshire, Scotland. A home-bred Scottish Blackface stock was maintained, and ewes were crossed with rams of each of the five hill breeds, North Country Cheviot, Derbyshire Gritstone, Exmoor Horn, Swaledale and Scottish Blackface. The crossbred female progeny were then mated half to homebred Blackface rams and half to rams of the paternal breed. This was reversed in later generations to form a continuous criss-crossing system. The performances of the crossbred ewes and of the crossbred lambs were compared, and the effects of the breeds and the average heterosis were estimated. A total of 5579 ewe and 6516 lamb records were available for comparison over an 8-year period from 1977 to 1984. Some 20 rams per breed were used over this period. The Swaledale crosses had substantially higher output and efficiency than any of the other crosses, while the Derbyshire Gritstone and Exmoor Horn crosses were generally inferior. There was appreciable heterosis for most traits, that for fleece weight and for litter weight at weaning being the highest. The heterosis for output per ewe exposed and efficiency of lamb production are positive and significant. The results support greater use of the Swaledale and of a crossbreeding system with Blackface to exploit heterosis in harsh hill farm conditions.
5
Murphy, A., and J. Conington. "A genetic analysis of wool and lamb production traits in Scottish Blackface Sheep." Proceedings of the British Society of Animal Science 2002 (2002): 21. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1752756200006773.
Full textAbstract:
Scottish Blackface sheep have a multi-purpose role in the UK to produce breeding females and lambs for meat consumption. Over the last fifty years, wool has accounted for a very low proportion of economical return from hill sheep production in the UK. In recent years, the ratio of the value of lamb meat to wool clip has altered, with wool becoming relatively more important in particular for hill breeds. The consequence of direct selection for improved carcass traits in these breeds on wool quality is unknown. With other sheep breeds such as Merino, selection for improved wool traits has largely been undertaken with little regard to the impact on meat production. The objectives of this study are to quantify wool quality traits and examine genetic relationships between wool quality and carcass traits in Scottish Blackface sheep.
6
Gunn, R. G. "A note on the comparative reproductive performance of Friesland × North Country Cheviot and North Country Cheviot ewes on two levels of pasture prior to mating." Animal Science 42, no. 2 (1986): 287–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0003356100018018.
Full textAbstract:
The Friesland or East Friesian breed of sheep is a heavy-milking type with a high level of prolificacy. The progeny of the cross with the Scottish Blackface female sheep (ewe) have been shown to have larger, heavier litters in a good lowland environment compared with crossbreds derived from other crossing sires (Boaz, Jones and Smith, 1980; British Friesland Sheep Society, 1983) and to have a higher twinning rate than Scottish Blackface ewes when mated on improved pasture on a hill farm (Doney, Peart, Smith and Sim, 1983). Information is required on the performance of crossbred ewes derived from Friesland sires on other hill breeds and run in less favourable environments such as are common in the hills and uplands.
7
Stevenson, Heather, Cici Corbett, Katrina Henderson, Colin Mason, and Peter Richards‐Rios. "Lymph node aplasia in Scottish blackface sheep." Veterinary Record 192, no. 12 (2023): 489–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/vetr.3200.
Full text
8
CARSON, A. F., D. IRWIN, and D. J. KILPATRICK. "A comparison of Scottish Blackface and Cheviot ewes and five sire breeds in terms of lamb output at weaning in hill sheep systems." Journal of Agricultural Science 137, no. 2 (2001): 221–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0021859601001277.
Full textAbstract:
A study was carried out on six hill farms in Northern Ireland over 2 years (1996–1998) to investigate the effect of ewe and ram breed on ewe prolificacy, lamb viability and weaned lamb output. On each farm, groups of 40 Scottish Blackface ewes (mature weight of 53·8 kg) were mated to Scottish Blackface, Blue-Faced Leicester and Texel rams. Similarly, groups of 40 Wicklow Cheviot ewes (mature weight 63·7 kg) were mated to Cheviot, Suffolk and Texel rams. All ewe×ram breed combinations were present on each farm. Overall, ewe prolificacy was similar in Blackface and Cheviot ewes (1·52 and 1·55 (S.E. 0·026) lambs born/ewe lambed). However, there was a farm×ewe breed interaction (P < 0·001) indicating that, whilst prolificacy was similar in Blackface and Cheviot ewes on the majority of farms (4 out of 6), on one farm prolificacy was higher in Blackface and on another lower, compared with Cheviot ewes. There were no farm×breed interactions for any of the other main production traits. The proportion of ewes lambing without assistance was higher in Cheviot compared with Blackface ewes when crossed with Texel sires (P < 0·001). Cheviot ewes produced heavier Texel-sired lambs compared with Blackface ewes (4·76 versus 4·51 (S.E. 0·076) kg; P < 0·05). Mortality levels were similar in lambs produced from Blackface and Cheviot ewes. The weight of lamb weaned per ewe was higher in Cheviot compared with Blackface ewes (41·5 versus 38·8 (S.E. 1·01) kg/ewe lambed; P < 0·05). However, the weight of lamb weaned per kg of ewe metabolic weight did not differ significantly between the breeds.With Blackface ewes, the proportion of ewes lambing without assistance was lower for Blue-Faced Leicester compared with Blackface sires (P < 0·001). In addition, the proportion of ewes lambing without assistance was lower (P < 0·001) for Texel compared with both Blackface and Blue-Faced Leicester-sired lambs. Lamb birth weights were higher in Blue-Faced Leicester (P < 0·05) and Texel (P < 0·001) compared with Blackface-sired lambs (4·38, 4·51 and 4·09 (S.E. 0·076) kg, respectively). Similarly, the weight of lamb weaned per ewe lambed was higher (P < 0·001) with Blue-Faced Leicester and Texel compared with Blackface sires (39·8, 38·8 and 33·8 (S.E. 1·01) kg, respectively). The carcass weight of the male lambs 3 weeks post-weaning was significantly higher (P < 0·001) in Blue-Faced Leicester and Texel compared with Blackface-sired lambs (12·5, 12·0 and 10·2 (S.E. 0·20) kg, respectively). Carcass conformation classification was higher in Texel compared with Blue-Faced Leicester and Blackface-sired lambs (P < 0·001). Fat classification was higher in Texel (P < 0·01) and Blue-Faced Leicester (P < 0·05) compared with Blackface-sired lambs. With Cheviot ewes, a greater number of ewes lambed unaided (P < 0·05) with Cheviot and Texel compared with Suffolk-sired lambs. The number of lambs born dead was higher (P < 0·01) with Suffolk compared with Cheviot and Texel-sired lambs (0·14, 0·08 and 0·07 (S.E. 0·016) lambs born dead/ewe lambed, respectively). Growth rates were higher in Suffolk compared with Cheviot-sired lambs (P < 0·05). Overall, Suffolk (P = 0·06) and Texel (P < 0·001) sires produced a greater weight of lamb at weaning compared with Cheviot sires (40·0, 41·5 and 36·9 (S.E. 1·01) kg, respectively). Carcass weight of lambs 3 weeks post-weaning was higher for Suffolk (P < 0·05) and Texel (P < 0·01) compared with Cheviot-sired male lambs. Carcass conformation classification was higher in Texel and Suffolk compared with Cheviot-sired (P < 0·001) lambs. Fat classification was also higher in Texel compared with Cheviot-sired lambs (P < 0·05). Carcass chemical composition was not significantly affected by lamb genotype.
9
Sawalha, R. M., J. Conington, S. Brotherstone, and B. Villanueva. "Analyses of lamb survival of Scottish Blackface sheep." Animal 1, no. 1 (2007): 151–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1751731107340056.
Full text
10
Bishop, S. C., N. D. Cameron, B. K. Speake, J. Bracken, I. A. J. Ratchford, and R. C. Noble. "Responses in adipocyte dimensions to divergent selection for predicted carcass lean content in sheep." Animal Science 60, no. 2 (1995): 215–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1357729800008377.
Full textAbstract:
AbstractAdipocyte dimensions of subcutaneous fat, sampled by biopsy at the 13th rib, were measured in 20-week-old rams from lines of Texel-Oxford and Scottish Blackface sheep, both divergently selected for carcass lean content. A total of 163 animals were measured, with close to equal numbers per breed-line combination. In both breeds, the high (lean) selection line had significantly lower backfat depths (0·71 mm in the Texel-Oxford and 0·83 mm in the Scottish Blackface, s.e.d. = 0·14 and 0·13 mm, respectively), but body weight did not differ between the lines. The ultrasonic fat depth differences between the Texel-Oxford selected lines were accompanied by increases in adipocyte diameter, area, diameter standard deviation within each sample and implied cell number, calculated as the ratio of ultrasonic fat depth to average adipocyte diameter. In the Scottish Blackface sheep there were no selection line differences in adipocyte dimensions, but there was an increase in implied cell number in the line selected for increased fatness. Across breeds, ultrasonic fat depth was correlated with both adipocyte diameter and implied adipocyte number (r = 0·58 and 0·75, respectively), but these latter two measurements were uncorrelated with each other.
Dissertations / Theses on the topic "Blackface sheep"
1
O'Connor, Cheryl E. "Mother-offspring relationships in Scottish blackface sheep." Thesis, University of Edinburgh, 1991. http://hdl.handle.net/1842/15550.
Full textAbstract:
This thesis gives a complete description of the changes in the ewe-lamb relationship from birth to weaning, and determines those ewe behaviours of greatest importance to lamb survival and growth. Detailed observations on the grooming behaviour of 50 Scottish Blackface ewes illustrated the extent to which grooming behaviour in twin bearing ewes is affected by the birth of the second lamb. Althugh previous experience does not affect grooming behaviour specifically it does affect the ability of primiparous ewes to cope initially with grooming twin lambs. Previous experience does however, strongly affect ewes responses to active lambs, shown in uncooperative movement by primiparous ewes as lambs attempt to suckle. It was also found, using crossbreeding, that although a lamb, such as the Mule, may have a high birthweight and also stand quickly after birth this does not necessarily mean it will also suckle quickly and effectively. The Mule lambs which were intended to be inactive relative to pure Blackface lambs, were not in the event inactive but failed to show appropriate udder-seeking behaviour. It would appear that the initiation of grooming is genetically controlled and that lamb behaviour, particularly lamb activity may influence the further development of grooming. Longer term observations of 73 Scottish Blackface ewes and lambs outdoors in two years showed that the major changes in the ewe-lamb relationship occur at 3 weeks of age. This corresponds to the time of commencement of weaning, or a new phase in the ewe-lamb relationship and is determined by the willingness of the ewe to allow suckling and the subsequent ability of the lamb to adjust its behaviour. The lamb has to learn that it will only be allowed to suckle when the ewe communicates her wilingness by a headup or call signal. These results are discussed in relation to current literature on parent-offspring conflict and weaning theories. Ewe behavioural measures were also shown to influence lamb growth. Estimations of the quality of the ewe-lamb relationship, using measurements such as headup and call frequencies, appear most likely to have an influence on lamb survival and growth. The influence of ewe behaviour, on the lamb and the ewe-lamb relationship, may well be best investigated in the future through the use of an individual ewe 'character' description.
2
Benothman, Mohamed Ahmed Ezzeddin. "Determinants of resistance to nematode infection in Scottish blackface sheep." Thesis, University of Glasgow, 2005. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.438005.
Full text
3
Conington, Joanne. "The genetic improvement of carcass and maternal traits in Scottish Blackface sheep." Thesis, University of Edinburgh, 1999. http://hdl.handle.net/1842/13453.
Full textAbstract:
This thesis addresses the issues of genetic improvement of carcass and maternal traits in hill sheep. It i) compares the performance of two genetic lines of Scottish Blackface lambs divergent for subcutaneous fat, ii) quantifies the genetic components of carcass traits in extensive hill environments, iii) explores the implications of selecting for reduced fatness in hill lambs, iv) develops and describes methods to include carcass traits in the breeding goals for hill sheep, and v) gives predicted results from index selection for maternal and carcass traits, using indexes of overall economic merit. For points i) to iii), approximately 2000 Scottish Blackface lambs were measured, sired by 32 rams divergent for subcutaneous fat depth, and born to 1660 unselected ewes in 1991 and 1992. They were reared under extensive conditions on two contrasting hill farms. Results showed that genetic differences in subcutaneous fatness arising from selection in an intensive environment are still expressed despite harsh rearing environments. Heritabilities for birth weight, marking weight (at approximately 6 weeks of age) and weaning weight (at 17 weeks) were 0.07±0.04, 0.02±0.03, and 0.14±0.05, respectively. Heritabilities for ultrasonic muscle and fat depth were 0.27±0.09 and 0.16±0.06, respectively. Heritability estimates for carcass traits were: pre-slaughter liveweight 0.36±0.13, cold carcass weight 0.39±0.14, fat class 0.13±0.08, conformation score 0.09±0.07, dissected lean weight 0.27±0.27, dissected bone weight 0.36±0.13 (constant subcutaneous fatness), dissected intermuscular fat weight 0.10±0.07, subcutaneous fat weight 0.20±0.09 (constant cold carcass weight). There was a strong maternal effect on live weight which declined with age. The rearing environment of the lambs was an important environmental effect on the heritability estimate for backfat thickness, being twice as large for animals reared on the improved pasture compared to those reared on hill pasture.
4
Wassink, Geert Jan. "The effect of nutrition on the pathophysiology of trypanosomiasis in Scottish Blackface sheep." Thesis, University of Glasgow, 1997. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.363165.
Full text
5
Park, Michael. "A study on variation in immune responses and protective mechanisms to Ostertagia circumcincta and their relationship with parasitological parameters in Scottish blackface sheep." Thesis, University of Glasgow, 2001. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.392604.
Full text
6
Henderson, Neil Gordon. "Immunity to Teladorsagia circumcincta infection in Scottish blackface sheep : an investigation into the kinetics of the immune response, antigen recognition and the MHC." Thesis, University of Glasgow, 2002. http://theses.gla.ac.uk/4140/.
Full textAbstract:
The kinetics of the host's immune responses to challenge infection were studied and identified clear patterns in plasma IgA activity, peripheral eosinophil counts, faecal egg counts and plasma pepsinogen concentrations but not in plasma IgG activity. It was determined that when used in parallel and when tested at multiple time points, these parameters have much greater potential as markers of resistance than when used individually or more importantly if only assessed on a single occasion. Further work investigated the recognition of stage specific parasite antigens by host plasma IgA by Western blotting. After adjusting for differences in the activity of IgA in each plasma sample the work in this thesis identified that preferential recognition of a different set of antigens was associated with resistance in the group of experimentally challenged animals compared to previous publications. Additionally, and for the first time this investigation was also carried out on naturally infected animals. There was little correlation in the patterns of antigen recognition between the experimentally challenged and naturally infected animals. Finally, the role of MHC was investigated and it was determined that MHC heterozygotes produced significantly more plasma IgA then MHC homozygotes but did not harbour significantly shorter worms. The analysis also confirmed in naturally infected sheep that there was no obvious relationship between MHC polymorphism and antigen recognition. The results suggested that resistance was due to the recognition of several molecules rather than a single molecule. The work detailed in this thesis has further increased our understanding of the complex host/parasite relationship and has confirmed that selective breeding using the various phenotypic and genetic markers studied is possible. However, this will only be viable if the tests involved in assessing these traits become cheaper and easier to perform, especially if they are to be carried out by the farmer, on the farm.
7
Dunson, Stephanie Elaine. "The minstrel in the parlor: Nineteenth -century sheet music and the domestication of blackface minstrelsy." 2004. https://scholarworks.umass.edu/dissertations/AAI3136722.
Full textAbstract:
This dissertation explores the role of sheet music in the evolving racial ideologies of mid-nineteenth-century America. My claim is that minstrelsy in the home presents parallel but distinct development of the themes and assumptions commonly associated with the blackface tradition. My primary interest is in exploring early print versions of a popular minstrel tunes to consider how adjustments in the design and content mark minstrelsy's transition from rowdy dance hall spectacle to refined home entertainment. Read against literary works and first-hand accounts of nineteenth-century home life, the cover illustrations, lyrics, and musical notation of minstrel sheet music reveal how misrepresentations of black identity were positioned at complex intersections of popular culture, national identity, public and private space, and consumerism. I offer an analysis of lyrics, melodies, and musical arrangements to show the evolution of 1840s minstrel sheet music—a progression that exposes a developing reciprocal relationship between the refined aesthetics of the parlor and the playful antics of blackface performance. Most notably, I demonstrate how the logic Eric Lott employs in exposing blackface performance as a medium driven by white male sexuality and racial desire finds a gendered parallel in the images of minstrel sheet music covers designed for white middle-class women. Ultimately, I suggest that in an era when family dynamics were changing, when class lines were being redrawn, when print material not only reflected social standards but also dictated them, Americans were relearning family roles and relationships even as they were consuming race parodies offered on the covers and in the lyrics of popular minstrel songs. In this age of class uncertainty, minstrel sheet music provided not only entertainment that was supposedly “rich in dark fun” but also offered black caricatures that assured white Americans of their own place within the shifting boundaries of domestic propriety.
Books on the topic "Blackface sheep"
1
Scott, John Land Valuer. Blackfaced Sheep : Their History, Distribution, and Improvement: With Methods of Management, and Treatment of Their Principal Diseases. Creative Media Partners, LLC, 2021.
Find full textBook chapters on the topic "Blackface sheep"
1
"scottish blackface sheep." In The Fairchild Books Dictionary of Textiles. Fairchild Books, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.5040/9781501365072.14294.
Full text
2
Dunson, Stephanie. "Black Misrepresentation in Nineteenth-Century Sheet Music Illustration." In Beyond Blackface. University of North Carolina Press, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.5149/9780807878026_brundage.6.
Full text
3
Fox, Brian. "The New World Presses." In James Joyce's America. Oxford University Press, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198814023.003.0002.
Full textAbstract:
Chapter 2 examines allusions to American popular culture in Joyce’s work. A potentially voluminous subject given the sheer range of references, the chapter narrows it down to areas which show a continued engagement across Joyce’s works. One of the most significant examples of this is blackface minstrelsy. Indeed, Joyce, it would appear, is particularly drawn to a specific kind of American popular culture, one with a strong sense of a connection with a history of colonialism, empire, and race. Within this framework, Joyce appropriates and renegotiates Irish relations to not only blackface minstrels, but also the Mutt and Jeff comic strip, Hollywood movies, Broadway musicals, cowboys and Indians, jazz, flappers, speakeasies, and myriad other markers of American popular culture.