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1

Graham, Sam D. "IMMUNOLOGY OF THE BLADDER." Urologic Clinics of North America 19, no. 3 (1992): 541–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0094-0143(21)00420-1.

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2

Bjorling, D. E., M. R. Saban, and R. Saban. "Neurogenic Inflammation of Guinea-Pig Bladder." Mediators of Inflammation 3, no. 3 (1994): 189–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/s0962935194000268.

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Capsaicin, substance P, and ovalbumin, instilled into the bladders of naive and ovalbumin (OVA) sensitized guineapigs caused inflammation, as indicated by increased vascular permeability. Histological changes after exposure to these compounds progressed with time from intense vasodilatation to marginalization of granulocytes followed by interstitial migration of leukocytes.In vitroincubation of guinea-pig bladder tissue with substance P and ovalbumin stimulated release of prostaglandin D2and leukotrienes.In vitroincubation of bladder tissue with capsaicin, OVA, prostaglandin D2, leukotriene C4
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3

Nag, M. K., Y. G. Deshpande, D. Beck, A. Li, and D. L. Kaminski. "The effect of lysolecithin on prostanoid and platelet-activating factor formation by human gall-bladder mucosal cells." Mediators of Inflammation 4, no. 2 (1995): 90–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/s0962935195000147.

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It has been demonstrated that lysolecithin (lysophosphatidyl choline, LPC) produces experimental cholecystitis in cats mediated by arachidonic acid metabolites. LPC is a cytolytic agent that has been postulated as a contributing factor in the development of cholecystitis in humans. The purpose of this research was to evaluate the effect of LPC on human gall-bladder mucosal cell phospholipase A2and cyclooxygenase activity. Gall-bladder mucosal cells were isolated from the gall-bladders of patients undergoing routine cholecystectomy. Fresh, isolated cells were maintained in tissue culture and st
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4

Balsara, Zarine R., Sherry S. Ross, Paul C. Dolber, John S. Wiener, Yuping Tang, and Patrick C. Seed. "Enhanced Susceptibility to Urinary Tract Infection in the Spinal Cord-Injured Host with Neurogenic Bladder." Infection and Immunity 81, no. 8 (2013): 3018–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/iai.00255-13.

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ABSTRACTNeurogenic bladder predisposes to recurrent urinary tract infections (UTI) and renal failure, and susceptibility is commonly ascribed to urinary stasis from elevated residual urine volumes.Escherichia coliUTI was modeled in the spinal cord-injured (SCI) rat with the hypothesis that SCI animals would require fewer bacteria to establish infection, have an exaggerated inflammatory response, and have delayed clearance of infection compared to normal-voiding controls. T10 SCI rats and controls had median infectious doses (ID50) of 102and 105CFU, respectively. Mean residual volumes in the SC
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5

Tan, Chee K., Alison J. Carey, Xiangqin Cui, et al. "Genome-Wide Mapping of Cystitis Due to Streptococcus agalactiae and Escherichia coli in Mice Identifies a Unique Bladder Transcriptome That Signifies Pathogen-Specific Antimicrobial Defense against Urinary Tract Infection." Infection and Immunity 80, no. 9 (2012): 3145–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/iai.00023-12.

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ABSTRACTThe most common causes of urinary tract infections (UTIs) are Gram-negative pathogens such asEscherichia coli; however, Gram-positive organisms, includingStreptococcus agalactiae, or group B streptococcus (GBS), also cause UTI. In GBS infection, UTI progresses to cystitis once the bacteria colonize the bladder, but the host responses triggered in the bladder immediately following infection are largely unknown. Here, we used genome-wide expression profiling to map the bladder transcriptome of GBS UTI in mice infected transurethrally with uropathogenic GBS that was cultured from a 35-yea
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6

Pokrywczynska, Marta, Iga Gubanska, Gerard Drewa, and Tomasz Drewa. "Application of Bladder Acellular Matrix in Urinary Bladder Regeneration: The State of the Art and Future Directions." BioMed Research International 2015 (2015): 1–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2015/613439.

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Construction of the urinary bladderde novousing tissue engineering technologies is the “holy grail” of reconstructive urology. The search for the ideal biomaterial for urinary bladder reconstruction has been ongoing for decades. One of the most promising biomaterials for this purpose seems to be bladder acellular matrix (BAM). In this review we determine the most important factors, which may affect biological and physical properties of BAM and its regeneration potential in tissue engineered urinary bladder. We also point out the directions in modification of BAM, which include incorporation of
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7

Crispen, Paul L., and Sergei Kusmartsev. "Mechanisms of immune evasion in bladder cancer." Cancer Immunology, Immunotherapy 69, no. 1 (2019): 3–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00262-019-02443-4.

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AbstractWith the introduction of multiple new agents, the role of immunotherapy is rapidly expanding across all malignancies. Bladder cancer is known to be immunogenic and is responsive to immunotherapy including intravesical BCG and immune checkpoint inhibitors. Multiple trials have addressed the role of checkpoint inhibitors in advanced bladder cancer, including atezolizumab, avelumab, durvalumab, nivolumab and pembrolizumab (all targeting the PD1/PD-L1 pathway). While these trials have demonstrated promising results and improvements over existing therapies, less than half of patients with a
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8

Weng, Te I., Hsiao Yi Wu, Pei Ying Lin, and Shing Hwa Liu. "Uropathogenic Escherichia coli-Induced Inflammation Alters Mouse Urinary Bladder Contraction via an Interleukin-6-Activated Inducible Nitric Oxide Synthase-Related Pathway." Infection and Immunity 77, no. 8 (2009): 3312–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/iai.00013-09.

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ABSTRACT Escherichia coli is the most common cause of urinary tract infection. Elevated blood and urine interleukin-6 (IL-6) levels have been shown in inflammatory urinary tract diseases. The role of IL-6 in mediating the urodynamic dysfunction in response to E. coli-induced urinary tract infection has not yet been fully elucidated. In this study, we investigated the role of IL-6 in the nitric oxide (NO)-triggered alteration of contractile responses in the urinary bladder under an E. coli-induced inflammatory condition. The electrical field stimulation (EFS)-evoked contractions of the isolated
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9

Kau, Andrew L., Steven M. Martin, William Lyon, Ericka Hayes, Michael G. Caparon, and Scott J. Hultgren. "Enterococcus faecalis Tropism for the Kidneys in the Urinary Tract of C57BL/6J Mice." Infection and Immunity 73, no. 4 (2005): 2461–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/iai.73.4.2461-2468.2005.

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ABSTRACT Enterococcus faecalis is a gram-positive bacterium that can cause a variety of nosocomial infections of which urinary tract infections are the most common. These infections can be exceptionally difficult to treat because of drug resistance of many E. faecalis isolates. Despite their troublesome nature, little is known about the host or bacterial factors necessary for E. faecalis to cause disease in the urinary tract. Using a mouse model of urinary tract infection, we have shown that E. faecalis is capable of persisting in the kidneys of mice for at least 2 weeks. In contrast, bacteria
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10

El Gharib, Khalil, Eddy Lilly, and Roy Chebel. "Checkpoint inhibitors in BCG-unresponsive nonmuscle invasive bladder cancer: can they help spare the bladder?" Immunotherapy 13, no. 13 (2021): 1105–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.2217/imt-2021-0030.

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Intravesical BCG therapy has been for years, the standard of care in nonmuscle-invasive bladder cancer. But upon recurrence/relapse, radical cystectomy is imposed, due to the paucity of other therapeutic options. Immunotherapy has been revolutionizing cancer treatment, and its indications continue to broaden. It has been approved for the treatment of advanced urothelial cancer of the bladder, mainly as a second-line therapy. Its activity is being studied in nonmuscle-invasive bladder cancer that is not responsive to BCG; we herein report the trials investigating these checkpoint inhibitors (pe
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11

Chen, Ling, YaRong Wang, Le Zhao, et al. "Hsp74, a Potential Bladder Cancer Marker, Has Direct Interaction with Keratin 1." Journal of Immunology Research 2014 (2014): 1–6. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2014/492849.

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Early diagnosis and prognosis monitoring are very important for the survival of patients with bladder cancer. To identify candidate biomarkers of bladder cancer, we used a combination of techniques including 2-DE, co-IP, western blot, LC-MS/MS, and immunohistochemistry. Hsp74 was identified with high expression in bladder cancer. The cellular location of expression products of gene Hsp74 showed that they were distributed into cytoplasm and keratin 1 was found to be associated with Hsp74. The results provide a new idea to understand the molecular basis of bladder cancer progression and pinpoint
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12

Lacerda Mariano, Livia, and Molly A. Ingersoll. "Bladder resident macrophages: Mucosal sentinels." Cellular Immunology 330 (August 2018): 136–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.cellimm.2018.01.018.

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13

Wu, Qiushuang, Janet P. C. Wong, and Hang Fai Kwok. "Putting the Brakes on Tumorigenesis with Natural Products of Plant Origin: Insights into the Molecular Mechanisms of Actions and Immune Targets for Bladder Cancer Treatment." Cells 9, no. 5 (2020): 1213. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/cells9051213.

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Bladder cancer is the 10th most commonly diagnosed cancer worldwide. Although the incidence in men is 4 times higher than that in women, the diagnoses are worse for women. Over the past 30 years, the treatment for bladder cancer has not achieved a significant positive effect, and the outlook for mortality rates due to muscle-invasive bladder cancer and metastatic disease is not optimistic. Phytochemicals found in plants and their derivatives present promising possibilities for cancer therapy with improved treatment effects and reduced toxicity. In this study, we summarize the promising natural
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14

Viola, M. V., F. Fromowitz, S. Oravez, S. Deb, and J. Schlom. "ras Oncogene p21 expression is increased in premalignant lesions and high grade bladder carcinoma." Journal of Experimental Medicine 161, no. 5 (1985): 1213–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.1084/jem.161.5.1213.

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ras Oncogene p21 antigen is present in the most superficial cells of the normal bladder urothelium, as demonstrated by immunohistochemical staining. The pattern and intensity of p21 staining of cells in epithelial hyperplasia and low grade bladder carcinoma were similar to that seen in the normal urothelium. In contrast, epithelial cells in "premalignant" (dysplastic) lesions and high grade carcinomas exhibited an intense staining reaction for p21 antigen. ras p21 may be a useful marker for the malignant potential of both premalignant lesions and carcinomas of the bladder.
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15

Mao, Xiawa, Nanzhang, Jiaquao Xiao, Huifeng Wu та Kefeng Ding. "Hypoxia-Induced Autophagy Enhances Cisplatin Resistance in Human Bladder Cancer Cells by Targeting Hypoxia-Inducible Factor-1α". Journal of Immunology Research 2021 (17 лютого 2021): 1–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2021/8887437.

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Purpose. To investigate the effect of hypoxia on chemoresistance and the underlying mechanism in bladder cancer cells. Methods. BIU-87 bladder cancer cell line was treated with cisplatin under hypoxic and normoxic conditions and tested using 3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide (MTT) assay, flow cytometry, and Western blotting. All the data were expressed as mean ± standard error from three independent experiments and analyzed by multiple t -tests. Results. Apoptosis of bladder cancer cells caused by cisplatin was attenuated in hypoxic conditions. Hypoxia enhanced autop
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16

Ingersoll, Molly A., Xue Li, Brant A. Inman, John W. Greiner, Peter C. Black, and Rosalyn M. Adam. "Immunology, Immunotherapy, and Translating Basic Science into the Clinic for Bladder Cancer." Bladder Cancer 4, no. 4 (2018): 429–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.3233/blc-180175.

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17

Scher, Howard I. "Principles of Oncology and Immunology, and Tumors of Bladder, Penis and Urethra." Journal of Urology 152, no. 5 Part 1 (1994): 1648. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0022-5347(17)32497-7.

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18

Scher, Howard I. "Principles of Oncology and Immunology, and Tumors of Bladder, Penis and Urethra." Journal of Urology 152, no. 2 Part 1 (1994): 568–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0022-5347(17)32794-5.

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19

Scher, Howard I. "Principles of Oncology and Immunology, and Tumors of Bladder, Penis and Urethra." Journal of Urology 151, no. 2 (1994): 520–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0022-5347(17)35006-1.

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20

Scher, Howard I. "Principles of Oncology and Immunology, and Tumors of Bladder, Penis and Urethra." Journal of Urology 151, no. 5 (1994): 1434–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0022-5347(17)35274-6.

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21

Scher, Howard I. "Principles of Oncology and Immunology, and Tumors of Bladder, Penis and Urethra." Journal of Urology 150, no. 2 Part 1 (1993): 554–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0022-5347(17)35546-5.

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22

Scher, Howard I. "Principles of Oncology and Immunology, and Tumors of Bladder, Penis and Urethra." Journal of Urology 150, no. 5 Part 1 (1993): 1568–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0022-5347(17)35843-3.

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23

Scher, Howard I. "Principles of Oncology and Immunology, and Tumors of Bladder, Penis and Urethra." Journal of Urology 149, no. 2 (1993): 418–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0022-5347(17)36107-4.

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24

Scher, Howard I. "Principles of Oncology and Immunology, and Tumors of Bladder, Penis and Urethra." Journal of Urology 149, no. 5 Part 1 (1993): 1216–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0022-5347(17)36351-6.

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25

Catalona, William J. "Principles of Oncology and Immunology, and Tumors of Bladder, Penis and Urethra." Journal of Urology 148, no. 2 Part 1 (1992): 474–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0022-5347(17)36632-6.

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26

Catalona, William J., and Howard I. Scher. "Principles of Oncology and Immunology, and Tumors of Bladder, Penis and Urethra." Journal of Urology 148, no. 5 Part 1 (1992): 1622–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0022-5347(17)36982-3.

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27

Catalona, William J. "Principles of Oncology and Immunology, and Tumors of Bladder, Penis and Urethra." Journal of Urology 147, no. 5 (1992): 1450–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0022-5347(17)37592-4.

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28

Catalona, William J. "Principles of Oncology and Immunology, and Tumors of Bladder, Penis and Urethra." Journal of Urology 146, no. 2 Part 1 (1991): 492–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0022-5347(17)37831-x.

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29

Catalona, William J. "Principles of Oncology and Immunology, and Tumors of Bladder, Penis and Urethra." Journal of Urology 146, no. 5 (1991): 1450–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0022-5347(17)38133-8.

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30

Catalona, William J. "Principles of Oncology and Immunology, and Tumors of Bladder, Penis and Urethra." Journal of Urology 145, no. 2 (1991): 436–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0022-5347(17)38359-3.

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31

Catalona, William J. "Principles of Oncology and Immunology, and Tumors of Bladder, Penis and Urethra." Journal of Urology 145, no. 5 (1991): 1108–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0022-5347(17)38546-4.

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32

Catalona, William J. "Principles of Oncology and Immunology, and Tumors of Bladder, Penis and Urethra." Journal of Urology 142, no. 2 Part 1 (1989): 448–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0022-5347(17)38782-7.

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33

Catalona, William J. "Principles of Oncology and Immunology, and Tumors of Bladder, Penis and Urethra." Journal of Urology 142, no. 5 (1989): 1382–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0022-5347(17)39105-x.

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34

Catalona, William J. "Principles of Oncology and Immunology, and Tumors of Bladder, Penis and Urethra." Journal of Urology 144, no. 2 Part 1 (1990): 394–400. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0022-5347(17)39468-5.

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35

Catalona, William J. "Principles of Oncology and Immunology, and Tumors of Bladder, Penis and Urethra." Journal of Urology 144, no. 5 (1990): 1302–6. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0022-5347(17)39723-9.

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36

Catalona, William J. "Principles of Oncology and immunology, and Tumors of Bladder, Penis and Urethra." Journal of Urology 143, no. 2 (1990): 422–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0022-5347(17)39978-0.

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37

Catalona, William J. "Principles of Oncology and Immunology, and Tumors of Bladder, Penis and Urethra." Journal of Urology 143, no. 5 (1990): 1068–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0022-5347(17)40186-8.

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38

Droller, Michael J., Michael J. Droller, Michael J. Droller, et al. "PRINCIPLES OF ONCOLOGY AND IMMUNOLOGY, AND TUMORS OF BLADDER, PENIS AND URETHRA." Journal of Urology 164, no. 5 (2000): 1840–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0022-5347(05)67117-0.

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39

Droller, Michael J., Michael J. Droller, Michael J. Droller, et al. "PRINCIPLES OF ONCOLOGY AND IMMUNOLOGY, AND TUMORS OF BLADDER, PENIS AND URETHRA." Journal of Urology 164, no. 2 (2000): 590–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0022-5347(05)67428-9.

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40

Droller, Michael J. "PRINCIPLES OF ONCOLOGY AND IMMUNOLOGY, AND TUMORS OF BLADDER, PENIS AND URETHRA." Journal of Urology 163, no. 5 (2000): 1596–603. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0022-5347(05)67686-0.

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41

Droller, Michael J. "PRINCIPLES OF ONCOLOGY AND IMMUNOLOGY, AND TUMORS OF BLADDER, PENIS AND URETHRA." Journal of Urology 163, no. 2 (2000): 660–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0022-5347(05)67953-0.

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42

Droller, Michael J. "PRINCIPLES OF ONCOLOGY AND IMMUNOLOGY, AND TUMORS OF BLADDER, PENIS AND URETHRA." Journal of Urology 162, no. 5 (1999): 1858–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0022-5347(05)68250-x.

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43

Chevalier, Mathieu F., Denise Nardelli-Haefliger, Sonia Domingos-Pereira, Patrice Jichlinski, and Laurent Derré. "Immunotherapeutic strategies for bladder cancer." Human Vaccines & Immunotherapeutics 10, no. 4 (2014): 977–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.4161/hv.27621.

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44

Zhang, Qing-hua, Zhan-song Zhou, Gen-sheng Lu, Bo Song, and Jian-xin Guo. "Melatonin Improves Bladder Symptoms and May Ameliorate Bladder Damage via Increasing HO-1 in Rats." Inflammation 36, no. 3 (2012): 651–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10753-012-9588-5.

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45

Shariat, Shahrokh F., Dmitry V. Enikeev, and Hadi Mostafaei. "Six essential conditions for bladder-sparing strategies in bacillus Calmette–Guérin unresponsive bladder cancer." Immunotherapy 11, no. 13 (2019): 1083–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.2217/imt-2019-0083.

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46

Fransson, Moa, Angelica Loskog, and Thomas Tötterman. "AdCD40L Immunogene Therapy for Bladder Carcinoma." Clinical Immunology 123 (2007): S108. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.clim.2007.03.487.

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47

Smith, Yarery C., Susan B. Rasmussen, Kerian K. Grande, Richard M. Conran, and Alison D. O'Brien. "Hemolysin of Uropathogenic Escherichia coli Evokes Extensive Shedding of the Uroepithelium and Hemorrhage in Bladder Tissue within the First 24 Hours after Intraurethral Inoculation of Mice." Infection and Immunity 76, no. 7 (2008): 2978–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/iai.00075-08.

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ABSTRACT Many uropathogenic Escherichia coli (UPEC) strains produce both hemolysin (Hly) and cytotoxic necrotizing factor type 1 (CNF1), and the loci for these toxins are often linked. The conclusion that Hly and CNF1 contribute to urovirulence is supported by the results of epidemiological studies associating the severity of urinary tract infections (UTIs) with toxin production by UPEC isolates. Additionally, we previously reported that mouse bladders and rat prostates infected with UPEC strain CP9 exhibit a more profound inflammatory response than the organs from animals challenged with CP9c
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48

Halvorsen, Michele B., Brandon M. Casper, Frazer Matthews, Thomas J. Carlson, and Arthur N. Popper. "Effects of exposure to pile-driving sounds on the lake sturgeon, Nile tilapia and hogchoker." Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences 279, no. 1748 (2012): 4705–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rspb.2012.1544.

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Pile-driving and other impulsive sound sources have the potential to injure or kill fishes. One mechanism that produces injuries is the rapid motion of the walls of the swim bladder as it repeatedly contacts nearby tissues. To further understand the involvement of the swim bladder in tissue damage, a specially designed wave tube was used to expose three species to pile-driving sounds. Species included lake sturgeon ( Acipenser fulvescens )—with an open (physostomous) swim bladder, Nile tilapia ( Oreochromis niloticus )—with a closed (physoclistous) swim bladder and the hogchoker ( Trinectes ma
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49

Grossman, H. Barton, Donald L. Lamm, Ashish M. Kamat, Stephen Keefe, John A. Taylor, and Molly A. Ingersoll. "Innovation in Bladder Cancer Immunotherapy." Journal of Immunotherapy 39, no. 8 (2016): 291–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/cji.0000000000000130.

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50

Schenk-Braat, Ellen A. M., and Chris H. Bangma. "Immunotherapy for superficial bladder cancer." Cancer Immunology, Immunotherapy 54, no. 5 (2004): 414–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00262-004-0621-x.

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