Academic literature on the topic 'Blast furnaces Lead'

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Journal articles on the topic "Blast furnaces Lead"

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Spirin, N. A., A. A. Polinov`, A. V. Pavlov, O. P. Onorin, and G. N. Logachev. "Environmental and Technological Aspects of Converter Slag Utilization in Sintering and Blast-Furnace Production." KnE Materials Science 2, no. 2 (2017): 19. http://dx.doi.org/10.18502/kms.v2i2.941.

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The paper presents calculation results for predictive conditions of blast furnace operation with the use of converter slag in the iron ore portion of the blast furnace burden. It shows that addition of converter slag in the sinter and blast-furnace burden without correction of the operating conditions is not reasonable as it significantly worsens parameters of blast furnace operation. Long-term operation of blast furnaces with addition of converter slag in the burden will be accompanied by gradual accumulation of phosphorus in metal and will lead to increasing problems regarding phosphorus rem
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Panic, B. "3D Model Studies on the Effect of Bed and Powder Type Upon Radial Static Pressure and Powder Distribution in Metallurgical Shaft Furnaces." Archives of Metallurgy and Materials 62, no. 3 (2017): 1449–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/amm-2017-0224.

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AbstractThe flow of gases in metallurgical shaft furnaces has a decisive influence on the course and process efficiency. Radial changes in porosity of the bed cause uneven flow of gas along the radius of the reactor, which sometimes is deliberate and intentional. However, holdup of solid particles in descending packed beds of metallurgical shaft furnaces can lead to unintentional changes in porosity of the bed along the radial reactor. Unintentional changes in porosity often disrupt the flow of gas causing poor performance of the furnace. Such disruptions of flow may occur in the blast furnace
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Adrianovskii, V., G. Lipatov, E. Kuzmina, and N. Zlygosteva. "Applying of Technique for Assessing Occupational Cancerogenic Risks for Workers Used in Metallurgical Shops With Different Methods of Blister Copper Production." Journal of Global Oncology 4, Supplement 2 (2018): 206s. http://dx.doi.org/10.1200/jgo.18.83600.

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Background: Exposure to carcinogens at workers used in the enterprises of copper metallurgy making urgent the task of assessing carcinogenic risks in the nonferrous metallurgy. In particular, melting and conversion of copper are characterized by the exposure of arsenic, cadmium, lead, nickel, benz(a)pyrene. Aim: Assessment of professional carcinogenic risks for workers used in shops with a shaft and reflective copper smelting ore, compared with one of the modern methods of producing blister copper. Carcinogenic risk was estimated from each of the substances and in total from their combination
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Pérez, M., A. Romero, A. Hernández, I. Almaguer, and R. Benavides. "Distribution of lead and silver under lead blast furnace conditions." Revista de Metalurgia 48, no. 3 (2012): 213–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.3989/revmetalm.1150.

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Machoń-Grecka, Anna, Michał Dobrakowski, Aleksandra Kasperczyk, Ewa Birkner, Ilona Korzonek-Szlacheta, and Sławomir Kasperczyk. "The association between occupational lead exposure and serum levels of selected soluble receptors." Toxicology and Industrial Health 34, no. 8 (2018): 555–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0748233718773015.

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The present study was designed to evaluate soluble receptors as potential targets for lead (Pb). Analyses included the serum levels of soluble Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor Receptors 2 (sVEGFR-2), soluble Epidermal Growth Factor Receptor (sEGFR), soluble Human Epidermal Growth Factor 2 (sHER-2/neu), and soluble Interleukin 6 Receptors (sIL-6R) in the groups of chronically and subchronically occupationally exposed workers. The first group consisted of 56 male workers chronically exposed to Pb. The second group (control) comprised 24 male administrative workers. The third group included 36
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Melais, Saloua, Meriem Fakhreddine Bouali, Ahmed Melaikia, and Amine Amirat. "Effects of coarse sand dosage on the physic-mechanical behavior of sand concrete." Frattura ed Integrità Strutturale 15, no. 56 (2021): 151–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.3221/igf-esis.56.12.

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The development and research of a new formulation of concrete integrating natural resources such as sands (from dunes and/or quarries) as well as waste from steel factories in the form of granulated slag from blast furnaces lead to the development of new sand concretes for which the improvement of specific properties will lead to a search for an agreement between production cost and performance. The objective of this research is to study the influence of the dosage of the size of the largest aggregate on the workability of sand concretes as well as on the compressive strength at 7 days, 14 day
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BOLSHAKOV, V., and Yuk HEZENTSVEI. "INVESTIGATION OF THE INFLUENCE OF TEMPERATURE INCREASE ON THE STRUCTURAL STATE OF LOW-CARBON LOW-ALLOY STEEL." Ukrainian Journal of Civil Engineering and Architecture, no. 2 (August 23, 2021): 36–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.30838/j.bpsacea.2312.270421.36.749.

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Problem statement. The development and implementation of low-carbon low-alloy steels of high strength in the structural elements of blast furnaces, which will operate in conditions of heating to high temperatures is an urgent problem and can give a significant effect during the operation of buildings and structures.. Purpose of the article. establishing changes in the structural state of low-carbon low-alloy steels depending on the temperature rise. Conclusion. Conventionally, the temperatures at which the studied steels can be operated can be divided into two levels: the temperature below whi
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Tudor, Mihai Dumitru, Mircea Hritac, Nicolae Constantin, Mihai Butu, Valeriu Rucai, and Cristian Dobrescu. "Experimental Research on the Qualitative Characteristics of Iron Ores and Ferrous Waste That Can Be Used in Blast Furnace Mixt Injection Technology." Revista de Chimie 70, no. 11 (2019): 3835–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.37358/rc.19.11.7655.

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Direct use of iron ores in blast furnaces, without prior sintering leads to a reduction in production costs and energy consumption [1,2]. Fine-grained iron ores and iron oxides from ferrous wastes can be used together with coal dust and limestone in mixed injection technology through the furnace tuyeres. In this paper are presented the results of experimental laboratory investigations for establishing the physic-chemical characteristics of fine materials (iron ore, limestone, pulverized coal) susceptible to be used for mixed injection in blast furnace. [1,4]. The results of the experimental re
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Tudor, Mihai Dumitru, Mircea Hritac, Nicolae Constantin, Mihai Butu, Valeriu Rucai, and Cristian Dobrescu. "Experimental Research on the Qualitative Characteristics of Iron Ores and Ferrous Waste That Can Be Used in Blast Furnace Mixt Injection Technology." Revista de Chimie 70, no. 11 (2019): 3835–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.37358/rc.70.19.11.7655.

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Direct use of iron ores in blast furnaces, without prior sintering leads to a reduction in production costs and energy consumption [1,2]. Fine-grained iron ores and iron oxides from ferrous wastes can be used together with coal dust and limestone in mixed injection technology through the furnace tuyeres. In this paper are presented the results of experimental laboratory investigations for establishing the physic-chemical characteristics of fine materials (iron ore, limestone, pulverized coal) susceptible to be used for mixed injection in blast furnace. [1,4]. The results of the experimental re
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Wang, Liming, and Arthur E. Morris. "A process engineering approach to remedy an environmental problem of fugitive lead emissions during lead refining." Journal of Materials Research 10, no. 3 (1995): 538–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.1557/jmr.1995.0538.

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The refining of lead blast furnace bullion involves the transfer and handling of hot impure lead bullion. Fugitive emissions of lead-containing fumes create a plant hygiene problem. The cause of the emissions is the high vapor pressure of lead and its compounds when lead blast furnace bullion is transferred in an open ladle at ∼1000 °C from the blast furnace and poured into the drossing kettle, and later during the manual skimming of powdery dross. A laboratory study was conducted on a new concept for lead refining that eliminates contact between hot lead and the cnvironment, and thus abates f
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Dissertations / Theses on the topic "Blast furnaces Lead"

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Schlesinger, Mark E. "LEAD OXIDE SOLUBILITY IN LEAD BLAST-FURNACE SLAGS (ACTIVITY, THERMODYNAMICS)." Thesis, The University of Arizona, 1985. http://hdl.handle.net/10150/291261.

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Cochrane, R. F. "Energy conservation in the zinc-lead blast furnace." Thesis, University of Cambridge, 1985. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.383056.

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Sarson, Stuart C. "Investigations in the copper-lead system." Thesis, University of Cambridge, 1991. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.239160.

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Keng-MingWu and 吳耿名. "The Use of Lean Management Principles for the Blast Furnace Blow-in Preparation Process from Iron-making Manufacturing." Thesis, 2015. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/92334249054541426706.

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碩士<br>國立成功大學<br>工程管理碩士在職專班<br>103<br>Steel industry is one of the important foundation industries, it also significantly affect Taiwan's economic. In this case study, the steel company has four blast furnaces, each furnace shuts down every four months for regularly repair. Therefore, shortening the blow-in preparation time can save costs and increase productivity. This study that based on lean management principle uses value stream map and 5S method to remove the waste of the blast furnace blow-in preparation process from Iron-making manufacturing. Comparing the current-state value stream ma
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Logeshwari, J. "Characterization of Different Slags for Bulk Geotechnical Applications." Thesis, 2017. http://etd.iisc.ernet.in/2005/3627.

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Generation of wastes in the form of liquid, solid or gas is inevitable in any industry.Industrial Solid Waste is the waste that is generated from an industrial or manufacturing process and includes the waste generated from non-manufacturing activities as well.Most of these wastes fall under the category of Ashes, Slagsor Sludges. For the present work, three types of secondary lead slag, two types of granulated blast furnace slag (GBS) or iron slag and four types of steel slags were procured and studied.An elaborate study on various characteristics of the slags has been performed. Based on the
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Books on the topic "Blast furnaces Lead"

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Woodley, Nancy Karen Fish. An investigation of landfill disposal of blast furnace slag from secondary lead smelters. University Microfilms International, 1991.

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Book chapters on the topic "Blast furnaces Lead"

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Madelin, B., S. Ferquel, and J. L. Martin. "Lead blast-furnace evolution: a new approach." In EMC ’91: Non-Ferrous Metallurgy—Present and Future. Springer Netherlands, 1991. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-94-011-3684-6_4.

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Vanparys, Robin, Geoffrey Brooks, M. Akbar Rhamdhani, and Tijl Crivits. "Reduction of Lead-Rich Slags with Coke in the Lead Blast Furnace." In The Minerals, Metals & Materials Series. Springer International Publishing, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-37070-1_14.

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Yang, Shufeng, Chengsong Liu, Xiaojie Gao, and Jingshe Li. "Study on Dezincification and De-Lead of Blast Furnace Dust by Fluidized Reduction Experiment." In Celebrating the Megascale. John Wiley & Sons, Inc., 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/9781118889657.ch68.

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Yang, Shufeng, Chengsong Liu, Xiaojie Gao, and Jingshe Li. "Study on Dezincification and De-Lead of Blast Furnace Dust by Fluidized Reduction Experiment." In Celebrating the Megascale. Springer International Publishing, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-48234-7_68.

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Honingh, S., G. Van Weert, and M. A. Reuter. "Turning Blast Furnace Dust into a Source of Zinc and Lead Units: A Progress Report on Testwork at Corus Ijmuiden." In Recycling of Metals and Engineercd Materials. John Wiley & Sons, Inc., 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/9781118788073.ch28.

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Atkins, Peter. "Back to Basics: Reduction." In Reactions. Oxford University Press, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780199695126.003.0008.

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In its original meaning, reduction was what was done to a metal ore to obtain the metal itself: the stony ore hacked from the land was reduced to the malleable, ductile, lustrous, useful metal. Ores are commonly oxides or sulfides, so the process of reduction typically involves the removal of oxygen or sulfur. In that sense, reduction is the opposite of oxidation, which I touched on in Reaction 3. In this chapter I shall stick with the metallurgical context and examine that hugely important industrial process, the reduction of iron ore to iron at what can be regarded as the head of the steel chain. However, like oxidation, the concept of reduction has acquired a much broader meaning, as I shall touch on fleetingly in this section and reveal fully in Reaction 5. A typical iron ore is haematite, an iron oxide of composition Fe2O3 and consisting of a stack of Fe3+ and O2– ions (Figure 4.1, over the page; Fe is the symbol for iron, from the Latin ferrum). In the industrial process for the production of iron, the ‘reducing agent’, the substance that brings about reduction, is essentially carbon in the form of coke. Early furnaces used charcoal, but coke is much harder and allows for much taller columns of ore, carbon, and limestone (the last to collect impurities as slag; see Reaction 9). Reduction on this huge scale is carried out in the great blast furnaces that epitomize heavy industry and the industrial revolution, but those furnaces are little more than sophistications of the fires that first led mankind from the Bronze Age to the Iron Age about 3000 years ago. The eponymous blast of a blast furnace is a blast of air. It may seem odd to use oxygen-rich air in a process designed to remove oxygen from an ore, but it is used to oxidize the carbon to carbon monoxide and also to help ensure that the contents of the furnace do not settle to the bottom.
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Gordon, Robert B. "A Landscape Transformed." In A Landscape Transformed. Oxford University Press, 2000. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780195128185.003.0012.

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Fluctuations in the national economy buffeted the Salisbury iron industry, but choices Salisbury’s own ironmakers made about metallurgical technique determined both its course and its demands on the environment. A year-by-year count of the number of Salisbury forges and furnaces shows the rise and decline of the district’s ironmaking, modulated by fluctuations in the national (or, earlier, colonial) economy. The district’s bloomery forges made the wrought-iron products most wanted in the early eighteenth century. Because of the limited demand for castings (as well as the large investment required), a single blast furnace sufficed in the district until 1810. By then, the Salisbury ironmakers had entered the market for high-quality wrought iron made by the indirect process and needed to enlarge the supply of pig iron for the new finery forges that began to supplant the old bloomeries. Local entrepreneurs added two new furnaces. By 1848, sixteen furnaces met the demand for pig from the additional finery forges built from 1825 through 1833, together with the requirements of the new puddling works. The smaller furnaces that specialized in making forge pig lost their market as the fineries, followed by the puddling works, closed in the 1850s. The remaining furnaces, making pig iron for foundries that specialized in chilled-iron railroad wheels, carried on until the railroads’ adoption of steel wheels curtailed this market in the twentieth century. The national ebb and flow of business, along with disruptions caused by war, modulated the trends established by the techniques the Salisbury ironmasters chose and the types of products they sold. Investment in bloomeries accelerated during the colonial prosperity of the 1740s and slowed during the wars with the French and the Revolution. Return of settled times in the early Republic led many individuals and partnerships to build bloomery forges in the years up to 1807 and to invest in furnaces and finery forges. Hard times after the War of 1812 suspended new investment. The period of the district’s greatest growth fell in the economic expansion from 1824 through 1837, when New England entrepreneurs made rapid progress in developing the American system of manufactures based on interchangeable parts and power-driven machine tools.
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Bounds, C. O., and J. F. Pusateri. "Lead blast furnace slag fuming via the flame reactor process." In Primary and Secondary Lead Processing. Elsevier, 1989. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/b978-0-08-037292-1.50009-3.

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Gordon, Robert B. "Retreat from Progress." In A Landscape Transformed. Oxford University Press, 2000. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780195128185.003.0011.

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Salisbury ironmakers throve by selling wrought iron rather then cast iron through the first half of the nineteenth century. Their finery forges and puddling works converted nearly all of the pig produced by the district’s furnaces to bar iron or forged products. However, by the 1860s, when the district’s ironmasters were smelting up to 11,800 tons of pig iron per year, they converted little of it to wrought iron. The demise of the forges left just one principal product, cast iron used mainly for railroad car wheels. Milo Barnum and Leonard Richardson had started making railroad castings in 1840. When Milo Barnum retired in 1852, his son W. H. Barnum took his place in the partnership with Richardson. The partners expanded the business by acquiring the Beckley and Forbes furnaces in 1858 and 1862, respectively, from the Adam family in East Canaan. Upon Leonard Richardson’s death, Barnum and the Richardson heirs reconstituted the business as the Barnum-Richardson Company, the firm that gradually gained control of all mines and blast furnaces in the northwest, except for the Kent furnace. A new railway facilitated the Barnum-Richardson operations. Dedicated residents of the northwest, in the face of much skepticism, raised the capital needed to build the Connecticut Western Railroad from Hartford to State Line, where it joined with the Dutchess &amp; Columbia line running to Beacon, New York. Salisbury residents eagerly awaited its 1871 completion: they wanted to be rid of the heavy ore wagons that kept their roads a rness passing from Ore Hill to the furnaces in East Canaan. The Connecticut Western passed through Winsted, traversed difficult terrain in Norfolk, and crossed the Housatonic Railroad at Canaan, where the two companies built a handsome union station . Railroad enthusiasm also led residents in the northwest to propose impractical schemes. The Shepaug Railroad had been completed in 1872 from Danbury to Litchfield. A correspondent writing to the Connecticut Western News that year proposed extension into the Salisbury district.
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Hussain, M. M., and D. R. Morris. "Mathematical model of the stack region of a lead blast furnace." In Primary and Secondary Lead Processing. Elsevier, 1989. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/b978-0-08-037292-1.50014-7.

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Conference papers on the topic "Blast furnaces Lead"

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Cameron, R., M. Sukhram, J. Ghobara, et al. "Implementation of a Tuyere Leak Detection Soft Sensor on USS Blast Furnace No. 14." In AISTech2019. AIST, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.33313/377/055.

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Li, Chunyan, Haojie Tang, Liyue Jing, and Min Zhu. "Investigations of the Stabilities of Piloted Flames Using Blast Furnace Gas." In ASME Turbo Expo 2015: Turbine Technical Conference and Exposition. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/gt2015-42870.

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The effective utilization of low-grade energy sources generated from steel-making processes provides not only excellent opportunities for low cost power generation but also a significant means for the reduction of greenhouse gas emissions. In this paper, the work was carried out to study the static and dynamic combustion instabilities for gas turbine combustors burning low-calorific-value blast furnace gas (BFG). A burner was designed to stabilize the BFG flame with central pilot flames. A diagnostic system was set up to detect the characteristics of flame dynamics. In the experiments, the fue
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Gnädig, G., K. Reyser, W. Fischer, and J. Schmidli. "Industrial Users Choose Fuel Flexible GT11N2 for Burning Blast Furnace Gas in Combined Cycle Power Plants." In ASME 1997 Turbo Asia Conference. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 1997. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/97-aa-133.

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Stricter environmental regulations and the need for high-efficiency energy generation have led an increasing number of industrial users to investigate alternatives to burning waste gases from the industrial plants in conventional thermal power plants. Combined cycle power plants using gas turbines capable of burning low-caloric fuels such as blast furnace gas can meet these requirements with thermal efficiencies of more than 45%.
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Pugh, Daniel, Tim O’Doherty, Anthony Griffiths, et al. "Laminar Burning Velocity and Markstein Length Characterisation of Compositionally Dynamic Blast Furnace Gas." In ASME Turbo Expo 2012: Turbine Technical Conference and Exposition. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/gt2012-69667.

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Blast Furnace Gas is a poor quality process gas comprising proportions of CO, H2, CO2, and N2, with a low energy density typically in the order of 3 MJ·kg−1. Produced in large quantities as a by-product of blast furnace iron making, it is one of the process gases indigenous to integrated steelworks worldwide. The inherently dynamic nature of furnace operation causes compositional variation and therefore leads to fluctuation in the fuel characteristics, often dissuading engineers from fully utilising the gas in increasingly complex and efficient technologies such as gas turbines. Characterisati
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Gövert, Simon, Virginia Fratalocchi, and Jim B. W. Kok. "Characterization of Low Frequency Combustion Dynamics of Hot Blast Stoves by Means of a Flame Transfer Function Based on CFD Forced Response Simulations: Comparison of Different Hot Blast Stove Designs." In ASME Turbo Expo 2015: Turbine Technical Conference and Exposition. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/gt2015-42198.

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The combustion dynamics of thermo-acoustic systems like gas turbine combustors at elevated pressure and atmospheric industrial furnaces can be studied using a forced response approach. In this approach, the flame is excited by external perturbation of the upstream fuel or air mass flow. The flame transfer function can then be determined, which describes the response of the heat release rate in the combustor or furnace to the upstream velocity fluctuations. Subsequently, the flame transfer function can be used as an input for acoustic network models to further analyze the stability behavior of
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Osmani, Afrim. "Opportunity for the exploitation of useful metals from the slags of blast furnace in lead metallurgy in the Trepça complex through the Electrothermic process." In University for Business and Technology International Conference. University for Business and Technology, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.33107/ubt-ic.2017.145.

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Alavandi, Sandeep K., Shahrokh Etemad, and Benjamin D. Baird. "Fuel Flexible Rich Catalytic Lean Burn System for Low BTU Fuels." In ASME Turbo Expo 2013: Turbine Technical Conference and Exposition. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/gt2013-94585.

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Limited fuel resources, increasing energy demand, and stringent emission regulations are drivers to evaluate process off-gases or process waste streams as fuels for power generation. Often these process waste streams have low energy content and their operability in gas turbines leads to issues such as unstable or incomplete combustion and changes in acoustic response. Due to above reasons, these fuels cannot be used directly without modifications or efficiency penalties in gas turbine engines. To enable the use of the wide variety of ultra-low and low Btu fuels in gas turbine engines, a rich c
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Luo, Rui, Qulan Zhou, Huiqing Wang, Na Li, Shi’en Hui, and Qinxin Zhao. "Experimental Study and Numerical Simulation on a Novel Structure of Dual Register Whirl Burner." In ASME 2011 Power Conference collocated with JSME ICOPE 2011. ASMEDC, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/power2011-55350.

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The key technology of furnace for utility boiler is the combustion organizing of burner. The whirl burners are gradually adopted in large-scale utility boiler. A new structure based on dual register whirl burner was proposed and studied by experiment and numerical simulation. From experiment work carried out on cold modeling test, we obtained axial velocity distribution, refluxing extent and turbulence with different spouts, swirl intensity, and blast air distribution. The flow fields were also calculated by computational fluid dynamic (CFD) simulations which accorded with experimental results
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Eriksson, Pontus, Steve Walsh, Rolf Gabrielsson, Lars Waldheim, and Fredrik Hermann. "Design and Evaluation of an LCV Combustor for the Volvo VT4400 Industrial Gas Turbine." In ASME Turbo Expo 2002: Power for Land, Sea, and Air. ASMEDC, 2002. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/gt2002-30088.

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A combustor has been developed to burn a low calorific gas mixture reflecting a composition typically available from a bio-mass gasification plant. This reference composition contained (by volume) 11,7% H2, 15,4% CO, 5,9% CH4, 13,3% CO2, 46,7% N2 and 7% H2O. The combustor was subsequently tested with gas compositions having varying amounts of NH3, H2O and CO/H2 content. It was also tested with three compositions rich in CO, but lacking H2; these are typically available from blast furnace, or other metallurgical processes. The combustor is designed to be stoichiometric/lean and is suitable for
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Ito, Hiroyuki, Yuto Sakai, Tamio Ida, Yuji Nakamura, and Osamu Fujita. "Combustion of Bio-Coke (Highly Densified Biomass Fuel) Block in High-Temperature Air Flow." In ASME/JSME 2011 8th Thermal Engineering Joint Conference. ASMEDC, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/ajtec2011-44145.

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Bio-coke (BIC, highly densified biomass briquette), a newly developed biomass fuel as an alternative to coal coke which utilized in blast furnace, is employed in this study. This fuel is manufactured in highly compressed and moderate temperature conditions and has advantages in its versatility of biomass resources, high volumetric calorific value and high mechanical strength. Japanese knotweed is chosen as a biomass resource and is shaped into cylinder (48 mm in diameter and 85 mm in length). One of the most important characteristics of BIC is its high apparent density (1300 kg/m3; twice or mo
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