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Journal articles on the topic 'Blacks in medicine'
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1
Anderson, Winston A., James H. Wyche, and Vivian Ovelton Sammons. "Blacks in Science and Medicine." Journal of Negro Education 59, no. 3 (1990): 518. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/2295582.
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De Meillon, Francois. "Industrialisasie, verstedeliking en gesondheid: die gesondheid van swartes in Brakpan 1919-1945." New Contree 32 (November 30, 1992): 7. http://dx.doi.org/10.4102/nc.v32i0.584.
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From the town's attainment of municipal status in 1919, the Brakpan health department experienced serious difficulties in providing all aspects of proper health care due to the population growth. Within the context of the health legislation of that time and white conceptions of black inferiority, the health services offered to blacks in Brakpan had serious limitations. Blacks were excluded from formal health structures and the quality of both medical services and health facilities for blacks was distinctly lower than those for whites. However over this period blacks gradually moved away from their traditional health practices as they began to experience the advantages of western medicine.
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Travis, Toni-Michelle C. "Boston: The Unfinished Agenda." PS 19, no. 3 (1986): 610–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0030826900626322.
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In January 1986 Bruce Boiling, a member of the Boston City Council, became the first black president in the council's 166-year history. Boiling's presidency marks the culmination of the slow, but steadily growing empowerment of blacks in Boston politics. While blacks have always been present in Boston politics they have more often been observers, rather than participants as the Yankees and the Irish have dominated the political stage. In order to understand the role of blacks in Boston it is necessary to have some background knowledge of how Yankee paternalism retarded black political development and how Irish displacement of the Yankees resulted in the exclusion of blacks from Democratic party politics.Historical AntecedentsBoston politics has its roots in the historical relationships among the Yankees, the Irish, and the blacks. Under Yankee domination colonial and pre-Civil War blacks experienced racial harmony in an atmosphere where they could enjoy civil and political rights. Wealthy Yankee traders viewed free blacks paternalistically, as a low income class of people (Lupo, 1977, p. 124). Since Yankees were members of the political and cultural elite they did not perceive blacks as an economic threat to their position. Consequently, blacks could freely operate businesses, buy property, and run for office (Horton, 1979).As slavery became an increasingly important issue in the 1850s free blacks and Yankee abolitionists formed integrated organizations to end slavery. Abolitionist organizations provided an opportunity for free blacks to learn organizational and political skills. Yet, blacks often found that their efforts to become leaders were thwarted by white patrons who expected blacks to work only as obedient followers. A notable case among many was the conflict between white abolitionist William Lloyd Garrison and Frederick Douglass, a former slave, over the crucial issue of the future role of blacks in electoral politics (Quarles, 1969). Frederick Douglass broke with Garrison who felt that blacks should not be encouraged to vote in a political system where the Constitution protected the rights of slaveholders (Horton, 1979, p. 86). Douglass adamantly advocated electoral participation and pulled some black abolitionists from Garrison's ranks. Douglass felt that participation in the electoral process was a necessary step in the political development of blacks. To affirm his convictions Douglass ran on the Liberal ticket for an office in New York state.
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Hebert, L. A., G. Agarwal, S. E. Ladson-Wofford, M. Reif, L. Hiremath, S. G. Carlton, N. S. Nahman, M. E. Falkenhain, and A. Agarwal. "Nocturnal blood pressure in treated hypertensive African Americans Compared to treated hypertensive European Americans." Journal of the American Society of Nephrology 7, no. 10 (October 1996): 2130–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.1681/asn.v7102130.
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Previous studies have shown that African Americans (blacks) tend to have higher nocturnal blood pressure than European Americans (whites). The study presented here was undertaken to determine whether treatment of hypertension influences nocturnal blood pressure differently in blacks than in whites. To answer this question, this study measured nocturnal blood pressure by ambulatory blood pressure monitoring (ABPM) in treated hypertensive blacks and whites whose daytime blood pressures were comparable. Inclusion criteria for this study were: diagnosis of essential hypertension, absence of renal failure, and documentation of antihypertensive therapy, diabetic status, proteinuria status, and body weight. All of the black patients in our programs who underwent ABPM and met the above criteria were included in this study. White patients were included on the basis of having the same inclusion criteria as blacks and showing, by ABPM, daytime mean arterial pressure (MAP) in the same range as that of the blacks selected for this study. The results of nocturnal blood pressure were unknown to the investigators when the patients were selected for this study. In the blacks (N = 62) and whites (N = 72) selected for study, the mean daytime (0600 to 2200 h) MAP was 107 +/- 1 SE mm Hg for both the black and white cohorts. To assess nocturnal blood pressure, the period from 0100 to 0500 h was chosen because it likely encompassed an interval of sleep, which is associated with the nadir of nocturnal blood pressure. This interval was termed 0100 to 0500 h, "middle night." Mean middle night MAP was 97 +/- 12 mm Hg in blacks versus 90 +/- 14 mm Hg in whites (P < 0.006, unpaired t test). The greater middle night MAP in blacks compared with whites was a result of the higher diastolic pressure in blacks (80 +/- 11 mm Hg) versus whites (75 +/- 11 mm Hg) (P = 0.003). Mean middle night systolic blood pressure was numerically higher in blacks than whites (131 +/- 18 mm Hg versus 128 +/- 17 mm Hg), but this difference did not achieve statistical significance. The higher middle night blood pressure in blacks versus whites could not be explained by differences between the groups in daytime MAP, age, gender, body weight, serum creatinine level, proteinuria, diabetic status, or greater use of short-acting antihypertensive agents in blacks versus whites. It was concluded that when treated hypertensive blacks and whites are matched for the same daytime blood pressure, blacks tend to have significantly higher nocturnal blood pressure than whites. The magnitude of this difference suggests that it could contribute importantly to the greater target-organ damage that is seen in hypertensive blacks compared with hypertensive whites.
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Yium, J., P. Gabow, A. Johnson, W. Kimberling, and M. Martinez-Maldonado. "Autosomal dominant polycystic kidney disease in blacks: clinical course and effects of sickle-cell hemoglobin." Journal of the American Society of Nephrology 4, no. 9 (March 1994): 1670–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.1681/asn.v491670.
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Autosomal dominant polycystic kidney disease (ADPKD) is a frequent cause of ESRD, but its frequency in blacks has not been well delineated and its course and the effects of sickle hemoglobin in this disease in blacks have not been previously reported. The occurrence of ADPKD in blacks and whites was determined in two ESRD populations: all ESRD patients seen over a 16-yr period in one area of Southeast Tennessee and all ESRD patients in 15 hemodialysis units in Tennessee and Atlanta, GA. The frequency of sickle hemoglobin was determined and compared in a group of nonrelated blacks with ESRD with and without ADPKD. The age at onset of ESRD and factors that might affect ADPKD such as gender, hypertension, and hemoglobin type were examined. ADPKD was a less frequent cause of ESRD in blacks than whites (1.4 versus 6.8%). However, after adjusting for the population rate, the incidence rates in blacks and whites were similar (0.48 and 0.47 of 100,000). There was a higher incidence of sickle hemoglobin in nonrelated blacks with ADPKD versus other black ESRD patients (50 versus 7.5%; P < 0.005). Blacks had an earlier onset of ESRD than whites (43.2 versus 55.4 yr; P < 0.0001), as did blacks with sickle-cell trait versus blacks without (38.2 versus 48.1 yr; P < 0.003). In this population, hypertension and gender had no effect on the onset of ESRD. ADPKD accounted for a smaller percentage of blacks than whites with ESRD because of the high percentage of blacks with renal disease from other causes.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
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James, Keturah, and Ayana Jordan. "The Opioid Crisis in Black Communities." Journal of Law, Medicine & Ethics 46, no. 2 (2018): 404–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1073110518782949.
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While much of the social and political attention surrounding the nationwide opioid epidemic has focused on the dramatic increase in overdose deaths among white, middle-class, suburban and rural users, the impact of the epidemic in Black communities has largely been unrecognized. Though rates of opioid use at the national scale are higher for whites than they are for Blacks, rates of increase in opioid deaths have been rising more steeply among Blacks (43%) than whites (22%) over the last five years. Moreover, the rate of opioid overdose deaths among Blacks already exceeds that of whites in several states. The lack of discussion of Black overdose deaths in the national opioid discourse further marginalizes Black people, and is highly consistent with a history of framing the addictions of people of color as deserving of criminal punishment, rather than worthy of medical treatment. This article argues that, because racial inequalities are embedded in American popular and political cultures as well as in medicine, the federal and state governments should develop more culturally targeted programs to benefit Black communities in the opioid crisis. Such programs include the use of faith-based organizations to deliver substance use prevention and treatment services, the inclusion of racial impact assessments in the implementation of drug policy proposals, and the formal consideration of Black people's interaction with the criminal justice system in designing treatment options.
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Williams, N., O. Abo Al Haija, A. Workneh, D. Sarpong, E. Keku, G. Ogedegbe, S. I. McFarlane, and G. Jean-Louis. "Excessive Daytime Sleepiness among Hypertensive US-Born Blacks and Foreign-Born Blacks: Analysis of the CAATCH Data." International Journal of Hypertension 2013 (2013): 1–4. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2013/852389.
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Background. Evidence shows that blacks exhibit greater daytime sleepiness compared with whites, based on the Epworth Sleepiness Scale. In addition, sleep complaints might differ based on individuals’ country of origin. However, it is not clear whether individuals’ country of origin has any influence on excessive daytime sleepiness (EDS).Study Objectives. We tested the hypothesis that US-born blacks would show a greater level of EDS compared with foreign-born blacks. The potential effects of sociodemographic and medical risk were also determined.Design. We used the Counseling African-Americans to Control Hypertension (CAATCH) data. CAATCH is a group randomized clinical trial that was conducted among 30 community healthcare centers in New York, yielding baseline data for 1,058 hypertensive black patients.Results. Results of univariate logistic regression analysis indicated that US-born blacks were nearly twice as likely as their foreign-born black counterparts to exhibit EDS (OR=1.87, 95% CI: 1.30–2.68,P<0.001). After adjusting for effects of age, sex, education, employment, body mass index, alcohol consumption, and smoking habit, US-born blacks were 69% more likely than their counterparts to exhibit EDS (OR=1.69, 95% CI: 1.11–2.57,P<0.01).Conclusion. Findings demonstrate the importance of considering individuals’ country of origin, in addition to their race and ethnicity, when analyzing epidemiologic sleep data.
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Zhang, Qian, and Yu Sun. "From Identity Crisis to Identity Construction: A Study of Identity Issues in Beloved." International Journal of Languages, Literature and Linguistics 9, no. 3 (June 2023): 220–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.18178/ijlll.2023.9.3.408.
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The 1993 Nobel Prize winner Toni Morrison is one of the most prominent black female writers in contemporary American literature. Beloved is her very outstanding work and wins the Pulitzer Prize for Best Novel. It reveals the darkness of slavery and its torture towards the blacks. This paper tries to show the tragic destiny of the blacks, criticize the extremely negative influence of cultural hegemony and the other, and explore ways to construct identity. The colonialism and racism of cultural hegemony and the other are the prime causes of identity crisis. The blacks should face the miserable history bravely, dissolve the erosion of white culture, recover and develop black culture on the basis of traditional culture. Only in this way, can they come out of the shadow and obtain true freedom.
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Abo, Muthana Al, Wen-Chi Foo, Lauren Howard, Monika Anand, Daniel J. George, Steven R. Patierno, and Jennifer A. Freedman. "Abstract A001: Differential alternative RNA splicing and transcription events between Black and White prostate cancer patients involve genes promoting cancer aggressiveness and associate with patient survival." Cancer Research 83, no. 11_Supplement (June 2, 2023): A001. http://dx.doi.org/10.1158/1538-7445.prca2023-a001.
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Abstract Black patients suffer disproportionately from prostate cancer (PCa) progression to lethal disease compared with Asian and White patients. Comparing the molecular landscape of PCa in Black and White men has the potential to identify targets for development of new precision medicine interventions. Alternative RNA splicing and transcription events (ARS/Ts) can alter gene function. Cancer may exploit ARS/Ts to enhance proliferation, metastasis, and drug resistance. Here, we isolated RNA from fresh frozen PCa specimens and tumor-associated normal (TAN) specimens from 35 self-reported Black and 37 self-reported White patients diagnosed with Gleason-high or -low PCa and undergoing radical prostatectomy or biopsy. Analysis of follow-up clinical data for patients participating in our study show an increased hazard ratio of PCa progression among Black patients compared to White patients (HR = 2.13 and p < 0.05). We performed comparative transcriptomic analysis between Gleason-high or -low tumor and TAN samples among Blacks, among Whites, or between Blacks and Whites with Gleason-high or –low PCa. Among differential ARS/Ts identified between tumors and TANs among Blacks, 532 are unique to Gleason-high and 673 are unique to Gleason-low. Among differential ARS/Ts between Blacks and Whites, 360 are unique to Gleason-high and 242 are unique to Gleason-low. Interestingly, we found that even in TANs, there are 802 differential ARS/Ts between Blacks and Whites, with 459 and 343 in Gleason-high and Gleason-low, respectively. Among the genes undergoing differential ARS/Ts between Blacks and Whites are FGFR1, AKT1, H6PD, MDM2, and RAD51D in Gleason-high and CDK7 and VEGFA in Gleason-low. Notably, the number of genes undergoing ARS/Ts between Blacks and Whites with Gleason-high or -low tumors was higher than the number of genes undergoing differential aggregate gene expression between Blacks and Whites. Using gene set enrichment analysis, we found that genes undergoing ARS/Ts function in cancer relevant pathways. For example, the genes undergoing ARS/Ts between Blacks and Whites with Gleason-high or -low tumors were enriched in spermatogenesis and P53 hallmark pathways, respectively. Importantly, survival analysis shows a number of differential ARS/Ts between Blacks and Whites with Gleason-high or -low tumors are individually associated with progression-free survival. In summary, we have investigated the biology of PCa and TAN tissue between Black and White patients at the exon level. A number of genes undergoing newly identified differential ARS/Ts between Blacks and Whites are in genes reported to promote cancer aggressiveness and a number are in genes whose function in cancer was unreported prior to our findings, and a number are associated with patient progression-free survival. Our findings have identified novel targets with potential for precision oncology for PCa. Estimation of genetic ancestry of study participants and in vitro and in vivo validation of prioritized targets for PCa biology are underway. Citation Format: Muthana Al Abo, Wen-Chi Foo, Lauren Howard, Monika Anand, Daniel J. George, Steven R. Patierno, Jennifer A Freedman. Differential alternative RNA splicing and transcription events between Black and White prostate cancer patients involve genes promoting cancer aggressiveness and associate with patient survival [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the AACR Special Conference: Advances in Prostate Cancer Research; 2023 Mar 15-18; Denver, Colorado. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2023;83(11 Suppl):Abstract nr A001.
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Manning, Kenneth R. "Blacks in Science and Medicine. Vivian Ovelton Sammons." Isis 83, no. 1 (March 1992): 181–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.1086/356106.
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Doepker, Matthew P., Scott D. Holt, Martin W. Durkin, Christopher H. Chu, and James M. Nottingham. "Triple-Negative Breast Cancer: A Comparison of Race and Survival." American Surgeon 84, no. 6 (June 2018): 881–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/000313481808400636.
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Triple-negative breast cancer (TNBC) is an aggressive subtype of breast cancer with a high prevalence in blacks. South Carolina demographically has a high percentage of blacks. This study examines survival and recurrence associated with TNBC in black and white women. A retrospective review of breast cancer patients within the Palmetto Health Cancer Registry was performed from 1999 to 2015. Patient demographics and tumor characteristics were collected and correlated with outcomes. Overall survival (OS), disease-specific survival (DSS), and recurrence-free survival (RFS) were analyzed. The total number of breast cancer patients in the registry was 1723 (1085—white and 638—black). The median follow-up was 48.4 months. The majority of cancers diagnosed in both cohorts were early stage (I, IIA, IIB, 93.4% vs 90.4% P = NS). We identified 332 patients with TNBC. Of those 332 patients, 144 (43.4%) were whites and 188 (56.6%) were blacks. Older age (P = 0.01), high-grade (P < 0.001), and black race (P < 0.001) were significantly associated with TNBC on multivariate analysis. Five- and 10-year OS was significantly worse in blacks with TNBC (P < 0.001). There was no difference in DSS or RFS between the two cohorts. TNBC disproportionately affects black women and is an aggressive subtype of breast cancer with limited treatment options compared with receptor-positive breast cancer. Black patients with TNBC in our study had statistically worse OS. These findings are similar to what has been reported in the literature and prompts further research in newer targeted therapies.
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Hasson, Rebecca E., Kirsten E. Granados, David Xavier Marquez, Gary Bennett, Patty Freedson, and Barry Braun. "Psychological Responses to Acute Exercise in Sedentary Black and White Individuals." Journal of Physical Activity and Health 8, no. 7 (September 2011): 978–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.1123/jpah.8.7.978.
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Background:Racial differences in psychological determinants of exercise exist between non-Hispanic blacks (blacks) and non-Hispanic whites (whites). To date, no study has examined racial differences in the psychological responses during and after exercise. The objective of this study was to compare psychological outcomes of single exercise bouts in blacks and whites.Methods:On 3 separate occasions, sedentary black (n = 16) and white (n = 14) participants walked on a treadmill at 75%max HR for 75 minutes. Questionnaires assessing mood, state anxiety, and exercise task self-efficacy were administered before and after each exercise bout. In-task mood and rating of perceived exertion (RPE) were measured every 5 minutes during exercise.Results:Exercise self-efficacy and psychological distress significantly improved in both blacks and whites. However during exercise blacks reported more positive in-task mood and lower RPE compared with whites.Conclusions:These data suggest that racial differences exist in psychological responses during exercise. Further research should confirm these findings in a larger, free-living population.
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Shrivastava, Dr Ku Richa. "Black Feminism as a Literary Tradition." SMART MOVES JOURNAL IJELLH 7, no. 8 (July 27, 2019): 13. http://dx.doi.org/10.24113/ijellh.v7i8.9277.
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The research paper posits to detail the black literary tradition.When the American art is viewed as a whole, the contribution of blacks is found in a miniature fraction, if we exclude their folk tradition of melody and dances. Merely, three generations have been passed of blacks’ early years. The black literary tradition has immediately passed its immaturity. At first, the silent era subsequent to slavery has existed. Folk tales and music inform readers about these black writers and artists who have lived and died. African - American literature has propagated the fact that blacks have been repressed. They resisted against relentless repression. After reconstruction period black lips became verbal. This new black man took two to three generations to expand his inspirations and contemplations to correspond to his own sentiments. Those black male authors have no evidence to converse for blacks who took three quarters of a century (75 years) to visible them in a literary tradition.
Black women voices have been suppressed in context of black women’s literature and black cultural tradition. African - American women have been excluded from western writings in historical period. Both African American men and White men have denied African - American women a platform in literary tradition. Reading text has influenced African - American women to raise voice against racism. The institutional practices of racism by white patriarchal power structure have rebuffed to acknowledge black women historically. The racism and gender oppression practiced against black women persuaded them to write with reference to the perspectives of black women. After 1960’s, the black writings flourished. In Reading Black Reading Feminist a Critical Anthology (1990) edited by Henry Louis Gates, states expression of Anna Julia Cooper. She lays emphasis on recognition of black women literary tradition was in need to claim authority. Since 1970, with the publication of literary artifacts of African tradition, black women have come in the vanguard of African - American literary tradition. Several Black women writers works are studied and intertwined into a literary tradition like, Anna Julia Cooper, Zora Neale Hurston, Barbara Christian, Alice Walker, Patricia Hills Collins, Bell Hooks and Angela Y. Davis. Social animosities have been made between black women and black men with black women’s success of literary tradition and black men sexism towards them.
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Ashraf, Ambika, Yufeng Li, Frank Franklin, Kenneth McCormick, and Elaine Moreland. "Racial Disparities on Glycemic Control and Lipid Profiles in Children with Type 1 Diabetes." Clinical medicine. Endocrinology and diabetes 2 (January 2009): CMED.S1065. http://dx.doi.org/10.4137/cmed.s1065.
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Objective We assessed the racial (Black–White) differences in glycemic control, prevalence of abnormal lipid profiles and factors influencing temporal trends in children with type 1 diabetes (T1DM). Methods This retrospective study was done in children with T1DM. The outcome measure was based on glycemic control and all lipid determinations which were stratified according to the published guidelines. Results The study included 181 children; 76.2% Whites and 23.8% Blacks. The mean glycated hemoglobin (A1C) was higher in Blacks than in Whites (p < 0.0001). Blacks had elevated total cholesterol (TC) (p = 0.0013), lower TC/HDL ratio (p < 0.0001) and higher concentration of HDL (<0.0001) when compared to Whites. The longitudinal analyses over a 5 year period showed changes in A1C significantly associated with changes in the lipid profiles. The lipid profiles in Blacks were more altered by the trend in A1C with changes in the TC (p = 0.0079), non-HDL (p < 0.0001) and HDL (p < 0.0001). Conclusions Black children with T1DM have poorer glycemic control. However they retained excellent levels of HDL when compared to Whites.
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Stone, Clarence N. "Atlanta: Protest and Elections Are Not Enough." PS 19, no. 3 (1986): 618–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0030826900626334.
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Blacks hold governmental power in Atlanta. They have a two-to-one majority on the city council, and Andrew Young is in his second term as the city's second black mayor. Moreover, blacks are a substantial presence in the civic life of Atlanta. They have held the presidency of the Chamber of Commerce, and are to be found among the membership of every important board and commission in the public life of the community. The political incorporation of blacks in Atlanta is now strong enough for Mayor Young to entertain the possibility of city-county consolidation. Even with such a move, blacks presumably would remain at the center of public life in Atlanta.How such a seemingly strong form of political incorporation came about is in part a familiar story. Key facts in the city's political history are widely known:1. In 1946, Georgia's white primary was invalidated. A voter-registration drive in the black community brought nearly 20,000 new voters onto the rolls, making the black community more than a quarter of the city's electorate (Bacote, 1955).2. Atlanta's mayor at the time, William B. Hartsfield, recognized the potential for taking on Atlanta's black community as junior partners in a coalition built around the mutually reinforcing themes of economic growth and racial moderation. He and his successor, Ivan Allen, Jr., profited electorally from that coalition over the next twenty years (see Jennings and Zeigler, 1966).3. Atlanta's black community entered a new and more assertive phase in 1960 as direct-action protests signalled the end of the era of quiet accommodation between established black and white leaders (Walker, 1963).4. The 1970 census reports show that Atlanta's population balance had tilted to a black majority, and, in 1973, Maynard Jackson was elected as Atlanta's first black mayor. Jackson was reelected by a comfortable margin in 1977, and he has been followed by Atlanta's second black mayor, Andrew Young. Mayor Young was reelected in a landslide in 1985.
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Moise, Rhoda, Maurice Chery, MyKayla Wyrick, Imelda Moise, Azizi Seixas, and Girardin Jean-Louis. "0273 Photovoice for Leveraging Integrative Medicine Amongst Black Adults to Improve Sleep Health." SLEEP 47, Supplement_1 (April 20, 2024): A118. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/sleep/zsae067.0273.
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Abstract Introduction Average adults are recommended to have 7-8 hours of sleep. However insufficient sleep (IS; < 7 hours/nightly) is associated with increased risk of chronic diseases such as cardiovascular disease (CVD) and type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM). Integrative medicine, a burgeoning area of research and practice, leverages both modern and traditional approaches to improve health. Despite integrative medicine’s recognition as a tool to improve sleep and related outcomes, there is a gap in literature in addressing its impact among blacks, who experience a disproportionate burden of IS and chronic disease. This qualitative study aimed to examine current integrative medicine practices to overcome IS and overall health in black communities. Methods Using photovoice methodology, a qualitative tool which applies community-engaged principles to produce culturally informed results through interviews and digital media, consented participants were recruited from Miami, Florida and 1) instructed to capture images over one week that communicated their integrative practices to improve sleep and overall health on their mobile device; 2) interviewed using individual, semi-structured procedures to add “voice” to the “photos” they captured for ~20 minutes; and 3) invited to participate in follow-up focus groups for refined discussion and data triangulation for ~1.5 hours. Both individual and focus group interviews were conducted over Zoom with recordings transcribed for formal content analysis using Nvivo software. Results The sample included N=25 diverse US blacks (M=37, SD=13, range 21-57). Approximately a quarter of the sample were unemployed (N=7) and majority were women (N=21). Results highlighted five themes of integrative medicine practice including: (1) natural wellness (sleep supplements, comfort beverages, aromatherapy, herbalism, outdoors); (2) self-care (self- maintenance, physical activity, spatial comfort); (3) leisure (pet support, play); (4) mental stimulation (mindfulness, reading); and (5) spiritual wellness (faith-based practices). Study results elucidate the heterogeneity of diverse US blacks regarding sociocultural knowledge, beliefs, and behaviors. Conclusion Addressing IS in black communities requires a comprehensive strategy that integrates cultural sensitivity, family and community dynamics, education, mental health support, and informed policymaking. Future studies should consider how sleep health literacy, stress appraisal, and coping strategies may vary by race/ethnicity for tailored intervention. Support (if any) National Institutes of Health (NIH) R25HL-10-5444 and R01HL142066-06.
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Kiang, Mathew V., Nancy Krieger, Caroline O. Buckee, Jukka Pekka Onnela, and Jarvis T. Chen. "Decomposition of the US black/white inequality in premature mortality, 2010–2015: an observational study." BMJ Open 9, no. 11 (November 2019): e029373. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/bmjopen-2019-029373.
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ObjectiveDecompose the US black/white inequality in premature mortality into shared and group-specific risks to better inform health policy.SettingAll 50 US states and the District of Columbia, 2010 to 2015.ParticipantsA total of 2.85 million non-Hispanic white and 762 639 non-Hispanic black US-resident decedents.Primary and secondary outcome measuresThe race-specific county-level relative risks for US blacks and whites, separately, and the risk ratio between groups.ResultsThere is substantial geographic variation in premature mortality for both groups and the risk ratio between groups. After adjusting for median household income, county-level relative risks ranged from 0.46 to 2.04 (median: 1.03) for whites and from 0.31 to 3.28 (median: 1.15) for blacks. County-level risk ratios (black/white) ranged from 0.33 to 4.56 (median: 1.09). Half of the geographic variation in white premature mortality was shared with blacks, while only 15% of the geographic variation in black premature mortality was shared with whites. Non-Hispanic blacks experience substantial geographic variation in premature mortality that is not shared with whites. Moreover, black-specific geographic variation was not accounted for by median household income.ConclusionUnderstanding geographic variation in mortality is crucial to informing health policy; however, estimating mortality is difficult at small spatial scales or for small subpopulations. Bayesian joint spatial models ameliorate many of these issues and can provide a nuanced decomposition of risk. Using premature mortality as an example application, we show that Bayesian joint spatial models are a powerful tool as researchers grapple with disentangling neighbourhood contextual effects and sociodemographic compositional effects of an area when evaluating health outcomes. Further research is necessary in fully understanding when and how these models can be applied in an epidemiological setting.
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GUPTA, AJAY, LEE R. KALLENBACH, GERARD ZASUWA, and GEORGE W. DIVINE. "Race Is a Major Determinant of Secondary Hyperparathyroidism in Uremic Patients." Journal of the American Society of Nephrology 11, no. 2 (February 2000): 330–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.1681/asn.v112330.
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In the general population, blacks have higher parathyroid gland mass and circulating parathyroid hormone (PTH) levels than whites. This may predispose black patients to more severe parathyroid disease when renal failure develops. Therefore, racial differences in the severity of uremic hyperparathyroidism were examined in a population of patients with endstage renal disease (ESRD). Among ESRD patients receiving hemodialysis or peritoneal dialysis, two or more values of intact PTH (immunoradiometric assay, pg/ml) obtained at least 90 d apart were available in 1270 prevalent cases (61.1% blacks, 51% males, and 31.1% diabetic), including 466 incident cases with onset of ESRD after 1993. Maximum PTH levels were analyzed as a function of race, gender, age, diabetic status, and levels of serum calcium, phosphorus, alkaline phosphatase, and aluminum. Using a stepwise multiple regression model, the determinants of maximum PTH in the order of their importance were black race, serum phosphorus, absence of diabetes, younger age, serum calcium, and female gender. The maximum PTH levels averaged 641.7 in blacks and 346.0 in whites after adjusting for age, gender, diabetic status, serum calcium, and phosphorus (P < 0.0001). In blacks compared with whites, the odds ratio (95% confidence interval) for adynamic bone disease (maximum PTH < 150 pg/ml) was 0.26 (0.17 to 0.41), whereas the odds ratio for hyperparathyroid bone disease (mean PTH > 500 pg/ml) was 4.4 (2.10 to 9.25). Race is a major independent determinant of uremic secondary hyperparathyroidism. Among ESRD patients, blacks may be at an increased risk for hyperparathyroid bone disease and whites for adynamic bone disease.
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Beri, Neil, Lori B. Daniels, Allan Jaffe, Christian Mueller, Inder Anand, W. Frank Peacock, Judd E. Hollander, et al. "Copeptin to rule out myocardial infarction in Blacks versus Caucasians." European Heart Journal: Acute Cardiovascular Care 8, no. 5 (May 8, 2018): 395–403. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/2048872618772500.
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Background: Copeptin in combination with troponin has been shown to have incremental value for the early rule-out of myocardial infarction, but its performance in Black patients specifically has never been examined. In light of a potential for wider use, data on copeptin in different relevant cohorts are needed. This is the first study to determine whether copeptin is equally effective at ruling out myocardial infarction in Black and Caucasian races. Methods: This analysis of the CHOPIN trial included 792 Black and 1075 Caucasian patients who presented to the emergency department with chest pain and had troponin-I and copeptin levels drawn. Results: One hundred and forty-nine patients were diagnosed with myocardial infarction (54 Black and 95 Caucasian). The negative predictive value of copeptin at a cut-off of 14 pmol/l (as in the CHOPIN study) for myocardial infarction was higher in Blacks (98.0%, 95% confidence interval (CI) 96.2–99.1%) than Caucasians (94.1%, 95% CI 92.1–95.7%). The sensitivity at 14 pmol/l was higher in Blacks (83.3%, 95% CI 70.7–92.1%) than Caucasians (53.7%, 95% CI 43.2–64.0%). After controlling for age, hypertension, heart failure, chronic kidney disease and body mass index in a logistic regression model, the interaction term had a P value of 0.03. A cut-off of 6 pmol/l showed similar sensitivity in Caucasians as 14 pmol/l in Blacks. Conclusions: This is the first study to identify a difference in the performance of copeptin to rule out myocardial infarction between Blacks and Caucasians, with increased negative predictive value and sensitivity in the Black population at a cut-off of 14 pmol/l. This also holds true for non-ST-segment elevation myocardial infarction and, although numbers were small, similar trends exist in the normal troponin population. This may have significant implications for early rule-out strategies using copeptin.
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Booker, Staja, and Roger Fillingim. "Inter- and Intra-racial Differences in Pain and Performance-Based Function in Older Adults With Osteoarthritis." Innovation in Aging 5, Supplement_1 (December 1, 2021): 884. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/geroni/igab046.3216.
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Abstract Osteoarthritis (OA) contributes to movement-evoked pain, impaired function and mobility, and reduced quality of life among older adults. Assessment of pain has not traditionally considered the dynamic changes that occur with gross motor movement, and thus self-reports of pain often reflect static or resting pain. This case-control pilot study examined inter- and intra-racial differences in movement-evoked pain and performance-based function in older adults (N= 28) with knee OA. Cases consisted of Blacks and Whites with OA; controls included Blacks without OA. The Biodex Pro System 4, an isokinetic and isometric dynamometer commonly used in rehabilitative medicine, measured knee muscle function. Pain intensity was assessed pre-, ante-, and post- completion of 2 repetition sets of five alternating knee flexion and extension maximum voluntary contractions at angular velocities of 90° (greater resistance) and 180° (lower resistance). Repeated Measures Analysis of Variance with Bonferroni correction identified statistically significant differences in pain for within- and between-subjects at 90° and 180°. Pain increased during the repetitions and decreased after completion of both repetition sets; this non-linear relationship was significant (p= .004). One-way ANOVA demonstrated peak torque (extension), a muscle’s maximum strength capability, was significantly higher in White cases and Blacks controls compared to Blacks cases. Novel findings revealed that baseline pain is much higher and functional performance is significantly lower in Blacks with OA compared to White cases and Black controls. This research advances precision pain measurement and our understanding of the biological mechanisms uniquely involved in the experience of knee OA and mobility.
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Albright, Karen C., Amelia K. Boehme, Rikki M. Tanner, Justin Blackburn, George Howard, Virginia J. Howard, Monika Safford, Mark Beasley, and Nita Limdi. "Addressing Stroke Risk Factors in Black and White Americans: Findings from the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey, 2009-2010." Ethnicity & Disease 26, no. 1 (January 21, 2016): 9. http://dx.doi.org/10.18865/ed.26.1.9.
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<p><strong>Objectives: </strong> Recurrent stroke affects 5%-15% of stroke survivors, is higher among Blacks, and preventable with secondary stroke prevention medications. Our study aimed to examine racial differences in risk factors being addressed (defined as either on active treatment or within guideline levels) among stroke survivors and those at risk for stroke.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong> A cross-sectional study using NHANES 2009-2010 standardized interviews of Whites and Blacks aged ≥18 years. Risk factors were defined as being addressed if: 1) for hypertension, SBP <140, DBP <90 (SBP<130, DBP<80 for diabetics) or using BP-lowering medications; 2) for current smoking, using cessation medications; and 3) for hyperlipidemia, LDL<100 (LDL<70 for stroke survivors) or using lipid-lowering medications. Participants were stratified by stroke history. Prevalence of addressed risk factors was compared by race.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Among 4005 participants (mean age 48, 52% women, 15% Black), 4% reported a history of stroke. Among stroke survivors, there were no statistically significant differences in Blacks and Whites having their hypertension or hyperlipidemia addressed. Among stroke naïve participants, the prevalence of addressed hypertension (P<.01) and hyperlipidemia (P<.01) was lower in Blacks compared with Whites. </p><strong>Conclusions: </strong> We found that addressed hypertension and hyperlipidemia in stroke naïve participants were significantly lower in Blacks than Whites. Our observations call attention to areas that require further investigation, such as why black Americans may not be receiving evidence-based pharmacologic therapy for hypertension and hyperlipidemia or why Black Americans are not at goal blood pressure or goal LDL. A better understanding of this information is critical to preventing stroke and other vascular diseases. <em>Ethn Dis</em>. 2016;26(1):9-16; doi:10.18865/ed.26.1.9
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Ku, Elaine, Charles E. McCulloch, Deborah B. Adey, Libo Li, and Kirsten L. Johansen. "Racial Disparities in Eligibility for Preemptive Waitlisting for Kidney Transplantation and Modification of eGFR Thresholds to Equalize Waitlist Time." Journal of the American Society of Nephrology 32, no. 3 (February 23, 2021): 677–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.1681/asn.2020081144.
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BackgroundPatients may accrue wait time for kidney transplantation when their eGFR is ≤20 ml/min. However, Black patients have faster progression of their kidney disease compared with White patients, which may lead to disparities in accruable time on the kidney transplant waitlist before dialysis initiation.MethodsWe compared differences in accruable wait time and transplant preparation by CKD-EPI estimating equations in Chronic Renal Insufficiency Cohort participants, on the basis of estimates of kidney function by creatinine (eGFRcr), cystatin C (eGFRcys), or both (eGFRcr-cys). We used Weibull accelerated failure time models to determine the association between race (non-Hispanic Black or non-Hispanic White) and time to ESKD from an eGFR of ≤20 ml/min per 1.73 m2. We then estimated how much higher the eGFR threshold for waitlisting would be required to achieve equity in accruable preemptive wait time for the two groups.ResultsBy eGFRcr, 444 CRIC participants were eligible for waitlist registration, but the potential time between eGFR ≤20 ml/min per 1.73 m2 and ESKD was 32% shorter for Blacks versus Whites. By eGFRcys, 435 participants were eligible, and Blacks had 35% shorter potential wait time compared with Whites. By the eGFRcr-cys equation, 461 participants were eligible, and Blacks had a 31% shorter potential wait time than Whites. We estimated that registering Blacks on the waitlist as early as an eGFR of 24–25 ml/min per 1.73 m2 might improve racial equity in accruable wait time before ESKD onset.ConclusionsPolicies allowing for waitlist registration at higher GFR levels for Black patients compared with White patients could theoretically attenuate disparities in accruable wait time and improve racial equity in transplant access.
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Hong, OiSaeng, Sally L. Lusk, and David L. Ronis. "Ethnic Differences in Predictors of Hearing Protection Behavior Between Black and White Workers." Research and Theory for Nursing Practice 19, no. 1 (March 2005): 63–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.1891/rtnp.19.1.63.66339.
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The purpose of the study is to determine whether there are ethnic differences in predictors of hearing protection behavior between Black and White workers. The Predictors of Use of Hearing Protection Model (PUHPM) derived from Pender’s Health Promotion Model (Pender, 1987) was used as a conceptual model. A total of 2,119 (297 Blacks, 1,822 Whites) were included in the analysis. Internal consistency of instrument items was assessed using theta reliability estimates. Significant predictors of the use of hearing protective devices (HPDs) for Black and White workers and differences in predictors between the two groups were examined using multiple regression with interaction terms. Ethnic differences in scale or individual item scores were assessed using chi-square and t-test analyses. Different factors influenced hearing protection behavior among Black and White workers. The model was much less predictive of Blacks’ hearing protection behavior than Whites’ (R2 = .12 vs. .36). Since the PUHPM was not as effective in predicting hearing protection behavior for Blacks as for Whites, future studies are needed to expand the PUHPM through qualitative study and to develop culturally appropriate models to identify factors that better predict hearing protection behavior as a basis for developing effective interventions.
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Muntner, Paul, Marwah Abdalla, Adolfo Correa, Michael Griswold, John E. Hall, Daniel W. Jones, George A. Mensah, et al. "Hypertension in Blacks." Hypertension 69, no. 5 (May 2017): 761–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.1161/hypertensionaha.117.09061.
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Spence, J. David, and Brian L. Rayner. "Hypertension in Blacks." Hypertension 72, no. 2 (August 2018): 263–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.1161/hypertensionaha.118.11064.
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Weinberger, Myron H. "Hypertension in Blacks." Cardiology in Review 1, no. 1 (1993): 35–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/00045415-199301010-00005.
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Peart, S. "Hypertension in Blacks." Journal of Clinical Pathology 39, no. 2 (February 1, 1986): 235. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/jcp.39.2.235-a.
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Tine, Pierre Malick. "Sentence Versus Redemption and the ‘Spiritual World’ in Osiris Rising, Fragments, Why Are We So Blest? KMT: In the House of Life by Ayi Kwei Armah and Mama Day by Gloria Naylor." South Asian Research Journal of Arts, Language and Literature 5, no. 04 (August 15, 2023): 157–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.36346/sarjall.2023.v05i04.008.
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This paper attempts to evaluate the different characteristics in the spiritual world that act on human destiny in blacks ‘cosmology in Ayi Kwei Armah and Gloria Naylor’s fiction while justifying the awareness of black intellectuals in their different approaches to sentence and redemption for African cultural revival. It also exposes black people facing acculturation phenomena and the deconstruction of the ancestral home. However, it argues that the achievement of the struggle for African cultural revival will be possible if they take the initiative in finding out specific strategies that would culturally, socially and politically reconnect black with their indigenous cultural reality. Some of these stratagems include good cultural references, rootedness, unity, teaming work, and rationality. To examine blacks’ spirituality in its double vocation of sentence and redemption, this study uses theories of anti-colonialists and Afro-centrists that advocate total liberation and empowerment of black people while assessing the issues of the disgrace of both African and African-American people. Similarly, the insights and commitment of thinkers like Afro-centrists are well considered as additional elements in this work. Ultimately, the novels contend that in African spirituality there is a divine will owed to the ancestors that have the mission of watching over their people and judging them in several ways when they are satisfied through rituals or recognition. As the authors of the three books suggest, the appreciation of ancestral legacy and cultural advancement is an effective means of ensuring blacks ‘social welfare in their communities and elsewhere.
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Anderson, Norman B., Hector F. Myers, Thomas Pickering, and James S. Jackson. "Hypertension in blacks." Journal of Hypertension 7, no. 3 (March 1989): 161???172. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/00004872-198903000-00001.
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Rayner, Brian L., and J. David Spence. "Hypertension in blacks." Journal of Hypertension 35, no. 2 (February 2017): 234–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/hjh.0000000000001171.
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Gross, Myron D., Xinhua Yu, Joan Hilner, Cay Loria, Lyn Steffen-Batey, and David R. Jacobs. "Black-white differences in serum antioxidant concentrations reflect differences in food intake:." Circulation 103, suppl_1 (March 2001): 1366. http://dx.doi.org/10.1161/circ.103.suppl_1.9998-79.
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P79 Blacks have been reported to have lower serum antioxidant vitamin concentrations than whites. We studied black-white patterns of antioxidant concentrations and food intake in 1985-86 (3477 nonusers of supplemental vitamins A, C, and E, 18-30 year old). Black men and women had lower levels than white men and women of serum alpha-tocopherol (aTOCO), alpha-carotene (aCARO) and beta-carotene (bCARO), but higher levels of gamma tocopherol (gTOCO) and similar levels of lycopene (LYCO), adjusted for age, plasma lipids, clinic, and smoking. Intake of minimally processed plant foods (MPPF: whole grain, fruits, vegetables, nuts, and Table legumes processed to preserve nutrient content) was positively correlated with aTOCO, aCARO, and bCARO. Further adjustment for this and related food groups reduced differences in serum antioxidant concentrations between black and white women: aTOCO (0.09vs0.06), gTOCO (.022vs.011), aCARO (2.22vs1.42) and bCARO (3.96vs1.16), all still significant except gTOCO, with a similar pattern of reductions for men. Thus, low serum antioxidants, indicators of cardiovascular disease risk in blacks, reflect differences in food intake between blacks and whites. Culturally-specific dietary interventions may be necessary for an improvement in antioxidant status to reduce the risk of developing cardiovascular disease. Table 1.
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Pickering, Thomas G. "Hypertension in blacks." Current Opinion in Nephrology and Hypertension 3, no. 2 (March 1994): 207–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/00041552-199403000-00012.
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Kim, Hae-Myoung. "Marcus Garvey’s Charismatic Leadership and Black Nationalism." Korea Association of World History and Culture 63 (June 30, 2022): 211–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.32961/jwhc.2022.06.63.211.
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This paper examines the charismatic leadership and black nationalism of Jamaican-born black leader Marcus Garvey. Garvey’s charismatic leadership has created a black vision and consensus that can inspire African pride, African culture to blacks and realize a sharp sense of history and zeitgeist. He also became a political leader from a labor activist to advocate blackness, independence, and Africa for Africans, and united the black public with passion, wide-ranging insight and appealing eloquence, becoming the first pioneer of black popular movements in the world.
Garvey’s black nationalism was political nationalism, unlike Booker Washington’s economic nationalism and DuBoise’s black soul and cultural nationalism led by elite intellectuals. Garvey opposed the integration of blacks into white society and promoted the ‘Back-to-Africa’ movement and extreme black nationalism to unify blacks around the world and create an independent black country. The Back-to-Africa movement and the meeting of white racists KKK with Clark severely damaged his charismatic leadership and was eventually deported to Jamaica for mail fraud. He did not regain his previous leadership, but to this day he has UNIA branches in more than 40 countries and has greatly influenced the leadership of the fledgling African nation.
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Oyetunji, Tolulope A., Adrienne A. Stevenson, Aderonke O. Oyetunji, Sharon K. Onguti, Sarah A. Ames, Adil H. Haider, and Benedict C. Nwomeh. "Profiling the Ethnic Characteristics of Domestic Injuries in Children Younger than Age 5 Years." American Surgeon 78, no. 4 (April 2012): 426–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/000313481207800432.
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The home remains a very common location for deadly injuries among children younger than 5 years. The aim of this study is to describe the demographic and injury characteristics of domestic injuries in children younger than 5 years. The National Trauma Data Bank's National Sample Program data set was queried for children younger than 5 years with the injury site classified as home. Bivariate analysis was performed to determine unadjusted differences by ethnicity. Appropriate weight was applied to the sample to determine accurate national estimates. A total of 7,364 children, representing 32,033 children, were analyzed. Overall mortality was 1.6 per cent. Among whites, blacks, Hispanics, Asians, and Native Americans, intentional injuries accounted for 6.5, 12.8, 10.2, 5.2, and 19.0 per cent of all injuries by intent, respectively ( P < 0.003). Burn injury was disproportionately higher in blacks (24.1%) followed by Native Americans and Asians (15.3 and 11.5%, P = 0.008). On multivariate analysis, black ethnicity was associated with increased length of stay. Intentional injuries were significantly higher in blacks and Native Americans with black patients sustaining a disproportionately higher proportion of burn injury. Therefore, greater attention is needed to provide more effective home safety interventions to children among high-risk ethnic groups.
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Loria, Catherine M., Jeffrey M. Roseman, Joan E. Hilner, Phillip E. Cornwell, Pamela J. Schreiner, and David S. Siscovick. "Predictors of seven-year change in homocysteine concentrations in the Coronary Artery Risk Development in Young Adults (CARDIA) Study." Circulation 103, suppl_1 (March 2001): 1367. http://dx.doi.org/10.1161/circ.103.suppl_1.9998-87.
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P87 While blood level of total homocysteine (tHcy) is inversely related to folate intake in cross-sectional studies, few prospective studies have examined changes in tHcy, folate intake, and cardiovascular disease (CVD) risk factors. Serum tHcy was measured on 755 18-30 year old participants in the Coronary Artery Risk Development in Young Adults (CARDIA) Study using stored samples from 1985-86 (baseline) and 1992-93 (Year 7), collected prior to food fortification with folic acid. Geometric mean tHcy did not differ by race at baseline (p>0.05). However by Year 7, mean tHcy was higher in blacks than whites (14.3, 13.3, 11.9, 10.9 μmol/L in black men, white men, black women, white women, respectively; p=0.001). Arithmetic mean change in tHcy differed from zero among blacks (1.3-1.4 μmol/L; p<0.001) but not among whites ( -0.3-0.2 μmol/L). Mean folate intake (from diet and supplements) at baseline was higher among whites than blacks within each sex (384, 439, 291, 349 μg, respectively; p=0.001). Although mean folate intake increased in all groups by Year 7, intake was higher among black than white men but the reverse was found among women (517, 496, 339, 421 μg; p for interaction=0.002). In multivariate models, change in tHcy was associated inversely with change in total folate intake in all race-sex groups; changes in smoking status among black men, in serum cholesterol level among whites, and in body mass index among white men were also independent predictors. Thus, tHcy increased over 7 years in blacks by 1.3-1.4 μmol/L (about 1 s.d.) on average, despite increases in folate intake. Changes in CVD risk factor status may help explain this contradictory finding.
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Jones, Daniel W., Lloyd E. Chambless, Aaron R. Folsom, Richard G. Hutchinson, Richey A. Sharrett, H. A. Tyroler, and Herman A. Taylor. "CHD Risk Factors In African-Americans." Circulation 103, suppl_1 (March 2001): 1347. http://dx.doi.org/10.1161/circ.103.suppl_1.9999-17.
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0017 Few studies have reported the incidence of coronary heart disease and its relationship to risk factors in African-Americans. As part of the Atherosclerosis Risk in Communities Study, baseline risk factors were tested as predictors of incident coronary heart disease over 7-10 years of follow-up, 1987-1997, in four U.S. communities (Forsyth County, North Carolina; Jackson, Mississippi; Minneapolis, Minnesota; and Washington County, Maryland). The sample included 14,026 men and women (2,298 black women [BW]; 5,686 white women [WW]; 1,396 black men [BM]; and 4,682 white men [WM] aged 45-64 who were free of clinical coronary heart disease at baseline. Age-adjusted incidence rates for the 7-10 year period (95% confidence interval) for coronary heart disease were BW 5.0(4.1-6.1), WW 4.0(3.5-4.6), BM 10.7(8.9-12.8), and WM 12.6(11.5-13.8). In multivariate analysis, traditional risk factors were generally predictive in blacks as in whites. Hypertension was a particularly strong risk factor in black women, with hazard rate ratios (HR) being: BW 4.12, WW 2.0, BM 1.85, and WM 1.59. Diabetes was predictive, but HRs were somewhat less in blacks than in whites: BW 1.88, WW 3.34, BM 1.70, and WW 2.14. LDL cholesterol was similarly predictive in all race/gender groups, HR 1.19-1.36 per S.D. LDL cholesterol increment. HDL cholesterol appeared somewhat more protective in whites than in blacks. Although black/white differences in risk factor associations exist, there were more similarities than differences in coronary heart disease risk factors and incidence. Findings from this study, along with clinical trial evidence showing efficacy, support aggressive management of traditional risk factors in blacks as in whites. Understanding of the intriguing racial differences in risk factor prediction may be an important part of further understanding the causes of coronary heart disease and may lead to better methods of prevention and treatment.
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Kwok, Irene, and Yuzhou Wang. "Locate the Hate: Detecting Tweets against Blacks." Proceedings of the AAAI Conference on Artificial Intelligence 27, no. 1 (June 29, 2013): 1621–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.1609/aaai.v27i1.8539.
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Although the social medium Twitter grants users freedom of speech, its instantaneous nature and retweeting features also amplify hate speech. Because Twitter has a sizeable black constituency, racist tweets against blacks are especially detrimental in the Twitter community, though this effect may not be obvious against a backdrop of half a billion tweets a day.1 We apply a supervised machine learning approach, employing inexpensively acquired labeled data from diverse Twitter accounts to learn a binary classifier for the labels “racist” and “nonracist.” The classifier has a 76% average accuracy on individual tweets, suggesting that with further improvements, our work can contribute data on the sources of anti-black hate speech.
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Jooma, N., R. Elledge, K. Sexton, M. Kalidas, M. Rimawi, C. Osborne, and J. Chang. "Characteristics of a high-risk minority population." Journal of Clinical Oncology 25, no. 18_suppl (June 20, 2007): 21141. http://dx.doi.org/10.1200/jco.2007.25.18_suppl.21141.
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21141 Background: Black and Hispanic breast cancer patients have a worse outcome when compared to Caucasians. This could be due to socioeconomic, cultural or biologic factors. We hypothesized that host and tumor biologic characteristics associated with a poor outcome may be found more often in minority women. Methods: Race/ethnicity, menopausal status, tumor histological features, and patient characteristics including age and body mass index (BMI) were reviewed from a prospective neoadjuvant trial of docetaxel vs. doxorubicin/cyclophosphamide at Baylor College of Medicine Breast Center, from September 2002 to September 2006. The data were analyzed using Chi-square and Fisher's exact tests, while the Kruskal-Wallis method was used to analyze BMI. Results: Of the 167 patients, 63% (n=105) were Caucasian, 15% (n=26) were Hispanic and 22% (n=36) were Black. The mean age was 47.6 years (range: 30–72). Fifty-nine percent were premenopausal. Overall, mean BMI was 29, with Caucasians having a mean BMI of 27.5, Hispanics with 29.8 and Blacks with a BMI of 34.6 (P<0.001). Sixty-five percent of the Caucasians and 58% of Hispanics were ER+ or PR+ versus 44% of Blacks (P=0.09). Sixteen percent of Caucasians were HER-2 positive compared to 4% of Hispanics and 9% of Blacks (p=0.25). In addition, 22% of Caucasians and 38% of Hispanics were ER-, PR-, HER-2- compared to 50% of tumors from Blacks (p=0.007). There was a trend linking BMI and triple negative status in breast cancers, which did not achieve statistical significance (p=0.21). Conclusion: In this study we found that black and Hispanic women were more likely to be obese and have ER-, PR-, HER-2- tumor phenotypes, both of which have been associated with poorer outcomes. Ongoing studies are being performed to elucidate the link between clinical and biological characteristics and understand the underlying molecular mechanisms associated with these findings. No significant financial relationships to disclose.
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Louette, Antoine. "Creating Racial Structural Solidarity." Global Justice : Theory Practice Rhetoric 14, no. 01 (January 16, 2024): 1–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.21248/gjn.14.01.271.
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This article draws on recent transnational protests against police brutality to advance an understanding of anti-racist solidarity that aims to improve over Mara Marin’s ‘structural solidarity’ view. On Marin’s view, anti-racist solidarity is grounded in the racial structure. But Marin forgets that racial domination exerts a segregative influence on different groups, so that whites and middle-class blacks tend not to frequent the social milieux that would help them develop a sense of solidarity with working-class blacks. To address this problem, the article hypothesises that the conditions for anti-racist solidarity are not inherent in the racial structure but created by social movements, as exemplified by Black Lives Matter: to the extent that white and middle-class black participants in the George Floyd protests experienced the racist police brutality they were denouncing on behalf of the black working class, these protests functioned as non-segregated milieux that could ground the solidarity of the former with the latter at the national and transnational levels.
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Wilbanks, William. "Is Violent Crime Intraracial?" Crime & Delinquency 31, no. 1 (January 1985): 117–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0011128785031001007.
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The commonly accepted view that violent crime is intraracial as opposed to interracial is reexamined. Victim survey data on perceived race of offender are used to suggest that the issue of intraracial versus interracial crime should be examined from four perspectives: white offender's choice of victim (e.g., white or black); black offender's choice of victim; white victim's perception of race of offender; and black victim's perception of race of offender. A Detailed analysis of victimization survey data indicates that violent crime in the United States (robbery, assault, and rape) is intraracial from three perspectives (whites chose other whites as victims, whites were largely victimized by other whites, and blacks were largely victimized by other blacks). However, black offenders were more likely to choose white victims in robberies, assaults, and rapes. Tentative and alternative explanations for this previously unexamined fact of interracial crime are suggested.
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Pratt, J. Howard, John F. Rebhun, Leah L. Flury, and Tatiana Foroud. "Linkage of Nedd4, a Regulator of the Epithelial Sodium Channel, to Primary Hypertension in Blacks." Hypertension 36, suppl_1 (October 2000): 685. http://dx.doi.org/10.1161/hyp.36.suppl_1.685.
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40 Salt-sensitive hypertension is common in blacks. A primary renal mechanism may account for the increase in sodium reabsorption since levels of mineralocorticoids, including aldosterone, are often reduced in blacks. Albeit milder, the hypertension in blacks resembles Liddle s syndrome, where mutations in the epithelial sodium channel result in increased numbers of functioning channels and sodium retention. In Liddle s syndrome, molecular mutations in the PY-motif at the COOH-terminus of either the α- or β-subunit prevents binding of Nedd4, an ubiquitin ligase that targets channels for removal from the cell surface. Thus, Nedd4 is a candidate mediator of risk for hypertension in blacks. To evaluate Nedd4 s role, we performed linkage analyses in 86-88 black hypertensive sib pairs. Subjects were genotyped for two highly polymorphic markers, D15S126 and D15S1016, with heterozygosity of 79% and 89%, respectively. Both are within a 5 cM interval of chromosome 15 that contains KIAA0093 or Nedd4. Among the affected sibling pairs, we observed increased allele sharing for D15S126 (π = 0.57; p=0.01) and D15S1016 (π =0.55; p=0.07). Using only hypertensive sibling pairs (n=42-45 pairs) with BMI <32 kg/M 2 resulted in greater allele sharing for both D15S126 (π =0.63; p=0.0001) and D15S1016 (π =0.57; p=0.06). In summary, we show evidence for linkage of hypertension to a region on chromosome 15 containing the gene for Nedd4. While these results need to be confirmed in other samples, they suggest that variability in Nedd4 or a nearby gene(s) confers a strong influence on differences in sodium homeostasis and blood pressure in blacks.
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Conner, Norma E. "Predictive Factors of Hospice Use Among Blacks." American Journal of Hospice and Palliative Medicine® 29, no. 5 (November 8, 2011): 368–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1049909111425227.
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The purpose of this prospective, correlational study was to examine the differential ability of demographic variables, beliefs, and values about end-of-life, spirituality, and social relationships to predict hospice use among blacks. The framework for this study was the Behavioral Model of Health Services Use. Data were collected from 104 terminally ill black men and women recruited from 6 inpatient and outpatient settings. Only 34% of the individuals participated in hospice services. Chi-square, sequential, and stepwise logistic regressions revealed that the best predictive model consisted of presence of a caregiver, having a religious affiliation, and male gender. Together these factors predicted 13.7% to 19% of hospice use among blacks. Health care providers can use these findings in planning care for patients early in their disease trajectory.
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LOVE, DANIEL C. "Temporal Arteritis in Blacks." Annals of Internal Medicine 105, no. 3 (September 1, 1986): 387. http://dx.doi.org/10.7326/0003-4819-105-3-387.
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Chai, Weiwen, Sarah Eaton, Heather E. Rasmussen, and Meng-Hua Tao. "Associations of Dietary Lipid-Soluble Micronutrients with Hepatic Steatosis among Adults in the United States." Biomedicines 9, no. 9 (August 26, 2021): 1093. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/biomedicines9091093.
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Lipid-soluble micronutrients may be beneficial to non-alcoholic fatty liver disease due to their important roles in metabolism and maintaining tissue functions. Utilizing 2017–2018 National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey, this study examined the potential overall and race/ethnicity-specific (black, Hispanic and white) associations of dietary lipid-soluble micronutrients (α-tocopherol, retinol, vitamin D, β-carotene and total carotenoids) with hepatic steatosis. The analysis included 4376 adults (1037 blacks, 981 Hispanics, 1549 whites) aged ≥20 years who completed the transient elastography examination with dietary data available. Odds ratios (OR) and 95% confidence intervals (95%CI) were estimated using logistic regressions. The age-adjusted prevalence of steatosis was 20.9% for blacks, 34.0% for Hispanics and 28.7% for whites. Overall, dietary α-tocopherol was inversely associated with steatosis (highest vs. lowest quartile: OR = 0.51, 95%CI = 0.35–0.74, Ptrend = 0.0003). The associations remained significant among blacks (highest vs. lowest tertile: OR = 0.45, 95%CI = 0.26–0.77, Ptrend = 0.002) and whites (highest vs. lowest tertile: OR = 0.56, 95%CI = 0.33–0.94, Ptrend = 0.02). Higher α-tocopherol intake was associated with lower odds of steatosis among all (Ptrend = 0.016) and black participants (Ptrend = 0.003) classified as never/rare/occasional alcohol drinkers. There was a trend suggesting higher β-carotene intake with lower odds of steatosis (Ptrend = 0.01). Our results suggest potential protective effects of dietary vitamin E as α-tocopherol on steatosis particularly among blacks.
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Silber, Jeffrey H., Paul R. Rosenbaum, Richard N. Ross, Orit Even-Shoshan, Rachel R. Kelz, Mark D. Neuman, Caroline E. Reinke, et al. "Racial Disparities in Operative Procedure Time." Anesthesiology 119, no. 1 (July 1, 2013): 43–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/aln.0b013e31829101de.
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Abstract Background: Using Pennsylvania Medicare claims from 1995 to 1996, the authors previously reported that anesthesia procedure length appears longer in blacks than whites. In a new study using a different and larger data set, the authors now examine whether body mass index (BMI), not available in Medicare claims, explains this difference. The authors also examine the relative contributions of surgical and anesthesia times. Methods: The Obesity and Surgical Outcomes Study of 47 hospitals throughout Illinois, New York, and Texas abstracted chart information including BMI on elder Medicare patients (779 blacks and 14,596 whites) undergoing hip and knee replacement and repair, colectomy, and thoracotomy between 2002 and 2006. The authors matched all black Medicare patients to comparable whites and compared procedure lengths. Results: Mean BMI in the black and white populations was 30.24 and 28.96 kg/m2, respectively (P < 0.0001). After matching on age, sex, procedure, comorbidities, hospital, and BMI, mean white BMI in the comparison group was 30.1 kg/m2 (P = 0.94). The typical matched pair difference (black–white) in anesthesia (induction to recovery room) procedure time was 7.0 min (P = 0.0019), of which 6 min reflected the surgical (cut-to-close) time difference (P = 0.0032). Within matched pairs, where the difference in procedure times was greater than 30 min between patients, blacks more commonly had longer procedure times (Odds = 1.39; P = 0.0008). Conclusions: Controlling for patient characteristics, BMI, and hospital, elder black Medicare patients experienced slightly but significantly longer procedure length than their closely matched white controls. Procedure length difference was almost completely due to surgery, not anesthesia.
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Berardesca, E., and H. I. Maibach. "Racial differences in pharmacodynamic response to nicotinates in vivo in human skin: black and white." Acta Dermato-Venereologica 70, no. 1 (January 1, 1990): 63–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.2340/00015555706366.
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This study evaluated the vasodilation induced in young whites and blacks by topical application of two nicotinates, methylnicotinate (MN) and hexylnicotinate (HN) at the same concentration and in the same vehicle. To assess the influence of skin surface lipids and water content of the stratum corneum on the penetration of the substances, the drugs were applied on the back, on untreated skin and pre-occluded and pre-delipidized sites. Skin blood flow was monitored with laser Doppler velocimetry. The initial response recorded at 15 min (IR), the peak response (PR) and the area under the curve (AUC) were used to characterize the pharmacodynamic response. Statistically significant racial differences in the penetration of nicotinates were detected for the area under the response curve in the untreated and occluded sites, for the initial response and peak response in the pre-occluded site. Occlusion increased (even though not significantly) penetration, except for blacks in the methylnicotinate experiment. Delipidization elicited significantly lower responses for the IR and PR in the MN study, rendering the penetration similar in the two groups. No major differences were recorded between the two nicotinates. The effect of delipidization was most noticeable in blacks in the MN study. We suggest that there are racial (blacks vs. whites) differences in percutaneous penetration of nicotinates, with decreased levels in black skin recorded in all sites investigated.
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McFarquhar, Colin. "Blacks in 1880s Toronto." Ontario History 99, no. 1 (2007): 64. http://dx.doi.org/10.7202/1065797ar.
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Bielory, Leonard, Adeniyi Ogunkoya, and Larry P. Frohman. "Temporal arteritis in blacks." American Journal of Medicine 86, no. 6 (June 1989): 707–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0002-9343(89)90450-6.
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Schmidlin, Olga, Alex Forman, Anna Leone, Anthony Sebastian, and R. Curtis Morris. "Salt Sensitivity in Blacks." Hypertension 58, no. 3 (September 2011): 380–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.1161/hypertensionaha.111.170175.
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Callender, Clive O., Lannis E. Hall, Curtis L. Yeager, Jesse B. Barber, Georgia M. Dunston, and Vivian W. Pinn-Wiggins. "Organ Donation and Blacks." New England Journal of Medicine 325, no. 6 (August 8, 1991): 442–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.1056/nejm199108083250631.
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