Journal articles: 'Bladder. Diseases'

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Nakamura, Haruka, Ryuji Sakakibara, Megumi Sugiyama, Fuyuki Tateno, Masashi Yano, Osamu Takahashi, Masahiko Kishi, et al. "Neurologic diseases that cause female urinary retention." Bladder 3, no. 1 (February 7, 2016): 20. http://dx.doi.org/10.14440/bladder.2016.70.

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Jung, Sungyong, and Jayoung Kim. "Biomarker discovery and beyond for diagnosis of bladder diseases." Bladder 7, no. 1 (March 24, 2020): 40. http://dx.doi.org/10.14440/bladder.2020.813.

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Birder, Lori A. "TRPs in bladder diseases." Biochimica et Biophysica Acta (BBA) - Molecular Basis of Disease 1772, no. 8 (August 2007): 879–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.bbadis.2007.04.003.

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Yu, Zhenyuan, Jinling Liao, Yang Chen, Chunlin Zou, Haiying Zhang, Jiwen Cheng, Deyun Liu, et al. "Single-Cell Transcriptomic Map of the Human and Mouse Bladders." Journal of the American Society of Nephrology 30, no. 11 (August 28, 2019): 2159–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.1681/asn.2019040335.

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BackgroundHaving a comprehensive map of the cellular anatomy of the normal human bladder is vital to understanding the cellular origins of benign bladder disease and bladder cancer.MethodsWe used single-cell RNA sequencing (scRNA-seq) of 12,423 cells from healthy human bladder tissue samples taken from patients with bladder cancer and 12,884 cells from mouse bladders to classify bladder cell types and their underlying functions.ResultsWe created a single-cell transcriptomic map of human and mouse bladders, including 16 clusters of human bladder cells and 15 clusters of mouse bladder cells. The homology and heterogeneity of human and mouse bladder cell types were compared and both conservative and heterogeneous aspects of human and mouse bladder evolution were identified. We also discovered two novel types of human bladder cells. One type is ADRA2A+ and HRH2+ interstitial cells which may be associated with nerve conduction and allergic reactions. The other type is TNNT1+ epithelial cells that may be involved with bladder emptying. We verify these TNNT1+ epithelial cells also occur in rat and mouse bladders.ConclusionsThis transcriptomic map provides a resource for studying bladder cell types, specific cell markers, signaling receptors, and genes that will help us to learn more about the relationship between bladder cell types and diseases.

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Yoon, Hana. "Chronic bladder diseases: overactive bladder and interstitial cystitis/bladder pain syndrome." Journal of the Korean Medical Association 64, no. 11 (November 10, 2021): 763–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.5124/jkma.2021.64.11.763.

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Background: Overactive bladder (OAB) and interstitial cystitis/bladder pain syndrome (IC/BPS) are debilitatingchronic bladder diseases that affect patients’ quality of life. Their etiologies and clinical phenotypes vary, and management strategies should be selected after excluding the possibilities of other pathological conditions with careful consideration of a multidisciplinary integrated approach to ensure optimal success.Current Concepts: OAB is a symptom complex characterized by urinary urgency and frequency and nocturia with or without urge incontinence, and its key symptom is urinary urgency. IC/BPS has symptoms similar to lower urinary tract symptoms (LUTS) associated with OAB but also has distinctly different symptoms, including the key symptom of an unpleasant sensation or pain perceived to be related to the urinary bladder associated with LUTS. Recent studies have revealed that these key symptoms of OAB or IC/BPS are also observed in some patients with other diseases. Patients showing no evidence of bacterial infection on urine culture and experiencing LUTS or pain for more than 6 weeks should be considered as having OAB or IC/BPS. Treatment strategies for OAB and IC/BPS focus on managing LUTS and bothersome pain. Noninvasive management should be considered initially, whereas surgical options should be considered only after conservative treatment failure.Discussion and Conclusion: OAB and IC/BPS symptoms overlap considerably in many patients. A more accurate differentiation of symptoms, including LUTS, would help achieve better treatment outcomes.

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Sarfraz, Muhammad, Shaista Qamar, Masood Ur Rehman, Muhammad Azam Tahir, Muhammad Ijaz, Anam Ahsan, Mulazim Hussain Asim, and Imran Nazir. "Nano-Formulation Based Intravesical Drug Delivery Systems: An Overview of Versatile Approaches to Improve Urinary Bladder Diseases." Pharmaceutics 14, no. 9 (September 8, 2022): 1909. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/pharmaceutics14091909.

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Intravesical drug delivery is a direct drug delivery approach for the treatment of various bladder diseases. The human urinary bladder has distinctive anatomy, making it an effective barrier against any toxic agent seeking entry into the bloodstream. This screening function of the bladder derives from the structure of the urothelium, which acts as a semi-permeable barrier. However, various diseases related to the urinary bladder, such as hyperactive bladder syndrome, interstitial cystitis, cancer, urinary obstructions, or urinary tract infections, can alter the bladder's natural function. Consequently, the intravesical route of drug delivery can effectively treat such diseases as it offers site-specific drug action with minimum side effects. Intravesical drug delivery is the direct instillation of medicinal drugs into the urinary bladder via a urethral catheter. However, there are some limitations to this method of drug delivery, including the risk of washout of the therapeutic agents with frequent urination. Moreover, due to the limited permeability of the urinary bladder walls, the therapeutic agents are diluted before the process of permeation, and consequently, their efficiency is compromised. Therefore, various types of nanomaterial-based delivery systems are being employed in intravesical drug delivery to enhance the drug penetration and retention at the targeted site. This review article covers the various nanomaterials used for intravesical drug delivery and future aspects of these nanomaterials for intravesical drug delivery.

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Teeger, Susan, and Gregory T. Sica. "MR IMAGING OF BLADDER DISEASES." Magnetic Resonance Imaging Clinics of North America 4, no. 3 (August 1996): 565–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s1064-9689(21)00381-0.

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Coleman, Joshua F., and Donna E. Hansel. "Benign Diseases of the Bladder." Surgical Pathology Clinics 1, no. 1 (December 2008): 129–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.path.2008.07.001.

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Abdalla Widaa, Dr Awad. "Superficial Urinary Bladder Cancer: Clinical Presentations and Management in Gezira Hospital for Renal Diseases and Surgery-Medani, Sudan." International Journal of Advanced Multidisciplinary Research and Studies 4, no. 3 (May 31, 2024): 900–907. http://dx.doi.org/10.62225/2583049x.2024.4.3.2869.

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Urinary bladder cancers are heterogeneous groups of tumors with different subtype and different behavior. Although there are improvement in the detection and management of urinary bladder cancer, the death to all remains high. GHRDS and NCI (Wad Medani-Sudan) records showed that there are increasing numbers of cases diagnosed as superficial bladder cancer in last years from their annual reports. This study aimed to determine the pattern of clinical presentation of superficial urinary bladder cancer, to detect any known risk factors, and to determine the pathological pattern in the studied patients so as to assist in optimizing the treatment of cancer bladders and provide practical guidance on the clinical management, and to evaluate the outcome by provision of trustful data and audit. With a focus on clinical presentation and recommendations. Study Design: Methods this is Descriptive, retrospective, prospective hospital-based study in which all patients presented to GHRDS and NCI with symptoms and signs of superficial bladder cancer proved by histopathology from June 2010 to September 2018. Data were retrieved by data sheets from all soft and hard data of patients from GHRDS and NCI and Data were fed to Statistical Package of Social Sciences (SPSS). Results: A total of 66 patients were confirmed to have superficial bladder cancer from June 2010 to September 2018. The disease is more common in male with ratio (3.1: 1). And peak incidence in the fifth and sixth decades of life. Most of the patients from central sudan (Gezira, Sinnar, Gadariff states) they represents 86,3%. Farmers were 36,4%. Painless gross Haematuria is the most common presenting symptom among the studied group, account for 87.8%%, followed by LUTS in 42.4%. all patients recorded with bladder cancer during the study period were 207 patients, only 66 patients (31.9%) were diagnosed as superficial urinary bladder cancer and was confirmed by the histopathology and there were 141 patients (68.1.%) diagnosed as invasive bladder cancer. transitional cell carcinoma was the most common type (TCC) in 97%. and only 3% as carcinoma in situ.

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Cho, Yongwon, Jong Mok Park, and Seunghyun Youn. "General Overview of Artificial Intelligence for Interstitial Cystitis in Urology." International Neurourology Journal 27, Suppl 2 (November 30, 2023): S64–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.5213/inj.2346294.147.

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Our understanding of interstitial cystitis/bladder pain syndrome (IC/BPS) has evolved over time. The diagnosis of IC/BPS is primarily based on symptoms such as urgency, frequency, and bladder or pelvic pain. While the exact causes of IC/BPS remain unclear, it is thought to involve several factors, including abnormalities in the bladder’s urothelium, mast cell degranulation within the bladder, inflammation of the bladder, and altered innervation of the bladder. Treatment options include patient education, dietary and lifestyle modifications, medications, intravesical therapy, and surgical interventions. This review article provides insights into IC/BPS, including aspects of treatment, prognosis prediction, and emerging therapeutic options. Additionally, it explores the application of deep learning for diagnosing major diseases associated with IC/BPS.

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Balsara, Zarine R., Sherry S. Ross, Paul C. Dolber, John S. Wiener, Yuping Tang, and Patrick C. Seed. "Enhanced Susceptibility to Urinary Tract Infection in the Spinal Cord-Injured Host with Neurogenic Bladder." Infection and Immunity 81, no. 8 (June 10, 2013): 3018–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/iai.00255-13.

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ABSTRACTNeurogenic bladder predisposes to recurrent urinary tract infections (UTI) and renal failure, and susceptibility is commonly ascribed to urinary stasis from elevated residual urine volumes.Escherichia coliUTI was modeled in the spinal cord-injured (SCI) rat with the hypothesis that SCI animals would require fewer bacteria to establish infection, have an exaggerated inflammatory response, and have delayed clearance of infection compared to normal-voiding controls. T10 SCI rats and controls had median infectious doses (ID50) of 102and 105CFU, respectively. Mean residual volumes in the SCI animals did not correlate with susceptibility to initiation of UTI or outcome. In the acute infection, control and SCI rats developed acute cystitis and pyelitis without acute differences in histopathological scores of inflammation. However,in vivoimaging of infected animals revealed persistently higher levels of bacteria in the SCI urine and bladders than were seen for controls over 2 weeks. Likewise, at 2 weeks, acute and chronic inflammatory infiltrates persisted in the bladders and kidneys of SCI rats, whereas inflammation largely resolved within the controls. Together these data demonstrate that SCI rats exhibit delayed clearance of infection and exaggerated inflammatory responses in bladders and kidneys; however, the severity of residual volumes does not predict increased susceptibility to UTI. These studies suggest that host-dependent mechanisms that are discrete from alterations in bladder physiology influence UTI susceptibility with the SCI-neurogenic bladder. This model will allow elucidation of SCI-neurogenic bladder-mediated changes in host response that yield UTI susceptibility and may lead to new preventative and therapeutic options.

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Gupta, Girlish. "Homœopathic remedies for gall bladder diseases." British Homoeopathic journal 80, no. 1 (January 1991): 68. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0007-0785(05)80439-9.

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S, Jagadeesh K., and Ashwini M. Patil. "Ultrasonographic evaluation of gall bladder diseases." MedPulse International Journal of Radiology 13, no. 2 (2020): 60–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.26611/10131328.

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Chorbińska, Joanna, Wojciech Krajewski, Łukasz Nowak, Bartosz Małkiewicz, Francesco Del Giudice, and Tomasz Szydełko. "Urinary Microbiome in Bladder Diseases—Review." Biomedicines 11, no. 10 (October 17, 2023): 2816. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/biomedicines11102816.

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The microbiome is the totality of microorganisms found in a specific biological niche. It has been proven that in the human body, the microbiome is responsible for its proper functioning. Dysbiosis, i.e., a disturbance in the composition of the microbiome, may be associated with the pathogenesis of many human diseases. Until recently, studies did not focus on the microbiome of the urinary tract, because, since the 19th century, there had been a dogma that urine in healthy people is sterile. Yet, advances in molecular biology techniques have allowed this dogma to be overthrown. The use of DNA sequencing has shown that the urinary tract has its own endogenous microbiome. This discovery enabled further research on the characteristics of the urine microbiomes of healthy people, as well as on the role of the urine microbiome in the pathogenesis of many urological diseases, including bladder diseases. The aim of this review is to summarize the current knowledge on the urinary microbiome in bladder diseases and to identify potential directions for further research.

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Tan, Chee K., Alison J. Carey, Xiangqin Cui, Richard I. Webb, Deepak Ipe, Michael Crowley, Allan W. Cripps, et al. "Genome-Wide Mapping of Cystitis Due to Streptococcus agalactiae and Escherichia coli in Mice Identifies a Unique Bladder Transcriptome That Signifies Pathogen-Specific Antimicrobial Defense against Urinary Tract Infection." Infection and Immunity 80, no. 9 (June 25, 2012): 3145–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/iai.00023-12.

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ABSTRACTThe most common causes of urinary tract infections (UTIs) are Gram-negative pathogens such asEscherichia coli; however, Gram-positive organisms, includingStreptococcus agalactiae, or group B streptococcus (GBS), also cause UTI. In GBS infection, UTI progresses to cystitis once the bacteria colonize the bladder, but the host responses triggered in the bladder immediately following infection are largely unknown. Here, we used genome-wide expression profiling to map the bladder transcriptome of GBS UTI in mice infected transurethrally with uropathogenic GBS that was cultured from a 35-year-old women with cystitis. RNA from bladders was applied to Affymetrix Gene-1.0ST microarrays; quantitative reverse transcriptase PCR (qRT-PCR) was used to analyze selected gene responses identified in array data sets. A surprisingly small significant-gene list of 172 genes was identified at 24 h; this compared to 2,507 genes identified in a side-by-side comparison with uropathogenicE. coli(UPEC). No genes exhibited significantly altered expression at 2 h in GBS-infected mice according to arrays despite high bladder bacterial loads at this early time point. The absence of a marked early host response to GBS juxtaposed with broad-based bladder responses activated by UPEC at 2 h. Bioinformatics analyses, including integrative system-level network mapping, revealed multiple activated biological pathways in the GBS bladder transcriptome that regulate leukocyte activation, inflammation, apoptosis, and cytokine-chemokine biosynthesis. These findings define a novel, minimalistic type of bladder host response triggered by GBS UTI, which comprises collective antimicrobial pathways that differ dramatically from those activated by UPEC. Overall, this study emphasizes the unique nature of bladder immune activation mechanisms triggered by distinct uropathogens.

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El-Tabey, N. A., M. S. El-Bahnasawy, A. Mosbah, A. B. Shehab El-Dien, and A. A. Shaaban. "ORTHOTOPIC BLADDER SUBSTITUTION FOR BENIGN BLADDER DISEASES: LONG TERM FOLLOW-UP." European Urology Supplements 7, no. 3 (March 2008): 222. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s1569-9056(08)60603-x.

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Ratan, Md Ezharul Haque, Hasina Alam, and Md Abdul Karim. "Can All Benign Gallbladder Diseases be Managed Laparoscopically?" BIRDEM Medical Journal 8, no. 1 (December 27, 2017): 35–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.3329/birdem.v8i1.35037.

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Background: Laparoscopic cholecystectomy (LC) operation is widely practiced in gallbladder diseases. However, controversy persists for LC in acute gall bladder disease, as risk of complications appears to be greater than open procedure1. This study presents the outcome of LCs performed as the first option of treatment in benign chronic as well as acute gall bladder diseases.Methods: Twelve hundred consecutive patients of gall bladder disease, both acute and chronic, underwent cholecystectomies by a single surgeon using standard four port technique. Age, sex, diabetes, prior abdominal procedures, per-operative findings, additional procedure done and complications directly related to surgical technique were evaluated.Results: The laparoscopic approach was attempted in all patients of this series. Success rate was 99.58%. Non diabetic patients presented much earlier for surgery then diabetic patients. About one third (31.4%) of the patients had acute cholecystitis and its complications and none of them required conversion. Conversion rate was seen among those with long history of gall stone and fibrosed contracted gall bladder at ultrasonography. There were three bile duct injury cases among which two were managed laparoscopically and one needed conversion. Most of the patients (94.5%) were discharged within 20 hours of surgery. There was one mortality (0.08%) in this series.Conclusion: LC has proved to be an effective and safe day case surgical procedure for benign gall bladder pathologies and their complications. It provides much benefits with low complication and conversion in experienced hands.Birdem Med J 2018; 8(1): 35-41

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Speich, John E., Jordan B. Southern, Sheree Henderson, Cameron W. Wilson, Adam P. Klausner, and Paul H. Ratz. "Adjustable passive stiffness in mouse bladder: regulated by Rho kinase and elevated following partial bladder outlet obstruction." American Journal of Physiology-Renal Physiology 302, no. 8 (April 15, 2012): F967—F976. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/ajprenal.00177.2011.

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Detrusor smooth muscle (DSM) contributes to bladder wall tension during filling, and bladder wall deformation affects the signaling system that leads to urgency. The length-passive tension ( L-Tp) relationship in rabbit DSM can adapt with length changes over time and exhibits adjustable passive stiffness (APS) characterized by a L-Tpcurve that is a function of both activation and strain history. Muscle activation with KCl, carbachol (CCh), or prostaglandin E2at short muscle lengths can increase APS that is revealed by elevated pseudo-steady-state Tpat longer lengths compared with prior Tpmeasurements at those lengths, and APS generation is inhibited by the Rho Kinase (ROCK) inhibitor H-1152. In the current study, mouse bladder strips exhibited both KCl- and CCh-induced APS. Whole mouse bladders demonstrated APS which was measured as an increase in pressure during passive filling in calcium-free solution following CCh precontraction compared with pressure during filling without precontraction. In addition, CCh-induced APS in whole mouse bladder was inhibited by H-1152, indicating that ROCK activity may regulate bladder compliance during filling. Furthermore, APS in whole mouse bladder was elevated 2 wk after partial bladder outlet obstruction, suggesting that APS may be relevant in diseases affecting bladder mechanics. The presence of APS in mouse bladder will permit future studies of APS regulatory pathways and potential alterations of APS in disease models using knockout transgenetic mice.

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Fu, Chi-Ling, Giselle Knudsen, Anuradha Thathireddy, Conor Caffrey Caffrey, James McKerrow, De’Broski Herbert, Kim Thai, Mingqian Xie, and Michael Hsieh. "A novel mouse model of Schistosoma haematobium infection to study inflammatory mechanisms of bladder fibrosis (56.5)." Journal of Immunology 186, no. 1_Supplement (April 1, 2011): 56.5. http://dx.doi.org/10.4049/jimmunol.186.supp.56.5.

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Abstract Chronic inflammatory diseases often result in tissue fibrosis through poorly understand mechanisms. Over 112 million people worldwide are infected with the parasitic worm Schistosoma haematobium. Long-term infection with S. haematobium is associated with parasite egg-induced bladder inflammation and bladder fibrosis. Studying S. haematobium infection may provide clues regarding mechanisms of tissue fibrosis in general. We sought to develop and characterize a more reliable mouse model of S. haematobium infection to study inflammatory mechanisms of tissue fibrosis. BALB/c mice underwent bladder wall injection with S. haematobium eggs and exhibited synchronous bladder granuloma development by 4 days post-injection. Egg-injected bladders began showing fibrosis by 14 days post-injection. Urine was serially sampled to profile the proteome by mass spectrometry and revealed that distinct blood, coagulation, and immune proteins were increased in the urine of egg-injected mice relative to controls. Bladder granulomas grew over time and contained many eosinophils and macrophages. Serum cytokines were analyzed by Luminex analysis and showed early and extended upregulation of IL5, IL1A, and VEGF; and late upregulation of multiple chemokines (KC, MCP1, MCP3, and IP10). We have successfully recapitulated inflammation-associated schistosomal bladder fibrosis in mice. We are now poised to employ genetically modified mice to dissect the inflammatory mechanisms which drive bladder fibrosis.

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Chen, Biao, Huiping Zhang, Lili Liu, Jiaojiao Wang, and Zhangqun Ye. "PK2/PKR1 Signaling Regulates Bladder Function and Sensation in Rats with Cyclophosphamide-Induced Cystitis." Mediators of Inflammation 2015 (2015): 1–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2015/289519.

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Prokineticin 2 (PK2) is a novel chemokine-like peptide with multiple proinflammatory and nociception-related activities. This study aimed to explore the potential role of PK2 in modulating bladder activity and sensation in rats with cyclophosphamide- (CYP-) induced cystitis. Changes of PK2 and prokineticin receptors (PKRs) in normal and inflamed urinary bladders were determined at several time points (4 h, 48 h, and 8 d) after CYP treatment. Combining a nonselective antagonist of prokineticin receptors (PKRA), we further evaluated the regulatory role of PK2 in modulating bladder function and visceral pain sensation via conscious cystometry and pain behavioral scoring. PK2 and prokineticin receptor 1 (PKR1), but not prokineticin receptor 2, were detected in normal and upregulated in CYP-treated rat bladders at several levels. Immunohistochemistry staining localized PKR1 primarily in the urothelium. Blocking PKRs with PKRA showed no effect on micturition reflex activity and bladder sensation in control rats while it increased the voiding volume, prolonged voiding interval, and ameliorated visceral hyperalgesia in rats suffering from CYP-induced cystitis. In conclusion, PK2/PKR1 signaling pathway contributes to the modulation of inflammation-mediated voiding dysfunction and spontaneous visceral pain. Local blockade of PKRs may represent a novel and promising therapeutic strategy for the clinical management of inflammation-related bladder diseases.

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Yin, Fu-Fen, Ning Wang, You-Lin Wang, Xiao-Ning Bi, Xiao-Hui Xu, and Yan-Kui Wang. "Transvaginal Resection of a Bladder Leiomyoma Misdiagnosed with a Vaginal Mass: A Case Report and Literature Review." Case Reports in Obstetrics and Gynecology 2015 (2015): 1–4. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2015/981843.

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Bladder leiomyoma is a rare benign tumor and it could be easily misdiagnosed with many other pelvic diseases, especially obstetrical and gynecological diseases; abdominal, laparoscopic, and transurethral resection of bladder leiomyoma have been reported. Herein, we present a case of bladder leiomyoma misdiagnosed with a vaginal mass preoperatively; the mass was isolated, enucleated from the bladder neck, and removed transvaginally; to the best of our knowledge, this is the first case of intramural leiomyoma of bladder neck that has been enucleated transvaginally only without cystotomy.

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Imamura, Masaaki, Akihiro Kanematsu, Shingo Yamamoto, Yu Kimura, Isao Kanatani, Noriyuki Ito, Yasuhiko Tabata, and Osamu Ogawa. "Basic fibroblast growth factor modulates proliferation and collagen expression in urinary bladder smooth muscle cells." American Journal of Physiology-Renal Physiology 293, no. 4 (October 2007): F1007—F1017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/ajprenal.00107.2007.

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Bladder hypertrophy is a general consequence of bladder outlet obstruction (BOO) and a typical phenomenon observed in clinical urologic diseases such as benign prostatic hyperplasia and neurogenic bladder. It is characterized by smooth muscle hyperplasia, altered extracellular matrix composition, and increased contractile function. Various growth factors are likely involved in hypertrophic pathophysiology, but their functions remain unknown. In this report, the role of basic fibroblast growth factor (bFGF) was investigated using a rat bladder smooth muscle cell (BSMC) culture system and an original animal model, in which bFGF was released from a gelatin hydrogel directly onto rat bladders. bFGF treatment promoted BSMC proliferation both in vitro and in vivo. In vitro, bFGF downregulated the expression of type I collagen, but upregulated type III collagen. ERK1/2, but not p38MAPK, was activated by bFGF, whereas inhibition of ERK1/2 by PD98059 reversed bFGF-induced BSMC proliferation, type I collagen downregulation, and type III collagen upregulation. In the in vivo release model, bFGF upregulated type III collagen and increased the contractile force of treated bladders. In parallel with these findings, hypertrophied rat bladders created by urethral constriction showed increased urothelial bFGF expression, BSMC proliferation, and increased type III collagen expression compared with sham-operated rats. These data suggest that bFGF from the urothelium could act as a paracrine signal that stimulates the proliferation and matrix production of BSMC, thereby contributing to the hypertrophic remodeling of the smooth muscle layer.

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Shah, Dr Menka, and Dr Krishna Panchal. "Histopathological spectrum of diseases in gall bladder." International Journal of Clinical and Diagnostic Pathology 4, no. 4 (October 1, 2021): 70–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.33545/pathol.2021.v4.i4b.423.

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Holm-Bentzen, Merete. "Pathology and Pathophysiology of Painful Bladder Diseases." Urologia Internationalis 44, no. 6 (1989): 327–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.1159/000281535.

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Mahdi, Sahar Ahmed, and Israa Jaafar. "Gallbladder diseases detected by ultrasound and correlated risk factors." Romanian Journal of Medical Practice 19, no. 2 (June 30, 2024): 105–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.37897/rjmp.2024.2.1.

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Background. Gallbladder diseases are relatively common, most of which are asymptomatic, others may be presented with right hypochondriac pain. Obesity, metabolic syndrome, long-term fasting, rapid weight reduction, bariatric surgery and drugs are associated with bile stasis and hence participate in gallstone formation. The study aimed to determine the variety of gall bladder disease detected by ultrasound in Iraqi patients. Methods. This study involved a randomly selected sample of 100 men and 100 women who attended the ultrasound clinic at Emamein Kadhimein Medical City for abdominal ultrasonography for various reasons in a period of 8 months (Oct 2022-Jul 2023). Data about age, sex, risk factors and symptoms were collected from those who had ultrasound features of gall bladder diseases. Results. It was found that gall bladder diseases are more common in women (23% of all examined women) than men (11% of all examined men). The most affected age groups are between 40-49, the percentage of women affected in this age group is 30.47% and men 12%. Most of the cases were without symptoms. The most common ultrasound finding is gallstones, where the percentage of affected women reached 82.6% and the affected men 81.8%. Conclusion. Ultrasound has a valuable role in screening, detection and follows up of gall bladder diseases. It is safe, available and cost-effective examination. Gall bladder diseases particularly gall stones are relatively common in Iraqi population, being more common in middle age women with clear association with obesity and multiparty among other risk factors. Most of patients were asymptomatic others presented with symptoms like abdominal pain.

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Weng, Te I., Hsiao Yi Wu, Pei Ying Lin, and Shing Hwa Liu. "Uropathogenic Escherichia coli-Induced Inflammation Alters Mouse Urinary Bladder Contraction via an Interleukin-6-Activated Inducible Nitric Oxide Synthase-Related Pathway." Infection and Immunity 77, no. 8 (May 26, 2009): 3312–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/iai.00013-09.

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ABSTRACT Escherichia coli is the most common cause of urinary tract infection. Elevated blood and urine interleukin-6 (IL-6) levels have been shown in inflammatory urinary tract diseases. The role of IL-6 in mediating the urodynamic dysfunction in response to E. coli-induced urinary tract infection has not yet been fully elucidated. In this study, we investigated the role of IL-6 in the nitric oxide (NO)-triggered alteration of contractile responses in the urinary bladder under an E. coli-induced inflammatory condition. The electrical field stimulation (EFS)-evoked contractions of the isolated detrusor strips, and immunoblotting for detecting protein expression in the bladders was measured short term (1 h) or long term (6 or 24 h) after intraperitoneal injection of E. coli endotoxin (lipopolysaccharide [LPS]) or intravesical instillation of human pyelonephritogenic E. coli-J96 (O4:K6) strain or LPS into mice. IL-6 and NO productions were increased in the urinary bladders of mice 1 to 24 h after LPS or E. coli-J96 treatment. Inducible NO synthase (iNOS) expression and protein kinase C (PKC) activation and EFS-evoked detrusor contractions were increased in the bladders at 6 h after LPS or E. coli-J96 treatment, which could be reversed by anti-IL-6 antibody and iNOS inhibitor aminoguanidine. At 1 h after LPS administration, bladder NO generation, endothelial NOS expression, and EFS-evoked detrusor contractions were effectively increased, whereas anti-IL-6 antibody could not reverse these LPS-induced responses. These results indicate that IL-6 may play an important role in the iNOS/NO-triggered PKC-activated contractile response in urinary bladder during E. coli or LPS-induced inflammation.

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Plehanova, O. A., A. G. Kochetov, A. G. Martov, B. R. Gvasalia, A. A. Gritskevich, and N. A. Baykov. "ENDOSCOPIC DIAGNOSIS OF BENIGN TUMORS OF THE BLADDER. THE FEATURES OF CLINICAL MANAGEMENT OF PATIENTS WITH CYSTITIS CYSTICA ET GLANDULARIS (CCEG) AND INTESTINAL METAPLASIA." Bulletin of the Medical Institute of Continuing Education 3, no. 1 (March 21, 2023): 98–102. http://dx.doi.org/10.36107/2782-1714_2023-3-1-98-102.

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Cystitis cystica et glandularis (CCEG) and intestinal metaplasia are benign diseases indistinguishable from a bladder tumor on cystoscopy. Despite the benign nature, these pathological changes can be underlying in adenocarcinoma of the bladder. One more unsolved problem is the recurrent glandular cystitis. The article considers the modern classification of benign bladder diseases and clinical examples of recurrent cases of glandular cystitis.

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Kau, Andrew L., Steven M. Martin, William Lyon, Ericka Hayes, Michael G. Caparon, and Scott J. Hultgren. "Enterococcus faecalis Tropism for the Kidneys in the Urinary Tract of C57BL/6J Mice." Infection and Immunity 73, no. 4 (April 2005): 2461–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/iai.73.4.2461-2468.2005.

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ABSTRACT Enterococcus faecalis is a gram-positive bacterium that can cause a variety of nosocomial infections of which urinary tract infections are the most common. These infections can be exceptionally difficult to treat because of drug resistance of many E. faecalis isolates. Despite their troublesome nature, little is known about the host or bacterial factors necessary for E. faecalis to cause disease in the urinary tract. Using a mouse model of urinary tract infection, we have shown that E. faecalis is capable of persisting in the kidneys of mice for at least 2 weeks. In contrast, bacterial titers from the bladders of the same mice were inconsistent and tended to be much lower than those recovered from the kidney. This preference for the kidney over the bladder is also observed in other clinical E. faecalis strains. Histologic examination of bladder and kidney tissues demonstrated that E. faecalis induced an inflammatory response in the kidney but not in the bladder. This inflammatory response was TLR2 independent and did not induce inflammatory markers typically associated with uropathogenic Escherichia coli. Using a competition assay, we demonstrated that a pyelonephritis clinical isolate had a growth advantage over a laboratory strain of E. faecalis in the kidneys but not in the bladders of mice. Taken together, these results demonstrate that E. faecalis has tropism for the kidneys in the urinary tracts of mice and that this system can be used to study factors involved in the pathogenesis of urinary tract infections.

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Jung, Jiwon, Aram Kim, and Seung-Hoon Yang. "The Innovative Approach in Functional Bladder Disorders: The Communication Between Bladder and Brain-Gut Axis." International Neurourology Journal 27, no. 1 (March 31, 2023): 15–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.5213/inj.2346036.018.

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Functional bladder disorders including overactive bladder and interstitial cystitis may induce problems in many other parts of our body such as brain and gut. In fact, diagnosis is often less accurate owing to their complex symptoms. To have correct diagnosis of these diseases, we need to understand the pathophysiology behind overlapped clinical presentation. First, we focused on reviewing literatures that have reported the link between bladder and brain, as the patients with bladder disorders frequently accompanied mood disorders such as depression and anxiety. Second, we reviewed literatures that have described the relationship between bladder and gut. There exist many evidences of patients who suffered from both bladder and intestinal diseases, such as irritable bowel syndrome and inflammatory bowel disease, at the same time. Furthermore, the interaction between brain and gut, well-known as brain-gut axis, might be a key factor that could change the activity of bladder and vice versa. For example, the affective disorders could alter the activity of efferent nerves or autonomic nervous system that modulate the gut itself and its microbiota, which might cause the destruction of homeostasis in bladder eventually. In this way, the communication between bladder and brain-gut axis might affect permeability, inflammation, as well as infectious etiology and dysbiosis in bladder diseases. In this review, we aimed to find an innovative insight of the pathophysiology in the functional bladder disorders, and we could provide a new understanding of the overlapped clinical presentation by elucidating the pathophysiology of functional bladder disorders.

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Khatoon, Mahmuda, Meherunnessa Begum, Mohammad Kamruzzaman Mazumder, Qazi Salim Yazdi, Farzana Mansura, Mahmuda Sultana, and Zakia Sultana. "Measuring the Capacity of Urine in the Post Mortem Human Urinary Bladder in a Selected Medical College." Bangladesh Journal of Medical Science 20, no. 1 (January 1, 2021): 170–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.3329/bjms.v20i1.50365.

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Background: Urinary bladder diseases are one of the clinical problems encountered in our daily practice.The incidence of these diseases rises with advanced age. These diseases are diagnosed clinically andconfirmed by various non invasive as well as invasive procedures and wall abnormalities are themost important indicator to diagnose such diseases. All these conditions require medical and surgicalintervention. Thereby knowledge regarding normal capacity of urinary bladder is essential to determinethe physiologic variation of this organ. Therefore, full knowledge about gross and histological features ofthe urinary bladder has hard & fast implication for the investigation, diagnosis and further management.With this background the present study has been designed to evaluate the capacity of urine in postmortemhuman urinary bladder. Objectives: To identify the socio-demographic determinants and to determine thecapacity of urine in post mortem human urinary bladder. Materials and Methods: This was a descriptivetype of longitudinal study. Sample size was estimated by reviewing literatures and by expert opinion and70 human postmortem urinary bladders fulfilling the inclusion and exclusion criteria were selected in thisstudy. This study was conducted in the Department of Anatomy, Sylhet MAG Osmani Medical College,Sylhet in collaboration with the Department of Forensic Medicine, Sylhet MAG Osmani Medical College,Sylhet from 1st January 2015 to 31st December 2015. Results: The age of the cadaver ranged from 10 to65 years with the mean age of 32.20 (SD ± 14.38) years; 15 (21.40%) cadavers were in the age group of10-20 years, 36 (51.4%) cadavers were in the age group of 21-40 years and 19 (27.1%) cadavers werein the age group 41-65 years. There were 52 (74.3%) male and 18 (25.7%) female with a ratio of maleto female was 2.89:1. The mean capacity was 35.23 (SD ± 7.48) ml. The mean capacity of the urinarybladder was 31.20 ml (SD ± 7.28); 37.92 ml (SD ± 7.31) and 33.32 ml (SD ± 6.13) in the age group of A,B and C respectively. The difference between group A and B was highly significant (p=0.004); betweengroup B and C was significant (p=0.023); but not significant between group A and C (p=0.364). The meancapacity of urinary bladder of male and female did not differ significantly in age group A (p=0.117),group B (p=0.145) and group C (p=0.241). Conclusion: The gross capacity of urinary bladder was foundincreased with age up to certain limit then slightly decreased in the late age. But the capacity did not differsignificantly between male and female. Bangladesh Journal of Medical Science Vol.20(1) 2021 p.170-176

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Vercruysse, J., J. Fransen, V. R. Southgate, and D. Rollinson. "Pathology of Schistosoma curassoni infection in sheep." Parasitology 91, no. 2 (October 1985): 291–300. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0031182000057383.

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The gross- and histopathology of natural and experimental Schistosoma curassoni infections in sheep were studied. The data obtained showed that S. curassoni infection in sheep causes only slight clinico-pathological manifestations with preferential involvement of the liver, the lower intestine and the urinary bladder. A variable spectrum of host reaction to the eggs within an individual animal was observed, reflecting the duration of presence of eggs in the organs. In the liver, egg granulomas were most numerous in the perilobular regions, while in the intestine, lesions were most pronounced in the mucosa of the rectum. The presence of eggs in 10% of the urinary bladders examined indicated some bladder involvement.

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Hasanat, Md Abul, Farida Yasmin Shelly, Monowara Begum, Md Durul Huda, and Md Masudul Hasan Khan. "Role of Ultrasound in the Diagnosis and Management of Gall Bladder Diseases." Ibrahim Cardiac Medical Journal 7, no. 1-2 (March 4, 2019): 70–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.3329/icmj.v7i1-2.53963.

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Background & objective: The majority of published data on the sensitivity and specificity of ultrasound (US) in the diagnosis of gallbladder pathology was conducted over 30 years ago. Since then the quality and resolution of ultrasonography has improved significantly. It is, therefore, essential to asses afresh whether the progression in technology has translated into improved diagnostic accuracy. The present study was undertaken to find the usefulness of US in diagnosing gallbladder diseases with particular reference to cholecystitis and gall bladder carcinoma. Methods: This cross-sectional observational study was conducted at the Department of Radiology and Imaging, Rajshahi Medical College, Rajshahi in collaboration with the Departments of General Surgery and Histopathology of the same Medical College between July 2016 to June 2018. A total of 128 patients were initially included on the basis of signs and symptoms of gallbladder diseases. All these patients were subjected to abdominal US to achieve a ultrasonic diagnosis of gall bladder disease followed by histopathological examination of biopsy material taken from the gall bladder or specimen of the operated gall bladder. The accuracy of ultrasound in the diagnosis of gall bladder diseases was determined by comparing the ultrasound sound diagnosis with that of histopathological diagnosis. In particular, the role of ultrasound was evaluated in the differentiation of benign gall bladder diseases from those of malignant ones. Result: Age distribution of the patients shows that over one-third (35.9%) was ≥50 years old followed by 24.9% 40-50 years, 21.9% 30 - 40 years and 16.4% 20 – 30 years old with mean age of the patients being 43.8(range: 18-80) years. Females outnumbered males by roughly 11:9. In terms of BMI, 6.2% were underweight, 16.4% overweight, and 4.7% obese. The predominant complaints reported by the patients were pain in the right upper abdomen (95.3%), epigastric pain (94.7%), abdominal discomfort (96.9%) followed by nausea (75%), low-grade fever (37.5%), jaundice (26.6%) and vomiting (26.6%). Approximately 44% of the patients exhibited anaemia. Nearly half (46.1%) of the patients exhibited sonographic Murphy’s sign. Hyperechoic echo character was invariably obtained with 12.5% cases having hypoechoeic character as well. Over 90% of the patients had gall-stones, 62.5% cholecystitis (thickened gall-bladder wall). Ultrasound comment on the type of diseases revealed that 112(87.5%) were benign diseases and 16(12.5%) malignant cases. Approximately 55% of the gall bladder diseases diagnosed by histopathology were cholecystitis. Histopathological comment shows that about 90% of the diseases were benign and the rest (10.2%) were malignant. The sensitivity of ultrasound in diagnosing cholecystitis was 85.9%, while the specificity of the test was 60.9% with overall diagnostic accuracy of the test being 73.4%. The US had a optimum sensitivity (84.6%) and high specificity (95.6%) in diagnosing gall-bladder carcinoma. Conclusion: The study concluded that US could be considered as the preferred initial imaging technique for patients who are clinically suspected of having acute calculous cholecystitis. It is also a useful imaging modality for diagnosing gall-bladder malignancy. Thus, US can be dependably used in the primary evaluation of heptobilliary pathology. Ibrahim Card Med J 2017; 7 (1&2): 70-75

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Gernone, Floriana, Annamaria Uva, Maria Alfonsa Cavalera, and Andrea Zatelli. "Neurogenic Bladder in Dogs, Cats and Humans: A Comparative Review of Neurological Diseases." Animals 12, no. 23 (November 22, 2022): 3233. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ani12233233.

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Lower urinary tract disease (LUTD) includes abnormalities in the structure and function of the bladder and the urethra. LUTD caused by neurological disease is defined neurogenic bladder (NB). The integrity of the central nervous system (CNS) and peripheral nervous system (PNS) is required to explicate normal micturition, maintaining the proper function of bladder and urethra. The location and type of neurological lesions influence the pattern of clinical manifestations, potential treatment, and prognosis. Though, in dogs and cats, spinal cord injury is considered mainly responsible for bladder and/or urethra incompetence, other disorders, congenital or acquired, involving CNS or PNS, could play a role in NB. In veterinary medicine, the information about the epidemiology, prevalence, etiopathogenesis, diagnosis and treatment of NB are scattered. The aim of this study is to provide an overview of the epidemiology, prevalence, clinical findings, diagnosis and prognosis for NB in dogs and cats compared with humans.

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Bassi, Pier Francesco, Elisabetta Costantini, Steve Foley, and Stefano Palea. "Glycosaminoglycan Therapy for Bladder Diseases: Emerging New Treatments." European Urology Supplements 10, no. 6 (October 2011): 451–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.eursup.2011.06.001.

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Li, Bin, and Xiaoguang Li. "A preliminary study on the establishment of a cyst and cystic neoplasm tissue-mimicking model." Journal of Cancer Research and Therapeutics 19, no. 4 (August 2023): 988–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.4103/jcrt.jcrt_2060_22.

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ABSTRACT Context: The present experimental models of cystic diseases are not adequate and require further investigation. Aim: In this study, a new way of producing a tissue-mimicking model of cysts and cystic neoplasms was evaluated. Settings and Design: To simulate cysts and cystic neoplasms, ex vivo rabbit normal bladders and VX2-implanted tumor bladders were produced, fixed, and embedded in agarose gel. Methods and Materials: The samples were classified into four groups based on tumor features and the maximal transverse diameter of the rabbit bladder, which were assessed using computer tomography (CT) imaging and statistically analyzed. Statistical Analysis Used: Statistical analysis was performed using Statistical Package for the Social Sciences (SPSS) software. The t-test was used for analyzing enumeration data. Results: Twenty-one rabbit bladders (21/24) were successfully removed and prepped for this experiment, comprising eleven normal bladders (11/24) and ten implanted with VX2 tumors (10/24). The gelling ingredient used to form the visualization and fixation matrix was agarose at a concentration of 4 g/200 mL. The temperature of the agarose solution was kept constant at 40-45°C, which is the optimal temperature range for ex vivo normal bladder and implanted VX2 tumor bladder insertion. The average time required to embed and fix the bladders in agarose gel was 45.0 ± 5.2 minutes per instance. The gel-fixing matrix’s strength and light transmittance were enough for building the models. Conclusion: We created an experimental tissue-mimicking model of cysts and cystic neoplasms with stable physicochemical features, a safe manufacturing method, and high repeatability. These models may be used to assist with cystic lesion diagnosis and treatment techniques.

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Tocque, K., and R. C. Tinsley. "Ingestion of host blood by the monogenean Pseudodiplorchis americanus: a quantitative analysis." Parasitology 104, no. 2 (April 1992): 283–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0031182000061722.

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SUMMARYPseudodiplorchis americanus infects the urinary bladder of a desert toad and feeds exclusively on blood, producing the iron-rich waste product haematin. The host, Scaphiopus couchii, retains dilute urine within the urinary bladder as a water store throughout hibernation and parasite waste will therefore not be eliminated. This study utilized atomic absorption spectrophotometry to quantify the iron within the urinary bladders of infected and uninfected toads after different periods of hibernation. During the first 4 months hibernation, no detectable iron, above that of the controls, was found in the urine and bladder tissue of infected animals, but after 5–6 months hibernation there was a small but not significant increase. The iron contained within most individual parasites was greater than that detected in the urine and bladder tissue of the host, and the total iron in each parasite infrapopulation was 3–83 times greater than the urinary bladder iron. This suggests that the parasites do not regurgitate their gut contents during host hibernation. The amount of iron in individual parasites increased with time after migration to the bladder and this was used to estimate the amount of blood ingested by P. americanus. At a controlled temperature of 25 °C, the estimated rate of ingestion increased from 0·33 μl blood/parasite/week by worms 2 weeks post-migration to a maximum of around 1·6 μl by worms 5 months post-migration. The rate of blood ingestion by older worms was also calculated as a function of the hibernation period (since this did not correspond to worm age) assuming complete gut evacuation at the start of hibernation. This provided maximum estimates of ingestion rate of 1·9–5·3 μl blood/parasite/week.

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Yang, Hee Jo, Doo Sang Kim, Kwang Woo Lee, and Young Ho Kim. "The Urinary Microbiome; Axis Crosstalk and Short-Chain Fatty Acid." Diagnostics 12, no. 12 (December 10, 2022): 3119. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/diagnostics12123119.

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Our knowledge that “urine is sterile” is no longer accepted after the development of a next-generation sequencing (NGS) test. Using NGS, microbiota in the human body were discovered, and it is expected that this will improve our understanding of human diseases. However, the mechanism involved in the effect of the microbiome on diseases is still poorly understood. Associations of gut microbiome with diseases have been recently reported. Based on such associations, bladder–gut–brain axis, gut–bladder axis, gut–vagina–bladder axis, and gut–kidney axis as novel mechanisms of action of the microbiome have been suggested. Each axis can influence the development and progression of disease through interactions. In these interactions, metabolites of the microbiome including short-chain fatty acids (SCFA) and the inflammasome play an important role. Inflammasomes are multiprotein oligomers that can initiate inflammatory responses. Inflammasomes can trigger inflammation and pyroptosis and ultimately contribute to disease development. SCFAs play an important role in immune cell migration, cytokine production, and maintenance of cellular homeostasis. Associations of inflammasomes with systemic diseases such as obesity and insulin resistance have been reported. The roles of inflammasomes and SCFAs in kidney, bladder, and prostate diseases have also been revealed recently.

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Shabbir, Asma, Zareen Irshad, Saba Javed, Fakiha Nadeem, Nazish Jaffar, and Syed Mehmood Hasan. "Morphological Spectrum of Gall Bladder Diseases at A Tertiary Care Hospital of Karachi." ANNALS of JINNAH SINDH MEDICAL UNIVERSITY 6, no. 1 (June 30, 2020): 24–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.46663/ajsmu.v6i1.24-28.

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Kroll, Paweł, Magdalena Sobieska, Anna Jażdżewska, Jakub Żurawski, and Ewa Gajewska. "Is there a correlation between structural changes of the bladder wall and its dysfunction? A Prospective Study." Postępy Higieny i Medycyny Doświadczalnej 73 (October 3, 2019): 476–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.5604/01.3001.0013.5140.

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The aim of the study was to evaluate the microscopic structure of the bladder wall in children with a neurogenic bladder to find a correlation between changes in the microscopic structure of the bladder wall and functional disorders. The study group consisted of 42 children who underwent bladder augmentation. Full-thickness fragments of the bladder wall were collected during operation, photographed for evaluation with a morphometric analysis. The proportion of muscle and connective tissue was determined. Results were correlated with the results of urodynamic tests. The analysis showed a progressive increase in connective/muscle tissue ratio with a decrease in the number of nerve trunks with a correlation between the connective/muscle tissue ratio and the deterioration of lower urinary tract in urodynamic investigations. Dysfunctions of the bladder are associated with histological abnormalities of the bladder wall, particularly increases in the amount of connective tissue and reduction of the number of nerve trunks. The increase in the percentage of the connective tissue correlates positively with deterioration of bladder function, reduced compliance of the bladder wall, and changes in the structure of the bladder wall and deterioration of the upper urinary tract.

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Casella, Mário Luis, Victor Silvestre Soares Fanni, Douglas Otto Verndl, Monique Camila Basso, Luiz Figueiredo Mello, and Sidney Glina. "Schistosomiasis mansoni of the bladder simulating bladder cancer: a case report." Revista da Sociedade Brasileira de Medicina Tropical 42, no. 5 (October 2009): 581–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/s0037-86822009000500018.

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The relationship between bladder tumors and Schistosoma haematobium is well known, but only sporadic cases of bladder infection due to Schistosoma mansoni have been reported. In this case, a 48-year-old woman with macroscopic hematuria, dysuria and a palpable abdominal mass was investigated. Ultrasound showed a large exophytic mass in the bladder. Transurethral resection of the bladder revealed viable eggs of Schistosoma mansoni. The patient was treated clinically with oxamniquine and surgery was performed to resect the large mass. This case shows that schistosomiasis Mansoni in the bladder can simulate bladder cancer.

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Umurzakov Akmal Ismailovich and Azizov Gafur Abdurakhimovich. "Possibilities of Transperineal (Transperineal) Echography in The Diagnosis of Prostate Diseases." Texas Journal of Medical Science 20 (May 20, 2023): 70–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.62480/tjms.2023.vol20.pp70-79.

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The possibilities of transperineal (transperineal) ultrasonic examination of the prostate gland in it is various pathological conditions were investigated. The analysis included ultrasound data of 92 male patients with various pathologies of the prostate gland in the period from 2018 to 2022. Patients underwent an ultrasound examination of the pelvic organs, including a transabdominal examination and, subsequently, a transperineal examination. Transabdominal examination was not possible in the presence of a postoperative wound, after surgery on the bladder, the presence of drainage, inflammation in the suprapubic region, the patient's obesity, and the presence of flatulence. Empty or empty bladder due to bladder failure. A large body weight and a large fat layer on the abdomen also made it difficult to examine the prostate gland. A visual comparison of the transabdominal and transperineal ultrasound methods for examining the prostate gland in its various pathological conditions is presented.

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Janssen, Dick A. W. "Is Clinical Practice Aligned with the Latest Scientific Evidence on GAG Therapy?" Urologia Journal 84, no. 1_suppl (August 17, 2017): 16–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.5301/uj.5000259.

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The role of glycosaminoglycans (GAGs) as key components of the protective bladder barrier is well accepted. Replenishment of the GAG layer could restore the normal protective barrier function of the damaged bladder urothelium and re-establish normal permeability. A number of bladder diseases, including interstitial cystitis/ bladder pain syndrome, recurrent urinary tract infections, radiation cystitis, and other forms of cystitis may ben-efit from GAG therapy.

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Jones, Emily, John Alawneh, Mary Thompson, Chiara Palmieri, Karen Jackson, and Rachel Allavena. "Predicting Diagnosis of Australian Canine and Feline Urinary Bladder Disease Based on Histologic Features." Veterinary Sciences 7, no. 4 (November 27, 2020): 190. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/vetsci7040190.

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Anatomic pathology is a vital component of veterinary medicine but as a primarily subjective qualitative or semiquantitative discipline, it is at risk of cognitive biases. Logistic regression is a statistical technique used to explain relationships between data categories and outcomes and is increasingly being applied in medicine for predicting disease probability based on medical and patient variables. Our aims were to evaluate histologic features of canine and feline bladder diseases and explore the utility of logistic regression modeling in identifying associations in veterinary histopathology, then formulate a predictive disease model using urinary bladder as a pilot tissue. The histologic features of 267 canine and 71 feline bladder samples were evaluated, and a logistic regression model was developed to identify associations between the bladder disease diagnosed, and both patient and histologic variables. There were 102 cases of cystitis, 84 neoplasia, 42 urolithiasis and 63 normal bladders. Logistic regression modeling identified six variables that were significantly associated with disease outcome: species, urothelial ulceration, urothelial inflammation, submucosal lymphoid aggregates, neutrophilic submucosal inflammation, and moderate submucosal hemorrhage. This study demonstrated that logistic regression modeling could provide a more objective approach to veterinary histopathology and has opened the door toward predictive disease modeling based on histologic variables.

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Jones, Emily, John Alawneh, Mary Thompson, and Rachel Allavena. "Association between case signalment and disease diagnosis in urinary bladder disease in Australian cats and dogs." Journal of Veterinary Diagnostic Investigation 33, no. 3 (April 2, 2021): 498–505. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/10406387211004008.

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Urinary bladder diseases are common in dogs and cats; however, there is little published work on urinary bladder disease in Australian pets. We identified pathology records of Australian dogs and cats with urinary bladder tissue submitted to the University of Queensland Veterinary Laboratory Service during 1994–2016 ( n = 320). We described the proportion of bladder diseases in dogs and cats, and applied the less-commonly used logistic regression procedure to quantify associations between signalment variables and disease diagnosis that were evident using descriptive statistics alone. After preliminary analysis, both species were combined because of similar results. Spayed/castrated animals were 74% less likely to be diagnosed with cystitis compared with intact animals. Animals 4–11 y old were also at lower risk of being diagnosed with cystitis compared with younger or older animals. Male animals were at increased risk of neoplasia compared to females, which contrasts with reports from North America and Europe. There was increased risk for developing neoplasia with progressive age, with up to 20 times higher odds in the > 11-y age group. Logistic regression modeling provided unique insight into proportionate morbidity of urinary bladder diseases in Australian dogs and cats.

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Smith, Yarery C., Susan B. Rasmussen, Kerian K. Grande, Richard M. Conran, and Alison D. O'Brien. "Hemolysin of Uropathogenic Escherichia coli Evokes Extensive Shedding of the Uroepithelium and Hemorrhage in Bladder Tissue within the First 24 Hours after Intraurethral Inoculation of Mice." Infection and Immunity 76, no. 7 (April 28, 2008): 2978–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/iai.00075-08.

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ABSTRACT Many uropathogenic Escherichia coli (UPEC) strains produce both hemolysin (Hly) and cytotoxic necrotizing factor type 1 (CNF1), and the loci for these toxins are often linked. The conclusion that Hly and CNF1 contribute to urovirulence is supported by the results of epidemiological studies associating the severity of urinary tract infections (UTIs) with toxin production by UPEC isolates. Additionally, we previously reported that mouse bladders and rat prostates infected with UPEC strain CP9 exhibit a more profound inflammatory response than the organs from animals challenged with CP9cnf 1 and that CNF1 decreases the antimicrobial activities of polymorphonuclear leukocytes. More recently, we created an Hly mutant, CP9ΔhlyA 1::cat, and showed that it was less hemolytic and destructive for cultured bladder cells than CP9 was. Here we evaluated the relative effects of mutations in hlyA 1 or cnf 1 alone or together on the pathogenicity of CP9 in a mouse model of ascending UTI. To do this, we constructed an hlyA 1-complemented clone of CP9ΔhlyA 1::cat and an hlyA 1 cnf 1 CP9 double mutant. We found that Hly had no influence on bacterial colonization of the bladder or kidneys in single or mixed infections with the wild type and CP9ΔhlyA 1::cat but that it did provoke sloughing of the uroepithelium and bladder hemorrhage within the first 24 h after challenge. Finally, we confirmed that CNF1 expression induces bladder inflammation and, in particular, as shown in this study, submucosal edema. From these data, we speculate that Hly and CNF1 may be largely responsible for the signs and symptoms of cystitis in humans infected with toxigenic UPEC.

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Dorsher, Peter T., and Peter M. McIntosh. "Neurogenic Bladder." Advances in Urology 2012 (2012): 1–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2012/816274.

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Congenital anomalies such as meningomyelocele and diseases/damage of the central, peripheral, or autonomic nervous systems may produce neurogenic bladder dysfunction, which untreated can result in progressive renal damage, adverse physical effects including decubiti and urinary tract infections, and psychological and social sequelae related to urinary incontinence. A comprehensive bladder-retraining program that incorporates appropriate education, training, medication, and surgical interventions can mitigate the adverse consequences of neurogenic bladder dysfunction and improve both quantity and quality of life. The goals of bladder retraining for neurogenic bladder dysfunction are prevention of urinary incontinence, urinary tract infections, detrusor overdistension, and progressive upper urinary tract damage due to chronic, excessive detrusor pressures. Understanding the physiology and pathophysiology of micturition is essential to select appropriate pharmacologic and surgical interventions to achieve these goals. Future perspectives on potential pharmacological, surgical, and regenerative medicine options for treating neurogenic bladder dysfunction are also presented.

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Sobel, Jack D. "Antifungal Bladder Irrigation." Infectious Diseases in Clinical Practice 14, no. 3 (May 2006): 125–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/01.idc.0000224556.99296.74.

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Maksudbekovna, Bakhtiyarova Aziza, and Masharipova Khulkar Qabulovna. "Modern interpretation of anatomical differences of liver, gallbladder and bile ducts of the children of different age groups." European Journal of Medical Genetics and Clinical Biology 1, no. 1 (September 13, 2023): 145–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.61796/jmgcb.v1i1.264.

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Bindi, Edoardo, Michele Ilari, Giovanni Torino, Francesca Mariscoli, Fabiano Nino, Giovanni Cobellis, and Ascanio Martino. "Detubularized Ureterosigmoidostomy for the Creation of Continent Neobladder in Children: Cases Report and Review of the Literature." Children 8, no. 4 (April 5, 2021): 279. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/children8040279.

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Introduction: To report our experience in continent urinary diversions, we describe two cases we treated performing detubularized ureterosigmoidostomy. In children, in the case of malformations or neoplastic diseases affecting the bladder, the need for a cystectomy is not so frequent. When cystectomy becomes mandatory, there is a need to create a continent bladder diversion. Mainz pouch II and Cologne pouch are procedures that utilize a detubularized sigma as a reservoir in order to build up a continent neo-bladder. Materials and methods: This is a retrospective study performed at the Pediatric Surgical Unit of the Salesi Children’s Hospital. In this work, we reviewed data about two patients who underwent surgery for the creation of a sigmoid neo-bladder by the Mainz pouch II and Cologne pouch techniques. Results: In our experience, we treated a girl who was affected by a bladder’s rabdomiosarcoma and a girl born with a bladder exstrophy and treated at birth abroad. In both patients, a complete cystectomy was performed and a continent neo-bladder was created by a detubularized ureterosigmoidostomy. In the first case, we performed the Mainz pouch II technique and in the second, the Cologne pouch technique. Discussion: Different techniques have been developed with the main goal of the creation of an orthotopic neo-bladder, which has to be a low pressure reservoir with a continent sphincteric mechanism. Detubularized ureterosigmoidostomy is a good choice in pediatric patients. Our study, according to other works, shows that these procedure are safe with good long-term outcomes.

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Deo, Kunal Bikram, Vishal Sharma, Harshal Mandavdhare, Rajender Kumar Basher, Manish Rohilla, and Harjeet Singh. "An uncommon case of gall bladder mass: gall bladder tuberculosis." Tropical Doctor 49, no. 2 (February 19, 2019): 136–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0049475519829601.

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Gall bladder tuberculosis (TB) is a rare entity and differentiation of gall bladder TB from gall bladder malignancy is difficult. We hereby present an unusual case of incidental diagnosis of gall bladder TB during the evaluation of a gall bladder with suspicion of gall bladder cancer in a 49-year-old woman. The diagnosis of gall bladder TB was made with fine needle aspiration cytology (FNAC) from the gall bladder mass as the disease was found unresectable after cross-sectional imaging. Even with the advancement of cross-sectional imaging, the differentiation of gall bladder TB from gall bladder malignancy is not possible without tissue diagnosis.

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Journal articles on the topic 'Bladder. Diseases'

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