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Edmundson, J. T. "Energy savings by co-distribution of basic oxygen furnace gas with blast furnace gas." Thesis, Swansea University, 1985. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.636767.
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Hellberg, Per. "A Model of Gas Injection into a Blast Furnace Tuyere /." Stockholm : Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Royal Institute of Technology, 2005. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-525.
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Jampani, Megha. "Increased Use of Natural Gas in Blast Furnace Iron-Making." Research Showcase @ CMU, 2016. http://repository.cmu.edu/dissertations/851.
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Steelmaking is a highly carbon intensive process. Most of the CO2 emissions in steelmaking are from the blast furnace. Coke has been the major reductant used in a blast furnace since 1750. The recent boom in the US energy outputs due to shale rock formations has motivated the need to look at natural gas as a partial replacement for coke in a blast furnace. During the course of this project, the impact of higher natural gas utilization has been studied in detail. Theoretical models suggesting the injection of natural gas as a viable method to replace coke partially have been used. These theoretical claims have then been tested experimentally and the results have been discussed. The experimental work described includes reduction of hematite to wüstite, followed by the study of interaction of natural gas with a bed of iron pellets replicating the wüstite reserve zone of a blast furnace. Furthermore, the reforming of methane over metallic iron pellets was investigated and these reactions were tested under blast furnace conditions. Mass and energy balance calculations, along with experimental results were used to support the proposed shaft injection of natural gas.
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Lundgren, Maria. "Blast furnace coke properties and the influence on off-gas dust." Licentiate thesis, Luleå tekniska universitet, Industriell miljö- och processteknik, 2010. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:ltu:diva-18007.
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In blast furnace ironmaking, efforts are made to decrease the coke consumption mainly by increasing the pulverized coal injection rate. This will cause changes in in-furnace reduction conditions, burden distribution and demands on raw material strength, etc. In order to maintain stable operation and minimize material losses through the off-gas, it is important to understand fines generation and behaviour in the blast furnace. The strength and reactivity of coke at high temperature, measured by the Coke Strength after Reaction (CSR) and Coke Reactivity Index (CRI), have been studied. Mechanisms of disintegration were evaluated using basket samples charged into the LKAB Experimental Blast Furnace (EBF) prior to quenching and dissection. Coke charged into basket samples was analysed with CSR/CRI tests and compared with treated coke from the blast furnace. Results from tumbling tests, chemical analyses of coarse and fine material, as well as Light Optical Microscope (LOM) studies of original and treated coke have been combined and evaluated. The results indicate a correlation between the ash composition and CSR values. Differences in the texture of the coke were determined with LOM, and a change in the coke texture during the CSR/CRI test conditions was found. The results suggest that the main reaction between coke and CO2 during the solution loss reaction took place in isotropic areas, which was especially pronounced in coke with a low CSR. Signs of degradation were apparent throughout the coke pieces that have undergone CSR/CRI testing, but were less observable in coke reacted in the blast furnace. The results indicate that the solution loss reaction was generally limited by the chemical reaction rate in the CSR/CRI test, while in the blast furnace the reaction is limited by the diffusion rate. Coke degradation is therefore mostly restricted to the coke surface in the blast furnace. At a later EBF campaign, off-gas dust and shaft fines were sampled during operation with different iron-bearing materials. EBF process data were used to evaluate the relationship between off-gas dust amounts and furnace conditions. Characterization was focused on fines from coke, iron-bearing materials and slag formers. The graphitization degree (Lc value) of coke taken out of the EBF shaft and coke in flue dust was determined in order to trace the fines generation position. The results showed that flue dust, mainly <0.5 mm, was mechanically formed and created in the same manner for all investigated samples. Carbon-containing particles dominated in the fractions >0.075 mm and consisted mainly of coke particles originating from the shaft. Solution loss in the shaft had a negligible effect on coke degradation and the coke particles which ended up in the flue dust were mainly derived from abrasion at low temperatures. Sludge consisted mainly of chemically formed spherical particles <1μm formed in the blast furnace high-temperature area and then precipitated from the ascending gas as the temperature decreased. The amount of alkali and SiO2 in sludge increased with higher pulverized coal injection rates and flame temperatures, which confirmed that submicron spherical particles in sludge originated from the high-temperature area around the raceway. Theoretical critical particle diameters of materials, which could be blown out with the off-gas, were estimated. Flow conditions in the top of the shaft as well as the properties of fine particles in terms of size and density are important when outflow of mechanical dust, such as flue dust, is concerned. Low off-gas temperatures, and thus lower off-gas velocities, are desirable for blast furnace operation with low amounts of flue dust.Godkänd; 2010; 20100504 (lunmar); LICENTIATSEMINARIUM Ämnesområde: Processmetallurgi/Process Metallurgy Examinator: Professor Bo Björkman, Luleå tekniska universitet Diskutant: Docent Bo Lindblom, LKAB Tid: Tisdag den 8 juni 2010 kl 13.00 Plats: F531, Luleå tekniska universitet
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Dong, Xuefeng Materials Science & Engineering Faculty of Science UNSW. "Modelling of gas-powder-liquid-solid multiphase flow in a blast furnace." Awarded by:University of New South Wales. School of Materials Science and Engineering, 2004. http://handle.unsw.edu.au/1959.4/20808.
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The ironmaking blast furnace (BF) is a complex reaction vessel involving counter-, coand/ or cross-current flows of gas, powder, liquid, and solids. However, the interactions of these multiphase flows have not been completely understood. The objective of this thesis is to develop a suitable model to simulate the powder flow and accumulation in packed beds and then extend it to numerically investigate the multiphase flow in the furnace. Gas-powder flow in a slot type packed bed has been experimentally studied in order to understand the flow and accumulation behaviour of powder in systems like an ironmaking blast furnace. A variety of variables including gas flowrate, powder flowrate and packing properties have been taken into consideration. It is found that a clear and stable accumulation region can form in the low gas-powder velocity zone at the bottom of the bed. The accumulation region is stable and shows strong hysteresis. The distribution of softening-melting layers in the blast furnace known as the cohesive zone (CZ) is modelled by inserting solid blocks into the bed. The results indicate that the inverse-V cohesive zone shape leads to low powder accumulation within the CZ and at the corner of the bed. A mathematical model is proposed to describe gas-powder flow in a bed packed with particles. The model is the same as the two fluid model developed on the basis of the space-averaged theorem in terms of the governing equations but extended to consider the interactions between gas, powder and packed particles, as well as the static and dynamic holdups of powder. In particular, a method is proposed to determine the boundary between dynamic and stagnant zones with respect to powder phase, i.e. the profile of the powder accumulation zone. The validity of numerical modelling is examined by comparing the predicted and measured distributions of powder flow and accumulation under various flow conditions. With high PCI rate operations, a large quantity of unburned coal/char fines flow together with the gas into the blast furnace. Under some operating conditions, the holdup of fines results in deterioration of furnace permeability and lower production efficiency. Therefore, the proposed model is applied to simulate the powder (unburnt coal/char) flow and accumulation inside the blast furnace when operating with different cohesive zone (CZ) shapes. The results indicate that powder is likely to accumulate at the lower part of W-shaped CZs and the upper part of V- and inverse V-shaped CZs. In addition, for the same CZ shape, a thick cohesive layer can lead to a large pressure drop while the resistance of narrow cohesive layers to gas-powder flow is found to be relatively small. Gas-powder flow in moving beds of solid particles has been numerically investigated, under conditions related to the ironmaking blast furnace and high rate pulverized coal injection. A new correlation, which is formulated to describe static powder holdup in a moving packed bed, is incorporated into the previous mathematical model and applied to a description of gas-powder flow in a blast furnace. Compared with the results of fixed beds, the results show that the solids descent due to the consumption of ore, coke and unburnt char in various regions, together with the non-uniform structural distribution, significantly affects powder flow and accumulation in a blast furnace. Finally, liquid flow is simulated through force balance approach and numerical results are compared with the different liquid inlet distribution under the iron-making blast furnace conditions with gas flow. The results show that the effect of inlet distribution on liquid flow is significant in the upper part of coke region in BF and possible loading and dry zone can be numerically identified. Then, this part of work is incorporated to the developed gas-powder-solid modelling system to investigate the influence of liquid phase on other phases flow in the blast furnace although heat transfer and chemistry are not considered in the model.
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Bennet, D. A. "Gas flow in layered porous media with particular reference to the iron blast furnace." Thesis, University of Newcastle Upon Tyne, 1989. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.233401.
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Carlsson, Joel. "Alkali Circulation in the Blast Furnace - Process Correlations and Counter Measures." Thesis, Luleå tekniska universitet, Industriell miljö- och processteknik, 2018. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:ltu:diva-70664.
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In blast furnace ironmaking one major challenge is to control and measure the alkalis circulating and accumulating in the blast furnace (BF). Alkali enter the BF with the primary raw material and will form a cycle where it is first reduced to metal at the lower parts forming gas. Alkali then follows the gas flow up where it oxidizes and solidies as the oxide form has a higher melting and volatilization temperature. Condensation then occurs on burden material and in their pores and by that it is following the burden downwards. The circular nature of the reactions leads to a build-up of alkali in the form of potassium in the BF that is hard to control or measure. Condensation of alkali compounds can also occur on the BF walls functioning like a glue to which particles attach, forming scaffolds that can rapidly increase and disturb the burden descent. The increased alkali catalyzes gasication of coke with CO2 that increasescoke consumption and leads to disintegration of coke. A common method today to control alkali is by varying the basicity in the BF. As lower basicity increases the amount alkali removed through slag while at the same time reducing the amount of sulfur that can be removed with the slag. This project was divided into two parts. The first part was a continuation of a previous study performed at Swerea MEFOS. Where to control the effect of alkali on coke gasication a method was tested using coke ash modication to inhibit the catalyzing properties of alkali bound on coke. The method has previously shown that alkalis are bound in the desired form but the added amount was not sufficient for inhibition of all picked-up alkalis. In this study, additional trials with higher additions of kaolin was performed. 2 wt% kaolin was added to the coal blend for producing coke that was then added to LKAB's experimental blast furnace (EBF) as basket samples in the end of a campaign. The excavated samples were analyzed using XRF, XRD, SEM-EDS and TGA to find if the alkali was bound in aluminum silicates in the coke ash, if the addition was sufficient for binding all alkalis and if the catalytic effect in coke gasication had been achieved. The second part was a novel approach with a statistical process analysis using SIMCA to connect top gas composition of SSAB Oxelösund's BF No. 4 to alkali content using process data. The approach investigated the correlation between NH3(g) and HCN(g) in the top gas to alkali content. Expanding on the possibility to measure alkali content quickly for the operators using top gas measurements. Top gas composition was measured using a mass spectrometer (MS) and where complimented with process and tap data provided by SSAB. Data was analyzed using the multivariate analysis tool SIMCA 15 to find possible correlations. Results from the first part showed that the alkali that was found was present as alkali aluminum silicates independent of kaolin addition after the EBF. As temperature along gas composition was the main factors behind alkali uptake in coke. Main differences in alkali uptake and development of coke properties in the BF was linked to the temperature and gas composition profile during tests campaigns compared. Results from TGA showed that the reaction rate of coke with CO2 increases with increasing K2O and that start of reaction was lower with increasing alkali. The results from the second approach did not find a correlation between HCN(g) and K2O in slag. Positive correlation could be seen between HCN(g) and increased SiO2 in slag and that H2O(g) would affect HCN(g) negatively.
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Zhou, Zongyan Materials Science & Engineering Faculty of Science UNSW. "Mathematical modelling of gas-solid flow and thermal behaviour in an ironmaking blast furnace." Awarded by:University of New South Wales, 2007. http://handle.unsw.edu.au/1959.4/35214.
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The ironmaking blast furnace (BF) remains the most significant and important process for the production of liquid iron. For the achievement of stable furnace operation and good performance, mathematical modellings at different levels increasingly become a powerful tool in developing better understanding of this multiphase flow system, in particular the gas-solid flow. This thesis represents an effort in this area. A simplified and continuum-based mathematical model is proposed and tested to predict the BF gas-solid flow at a macroscopic level. The results show that the simple model is able to predict the general features of the solid flow, including the effects of gas and solid flowrates, and materials properties. The simplified model can be readily implemented in a full process model that needs to have a quick response to change for the purpose of control and optimization. To overcome the difficulties encountered in continuum modelling, i.e. determination of constitutive correlations, and particularly the description of the stagnant zone when related to BF, a discrete model based on the coupling approach of discrete element method (DEM) and computational fluid dynamics (CFD) is then employed to investigate the gas-solid flow in a model BF at a microscopic level. The results confirm the effects of variables such as gas flow rate, solid flow rate, particle properties, and model types. More importantly, such an approach can generate abundant microscopic information such as flow structure (particle velocity, porosity, coordination number) and force structure, which are of paramount importance to elucidate the gas-solid flow mechanisms, and develop a more comprehensive understanding of BF gas-solid flow, such as the formation mechanism of the stagnant zone. Further, the transient gas-solid flow phenomena, together with the considerations of cohesive zones and hearth liquid, can be predicted. Further, in order to develop understanding of thermal behaviour and elucidate the heat transfer mechanisms occurring in particle-fluid flow system, a new model is proposed by extending the DEM-CFD, and then tested in gas fluidization. The model considers the three heat transfer modes, and demonstrates its ability in investigating the heat transfer mechanisms, and offers an effective method to elucidate the mechanisms governing the heat transfer in particle-fluid systems at a particle scale. It is recommended to apply to the study of BF thermal behaviour.
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Wassie, Shimelis. "Redesign of a pin-on-disc tribometer focusing on blast furnace off-gas dust." Thesis, KTH, Maskinkonstruktion (Inst.), 2014. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-168716.
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Vid järnframställning försöker man minska materialspill i avgasstoft från masugnar. Järnmalm och koksmaterial blåses ut från masugnen i form av avgasstoft. För att minska materialförlusterna i form av dammbildning är det viktigt att förstå mekanismerna bakom dammbildningen och beteendet i masugnen. En masugn i drift är i allmänhet en kaotisk miljö där det är svårt att genomföra experiment. Av denna anledning är försök i en kontrollerad laboratoriemiljö att föredra.Möjligheten att bygga en testutrustning i laboratorieskala för att studera bildningen av och beteendet hos avgasstoft har utretts. Studier av masugnsdrift visar att mekanisk dammbildning står för en stor del av avfallet. Denna dammbildning sker i den övre axeln av masugnen där temperaturen är relativt låg. Damm bildas genom mekaniskt slitage av material på grund av en kombination av materialets tyngd och rotation. Ett stift på tribometerskivan har fått ny utformning för att kunna imitera den mekaniska dammbildningen i en masugn. Delar av tribometern gjordes om och andra nya delar utformades med hjälp av CAD-verktyg och tillverkades och monterades sedan. En elektrisk motor används för att skapa rotation av pelletarna och en trycksatt luft tillförs på ett kontrollerat sätt för att imitera den heta tryckvågen i masugnen. Systemet belastas med en statisk vikt via en hävarm för att imitera tyngden i masugnen. Det fina dammet som blåser ut ur testutrustningen samlas in och analyseras med in inbyggd partikelmätare. Friktionsvärden som uppstår mellan pellets och mellan pellets och vägg loggas med hjälp av ett DAQ-system. Vid en verifierande provning, som utfördes efter att systemen satts samman, var friktionskraften mellan pellets och vägg 4N. Detta konstaterades med hjälp av en 200N statisk belastning och en motor med en rotationsfrekvens på 5Hz. på grund av felaktig lastcell och en felaktigt monterad slang, kan friktion mellan pellets och partikelstorleksdata från partikelräknare i dagsläget inte presenteras.In blast furnace ironmaking, efforts are made to decrease material waste due to off-gas dust. Iron ore and coke materials are blown out of the blast furnace in the form of off-gas dust. In order to decrease material losses through off-gas dust formation, it is important to understand off-gas dust formation and behaviour in the blast furnace. A blast furnace operation generally being a chaotic environment is often difficult to conduct experiments while in operation. For this reason, a laboratory scale imitation of a blast furnace with similar basic properties is usually used to conduct experiments.The possibility of building a laboratory scale test equipment to study the formation and behaviour of off-gas dust has been studied. A through study of blast furnace operation shows mechanical dust formation accounts for much of the waste due to fines generation. This dust formation occurs in the upper shaft of the blast furnace where the temperature is low. Mechanical dust is formed through mechanical wear of material due to burden decent and rotation.A pin on disc tribometer has been re-designed to be able to imitate blast furnace mechanical dust formation. Parts of the tribometer were remodelled or redesigned and other new parts were designed using CAD software and then manufactured and assembled to give a laboratory test equipment. An electric motor is used to generate the rotation of the pellets and a pressured air is supplied in a controlled manner to imitate the hot blast in the blast furnace. The system is loaded using dead weight via a lever arm to imitate the burden weight in the blast furnace. The fine dust that blows out of the equipment is designed to be collected and measured by a particle sizer device that is incorporated in the equipment. The friction values that arise from pellet/pellet and pellet/wall friction are recorded and logged using a DAQ system.At a partial demonstration made after the systems are assembled, the friction value between pellets and wall was found to be 4N. This was found using a 200N load and a motor rotational frequency of 5Hz. Although the equipment is fully functional, pellet/pellet friction value and particle size data from particle counter could not be found presented due to faulty load cell and tube fitting respectively.
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Pavlík, Marek. "Kotel na spoluspalování plynů." Master's thesis, Vysoké učení technické v Brně. Fakulta strojního inženýrství, 2019. http://www.nusl.cz/ntk/nusl-401494.
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This thesis deals with the design of a co-combustion gas boiler for coal gas and blast furnace gas mixture. The calculation includes stoichiometry, determinination of the boiler efficiency, steam production rate and heating surfaces sizing. This thesis also includes technical documentation of designed gas boiler. The calculation of the boiler meets the values specified by the scripts and also by documentation from PBS. The boiler was designed for 113.9 MW and 93.77 % efficiency.
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Štipský, Pavel. "Kotel na spalování vysokopecního plynu." Master's thesis, Vysoké učení technické v Brně. Fakulta strojního inženýrství, 2020. http://www.nusl.cz/ntk/nusl-417549.
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The aim of this diploma thesis is to design a gas boiler for blast furnace gas combustion. At the beginning is performed stoichiometry of the used fuel to determine the optimal amount of combustion air and the actual amount of flue gas. Subsequently is determined the overall efficiency, together with heat and steam power of the boiler. The main part of the thesis is focused on the design of the combustion chamber and the dimensioning of heat exchange surfaces. At the end of the thesis are performed hydraulic and aerodynamic calculations to determine the pressure loss on the side of the working medium and flue gas. Drawing documentation can be found in attachments.
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Krieger, Nico [Verfasser], and Hans-Walter [Akademischer Betreuer] Rix. "Zooming into the Blast Furnace - A close Look into the Molecular Gas in the NGC253 Starburst with ALMA / Nico Krieger ; Betreuer: Hans-Walter Rix." Heidelberg : Universitätsbibliothek Heidelberg, 2020. http://d-nb.info/1211820947/34.
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Šebela, Jakub. "Návrh kotle na spoluspalování zemního plynu a vysokopecního plynu." Master's thesis, Vysoké učení technické v Brně. Fakulta strojního inženýrství, 2016. http://www.nusl.cz/ntk/nusl-241871.
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The aim of a diploma thesis is design of draft boiler for co-firing blast furnace gas and natural gas. In the first part is made the stoichiometric calculation for the gas mixture. Next is the proposal of combustion chamber and proposal of individual heating surfaces of boiler. Next part contains the thermal calculation and control of individual heating surfaces. Part of the work is also drawing documentation of boiler.
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Namoulniara, Diatto Kevin. "Etude expérimentale de la diffusion du CO2 et des cinétiques de carbonatation de matériaux cimentaires à faible dosage en clinker." Thesis, La Rochelle, 2015. http://www.theses.fr/2015LAROS008/document.
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Une solution pour réduire l’impact environnemental du béton est de substituer une partie du ciment par des additions minérales, comme le laitier de hauts fourneaux. Néanmoins, cette substitution ne doit pas réduire les performances du matériau vis-à-vis de la carbonatation, l’un des principaux phénomènes de vieillissement des structures en béton armé. La carbonatation est une réaction chimique entre la matrice cimentaire et le dioxyde de carbone présent dans l’air. Cette réaction, en plus de former du carbonate de calcium, diminue le pH de la solution interstitielle rendant ainsi les armatures vulnérables à la corrosion. Les essais accélérés de carbonatation montrent, en laboratoire, une grande disparité de comportements entre matériaux cimentaires très faiblement poreux à hautes performances mécaniques et matériaux plus poreux en usage dans les ouvrages courants. L’objectif de cette thèse est de mieux comprendre le phénomène de carbonatation des matériaux cimentaires, notamment ceux contenant du laitier de hauts-fourneaux. Nous avons procédé en découplant les phénomènes impliqués dans la carbonatation que sont la diffusion gazeuse, les réactions chimiques et les transferts hydriques (séchage). La première partie de ces travaux de thèse a nécessité le développement et la validation d’un dispositif de mesure expérimental du coefficient de diffusion du CO2. Ce dernier a permis une étude paramétrique sur pâtes mettant en évidence l’influence de la composition et de la carbonatation sur la diffusion. La seconde partie a porté sur l’étude des cinétiques de carbonatation de pâtes en fonction du degré de saturation, après une mise à l’équilibre hydrique sur une longue période. Ces cinétiques ont été étudiées, sur échantillons de faibles dimensions, au moyen d’un suivi des évolutions pondérales et d’analyses thermogravimétriques, pour l’identification des hydrates résiduels et des carbonates formés. Nous avons ainsi mis en évidence des différences de comportement des hydrates et des liants vis-à-vis de la carbonatation impliquant la microstructure du matériauOne solution for reducing the environmental impact of concrete is to substitute a part of cement by mineral additions, such as granulated blast furnace slag. However, this substitution should not reduce the performances of concrete with respect to carbonation, one of the main ageing phenomena of reinforced concrete structures. Carbonation is a chemical reaction between the cement matrix and the carbon dioxide from the atmosphere. In addition to the formation of calcium carbonate, this reaction results in a pH reduction of the pore solution and a risk of corrosion. Laboratory accelerated tests show a wide disparity between the carbonation resistance of high mechanical performances concretes with low porosity and the resistance of more porous and more usual ones. The objective of this thesis is to better understand the phenomenon of carbonation of cementitious materials, including those containing blast furnace slags. This work was carried out by decoupling the phenomena involved in carbonation that are gaseous diffusion, chemical reactions and water transfers. First, an experimental device for measuring the CO2 diffusion coefficient was developed. After validation, the latter was used in a parametric study carried out on cement pastes showing the influence of composition and carbonation on the diffusion coefficient. The second part of the thesis work focused on studying the kinetics of carbonation of pastes with respect to the degree of water saturation. Prior to carbonation, the studied pastes were conserved during a long period at various RH to achieve hydric equilibrium. The carbonation kinetics of small size samples of pastes was studied by means of monitoring of weight changes and thermogravimetric analyzes for identification of residual hydrates and formed carbonates. We have thus shown differences in behavior of hydrates and binders during carbonation involving the material microstructure
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Šenovský, Petr. "Parní kotel s přihříváním páry na spalování vysokopecního plynu." Master's thesis, Vysoké učení technické v Brně. Fakulta strojního inženýrství, 2014. http://www.nusl.cz/ntk/nusl-231184.
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The aim of this Diploma thesis is design of steam boiler with steam reheating, for combustion the blast furnace gas. The fuel composition and primary parameters for calculation of the boiler were provided. In the first part the fuel composition is described. The main part of the thesis consists of stoichiometric calculations, establishing efficiency of the boiler, calculating combustion chamber as well as design and calculation individual heating surfaces. Part of the work is also drawing documentation of boiler.
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Wadbrant, William. "Usage of Natural Gas in Modern Steel-making : A Financial and Environmental Evaluation of Available Steel-making Technology in Sweden." Thesis, KTH, Materialvetenskap, 2020. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-277899.
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A method of producing steel that is not used in Sweden today is direct reduction using natural gas, a method which could has enormous potential in the future of steelmaking. Historically, steelmaking prioritized productivity and profitability. However, other aspects such as safety, sustainability, and environmentally friendliness have become increasingly important to Swedish steelmakers. This study evaluates the usage of natural gas to directly reduce iron ore into the porous form known as iron sponge, then finally processing that sponge into crude steel. The technology available today is assessed through a literature review, then two calculative data-based model: using DRI sponge in a traditional integrated steelmaking line or replacing steel scrap with it in an electric arc furnace. While this technology is used in many regions where natural gas is plentiful, it has not yet been used in Sweden. Now, when the Swedish natural gas network is expanding and the vehicular transportation of liquid natural gas is becoming more and more viable, it is a prime situation to evaluate direct reduction in Sweden. While models require assumptions and estimations, they suggest that DRI will absolutely be a viable option in the years to come. Integrated plant operators can reduce their immense carbon emissions for a reasonable price, while DRI sponge melting in an electrical arc furnace can either help steelmakers escape the volatile scrap market or be used to replace the blast furnace as a whole in the future.En metod för att producera stål som inte används i Sverige idag är direkt reduktion med hjälp av naturgas, en metod som har en enorm potential i framtida ståltillverkning. Historiskt har ståltillverkningen prioriterat produktivitet och vinst, men säkerhet, hållbarhet, och miljövänlighet har blivit områden mer och mer viktiga för svenska ståltillverkare. Den här studien utvärderar användningen av naturgas för att direkt reducera järnmalm till den porösa formen känd som järnsvamp, och sen bearbeta den till primärt stål. Teknologin som flnns idag utvärderas genom en litteraturstudie, vars data beräknas till två scenariomodeller: användningen av järnsvamp i ett traditionellt integrerat stålverk eller genom att ersätta stålskrot med järnsvamp i ljusbågsungen. Den här teknologin används redan idag i regioner där naturgas är lättillgängligt, men har hittills inte använts i Sverige. Men nu när Sveriges naturgasnät byggs ut och fordonstransporterad flytande naturgas blir mer och mer kostnadseffektiv så är det lämpligt att utvärdera direkt reduktion i Sverige. Modellerna kräver antaganden och uppskattningar, men de pekar på att direkt reducering av järnmalm kommer att vara en genomförbar metod för ståltillverkning i en nära framtid. Integrerade masugnslinjer kan minska sina enorma koldioxidutsläpp till ett rimligt pris, och järnsvampssmältning i ljusbågsugn kan hjälpa ståltillverkare att undanfly den instabila stålskrotsmarknaden eller användas för att helt ersätta masugnsproduktion i framtiden.
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Nikolaou, Zacharias M. "Study of multi-component fuel premixed combustion using direct numerical simulation." Thesis, University of Cambridge, 2014. https://www.repository.cam.ac.uk/handle/1810/245278.
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Fossil fuel reserves are projected to be decreasing, and emission regulations are becoming more stringent due to increasing atmospheric pollution. Alternative fuels for power generation in industrial gas turbines are thus required able to meet the above demands. Examples of such fuels are synthetic gas, blast furnace gas and coke oven gas. A common characteristic of these fuels is that they are multi-component fuels, whose composition varies greatly depending on their production process. This implies that their combustion characteristics will also vary significantly. Thus, accurate and yet flexible enough combustion sub-models are required for such fuels, which are used during the design stage, to ensure optimum performance during practical operating conditions. Most combustion sub-model development and validation is based on Direct Numerical Simulation (DNS) studies. DNS however is computationally expensive. This, has so far limited DNS to single-component fuels such as methane and hydrogen. Furthermore, the majority of DNS conducted to date used one-step chemistry in 3D, and skeletal chemistry in 2D only. The need for 3D DNS using skeletal chemistry is thus apparent. In this study, an accurate reduced chemical mechanism suitable for multi-component fuel-air combustion is developed from a skeletal mechanism. Three-dimensional DNS of a freely propagating turbulent premixed flame is then conducted using both mechanisms to shed some light into the flame structure and turbulence-scalar interaction of such multi-component fuel flames. It is found that for the multi-component fuel flame heat is released over a wider temperature range contrary to a methane flame. This, results from the presence of individual species reactions zones which do not all overlap. The performance of the reduced mechanism is also validated using the DNS data. Results suggest it to be a good substitute of the skeletal mechanism, resulting in significant time and memory savings. The flame markers commonly used to visualize heat release rate in laser diagnostics are found to be inadequate for the multi-component fuel flame, and alternative markers are proposed. Finally, some popular mean reaction rate closures are tested for the multi-component fuel flame. Significant differences are observed between the models’ performance at the highest turbulence level considered in this study. These arise from the chemical complexity of the fuel, and further parametric studies using skeletal chemistry DNS would be useful for the refinement of the models.
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Machara, Radek. "Návrh kotle na spoluspalování vysokopecního plynu a koksárenského plynu." Master's thesis, Vysoké učení technické v Brně. Fakulta strojního inženýrství, 2017. http://www.nusl.cz/ntk/nusl-319265.
Full textAbstract:
The diploma thesis deals with design of gas steam boiler with given parameters of steam. Blast furnace and coke oven gas are used as fuel. At the beginning of this work, both co-fired fuels are presented to us, their chemical analysis and stoichiometry are performed. The main part of the diploma thesis deals with the dimensioning of individual heat exchange surfaces such as steam superheaters, evaporators, economizers and air heaters. All heat exchange surfaces meet recommended parameters such as recommended steam rates, flue gas, etc. At the end, the total heat balance of the boiler is performed. Part of the work is also drawing documentation showing the main dimensions of the boiler. It is also indicated the connection of individual heat exchange surfaces.
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Dohnal, Jakub. "Kotel na spoluspalovaní vysokopecního plynu a koksárenského plynu." Master's thesis, Vysoké učení technické v Brně. Fakulta strojního inženýrství, 2016. http://www.nusl.cz/ntk/nusl-242878.
Full textAbstract:
This diploma thesis deals with the constructional and calculation design of boiler for blast furnace and coke gas mixture combustion, including sizing of the heating surfaces. The opening section is dedicated to a brief characterization of burned fuels. The following chapter shows the parameters and composition of the resulting fuel mixture. The main part of this thesis involves; determining the stoichiometric amount air required for combustion and the resulting flue gas, determining the boiler efficiency and steam production rate, calculations regarding the combustion chamber and the detailed design of the individual heat exchangers. At the end of the thesis the heat balance of the entire boiler is verified. Drawing documentation of boiler is also part of this diploma thesis.
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SIQUEIRA, ELIS REGINA LIMA. "NATURAL GAS SIMULATION INJECTED FOR TUYERES OF BLAST FURNACES STEEL." PONTIFÍCIA UNIVERSIDADE CATÓLICA DO RIO DE JANEIRO, 2014. http://www.maxwell.vrac.puc-rio.br/Busca_etds.php?strSecao=resultado&nrSeq=25322@1.
Full textAbstract:
PONTIFÍCIA UNIVERSIDADE CATÓLICA DO RIO DE JANEIROCONSELHO NACIONAL DE DESENVOLVIMENTO CIENTÍFICO E TECNOLÓGICO
O alto forno é um reator metalúrgico cujo objetivo consiste na produção de ferro-gusa. O consumo de combustível/redutor no processo de redução de minério de ferro em altos fornos, representa mais de 50 por cento do custo do gusa. No sentido de aumentar a produtividade e reduzir o consumo de combustível/redutor são empregadas técnicas de injeção de combustíveis auxiliares pelas ventaneiras dos altos fornos. A combustão de gás natural (GN) injetado nas ventaneiras produz grande quantidade de hidrogênio, esse gás é melhor redutor se comparado ao monóxido de carbono, pois ele possui velocidade de reação maior com os óxidos de ferro e, além disso, a geração de CO2 no processo de redução é diminuída quando comparado ao uso do carvão pulverizado (PCI), que é atualmente o material de injeção mais usado no Brasil. Este trabalho propõe a simulação da combustão de GN injetado pelas ventaneiras de um alto forno, utilizando o software CHEMKIN. As simulações provenientes deste software são amplamente utilizadas para otimização da combustão, sendo possível explorar rapidamente o impacto das variáveis de projeto sobre o desempenho do processo. Os resultados provenientes dessa simulação computacional em condições típicas de alto forno permitiram a previsão da temperatura de chama adiabática e a quantificação dos gases redutores de óxidos de ferro: H2 e CO. A partir da variação dos parâmetros de processo foi possível obter resultados úteis para a tomada de decisão, visando controlar e otimizar o processo.
The blast furnace is a metallurgical reactor whose goal is to produce pig iron. The fuel / reductant in the reduction of iron ore in the blast furnace process, represents more than 50 percent of the cost of the iron. In order to increase the productivity of the blast furnace and reduce fuel consumption / reducer injection techniques are employed by tuyeres of materials that act as fuel / reducer. The combustion of natural gas injected into the tuyeres produces large amounts of hydrogen, which replaces part of the carbon monoxide as reducing gas in the tank. The hydrogen gas is better compared to the reductant carbon monoxide, because it has reaction rate with the iron oxides and, moreover, the CO2 generation in the process of reduction is decreased when compared to the use of pulverized coal (PCI), which is currently the material most commonly used injection by tuyeres in Brazil. This paper proposes the simulation of combustion of natural gas injected into the tuyeres of a blast furnace, using the CHEMKIN software package. Simulations from this software are widely used for optimization of combustion, which can quickly explore the impact of design variables on the performance of the process, using accurate models of chemical kinetics. The computer simulation results from the combustion of natural gas at typical conditions of blast furnaces allowed the prediction of the adiabatic flame temperature and the reaching of the reducing gases of iron oxides: H2 and CO. From the variation of process parameters was possible to obtain useful results in order to control and optimize the process.
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Su, Chun-Chia, and 蘇俊嘉. "Experimental Study on Hydrogen Production via Water-gas Shift Reaction using Blast Furnace gas (BFG)." Thesis, 2014. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/74459251322330404243.
Full textAbstract:
碩士國立中興大學
機械工程學系所
102
Based on the integrated gasification combined cycle (IGCC) technology, hydrogen production via water-gas shift reaction (WGSR) using blast furnace gas (BFG) of ironworks as feedstock was experimentally investigated in this study. The reaction temperature and steam to carbon (S/C) ratio were in the ranges of 300~500°C and 1~5, respectively. The prepared 2.5wt%Pt-2.5wt%Ni/5wt%CeO2/Al2O3 catalyst was used in the WGSR experiment and its performance was compared with the commercial Fe-Cr catalyst. The results indicated that the maximum CO conversion can be found at the reaction temperature of 450°C and S/C=5 for both catalysts. Under these operation conditions, the maximum CO conversion for the Pt-Ni catalyst was 87.1% which was slightly lower than 89.3% resulted from Fe-Cr catalyst. Based on the experimental results obtained from this study, it is feasible to employ WGSR for hydrogen production from BFG. The H2 concentration can be rasied to above 27% while CO concentration was reduced to 3%. The heating value of BFG can be increased from 777 kcal/Nm3 to 941.5 kcal/Nm3 via WGSR.
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Lu, Li-Yung, and 呂李元. "Analysis of the Moving Packed Bed and Gas Flow in Blast Furnace." Thesis, 2007. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/83831483185090540816.
Full textAbstract:
碩士國立臺灣大學
應用力學研究所
95
Blast furnace plays an important process in the fountainhead of iron and steel industry. In the past, the manufacture process is depending on the technician’s experience and skill. If the guidance of skill is not successfully to make the new technicians understand, the property of steel production will be poor. Nowadays we have to understand the phenomenon inside of blast furnace in order to control the process of steel production. Blast furnace is a complicated reactor which contains chemical reaction and phase transfer. We don''t consider the chemical reaction and phase transfer in blast furnace in this research but focus on the motion of solid particles descending and the phenomenon of gas flow in the packed bed. The moving packed bed is discussed by the continuity equation of fluid dynamic. It uses the Eulerian-Eulerian two phase model to discuss the phenomenon of countercurrent flow. It doesn''t only discuss the transient and convection part of fluid dynamics but also discuss the particle interaction which is effected by solid collision. The solid collision is from kinetics theory and the effect of solid collision produces the normal force and friction. The drag force between descending packed bed and gas flow is discussed by the drag coefficient of Ergun''s equation. The calculation tool is ANSYS-CFX and the numerical method is finite volume method. It uses implicit method to calculate the steady state flow and use the correction method of SIMPLE and Rhie-Chow to obtain the corrected result. This simulation is to discuss the effect of descending solid and gas flow under the different distribution of diameter. It provides the base of further discussion of chemical reaction and phase transfer of blast furnace.
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(11217825), Samuel Nielson. "NUMERICAL INVESTIGATION OF NON-TRADITIONAL GASEOUS FUEL INJECTION INTO THE IRONMAKING BLAST FURNACE." Thesis, 2021.
Find full textAbstract:
As the largest source of iron in North America, and as the largest energy consumer in the modern integrated steel mill, the blast furnace is a critical part of modern ironmaking. Any improvements that can be made to the efficiency or emissions of the blast furnace can have far reaching environmental impacts as the production of one ton of steel results in 1.85 tons of carbon dioxide emissions. Given the concerted push to reduce greenhouse emissions, novel technologies are needed to improve efficiency. In this study the injection of preheated natural gas, precombusted syngas from a variety of feedstocks, and hydrogen injection were all modeled using computational fluid dynamics, from the tuyere through the shaft of the furnace. The impacts of these various operational changes were evaluated using CFD calculated analogs for Raceway adiabatic flame temperature (RAFT), top gas temperature (TGT), and coke rate (CR). Results indicate that a reduction of 3% to 12% in CO2 emissions is possible through the implementation of these technologies, with each possessing distinct benefits and drawbacks for industrial implementation.
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Liu, Chiung-Fang, and 劉瓊芳. "Study on Iron Blast Furnace Slag/Ca(OH)2 Sorbents for SO2 Removal from the Flue Gas." Thesis, 2004. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/87692127238848499398.
Full textAbstract:
博士國立臺灣大學
化學工程學研究所
92
A differential fixed-bed reactor was employed to study the reaction between SO2 and sorbents prepared from iron blast furnace slag (BFS) and Ca(OH)2 (HL) under the conditions similar to those in the bag filters of the spray-drying flue gas desulfurization system. The effects of sorbent preparation conditions, NaOH addition, and reaction conditions on the sulfation of sorbents were investigated, and a kinetic model was derived. BFS/HL sorbents were prepared by slurrying the solids with water and subsequent drying. Foil-like calcium silicate hydrates were formed by the pozzolanic reaction between BFS and HL in the slurrying process. The BFS/HL sorbents, having greater specific surface areas, pore volumes, and water adsorption capacities than BFS or HL, were highly reactive towards SO2. The structural properties and the reactivity of a sorbent were markedly affected by the BFS/HL weight ratio. The sorbent with a BFS/HL weight ratio of 30/70 had the maximum SO2 capture and Ca utilization. The addition of NaOH to the slurry of BFS and HL enhanced the dissolution of silica from BFS, but inhibited the dissolution of HL. Because NaOH is a deliquescent base, its presence resulted in more water collected and more SO2 captured by the sorbent, and thus enhanced the sorbent reactivity. The optimal NaOH/(BFS+HL) weight ratio was about 10/100. The presence of CO2 in the gas mixture slightly enhanced the sulfation of BFS/HL sorbents only when NOX was present simultaneously. The sulfation of sorbents was slightly enhanced when either NOX or O2 was present, but the enhancement was marked when both NOX and O2 were present. For BFS/HL/NaOH sorbents reacted under the presence of CO2, NOX, and O2, as the NaOH content increased, the molar fraction of calcium sulfite decreased, but that of calcium sulfate and the total conversion increased. The reaction of BFS/HL sorbents with SO2 was well described by a surface coverage model based on chemical reaction control mechanism. The initial conversion rate of a sorbent was proportional to its initial specific surface area, and the ultimate conversion to its initial specific surface area and Ca content. When either NOX or O2 was present or both were absent in the gas mixture, the initial conversion rate and ultimate conversion of a sorbent increased significantly with increasing relative humidity of the gas. Temperature and SO2 concentration had mild effects on the initial conversion rate and negligible effects on the ultimate conversion. When CO2, NOX, and O2 were present, the effects of temperature and SO2 concentration on the reaction could be neglected, but the effect of relative humidity became more significant.
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Singh, Vikrant. "Modeling Of Liquid Flow In A Packed Bed Under Influence Of Gas Flow." Thesis, 2006. http://hdl.handle.net/2005/409.
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The aim of the current study is to model (non-wetting) liquid flow in a packed bed under the influence of gas flow. It has been observed experimentally that non-wetting liquid flows in a packed bed in form of small droplets and rivulets falling through the void regions. Continuum models have not been successful in predicting liquid flow paths when the liquid is injected through a point source in the packed bed. In the current study, we present a discrete deterministic model for modeling the liquid flow in a packed bed, under the influence of gas flow.
When a high velocity gas blast in injected into a dry packed bed, a cavity or a void is formed in front of the nozzle. The cavity size increases with increasing gas velocity and exhibits hystersis in size upon increasing and decreasing gas flow rate. The cavity size is very important in determining the gas penetration into the packed bed. A proper gas flow profile prediction is necessary for determining it’s effect on the liquid flow behavior. Attempts at modeling cavity sizes have mostly been confined to experimental studies and development of correlations. Different correlations show different dependence on operating as well as bed parameters and a fundamental understanding of the cavity formation and hystersis phenomena is missing. We adopt a combined Eulerean-Lagrangian approach to study the above mentioned phenomena mathematically. Gas is modeled as a continua and solid as discrete (soft sphere D.E.M. approach). Hystersis and cavity formation studies are carried out in a 2D-slot rectangular packed bed. A discrete deterministic liquid flow model (developed and validated under structured packing conditions using x-ray radiography flow visualization technique), is used to study the effect of presence of liquid on the dry bed void size, when liquid is injected in a packed bed through a point source. It is found that the gas pushes the liquid away from the nozzle side wall. Also, the cavity sizes during gas velocity decreasing case are found to be larger in size than the void size obtained during velocity increasing case for the same inlet gas flow rate. This difference is void size leads to more gas penetration into the bed and thus more liquid shift away from the nozzle side wall. Presence of liquid is found to affect the void size (compared to dry bed size) negligibly.
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Ніканоров, Дмитро Станіславович. "Удосконалення автоматизованої системи управління доменної печі з метою підвищення якості виплавки чавуну." Магістерська робота, 2021. https://dspace.znu.edu.ua/jspui/handle/12345/5457.
Full textAbstract:
Ніканоров Д. С. Удосконалення автоматизованої системи управління доменної печі з метою підвищення якості виплавки чавуну : кваліфікаційна робота магістра спеціальності 151 "Автоматизація та комп'ютерно-інтегровані технології" / наук. керівник О. М. Барішенко. Запоріжжя : ЗНУ, 2021. 117 с.UA : В роботі проаналізована робота повітрянагрівачів доменної печі. Досліджена існуюча система автоматизованого управління доменної печі (повітрянагрівачів). Описана удосконалена системи автоматичного управління технологічними процесами нагріву дуття у повітронагрівачах доменної печі.
EN : The work of blast furnace air heaters is analyzed in the work. The existing system of automated control of the blast furnace (air heaters) is investigated. An improved system for automatic control of blast heating processes in blast furnace air heaters is described.
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Mullay, Neelam Kaur. "Study Of Gas-Liquid Flow Behaviour In Raceway Zone Under Pulverised Coal Injection." Thesis, 2008. http://hdl.handle.net/2005/1057.
Full textAbstract:
Gas, liquid and powder flow in the lower part of a blast furnace is complex phenomena. In order to understand the aerodynamics of the blast furnace properly, these phenomena must be included in their advanced form. Previous studies have shown that the conditions of blast furnace resemble the cold model experiments which have been done in decreasing gas velocities. Also, the recent studies have shown that liquid flow in a blast furnace can be represented more realistically considering it discrete in nature. In the current study, both the phenomena have been considered along with the injection of powder through a nozzle while studying the fluid flow behaviour in a packed bed. The situation resembles the lower part of an ironmaking blast furnace.
In this study, gas flow has been modelled using k-ε turbulent model and has been coupled with previously developed stress model to calculate the raceway size. Coal powder is treated as continuum and has been modelled in the similar way as gas flow. After this gas and powder flow model were coupled with previously developed discrete liquid flow model. Liquid flow model has been considered for structured bed only.
The governing equations for gas phase were discretized. Finite Volume method was used for the solution. Co-located grid is used for the simulation. Blending of upwind difference scheme and central difference scheme (deferred correction approach) is used to achieve the stability of upwind scheme and accuracy of central difference scheme. Similar treatment was employed for powder phase. For the solution of volume fraction of powder, powder phase continuity equation was used along with pseudo time step scheme.
Results obtained from gas and powder models have been validated against published experimental data. Similarly, gas-liquid flow results have been validated against published experimental data on gas-powder flow. Results obtained by gas-powder-liquid model could not be validated against any experimental or theoretical data as they are not available in the literature. The effect of various parameters on the fluid flow (gas/liquid/powder) behaviour have been studied like the effect of increasing and decreasing gas velocities, flow rates of liquid, gas and powder, size of powder and packing etc. It is found that the above mentioned phenomena have significant effect on the fluid flow behaviour in a packed bed.
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Хоролець, Максим Дмитрович. "Дослідження шляхів підвищення ефективності роботи котельного обладнання ТЕЦ на ПАТ "Запоріжсталь"." Магістерська робота, 2022. https://dspace.znu.edu.ua/jspui/handle/12345/6509.
Full textAbstract:
Хоролець М. Д. Дослідження шляхів підвищення ефективності роботи котельного обладнання ТЕЦ на ПАТ "Запоріжсталь" : кваліфікаційна робота магістра спеціальності 144 "Теплоенергетика" / наук. керівник Г. В. Карпенко. Запоріжжя : ЗНУ, 2022. 108 с.UA : Робота викладена на 108 сторінках друкованого тексту, містить 9 таблиць,33 рисунки. Перелік посилань включає 24 джерела з них на іноземній мові 0. Здійснено аналіз конструктивних особливостей та основних видів витрат котлоагрегатів. Досліджена основна методика можливих заходів покращення роботи котельних установок. Виконаний розрахунок теплового балансу котлоагрегату, описані системи автоматизованого регулювання. Отримані експериментальні данні викладені в повному обсязі в текстовому та графічному вигляді згідно діючих нормативних документів. Зроблені висновки за результатами дослідження та сформульовані рекомендації щодо подальшого забезпечення впровадження систем автоматизації в роботу котлоагрегатів на підприємстві.
EN : The work is presented on108 pages of printed text, contains 9 tables, 33 figures.The list of references includes 24 sources,0 of them in foreign language.The analysis of design features and main types of boiler costs is carried out. The basic technique of possible improvement measures is investigated work of boiler installations. The calculation of the heat balance of the boiler unit is performed, the automated control systems are described. Received experimental data are set out in full in text and graphics in accordance with applicable regulations. Conclusions based on the results of the study and recommendations for further implementation of automation systems in the operation of boilers at the enterprise.
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Бякова, М. А., and M. A. Byakova. "Разработка информационной системы расчета оптимального распределения топливно-энергетических ресурсов в группе доменных печей : магистерская диссертация." Master's thesis, 2018. http://hdl.handle.net/10995/66194.
Full textAbstract:
The thesis is devoted to the development of software for the system of optimal distribution of fuel and energy resources in the group of blast furnaces. In the course of work, the main stages of software development are considered: analysis of the subject area; creation of software architecture, user interface, database structure; development of algorithmic support and reference documentation; preparation of the distribution. The result of the work is a software product intended for the engineering and technological personnel of the blast furnace shop of the metallurgical plant. The results of the work can also be used in the educational process for training bachelors and undergraduates in the areas of "Metallurgy" and "Information Systems and Technologies".Диссертационная работа посвящена разработке программного обеспечения системы оптимального распределения топливно-энергетических ресурсов в группе доменных печей. В ходе работы рассмотрены основные этапы разработки программного обеспечения: анализ предметной области; создание архитектуры программного обеспечения, пользовательского интерфейса, структуры базы данных; разработка алгоритмического обеспечения и справочной документации; подготовка дистрибутива. Результатом работы является программный продукт, предназначенный для инженерно-технологического персонала доменного цеха металлургического комбината. Результаты работы могут быть использованы также в учебном процессе для обучения бакалавров и магистрантов по направлениям «Металлургия» и «Информационные системы и технологии».