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Relevant bibliographies by topics / Blast exposure

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Academic literature on the topic 'Blast exposure'

Author: Grafiati

Published: 4 June 2021

Last updated: 1 February 2022

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Journal articles on the topic "Blast exposure"

1

Tan, X. Gary, and Peter Matic. "Simulation of Cumulative Exposure Statistics for Blast Pressure Transmission Into the Brain." Military Medicine 185, Supplement_1 (2020): 214–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/milmed/usz308.

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Abstract Introduction This study develops and demonstrates an analysis approach to understand the statistics of cumulative pressure exposure of the brain to repetitive blasts events. Materials and Methods A finite element model of blast loading on the head was used for brain model biomechanical responses. The cumulative pressure exposure fraction (CPEF), ranging from 0.0 to 1.0, was used to characterize the extent and repetition of high pressures. Monte Carlo simulations were performed to generate repetitive blast cumulative exposures. Results The blast orientation effect is as influential as

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Hoffer, Michael E., Carey Balaban, Kim Gottshall, Ben J. Balough, Michael R. Maddox, and Joseph R. Penta. "Blast Exposure." Otology & Neurotology 31, no. 2 (2010): 232–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/mao.0b013e3181c993c3.

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Race, Nicholas, Jesyin Lai, Riyi Shi, and Edward L. Bartlett. "Differences in postinjury auditory system pathophysiology after mild blast and nonblast acute acoustic trauma." Journal of Neurophysiology 118, no. 2 (2017): 782–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/jn.00710.2016.

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Blasts exposures often produce hearing difficulties. Although cochlear damage typically occurs, the downstream effects on central auditory processing are less clear. Moreover, outcomes were compared between individuals exposed to the blast pressure wave vs. those who experienced the blast noise without the pressure wave. It was found that a single blast exposure produced changes at all stages of the ascending auditory path at least 4 wk postblast, whereas blast noise alone produced largely transient changes.

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Kim, Jung H., James A. Goodrich, Robert Situ, et al. "Periventricular White Matter Alterations From Explosive Blast in a Large Animal Model: Mild Traumatic Brain Injury or “Subconcussive” Injury?" Journal of Neuropathology & Experimental Neurology 79, no. 6 (2020): 605–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/jnen/nlaa026.

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Abstract The neuropathology of mild traumatic brain injury in humans resulting from exposure to explosive blast is poorly understood as this condition is rarely fatal. A large animal model may better reflect the injury patterns in humans. We investigated the effect of explosive blasts on the constrained head minimizing the effects of whole head motion. Anesthetized Yucatan minipigs, with body and head restrained, were placed in a 3-walled test structure and exposed to 1, 2, or 3 explosive blast shock waves of the same intensity. Axonal injury was studied 3 weeks to 8 months postblast using β-a

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Tsao, Jack W., Lauren A. Stentz, Minoo Rouhanian, et al. "Effect of concussion and blast exposure on symptoms after military deployment." Neurology 89, no. 19 (2017): 2010–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.1212/wnl.0000000000004616.

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Objective:To examine whether blast exposure alone and blast-associated concussion result in similar neurologic and mental health symptoms.Methods:A 14-item questionnaire was administered to male US Marines on their return from deployment in Iraq and/or Afghanistan.Results:A total of 2,612 Marines (median age 22 years) completed the survey. Of those, 2,320 (88.9%) reported exposure to ≥1 blast during their current and/or prior deployments. In addition, 1,022 (39.1%) reported ≥1 concussion during the current deployment, and 731 (28.0%) had experienced at least 1 prior lifetime concussion. Marine

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Belding, Jennifer N., Shannon Fitzmaurice, Robyn Martin Englert, et al. "Blast Exposure and Risk of Recurrent Occupational Overpressure Exposure Predict Deployment TBIs." Military Medicine 185, no. 5-6 (2019): e538-e544. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/milmed/usz289.

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Abstract Introduction Traumatic brain injury (TBI) has been the leading cause of morbidity and mortality in recent military conflicts and deployment-related TBIs are most commonly caused by blast. However, knowledge of risk factors that increase susceptibility to TBI following an acute, high-level blast is limited. We hypothesized that recurrent occupational overpressure exposure (ROPE) may be one factor that increases susceptibility to mild TBI (mTBI) following blast. Materials and Methods Using military occupational specialty as a proxy, we examined the effects of high versus low ROPE on mTB

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Gill, Jessica, Ann Cashion, Nicole Osier, et al. "Moderate blast exposure alters gene expression and levels of amyloid precursor protein." Neurology Genetics 3, no. 5 (2017): e186. http://dx.doi.org/10.1212/nxg.0000000000000186.

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Objective:To explore gene expression after moderate blast exposure (vs baseline) and proteomic changes after moderate- (vs low-) blast exposure.Methods:Military personnel (N = 69) donated blood for quantification of protein level, and peak pressure exposures were detected by helmet sensors before and during a blast training program (10 days total). On day 7, some participants (n = 29) sustained a moderate blast (mean peak pressure = 7.9 psi) and were matched to participants with no/low-blast exposure during the training (n = 40). PAXgene tubes were collected from one training site at baseline

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Tan, X. Gary, and Peter Matic. "Optimizing Helmet Pad Placement Using Computational Predicted Injury Pattern to Reduce Mild Traumatic Brain Injury." Military Medicine 186, Supplement_1 (2021): 592–600. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/milmed/usaa240.

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ABSTRACTIntroductionThis effort, motivated and guided by prior simulated injury results of the unprotected head, is to assess and compare helmet pad configurations on the head for the effective mitigation of blast pressure transmission in the brain in multiple blast exposure environments.Materials and MethodsA finite element model of blast loading on the head with six different helmet pad configurations was used to generate brain model biomechanical responses. The blast pressure attenuation performance of each pad configuration was evaluated by using the calculated pressure exposure fraction i

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Scherer, Matthew R., and Michael C. Schubert. "Traumatic Brain Injury and Vestibular Pathology as a Comorbidity After Blast Exposure." Physical Therapy 89, no. 9 (2009): 980–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.2522/ptj.20080353.

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Blasts or explosions are the most common mechanisms of injury in modern warfare. Traumatic brain injury (TBI) is a frequent consequence of exposure to such attacks. Although the management of orthopedic, integumentary, neurocognitive, and neurobehavioral sequelae in survivors of blasts has been described in the literature, less attention has been paid to the physical therapist examination and care of people with dizziness and blast-induced TBI (BITBI). Dizziness is a common clinical finding in people with BITBI; however, many US military service members who have been exposed to blasts and who

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Grande, Laura J., Meghan E. Robinson, Lauren J. Radigan, et al. "Verbal Memory Deficits in OEF/OIF/OND Veterans Exposed to Blasts at Close Range." Journal of the International Neuropsychological Society 24, no. 5 (2018): 466–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1355617717001242.

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AbstractObjectives:This study investigated the relationship between close proximity to detonated blast munitions and cognitive functioning in OEF/OIF/OND Veterans.Methods:A total of 333 participants completed a comprehensive evaluation that included assessment of neuropsychological functions, psychiatric diagnoses and history of military and non-military brain injury. Participants were assigned to a Close-Range Blast Exposure (CBE) or Non-Close-Range Blast Exposure (nonCBE) group based on whether they had reported being exposed to at least one blast within 10 meters.Results:Groups were compare

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Dissertations / Theses on the topic "Blast exposure"

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Akin, Faith W. "Audiovestibular Consequences of Blast Exposure." Digital Commons @ East Tennessee State University, 2009. https://dc.etsu.edu/etsu-works/2446.

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Akin, Faith W., and Owen D. Murnane. "Head Injury and Blast Exposure: Vestibular Consequences." Digital Commons @ East Tennessee State University, 2011. https://dc.etsu.edu/etsu-works/1786.

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Young adults are more likely to suffer blast injury and traumatic brain injury (TBI) than other age groups. This article reviews the literature on the vestibular consequences of blast exposure and TBI and concussion. In addition, the vestibular test findings obtained from 31 veterans with a history of blast exposure and/or mild TBI are presented. The authors discuss loss of horizontal semicircular canal function and postural instability related to head injury. Preliminary data suggest the novel theory that otolith organs are uniquely vulnerable to head injury and blast exposure.

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Akin, Faith W., Owen D. Murnane, Courtney D. Hall, Jennifer R. Sears, Kristal M. Riska, and Richard B. Atlee. "Vestibular Consequences of mTBI and Blast Exposure." Digital Commons @ East Tennessee State University, 2016. https://dc.etsu.edu/etsu-works/579.

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Symptoms of dizziness and imbalance are common sequelae following concussion and blast exposures that result in mild traumatic brain injury (mTBI), and these symptoms often last six months or longer. Most studies examining the effect of vestibular dysfunction on postural stability have used symptom scales or tests of vestibulo-ocular reflex (VOR) that measure horizontal semicircular canal (hSCC) function only. Vestibular loss, however, can occur in one or both labyrinths, in one or both branches of the vestibular nerve, and in one or more vestibular sensory end-organs. A prospective case-contr

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Akin, Faith W., Owen D. Audiology Murnane, Courtney D. Hall, Jennifer R. Audiology and Speech Lang Pathology Sears, Kristal M. Audiology and Speech Lang Pathology Riska, and Richard B. Atlee. "Vestibular Consequences of mTBI and Blast Exposure." Digital Commons @ East Tennessee State University, 2015. https://dc.etsu.edu/etsu-works/578.

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Akin, Faith W., and K. Mills. "Auditory, Vestibular, and Ocular Motor Consequences of Blast Exposure." Digital Commons @ East Tennessee State University, 2012. https://dc.etsu.edu/etsu-works/2436.

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Akin, Faith W. "Vestibular Consequences of Mild Traumatic Brain Injury and Blast Exposure." Digital Commons @ East Tennessee State University, 2012. https://dc.etsu.edu/etsu-works/2435.

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Akin, Faith W. "Vestibular Consequences of Mild Traumatic Brain Injury and Blast Exposure." Digital Commons @ East Tennessee State University, 2014. https://dc.etsu.edu/etsu-works/2429.

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Hubbard, W. Brad. "Investigating Injury Pathology of Blast-induced Polytrauma and Assessing the Therapeutic Role of Hemostatic Nanoparticles after Blast Exposure." Diss., Virginia Tech, 2016. http://hdl.handle.net/10919/79722.

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Explosions cause the majority of injuries in the current conflicts, accounting for 79% of combat related injuries (Ramasamy et al. 2008). Blast overpressure from explosions can cause barotrauma to the lungs and the brain. Blast-induced mild traumatic brain injury has been labeled the "signature wound" of current military conflicts in Iraq and Afghanistan (Snell and Halter 2010). In addition to elevated number of blast-induced traumatic brain injuries due to increased military conflicts overseas and the usage of improvised explosive devices, the incidence of blast-induced polytrauma has risen

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Doran, Catherine Margaret. "Effect of resuscitation strategies on coagulation following haemorrhage and blast exposure." Thesis, University of Newcastle upon Tyne, 2013. http://hdl.handle.net/10443/1868.

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Approximately one-third of trauma patients are coagulopathic on arrival to the emergency department. Acute traumatic coagulopathy and systemic inflammatory responses are serious secondary consequences of severe trauma and are linked to increased morbidity and mortality. Early tissue hypoxia is a major component in the aetiology of both complications. New resuscitation strategies are aimed at improving tissue oxygenation in the pre-hospital phase, and may attenuate coagulopathy and inflammatory sequelae. This is of particular importance in military personnel who suffer complex injuries, often f

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Akin, Faith W., Owen D. Murnane, Courtney D. Hall, and Kristal M. Riska. "Vestibular Consequences of Mild Traumatic Brain Injury and Blast Exposure: A Review." Digital Commons @ East Tennessee State University, 2017. https://dc.etsu.edu/etsu-works/1778.

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The purpose of this article is to review relevant literature on the effect of mild traumatic brain injury (mTBI) and blast injury on the vestibular system. Dizziness and imbalance are common sequelae associated with mTBI, and in some individuals, these symptoms may last for six months or longer. In war-related injuries, mTBI is often associated with blast exposure. The causes of dizziness or imbalance following mTBI and blast injuries have been linked to white matter abnormalities, diffuse axonal injury in the brain, and central and peripheral vestibular system damage. There is some evidence t

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Books on the topic "Blast exposure"

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Sajja, Sujith V., Joseph Long, and Catherine Tenn, eds. Neurosensory Alterations from Blast Exposure and Blunt Impact. Frontiers Media SA, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.3389/978-2-88966-839-7.

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Orr, Patrick, Brent Anderson, Emily Hoch, Charles C. Engel, and Molly M. Simmons. Neurological Effects of Repeated Exposure to Military Occupational Levels of Blast: A Review of Scientific Literature. RAND Corporation, The, 2020.

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Simmons, Molly, Charles Engel, Emily Hoch, Patrick Orr, Brent Anderson, and Gulrez Azhar. Neurological Effects of Repeated Exposure to Military Occupational Levels of Blast: A Review of Scientific Literature. RAND Corporation, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.7249/rr2350.

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Dallimore, Jon, Edi Albert, Spike Briggs, et al. Emergencies: trauma. Oxford University Press, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199688418.003.0007.

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Initial response to an incident - Triage - Assessment of a casualty - Airway - Breathing - Circulation - Neck and other spinal injuries - Disability - Exposure and environmental control - Secondary survey - Continuing care - Blast injuries - Lightning

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Dallimore, Jon, Edi Albert, Spike Briggs, et al. Emergencies: trauma. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199688418.003.0007_update_001.

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Initial response to an incident - Triage - Assessment of a casualty - Airway - Breathing - Circulation - Neck and other spinal injuries - Disability - Exposure and environmental control - Secondary survey - Continuing care - Blast injuries - Lightning

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Simmons, Molly, Emily Hoch, and Charles C. Engel. Neurological Effects of Repeated Exposure to Military Occupational Blast : Implications for Prevention and Health: Proceedings, Findings, and Expert Recommendations from the Seventh Department of Defense State-of-the-Science Meeting. RAND Corporation, The, 2019.

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Engel, Charles, Emily Hoch, and Molly Simmons. The Neurological Effects of Repeated Exposure to Military Occupational Blast: Implications for Prevention and Health: Proceedings, Findings, and Expert Recommendations from the Seventh Department of Defense State-of-the-Science Meeting. RAND Corporation, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.7249/cf380.1.

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Gulf War and Health Vol. 9: Long-Term Effects of Blast Exposures. National Academies Press, 2014.

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Book chapters on the topic "Blast exposure"

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Rhea, Christopher K., Nikita A. Kuznetsov, W. Geoffrey Wright, F. Jay Haran, Scott E. Ross, and Josh L. Duckworth. "Assessments for Quantifying Neuromotor Functioning After Repetitive Blast Exposure." In Neuromethods. Springer New York, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4939-8564-7_18.

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Wiri, S., A. Ritter, J. Bailie, C. Needham, and J. Duckworth. "Computational Modeling of Recoilless Weapons Combat Training-Associated Blast Exposure." In 31st International Symposium on Shock Waves 2. Springer International Publishing, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-91017-8_46.

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Dettmer, Jonathan R., Shannon C. Ford, and Kyle J. Gray. "Polytrauma with Sexual Dysfunction in a Female Soldier Following IED Blast Exposure." In Posttraumatic Stress Disorder and Related Diseases in Combat Veterans. Springer International Publishing, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-22985-0_20.

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Nakagawa, Atsuhiro, Kiyonobu Ohtani, Keisuke Goda, et al. "Mechanism of Traumatic Brain Injury at Distant Locations After Exposure to Blast Waves: Preliminary Results from Animal and Phantom Experiments." In Acta Neurochirurgica Supplement. Springer International Publishing, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-22533-3_1.

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Hoffer, Michael E., and Carey Balaban. "Traumatic Brain Injury and Blast Exposures: Auditory and Vestibular Pathology." In Textbook of Tinnitus. Springer New York, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-60761-145-5_67.

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Simon, Leslie V. "Secondary Blast Injury." In Acute Care Casebook, edited by Leslie V. Simon. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780190865412.003.0064.

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This case illustrates penetrating hand trauma due to secondary blast injury. Secondary blast injury is due to objects accelerated by the blast wind and is the most commonly encountered type of blast injury. Depending on the size of the fragments, secondary blast injury may present as blunt or penetrating trauma. This case addresses the evaluation of hand trauma after exposure blast caused by suicide bomber, management of foreign bodies due to blast injury, field management of flexor tendon laceration, open joints, and burns. The case also addresses postexposure prophylaxis in the setting of biological fragment exposure. Complicated causes often require specialist referral.

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Cernak, Ibolja. "Military-Relevant Rodent Models of Blast-Induced Traumatic Brain Injuries." In Neurotrauma, edited by Eugene Park and Andrew J. Baker. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780190279431.003.0024.

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Explosive weaponry is the main cause of injuries in current military actions and terrorist attacks. Blast injuries and blast-induced neurotrauma (BINT) are caused by blast waves generated during an explosion. In both civilian and military environments, exposure to a blast may cause instant death, injuries with immediate manifestation of symptoms, and latent injuries that are initiated at the time of exposure and may manifest over a period of hours, months, or even years. Chronic health impairments due to blast often remain un- or underdiagnosed and represent significant challenges for treatment and rehabilitation. We need to advance our understanding of the mechanisms of these injuries to develop better preventive, diagnostic and treatment approaches. This could be achieved through research using clinically and militarily relevant and scientifically reliable models. This chapter provides an overview on rodent BINT models and discusses the generalizable and blast-specific factors that every rodent BINT model should fulfill.

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Lepage, Christian, Inga K. Koerte, Vivian Schultz, Michael J. Coleman, and Martha E. Shenton. "Traumatic brain injury." In New Oxford Textbook of Psychiatry, edited by John R. Geddes, Nancy C. Andreasen, and Guy M. Goodwin. Oxford University Press, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780198713005.003.0047.

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Traumatic brain injury (TBI) results from blunt trauma, acceleration–deceleration forces, rotational forces, or blast exposure to the head. The injury involves a heterogenous pattern of focal and/or diffuse axonal injury, leading to a wide range of symptoms. The severity of the injury covers the spectrum from mild to moderate to severe, with severe injury leading to possible coma and even death. The range of symptoms, the variability in treatment options, and the prognosis of TBI, as well as the psychosocial implications, make it a complex injury that often calls upon the services of neurosurgeons, neurologists, psychiatrists, psychologists, and rehabilitation specialists to help patients achieve the best possible outcome. This chapter aims to provide an overview of TBI that includes the classification, epidemiology, aetiology, pathophysiology, clinical symptoms, long-term outcome, diagnostic implications, and differential diagnosis, as well as possible treatment options and future directions for research.

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"Whirling Disease: Reviews and Current Topics." In Whirling Disease: Reviews and Current Topics, edited by LINDA STATON, DAVE ERDAHL, and MANSOUR EL-MATBOULI. American Fisheries Society, 2002. http://dx.doi.org/10.47886/9781888569377.ch21.

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<EM>ABSTRACT </EM>Two potential therapeutants, fumagillin, an antibiotic derived from the fungus <em>Aspergillus fumagatus</em>, and TNP-470, a superactive analog of fumagillin, were tested for efficacy to prevent <em>Myxobolus cerebralis </em>infection in rainbow trout. The study was conducted at the Wild Trout Research Laboratory in Bozeman, Montana utilizing rainbow trout <em>Oncorhynchus mykiss </em>fry (~2.0 g). Treatment groups included negative controls (no treatment, no exposure), positive controls (no treatment, exposure), fumagillin top-dressed on feed, fumagillin incorporated in feed, and TNP-470 incorporated in feed. The exposure dose was 1000 triactinomyxons (TAMs) per fish for 2 h. Medicated feed treatment was initiated 24 h after exposure to TAMs. All treated groups received medicated feed for 10 d, with the exception of a single TNP-470 treatment group that was fed for 26 d. Five replicate tanks of fish were used for each treatment group. Presence and level of <em>Myxobolus cerebralis </em>infection were determined by histology, spore counts, and electron microscopy evaluation conducted 150 d postexposure. Hematology samples were also collected to evaluate potential toxic effects of treatment. Spore count and histological evaluation indicated that fumagillin and TNP-470 treatment was not efficacious in preventing or reducing <em>Myxobolus cerebralis </em>infection. Although fumagillin and TNP-470 administered for 10 d or 26 d did result in a reduction in spore numbers, results were not significantly different than observed in positive controls. Furthermore, histological scores were similar for all treatment groups and the positive controls. Although electron microscopy revealed spore deformation in both fumagillin and TNP-470 treated groups, no treatment group was effective in preventing <em>Myxobolus cerebralis </em>infection. Fumagillin treatment and TNP-470 fed for 10 d did not appear to negatively impact fish performance. However, toxicity was observed in fish fed TNP-470 for 26 d. These fish were observed to be lethargic 30 d pe, and blood samples revealed low hematocrits, severely decreased lymphocytes, and reduced numbers of blast cells. Histological evaluation revealed abnormal cytology in both the kidney and thymus. Based on study results, fumagillin and TNP-470 did not appear to be effective therapeutants for use in the prevention or control of <em>Myxobolus cerebralis </em>infection in rainbow trout.

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Kagendo, Dorothy, Eric Muchiri, Peter Gitonga, and Esther Muthoni. "Interlinks between Wildlife and Domestic Cycles of Echinococcus spp. in Kenya." In Managing Wildlife in a Changing World [Working Title]. IntechOpen, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.5772/intechopen.94612.

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Effective conservation and management of wildlife in the current changing world, call for incorporation of infectious zoonotic diseases surveillance systems, among other interventions. One of such diseases is echinococcosis, a zoonotic disease caused by Echinococcus species. This disease exists in two distinct life cycle patterns, the domestic and wildlife cycles. To investigate possible inter-links between these cycles in Kenya, 729 fecal samples from wild carnivores and 406 from domestic dogs (Canis lupus familiaris) collected from Maasai Mara and Samburu National Reserves were analyzed. Taeniid eggs were isolated by zinc chloride sieving-flotation method and subjected to polymerase chain reaction of nicotinamide adenine dehydrogenase subunit 1 (NAD1). Subsequent amplicons were sequenced, edited and analyzed with GENtle VI.94 program. The samples were further subjected to molecular identification of specific host species origin. All sequences obtained were compared with those in Gene-bank using Basic Local Alignment Search Tool (BLAST). The study found that there were 74 taeniid positive samples, 53 from wild carnivores and 21 from domestic dogs. In wildlife, mixed infections with Echinococcus and Taenia species were identified and these included E. granulosus sensu stricto, E. felidis, T. canadensis G6/7, Taenia hydatigena, T. multiceps, and T. saginata. Domestic dogs harbored Echinococcus and Taenia species similar to wild carnivores including E. granulosus G1–3, E. felidis, T. multiceps, T. hydatigena, and T. madoquae. Taenia species of nine taeniid eggs were not identified. Majority of genotypes were found in hyena (Crocuta crocuta) fecal samples. Distribution of Echinococcus and Taenia spp. varied with hosts. Mixed infections of Echinococcus spp, T. multiceps and T. hydatigena in a single animal were common. There seemed to be existence of interactions between the two cycles, although public health consequences are unknown. The presence of T. saginata in hyena suggests scavenging of human fecal matter by the animal. In addition, presence of T. multiceps, T hydatigena, T madoquae and T. saginata in the two cycles suggested possible human exposure to these parasites. The results are important in drawing up of strategies and policies towards prevention and control of Echinococcosis and other Taenia related parasitic infections, especially in endemic areas given their potential risk to public and socio- economic livelihood.

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Conference papers on the topic "Blast exposure"

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Ostertag, Michael H., Matthew Kenyon, David A. Borkholder, General Lee, Uade da Silva, and Gary Kamimori. "The Blast Gauge™ System as a Research Tool to Quantify Blast Overpressure in Complex Environments." In ASME 2013 International Mechanical Engineering Congress and Exposition. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/imece2013-65138.

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Tactical officers and military personnel who train in explosive entry techniques regularly put themselves at risk of blast exposure. The overpressure conditions in complex military and law enforcement environments, such as interior doors, hallways, and stairwells, cannot be accurately predicted by standard blast models which were developed from outdoor, free-field blasts. In both training and operations, small, low-cost blast overpressure sensors would provide the benefit of tracking exposure levels of at-risk individuals. The sensors would allow, for the first time, direct determination of sa

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Wiri, Suthee, and Charles Needham. "Quantifying Blast Exposure Levels on Humans." In Proceedings of the 32nd International Symposium on Shock Waves (ISSW32 2019). Research Publishing Services, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.3850/978-981-11-2730-4_0247-cd.

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Wong, Jessica M., Adam L. Halberstadt, Humberto A. Sainz, et al. "Mild Traumatic Brain Injury From Repeated Low-Level Blast Exposures." In ASME 2015 International Mechanical Engineering Congress and Exposition. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/imece2015-53542.

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Recent studies on military breachers in training environments suggest that there are neurocognitive risks from exposure to repeated low-level blasts. However, the dose accumulation effects from multiple low-level blast exposures and their relation to mild traumatic brain injury (mTBI) are not well understood. This paper presents a controlled neurobehavioral study of behavioral effects from repeated low-level blasts delivered at ten second intervals using a rat model. A custom designed shock tube was developed to deliver repeated low-level blasts to rats at short intervals on the order of secon

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Assari, Soroush, Kaveh Laksari, Mary Barbe, and Kurosh Darvish. "Cerebral Blood Pressure Rise During Blast Exposure in a Rat Model of Blast-Induced Traumatic Brain Injury." In ASME 2013 International Mechanical Engineering Congress and Exposition. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/imece2013-64992.

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Blast-induced traumatic brain injury (bTBI) has been called the signature wound of war in the past decade. The mechanisms of such injuries are not yet completely understood. One of the proposed hypotheses is the transfer of pressure wave from large torso blood vessels to the cerebrovasculature as a major contributing factor to bTBI. The aim of this study was to investigate this hypothesis by measuring cerebral blood pressure rise during blast exposure and comparing two scenarios of head-only or chest-only exposures to the blast wave. The results showed that the cerebral blood pressure rise was

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Sajja, Sujith V., Matthew P. Galloway, Farhad Ghoddoussi, T. Dhananjeyan, Andrea Kespel, and Pamela VandeVord. "Possible Mechanism of Blast-Induced Neuronal Damage in Hippocampus May Explain Cognitive Deficits." In ASME 2010 Summer Bioengineering Conference. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2010. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/sbc2010-19545.

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Traumatic brain injury due to blast exposure is quickly becoming the most frequently seen injury in today’s battlefields. Alterations in cognitive function, such as attention, memory, language and problem solving skills appear to occur as a result of blast-induced TBI. Furthermore, behavioral symptoms such as mood changes, depression, anxiety, impulsiveness and emotional outbursts are associated with blast-induced TBI (Okie et al, 2005). Observed overlaps between symptoms of post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) and TBI confound the differential diagnosis. Thus, soldiers with blast-induced TBI

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Dal Cengio Leonardi, Alessandra, Cynthia Bir, Dave Ritzel, and Pamela VandeVord. "The Effects of Apertures on Internal Pressure Measured During Shock Wave Exposure." In ASME 2011 Summer Bioengineering Conference. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/sbc2011-53586.

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Blast-induced neurotrauma with no overt damage to the skull has been identified as a condition suffered by military personnel serving in Iraq and Afghanistan (Glasser 2007). Symptoms of mild blast neurotrauma include alterations in cognitive functions (memory, language, problem-solving-skills) and in emotional behavior (mood swings, depression, anxiety, emotional outbursts) (Okie 2005). Despite the improvements in helmets and body armors, many veterans returning from the war front are being diagnosed with mild blast-neurotrauma (Warden 2006). Little is known of the means by which brain injury

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7

Gao, Jian, Sean Connell, Riyi Shi, and Jun Chen. "Blast-Induced Neurotrauma: Characterizing the Blast Wave Impact and Tissue Deformation." In ASME 2010 3rd Joint US-European Fluids Engineering Summer Meeting collocated with 8th International Conference on Nanochannels, Microchannels, and Minichannels. ASMEDC, 2010. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/fedsm-icnmm2010-30747.

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Primary blast injury, caused by exposure to the primary pressure wave emitted from explosive ordnance, is a common trauma associated with modern warfare activities. The central nervous system is particularly vulnerable to primary blast injury, which is responsible for many of the war related casualties and mortalities. An ex vivo model system is developed to introduce a blast wave, generated from a shock tube, directly to spinal cord tissue sample. A high-speed shadowgraphy is utilized to visualize the development of the blast wave and its interaction with the tissue samples. The surface defor

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Hinz, Brandon J., Matthew V. Grimm, Karim H. Muci-Ku¨chler, and Shawn M. Walsh. "Comparative Study of the Dynamic Response of Different Materials Subjected to Compressed Gas Blast Loading." In ASME 2011 International Mechanical Engineering Congress and Exposition. ASMEDC, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/imece2011-64395.

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Understanding the dynamic response of materials under blast and impact loading is of interest for both military and civilian applications. In the case of blast loading, the mitigation characteristics of materials employed in personal protective equipment (PPE) is of particular importance. Without adequate protection, exposure of the head to blast waves may result in or contribute to brain tissue damage leading to traumatic brain injury (TBI). The development of simple but representative laboratory experiments that can be used to study the mechanical response of different materials and/or mater

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9

Harrigan, Timothy P. "The Reaction of the Head and Neck to Blast Waves: Comparison to Blunt Impact." In ASME 2008 International Mechanical Engineering Congress and Exposition. ASMEDC, 2008. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/imece2008-66061.

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Due to the relatively large number of exposures to IED blasts in Iraq and Afghanistan, the mechanical effects of blast waves impinging on the head have become an area of high interest. The ways in which the physical aspects of blast loading can cause injury are controversial in some respects but a general consensus is forming that much of the knowledge from closed head injury due to blunt trauma can be applied to injury mechanisms in blast loading [2]. In particular, sudden head rotations are known to be significant, as these are connected to high strains in brain tissue, in much the same way

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10

Banton, Rohan, Thuvan Piehler, Nicole Zander, Richard Benjamin, Josh Duckworth, and Oren Petel. "Investigating Pressure Wave Impact on a Surrogate Head Model Using Numerical Simulation Techniques." In 2019 15th Hypervelocity Impact Symposium. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/hvis2019-113.

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Abstract There is an urgent need to understand the mechanism leading to mild traumatic brain injury (mTBI) resulting from blast wave impact to the head. The recent conflicts in Iraq and Afghanistan have heightened the awareness of head impact injuries to military personnel resulting from exposure to blast waves [1, 2]. A blast wave generated in air is a by-product of the detonation of an explosive [3]. To date the mechanism resulting in mTBI from primary blast insult is still unclear.

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Reports on the topic "Blast exposure"

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Coats, Brittany, and Daniel Shedd. Temporal Progression of Visual Injury from Blast Exposure. Defense Technical Information Center, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.21236/ada610841.

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2

Stuhmiller, James H. A Health Hazard Assessment for Blast Overpressure Exposure. Defense Technical Information Center, 2002. http://dx.doi.org/10.21236/ada413062.

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Coats, Brittany, and Daniel Shedd. Temporal Progression of Visual Injury from Blast Exposure. Defense Technical Information Center, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.21236/ada621297.

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Coats, Brittany, and Daniel Shedd. VRPI Temporal Progression of Closed Globe Injury from Blast Exposure. Defense Technical Information Center, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.21236/ada623454.

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Casto, Kristen L., and Amy E. Nedostup. Auditory, Vestibular and Cognitive Effects due to Repeated Blast Exposure on the Warfighter. Defense Technical Information Center, 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.21236/ada581394.

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Casto, Kristen L., Amy E. Nedostup, and Clyde D. Byrne. Auditory, Vestibular and Cognitive Effects due to Repeated Blast Exposure on the Warfighter. Defense Technical Information Center, 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.21236/ada576370.

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Price, G. R. Critique of 'An Analysis of the Blast Overpressure Study Data Comparing Three Exposure Criteria' by Murphy Khan and Shaw. Defense Technical Information Center, 2010. http://dx.doi.org/10.21236/ada532141.

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Walker, William C. Epidemiological Study of Mild Traumatic Brain Injury Sequelae Caused by Blast Exposure During Operations Iraq Freedom and Enduring Freedom. Defense Technical Information Center, 2009. http://dx.doi.org/10.21236/ada513217.

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Walker, William C., and Jerome R. Heimiller. Epidemiological Study of Mild Tramautic Brain Injury Sequelae Cause by Blast Exposure During Operations Iraqi Freedom and Enduring Freedom. Defense Technical Information Center, 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.21236/ada575405.

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Walker, William C. Epidemiological Study of Mild Traumatic Brain Injury Sequelae Caused by Blast Exposure During Operations Iraqi Freedom and Enduring Freedom. Defense Technical Information Center, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.21236/ada596636.

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