Dissertations / Theses on the topic 'Blessure de la moelle épinière'
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Pineau, Isabelle. "Caractérisation de la réponse inflammatoire suite à une lésion de la moelle épinière." Doctoral thesis, Université Laval, 2010. http://hdl.handle.net/20.500.11794/22396.
Full textCappellini, Prieto Monica. "Transplantation de tanycytes dans la moelle épinière de rats adultes." Montpellier 2, 2000. http://www.theses.fr/2000MON20109.
Full textEcheverry, Estefania. "Prolifération des cellules gliales dans la moelle épinière et douleur neuropathique." Master's thesis, Université Laval, 2007. http://hdl.handle.net/20.500.11794/19499.
Full textBastien, Dominic. "Rôle du récepteur purinergique P2X4R et de l'IL-1 dans la moelle épinière lésée." Doctoral thesis, Université Laval, 2015. http://hdl.handle.net/20.500.11794/25741.
Full textSpinal cord injury (SCI) leads to neuroinflammation-mediated damage and repair. The work presented in this thesis studied the cells and molecules initiating the inflammatory response in the injured spinal cord, in particular glial cells and cytokines. We investigated the role of purinergic receptor P2X4R and cytokines of the IL-1 family, IL-1α and IL-1β, in neutrophil and proinflammatory (M1) monocyte recruitment, tissue damage and locomotor function recovery after SCI. First, we showed that P2X4R is expressed in neurons of the normal spinal cord, and that activation of this receptor after SCI induces caspase-1 cleavage and production of mature IL-1β. We provided evidence that P2X4R-KO mice have impaired caspase-1 activation, resulting in decreased IL-1β levels and reduced neutrophil and M1 monocyte infiltration. Importantly, P2X4R-KO mice exhibited significant improvements in tissue sparing and locomotor behavior. These results suggest that P2X4R plays an essentiel role in neurodegeneration after SCI. Next, we showed that IL-1α is rapidly produced by microglia after SCI, and that this is followed by production of IL-1β by infiltrating neutrophils and monocyte-derived M1 macrophages. Despite the fact that the infiltration of these immune cell types was equally reduced in IL-1α-KO, IL-1β-KO and WT mice, IL-1α-KO mice exhibited significantly better locomotor recovery as early as day 1 post-SCI compared to the other two mouse lines. Transcriptome analysis of SCI tissue identifed transcripts that were specifically regulated in IL-1α-KO mice exclusively, including the neuronal survival factor TOX3. We confirmed by immunofluorescence that TOX3 is overexpressed by CC1+ oligodendrocytes from IL-1α-KO mice. These results suggest that oligodendrocytes from these mice would be less sensitive to cell death after injury, thus leading to sparing of spinal cord white matter and better functional recovery.
Bellver, Landete Victor. "The role of microglia in spinal cord injury : identification, importance and therapeutic implications." Doctoral thesis, Université Laval, 2020. http://hdl.handle.net/20.500.11794/40163.
Full textFelix, Marie-Solenne. "Lésion cervicale de la moelle épinière : vulnérabilité cérébrale et stratégie réparatrice spinale." Thesis, Aix-Marseille, 2012. http://www.theses.fr/2012AIXM4349.
Full textCervical spinal cord injuries are the most frequent type of spinal cord injury. It interrupts motor bulbospinal respiratory pathway inducing respiratory deficits bringing into play the vital diagnostic of patients. The study of spontaneous recovery of respiratory function and the development of reparing strategies are a major issue. Therapeutic strategies by olfactory enseathing cells are the most promising. We show the effect of nasal olfactory enseathing cells transplantation at the spinal level considering a cervical spinal cord hemicontusion in adult rat and the recovery of respiratory function. We also demonstrate, for the first time, that spinal cord injury has an impact on adult brain neurogenesis niches and that a neuroprotective phenomenon appears after spinal cord injury in the medulla of the brainstem. Our results concerns an actual clinical research theme, well-referenced in publications. It is of high importance to consider supralesional consequences of spinal cord injury, especially for the regenerative medicine
Guiho, Thomas. "Evaluation de l'efficience de la stimulation électrique médullaire en vue de la restauration des fonctions urinaires et intestinales chez le patient lésé médullaire." Thesis, Montpellier, 2016. http://www.theses.fr/2016MONTT101.
Full textSpinal cord injury results in the loss of movement and sensory sensations but also in the disruption of some organ functions. Nearly all spinal cord injured subjects lose bladder control and are prone to kidney failure if they do not apply intermittent (self-) catheterization. Electrical stimulation of the sacral spinal roots with an implantable neuroprosthesis is one option besides self-catheterization to become continent and control micturition. However, many persons do not ask for this neuroprosthetic device (Brindley-Finetech implant) since deafferentation and loss of sensory functions and reflexes are serious side effects and since alternative treatments are available to patients (drugs, botulinus toxin….). This PhD work aimed at investigating various techniques for spinal cord electrical stimulation in order to address dysfunctions in spinal cord injured individuals on lesion levels that have an impact on lower limb movements and bladder, bowel and sexual functions. Orderly recruitment of fibers at the spinal cord level should eventually lead to orderly recruitment of the detrusor muscle without activation of the bladder sphincter. Thereby, low pressure voiding, for example, should be obtained that is currently impossible with existing active implantable medical devices. A new large animal model – the domestic pig – was investigated to overcome size effects of rodent models and be able to translate results and technology more easily to human
Marino, Philippe. "Recherche de la preuve de principe de candidats médicaments peptidiques, dans le cadre des traumatismes médullaires." Aix-Marseille 2, 2009. http://www.theses.fr/2009AIX22020.
Full textThe overoll goal of this project is to develop a drug that would improve the quality of life of patients with spinal cord injury. In this context, the specific goal of this work was to demonstrate the proof of principle of three peptide drug candidates : a polysialic acid mimetic peptide and two peptides inhibitors of neuropilin receptors dimerization. These pharmacological targets were chosen because of their role in cellular interactions involved in plasticity events. Bio-efficacy of these three drug candidates were evaluated in validated murine models of spinal cord injury. The biophysical properties of the peptides that inhibit neuropilin activity were not compatible with their use in murine models. On the other hand, we showed that PR-21 fulfilled criteria for an in vivo use as it was not toxic, not immunogenic and displayed good stability in biological fluids or tissue. Delivery of PR-21 directly at the lesion site significantly decreased the time of return to continence, increased motor functions, sensorimotor control and coordination of hindlimbs with forelimbs in the lesioned animals. At the cellular level, we showed that PR-21 was able to increase serotoninergic axons density at and caudal to the lesion site, and to act on astrocytes by decreasing reactive gliosis. In an in vitro model of reactive astrocytes PR-21 modulated NCAM140 expression in strongly GFAP positive cells. Our data points to unique features and properties of a carbohydrate mimicking peptide and supports the notion that PSA-NCAM is an important factor to consider to treat spinal cord injury. In light of these results, PR-21 appears to be a promising therapeutic compound for acute CNS injuries
Pointillart, Vincent. "Approche expérimentale des processus de la mort cellulaire dans les traumatismes de la moelle épinière et thérapeutiques protectrices expérimentales et cliniques." Bordeaux 2, 1997. http://www.theses.fr/1997BOR28462.
Full textLafrance-Zoubga, David. "Organisation du circuit locomoteur du mésencéphale et réorganisation après lésion de la moëlle épinière." Master's thesis, Université Laval, 2018. http://hdl.handle.net/20.500.11794/33040.
Full textSpinal cord injuries cause a functional motor deficit of varying importance depending on their location and their severity. After incomplete spinal cord injury, it is possible to notice in animal models and patients a certain functional recovery occurring on a period going from a few weeks to several years. This recovery may occur thanks to an anatomical reorganization of the spinal locomotor circuit and supraspinal locomotor centers. Among these centers is the mesencephalic locomotor region (MLR) which is a functional region able to initiate and modulate locomotion. Its exact anatomical correlates are still a matter of debate but they could include the cuneiform nucleus (CnF), a cluster of glutamatergic neurons, the pedunculopontine nucleus (PPN) that is cholinergic and glutamatergic, the deep mesencephalic nucleus (MRN/DpMe) that is glutamatergic and the laterodorsal tegmentum which is formed by neuronal populations similar to the PPN. Some studies suggest that there is an increase of projections from the MLR to the brainstem after lesion and that the glutamatergic neurons of the CnF can initiate and accelerate locomotion. Using retrograde tracing, stereological analysis and kinematic, we show, in the CnF but also in the contralesional PPN and LDT, that there is a recruitment of MLR glutamatergic projections to the medullar reticular formation. Considering the major role of glutamatergic neurones in locomotion, this recruitment could contribute to motor functional recovery after incomplete spinal cord injury. An anterograde tracing experiment could then help us to confirm that these “new” projections form synaptic connections in the medullar reticular formation and, maybe, in the spinal cord. This project could contribute to specify the optimal deep brain stimulation sites in the MLR to treat motor deficits caused by incomplete spinal cord injuries and maybe also by other pathologies such as Parkinson’s disease.
Résumé en espagnol
Mire, Erik. "Contribution de l'interaction croisée Sema 3A/L1CAM dans la régénération axonale après une lésion médullaire." Aix-Marseille 2, 2007. http://theses.univ-amu.fr.lama.univ-amu.fr/2007AIX22053.pdf.
Full textLack of axonal regeneration after injury of the adult CNS is attributable to specific features of adult environment and to a reduction in the growth ability of adult axons. We examined whether Sema3A that is upregulated at the site of spinal cord injury exerts a direct effect on axons. To test this hypothesis, we made use of a L1 mimetic able to block growth cone collapse and neurite length reduction that are mediated by Sema3A. Because activity of the peptide relies on the presence of L1 and Nrp1 on axons, we checked for expression of these in the adult spinal cord and show that L1 and Nrp1 colocalize on a subset of axons in the dorsolateral funiculus. Strikingly, delivery of L1 mimetic peptide to mice whose spinal cord was injured did not reveal any improvement of motor recovery or of axonal regeneration. To understand this failure, I developed an assay in which embryonic neurons were grown on sections of adult naïve or injured spinal cord. Injured spinal cord sections reduced neurite length compared to naïve sections, however addition of L1 mimetic peptide did not block this effect, confirming our in vivo results. Strikingly, addition of recombinant Sema3A in this model did not reduce neurite length indicating that adult spinal cord environment is likely to prevent Sema3A signaling. Together, our results show that modulation of Sema3A signal by the L1 mimetic peptide does not promote axon regeneration or motor recovery and suggest that Sema3A does not directly prevent axonal regrowth after spinal cord injury
Djerrari, Hind. "Circonstances des blessures graves à la moelle épinière suite à un plongeon, une analyse des circonstances des blessures à la moelle épinière liées à l'eau, chez les patients de l'Institut de réadaptation de Montréal, IRM, et de l'Institut de réadaptation en déficience physique de Québec, IRDPQ, de 1961-1994." Thesis, National Library of Canada = Bibliothèque nationale du Canada, 1999. http://www.collectionscanada.ca/obj/s4/f2/dsk1/tape9/PQDD_0005/MQ43818.pdf.
Full textMontreuil, Christelle. "Chez-soi et handicap : une enquête qualitative auprès de jeunes adultes ayant subi une lésion à la moelle épinière." Thesis, Université Laval, 2012. http://www.theses.ulaval.ca/2012/28830/28830.pdf.
Full textThis research focalizes on the experience of ten young adults aged 18 to 32 years who had an injury to the spinal cord and examines the evolution of what home means for them and of their perception of their residence as being their home. Based on semi-directed interviews conducted at the residence of ten participants, it aims at identifying the dimensions of the meaning of home that are experienced as being most critical for such individuals and at relating these dimensions to residential adaptations and other pertinent factors. For the target group, the research demonstrates the intimate and individualized relationships between the experience of home, the personal characteristics, the social environment, the external factors and the physical environment, in a past-present-future time continuum. Both the residence and the proximity network have to be adapted in terms of accessibility, usability and personalization taking into account these interrelationships.
Morin-Richaud, Claudie. "Réactions de la macroglie après lésions de la moelle épinière : études chez le rat et la souris vimentine null." Montpellier 2, 1997. http://www.theses.fr/1997MON20097.
Full textMalignon, Jean-Philippe. "Prise en charge initiale du traumatisme récent de la moelle cervicale : activité d'une unité de réanimation chirurgicale sur 30 mois." Montpellier 1, 1993. http://www.theses.fr/1993MON11099.
Full textFournier, Henri-Dominique. "Réparation des avulsions radiculaires du plexus brachial : étude anatomique des réimplantations intra-spinales : application à de nouvelles stratégies chirurgicales chez l'homme." Angers, 2002. http://www.theses.fr/2002ANGE0508.
Full textAvulsion of nerve roots from the cervical spinal cord is always considered as an untreatable injury even by surgeons with expertise in this surgical field. However, numerous experimental studies in animals as well as a first series in humans showed that if continuity is restaured between the cord and nerve roots, axons from spinal motor neurons can regrow into the peripheral nerve grafts with recovery of motor function. Despite ongoing controversies, we wanted to show that axonal growth following intraspinal reimplantation of avulsed ventral nerve roots is a reality in humans, with return of function, appearing to be an emerging and promising technique. We started with the posterior subscapular approach to the cord and plexus for a lateral implantation of the graft. Because CNS white matter is nonpermissive substrate for axonal growth, we have suggested that the poor results might be related to the incorrect positioning of the implant. Thus our goal has been to determine the ideal location of the graft. The implantation site of the graft is now approached through the antero-lateral sulcus itself following the development of an anterior approach. Seven patients have been treated so far suffering from multiple avulsions. We have had no complications. Cocontractions between antagonistic muscles were not observed. Signs of regeneration appeared in triceps, biceps, deltoid and flechissor carpi radialis, depending on the lesions and type of repair. Neurotrophic molecules may increase functional results in a next future by preventing motoneuron cell death and axotomy-induced degeneration
Rimaud, Diana. "Effets cardiovasculaires et métaboliques de la contention veineuse : Etudes au repos, à l'exercice et post-exercice, chez des sujets sains sportifs et des sujets blessés médullaires." Saint-Etienne, 2007. http://www.theses.fr/2007STET009T.
Full textLevesque, Pascale. "La qualité de vie chez les personnes ayant une lésion médullaire : une analyse des déterminants." Master's thesis, Université Laval, 2006. http://hdl.handle.net/20.500.11794/18776.
Full textViet, Caroline. "La régénération axonale dans la moe͏̈lle épinière de mammifères adultes, après lésion traumatique expérimentale : facteurs inhibiteurs et stratégies réparatrices." Paris 5, 1999. http://www.theses.fr/1999PA05P091.
Full textChedly, Jamila. "Biomatériau à base de chitosane pour la restauration de la moelle épinière traumatique de rat : analyses anatomiques et fonctionnelles." Thesis, Paris 6, 2016. http://www.theses.fr/2016PA066338.
Full textRegeneration after traumatic spinal cord injury generally fails due to a cascade of cellular and molecular events, including blood-spinal cord barrier breakdown,persistent and uncontrolled inflammation, and glial scarring and cavity formation combined with the presence of axon growth-inhibitory molecules. While efficient therapies are still lacking, recent progress in the design of implantable biomaterials may well open up new possibilites for their development. Chitosan hydrogels (hCh) seem particularly promising as their biological properties can be fine-tuned, notably by their degree of acetylation (DA). In the context of a rat dorsal spinal cord hemisection, I have tested different formulations of fragmented hCh for their ability to integrate into lesioned host tissue without creating additional inflammation, or excessive astrocytic reaction. Thus, I found that implantation of hCh particles of 4% DA allows for tissue reconstruction by attracting different cell types and recreating a functional vasculature. Importantly, it modulates the inflammatory response, favoring polarization of invading macrophages towards the M2 phenotype. In lesioned-implanted animals, the glial scar is less fibrous, astrocyte processes are mainly oriented towards the lesion and accompany a robust regrowth of fibers, whose origin was identified by axon tracing and immunohistochemistry. Many of these fibers are myelinated or ensheathed by Schwann cells, maintained at long term in the implant. Finally, this structural remodeling is associated with significant, long-lasting recovery of locomotor function, as I have shown by open-field and gait analysis
Vinit, Stéphane. "Plasticité post-lésionnelle du réseau nerveux respiratoire : analyse fonctionnelle et moléculaire." Aix-Marseille 3, 2006. http://www.theses.fr/2006AIX30073.
Full textThis doctoral work focuses on anatomo-functional and/or molecular plasticity processes after unilateral high spinal cord injury leading to respiratory deficit. A spinal cord injury restricted to the lateral area was sufficient to abolish hemidiaphragm activity. However, after short post-lesional time-lapse (7 days), an ipsilateral phrenic activity was detected that depends on crossed spinal pathways located laterally in the contralateral spinal cord and on ipsilateral afferents. After 3 months post-injury, this phrenic activity was reinforced by new active median bulbospinal pathways. At the molecular level, the respiratory axotomized neurons (and some non-axotomized neurons) express c-Jun after a spinal cord injury, revealing an intrinsic plasticity potential. Around the spinal injury, the levels of plasticity associated proteins (GAP-43 and BDNF) decreased. These results demonstrate that the respiratory system is endowed with an important plasticity potential after spinal cord injury with interesting potentialities for testing repair strategies
Hébert, Marc-André. "Rôles des cellules myéloïdes dans la régénérescence d'axones lésés." Thesis, Université Laval, 2009. http://www.theses.ulaval.ca/2009/25978/25978.pdf.
Full textCharette, Caroline. "La coordination visuo-locomotrice lors de changement de direction et de contournement d'obstacle chez des personnes ayant une lésion de la moelle épinière." Master's thesis, Université Laval, 2017. http://hdl.handle.net/20.500.11794/27575.
Full textThe objective of this master’s thesis was to compare the visuo-locomotor control in manual and power wheelchair in experienced wheelchair users. Therefore, individuals with a spinal cord injury were recruited; more precisely 12 manual wheelchair users and 10 power wheelchair users. The participants were asked to navigate with their own wheelchair at natural self-selected speed straight-ahead, while changing direction and while circumventing an obstacle. No difference between groups was found for the navigational behavior as well as for the temporal body and wheelchair coordination. Specific gaze behavior depended predominantly on the environmental demands. In conclusion, manual and power wheelchair users adopted similar navigational strategies and body and wheelchair coordination while changing direction and circumventing an obstacle. These results also demonstrated similarities with visuo-locomotor coordination with biped gait, which suggest a generalization in visuo-locomotor coordination strategies across different locomotor modes. Such results may help evaluating and training WC skills, as well as developing assistive navigational technologies based on one’s natural visuo-locomotor control.
Molenaar, Ciska. "Caractérisation biomécanique du transfert latéral chez la personne vivant avec une lésion de la moelle épinière : influence de facteurs environnementaux." Thesis, Valenciennes, 2018. http://www.theses.fr/2018VALE0032/document.
Full textPeople living with spinal cord injury (SCI) depend on a wheelchair for daily life mobility. One of the most strenuous activities associated with wheelchair use is the performance of lateral sitting transfers, needed to get in and out of their wheelchair. Through the high demand on the upper extremities and many repetitions, this activity exposes people living with SCI to injury risks, between which the development of musculoskeletal disorders and traumatic lesions due to falls. This PhD thesis aims to evaluate the exposure to these risks during parallel lateral sitting transfers, and more in particular how the environment might influence this exposure. The evaluation realized uses instruments for human movement analysis (motion capture, force plates and electromyography) to calculate joint angles, external and internal mechanical efforts, muscular activation and postural control strategies used to perform transfers. A statistical analysis of the results determines the modifications induced by the use and the height of an armrest. The results are synthesized and combined to generate an integrative conclusion on the injury exposure risk during transfers realized by people living with SCI
Pachebat, Nathalie. "Traumatisme médullaire sur cyphoscoliose grave anciennement opérée : à propos de deux cas." Bordeaux 2, 1993. http://www.theses.fr/1993BOR2M218.
Full textLemarchant, Sighild. "L' axe activateur tissulaire du plasminogène (tPA) – désintégrine et métalloprotéinase à motifs thrombospondines de type 4 (ADAMTS-4) : une nouvelle cible thérapeutique des traumatismes de la moelle épinière." Caen, 2011. http://www.theses.fr/2011CAEN3134.
Full textManagement and treatment of spinal cord injury (SCI) represent important medical and economical challenges and are accordingly the focus of a large number of clinical and experimental studies. The glial scar contributes to an inhibition of the axonal regeneration because of the synthesis and release of chondroitin sulphate proteoglycans (CSPGs), notably by reactive astrocytes. Tissue plasminogen activator (tPA) is a serine protease with multimodal actions within the central nervous system (CNS). The aim of our study was to determine the influence(s) of tPA in SCI, particularly on the establishment of the glial scar and on the failure of injured axons to regenerate. Our results evidence that tPA decreases glial reactivity and promotes neurites growth, in vitro in spinal cord-derived cultures, and in vivo after SCI. Indeed, in vitro and in vivo, tPA controls the activation of the type 4 dinstegrin and metalloproteinase with thrombospondin motifs (ADAMTS-4), able to destroy neurocan, a potent CSPG of the CNS. Accordingly, the treatment of injured rats with tPA promotes the activation of ADAMTS-4, the degradation of neurocan and the axonal regeneration of serotoninergic fibers, which improves long-term functional recovery. To conclude, our study demonstrates that the tPA/ADAMTS4 axis represents an original therapeutic target to promote axonal regeneration and functional recovery after SCI
Kemoun, Gilles. "Une approche de la qualité de vie des blessés médullaires : résultats préliminaires d'une étude prospective." Bordeaux 2, 1992. http://www.theses.fr/1992BOR23060.
Full textUng, Roth-Visal. "Effet de l'entraînement locomoteur sur la récupération des fonctions locomotrices chez la souris paraplégique." Thesis, Université Laval, 2011. http://www.theses.ulaval.ca/2011/27838/27838.pdf.
Full textMeunier-Couchard, de Séze Marianne. "Approche physiopathologique et thérapeutique de l'hyperactivité neurogène du détrusor après lésion médullaire : mécanisme et cibles d'action des substances vanilloïdes sur l'appareil vésico-sphinctérien." Bordeaux 2, 2004. http://www.theses.fr/2004BOR21122.
Full textThe purpose of our research is the exploration of afferent branch of micturitional reflex in human and its neuroplasticity occuring after spinal cord lesion. Our study intend to complete the knowledge of neurogenic factor involved in voiding reflex after spinal cord injury and to precise the mechanism and target of vanilloid agents in neurogenic detrusor overactivity in order to prone the development of new therapeutic option for refractory urinary incontinence. Our work contributes to better understanding of fundamental and therapeutic aspects of neurogenic bladder. They strongly argue for the importance of unmyelinated C fiber and bladder-sphincter reflexes in neuroplasticity occuring after spinal lesion. They suggest an interaction between neuronal, urothelial and muscular factor in detrusor overactivity pathogenicity. Our study allow to valid the interest of alcoholic and glucidic capsaicin vesical instillation in patients suffering from neurogenic detrusor hyperreflexie, reporting original data about the efficacy and safety of capsaicin and resiniferatoxin, and demonstrates the key role of the vanilloid vector
Lemay, Valérie. "Étude des déterminants de la mobilité en fauteuil roulant manuel et leur association avec la participation sociale d'usagers expérimentés ayant une lésion de la moelle épinière." Thesis, Université Laval, 2011. http://www.theses.ulaval.ca/2011/28454/28454.pdf.
Full textBonnard, Anne-Sophie. "Inflammation et traumatismes du système nerveux : expression des cytokines chez le rat après section - réparation du nerf sciatique ou après compression - neuroprotection de la moelle épinière." Rouen, 2000. http://www.theses.fr/2000ROUES034.
Full textLandry, Éric. "Implication des mécanismes sérotoninergiques dans le rétablissement des fonctions locomotrices chez la souris paraplégique." Thesis, Université Laval, 2007. http://www.theses.ulaval.ca/2007/24510/24510.pdf.
Full textNuissier, Joëlle. "Les facteurs de l'ajustement au traumatisme médullaire : une étude en psychologie de la santé." Bordeaux 2, 1996. http://www.theses.fr/1996BOR21007.
Full textReactions to spinal cord injury are not only dependant of the objective seriousness of the lesion. Some socio-psychological factors and coping strategies (emotional ; cognitive and behavioral) play a decisive role in the adjustment to spinal cord injury. Health psychology appears a good model to explore the interaction of these variables and their impact on adjustment to spinal cord injury
Dambreville, Charline. "Effets d'un entrainement de précision à la marche sur la récupération locomotrice et la douleur neuropathique à la suite d’une lésion médullaire incomplète." Doctoral thesis, Université Laval, 2020. http://hdl.handle.net/20.500.11794/67789.
Full textIntroduction: After an incomplete spinal cord injury (iSCI), the voluntary control of walking is often compromised. This reduces the ability to participate in daily activities and has a negative impact on quality of life. Conventional locomotor trainings, based on spinal circuits stimulation, in other words stimulation of the “automatic control” have shown some benefits, but improvements in walking function after iSCI remain limited. It was proposed that these less challenging trainings do not recruit all the circuits involved in gait control, and so, are not sufficient to optimize gait recovery after an iSCI. The hypothesis is that a more challenging training that stimulate all gait circuits including voluntary control (more particularly the corticospinal tract), and automatic control, could lead to an improvement of gait recovery. This recovery included improvements in gait speed, gait endurance, and in sensorimotor function measured with balance and proprioception. Another important issue after an iSCI is the development of neuropathic pain (NP). While there is a large body of evidence in animal studies showing that locomotor recovery and NP might be competing for some shared neural circuits, human studies are still sparse. A secondary hypothesis is that a training that further stimulate all gait circuits could reduce NP. The objective of this thesis is therefore to develop a gait training that further stimulate voluntary control of gait to measure the effects on gait recovery including gait speed, endurance and sensorimotor aspects (proprioception and balance) and to measure its effect on NP. Methods: Corticospinal excitability was assessed using transcranial magnetic stimulation during a simple walking task, and during a precision walking task firstly in healthy participants (study1), and secondly in individuals with an iSCI (study 2). The precision walking task consisted of stepping onto virtual targets projected on a screen in front of them and separated by different distances during treadmill walking. In study 3, a new robotic test was developed to measure the ankle proprioception during gait in individuals with an iSCI and characterize sensorimotor function during a dynamic task. In study 4, a protocol training using the precision task was performed for 16 sessions over 4 to 5 weeks in individuals with an iSCI. Locomotor recovery including gait speed, endurance, balance and ankle proprioception and neuropathic pain were assessed pre- and post-training and compared. Participants’ satisfaction regarding the training protocol was measured post training. Results: Results from studies 1 and 2 showed that it is possible to further increase the corticospinal excitability during a precision walking task compared to a simple walking task in healthy participants and in individuals with an iSCI. Results from study 3 showed a good reliability and validity of the robotic test to measure ankle proprioception during gait. Results from study 4 showed the feasibility to perform a precision gait training in individuals with an iSCI. Significant improvements of gait speed, endurance, proprioception and posture and a trend of NP decrease were measured after training. Participants’ satisfaction regarding this training was excellent. Conclusions: Results from this thesis showed that it is possible, using a precision walking task, to further increase corticospinal tract involvement than during normal gait in healthy participants and in individuals with an iSCI. This approach highlights the potential of a more challenging gait training for gait rehabilitation in humans and provide a simple solution to enhance corticospinal drive to optimize gait recovery including sensorimotor function, and to decrease NP after CNS lesions such as spinal cord injury.
Émond, Annie. "Le soutien social et la participation sociale chez les adultes ayant subi une lésion médullaire." Thesis, Université Laval, 2006. http://www.theses.ulaval.ca/2006/23983/23983.pdf.
Full textChevalier, Stéphanie. "Plasticité post-lésionnelle des réseaux médullaires locomoteurs des urodèles : étude électrophysiologique et immunohistochimique." Bordeaux 2, 2004. http://www.theses.fr/2004BOR21178.
Full textUrodeles can recover spontaneously their locomotor behaviour following a complete spinal cord transection. Using electrophysiological and neuroanatomical in vivo techniques, we have shown that locomotor recovery is related to a reinnervation of locomotor networks below the lesion by reticulospinal axons. Some of the regenerated reticulospinal axons come from glutamatergic and serotoninergic neurons. However, long term post-lesionnal modifications of the locomotor patterns were observed. Moreover, in vitro study of intrinsic properties of motoneurons, before and after spinal cord transection, showed that the muscarinic modulation of motoneuron excitability is increased after spinalisation. In conclusion, the post-lesionnal plasticity of Urodele locomotor networks depends both on their reinnervation by descending pathways and on modifications of motoneuron intrinsic properties
Lapointe, Nicolas. "Implication des systèmes monoaminergiques spinaux dans l'induction de la locomotion chez la souris paraplégique." Thesis, Université Laval, 2009. http://www.theses.ulaval.ca/2009/26023/26023.pdf.
Full textLeman, Samuel. "Etude du réseau préganglionnaire médullosurrénalien chez le rat adulte sain ou paraplégique en situation de dysréflexie végétative : approches neuroanatomique et fonctionnelle." Lille 1, 2000. https://pepite-depot.univ-lille.fr/LIBRE/Th_Num/2000/50376-2000-154-155.pdf.
Full textDevaux, Stéphanie. "Spatio-temporal studies of the spinal cord injury through OMICs and physiological approaches." Thesis, Lille 1, 2016. http://www.theses.fr/2016LIL10073/document.
Full textSpinal cord injury (SCI) belongs to incurable disorders of the CNS. Primary damage and axonal disruption are followed by progressive cascade of secondary deleterious reactions. Although axonal regeneration is initiated, it is quickly repressed due to severe inflammation, lack of trophic support and inhibitory environment. In a balloon-compression SCI rat model the secretomes of the lesion segment and adjacent segments 3 days after SCI were studied and a regionalization of inflammatory and neurotrophic response between the rostral and caudal segments was highlighted. These results were complemented with spatiotemporal study of SCI. Rostral and caudal segments have shown the ability to regenerate due to the presence of immune cells with an anti-inflammatory and neurotrophic phenotype. However, a time lag occurs between segments, with a caudal segment near the lesion expressing inflammatory and apoptotic phenotype. This segment appears to be a potential target for future treatment. Indeed, this segment shows the presence of lectins and RhoA proteins but also the presence of antibodies colocalized with neurons. Therapeutic strategies have focused on the inhibition of these factors in addition to the use of biomaterials. Alginates fill the cavity and create a network facilitating axonal regrowth and have the ability to release factors which would modulate inflammation and stimulate regeneration. These data established spatiotemporal evolution and indicate that we can initiate regenerative processes in the caudal segment if trophic factors are added
Chauvet, Norbert. "Rôles des tanycytes dans les mécanismes de régénération axonale des neurones du système nerveux central du rat adulte." Montpellier 2, 1997. http://www.theses.fr/1997MON20160.
Full textChalfouh, Chaima. "Effet de la stimulation magnétique répétitive trans-spinale comme thérapie non invasive dans le cadre des lésions médullaires. The Regenerative Effect of Trans-spinal Magnetic Stimulation After Spinal Cord Injury: Mechanisms and Pathways Underlying the Effect FoxJ1 regulates spinal cord development and is required for the maintenance of spinal cord stem cell potential Inhibition of ADAMTS-4 Expression in Olfactory Ensheathing Cells Enhances Recovery after Transplantation within Spinal Cord Injury Resident neural stem cells guarantee the regeneration promoted by bulbar olfactory ensheathing cell transplantation after spinal cord injury." Thesis, Normandie, 2020. http://www.theses.fr/2020NORMR099.
Full textSpinal cord injury (SCI) leads to a loss of sensitive and motor functions. Currently, there is no therapeutic intervention offering a complete recovery. Here, we report that repetitive trans-spinal magnetic stimulation (rTSMS) can be a noninvasive SCI treatment that enhances tissue repair and functional recovery. Several techniques including immunohistochemical, behavioral, cells cultures, and proteomics have been performed. Moreover, different lesion paradigms, such as acute and chronic phase following SCI in wild-type and transgenic animals at different ages (juvenile, adult, and aged), have been used. We demonstrate that rTSMS modulates the lesion scar by decreasing fibrosis and inflammation and increases proliferation of spinal cord stem cells. Our results demonstrate also that rTSMS decreases demyelination, which contributes to axonal regrowth, neuronal survival, and locomotor recovery after SCI. This research provides evidence that rTSMS induces therapeutic effects in a preclinical rodent model and suggests possible translation to clinical application in humans
Campin, Véronique. "Traitement des troubles vésico-spinctériens du blessé médullaire par électro- stimulation des racines sacrées antérieures : expérience du C.H.R.U de Bordeaux, analyse de dix observations." Bordeaux 2, 1990. http://www.theses.fr/1990BOR23074.
Full textLefeuvre, Jennifer. "Characterization of spinal cord lesions in the marmoset EAE model using MRI and histopathology techniques." Thesis, Sorbonne université, 2019. http://www.theses.fr/2019SORUS208.
Full textUp to 90% of multiple sclerosis (MS) patients present spinal cord lesions. Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) of spinal cord lesions is still a difficult challenge. Consequently, the evolution of spinal cord lesions in MS and their contribution to disease progression remain poorly understood. The brain of common marmoset with experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE) displays closer radiological and pathological features as well sensori-motor deficits with MS. The objective of this thesis was to develop new MRI protocols at 7 Tesla in association with histopathological analysis to better characterize the type of spinal cord lesions in the marmoset EAE, and to understand their spatiotemporal evolution. A first postmortem study demonstrated a strong resemblance to MS focal lesions in terms of shape and distribution, as well a heterogeneous subpial pathology between animals and along the spinal cord length. Secondly, we implemented a robust in vivo experimental setup in order to adapt to the morphology of the animals and created a 12-element phase-array coil. This new setup enabled us to image for the first time the entire spinal cord of nonhuman primates with EAE during the disease. We also found a strong association between the lesion load and the disability scores. These new findings highlight the relevance of the spinal cord lesions in the marmoset EAE model for studying the disease mechanisms of spinal cord lesions in MS
Mayeur, Anne. "Role de la protéine ADAMTS 4 sur la repousse nerveuse centrale induite par les cellules gliales olfactives in vivo chez la souris. Potential of olfactory ensheathing cells from different sources for spinal cord repair Inhibition of ADAMTS-4 Expression in Olfactory Ensheathing Cells Enhances Recovery after Transplantation within Spinal Cord Injury." Thesis, Normandie, 2020. http://www.theses.fr/2020NORMR003.
Full textA spinal cord injury (SCI) induces a permanent sensorimotor impairment below the injury level. To date, a wide variety of cells have been used as biotherapy to treat spinal cord injuries in different animal models. Olfactory ensheathing cells (OECs) are one of the most promising. Indeed, OECs have been shown to improve recovery in many animal studies, as well as in patients (Phase I/IIa trials). However, it has been reported that the level of recovery significantly varies among patients. Therefore, it is essential to improve the regenerative efficiency of OECs. Recently, inhibition of the expression of ADAMTS 4 (a metalloprotease known to bind and degrade chondroitin sulfate proteoglycans) in glial cells in vitro has been shown to increase their synthesis of neurotrophic factors. In our team, we have already demonstrated that OECs produce ADAMTS 4 in vitro. We hypthesized that the expression of neurotrophic factors secreted by OECs can be increased by the suppression of ADAMTS 4. We studied their regenerative potential after spinal cord injury in mice. Our results show that ADAMTS 4/KO bulb primary OECs cultures upregulate their trophic factors’ expression in vitro, and that transplanting these same cells into a severe SCI increases functional recovery and tissue repair in vivo
Kandalam, Saikrishna. "Pharmacologically active microcarriers delivering brainderived neurotrophic factor combined to adult mesenchymal stem cells : novel approach for the treatment of spinal cord injury." Thesis, Angers, 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017ANGE0050/document.
Full textTraumatic spinal cord injury (SCI) is a devastating condition resulting in permanent loss of neural functions. The objective of this thesis is to develop pharmacologically active microcarriers (PAMs) with a fibronectin (FN) surface that deliver biologically active brain derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) in a controlled manner. We want to combine this system with adult mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) for SCI repair. The nanoprecipitated BDNF was encapsulated in FN-PAMs and the in vitro release profile was evaluated. It showed a prolonged, bi-phasic, release of bioactive BDNF, without burst effect. We combined human marrow-isolated adult multilineage-inducible (MIAMI) stem cells and FN-PAMs with an injectable non-toxic silanized-hydroxypropylmethylcellulose (Si-HPMC) hydrogel. We demonstrated that FN-PAMs and the Si-HPMC hydrogel increased the expression of neural/neuronal differentiation markers of MIAMI cells after 1 week. Moreover, the 3D environment (FN-PAMs or hydrogel) enhanced the therapeutic MIAMI cell secretome. To have a clinically translatable system, we chose to use stem cells of the apical papilla (SCAP) and FNPAMs releasing or not BDNF for SCI therapy. More than 90% of SCAP complexed with FN-PAMs (releasing or not BDNF) remained viable for 7 days and an increased neuronal-oligodendroglial gene expression in vitro. The recovery of locomotor function was significantly improved after transplantation of SCAP complexed with FN-PAMs-BDNF with frequent to consistent forelimb-hindlimb coordination after 28 days of treatment
Kasri, Mounir. "Conséquences chez le rat de la déafférentation vestibulaire et périphérique sur la plasticité des motoneurones innervant un muscle postural : le soleus." Lille 1, 2005. https://pepite-depot.univ-lille.fr/RESTREINT/Th_Num/2005/50376-2005-254.pdf.
Full textLes résultats montrent des modifications de l'activité neuromusculaire et des changements morphologiques des motoneurones du soleus dans les 3 jours qui suivent la déafférentation, Dans une dernière partie, nous avons utilisé un modèle qui mime les effets de la microgravité réelle sur le système neuromusculaire. L'utilisation de ce modèle se caractérise par une hypodynamie associé à une hypokinésie (HH). Après 14 jours d'HH, une atrophie musculaire se développe. Elle est associée à des pertes de forces, des modifications des cinétiques de contraction et des changements des profils histochimique et électrophorétique du soleus. A l'origine de ces modifications, il a été suggéré des changements des rétrocontrôles afférents, Nous avons donc tout d'abord enregistré les variations de l'activité afférentes durant l'HH, Nous avons constaté qu'elle était réduite uniquement les six premiers jours. Nous avons ensuite enregistré le RMS et mesuré les tailles des corps cellulaires des motoneurones, Les résultats ont montré que les seuils de déclenchement du RMS et les surfaces des soma des motoneurones étaient diminués, Ceci pourrait être dû à une augmentation de l'excitabilité des motoneurones
Viollet, Louis. "Etude génétique des amyotrophies spinales distales autosomiques récessives." Paris 5, 2003. http://www.theses.fr/2003PA05N110.
Full textDistal spinal muscular atrophies (DSMA) form a heterogeneous group of disorders, characterized by anterior horn cell degeneration, leading to denervation and paralyses, predominantly at the distal part of the limbs. We described the clinical picture of the chronic DSMA phenotype with autosomal recessive inheritance. The genetic study of a large multiplex consanguineous Lebanese family allowed us to localize the causative gene on chromosome 11q13. 3, in a less than 1 centimorgan genetic interval. We showed evidence of a partial linkage disequilibrium in the european population and we studied the genes located in this chromosomal region. Spinal Muscular atrophy with respiratory Distress type 1 (SMARD1) is characterized by an early and severe denervation with diaphragmatic paralysis and is due to the mutations of the IGHMBP2 gene
Jović, Jovana. "Vers une assistance fonctionnelle du transfert et de la posture chez le sujet paraplégique sous électrostimulation : de la simulation à l'expérimentation." Thesis, Montpellier 2, 2012. http://www.theses.fr/2012MON20243/document.
Full textToday there are around 90 million people suffering from Spinal Cord Injury (SCI) worldwide. This thesis focuses on individuals who are complete paraplegic, i.e. persons suffering the loss of sensor and motor functions of their lower extremities. Thanks to improvements in emergency medical care, problems faced by SCI individuals after an accident are no longer life threatening, and their life expectancy is now comparable to that of able-bodied individuals. This has generated a shift of the priorities in medical research and practice away from survival and towards improvements in the quality of life for those living in a wheelchair. Wheelchair users are subjected to intense loads on the muscles and joints of the upper trunk and upper limbs during wheelchair propulsion, and in almost every other daily activity such as transfer, driving and household activities. Consequently, musculoskeletal pain is a common complication in the patients with SCI, which could cause a decrease or even total loss in remaining functional independence. Due to their limited mobility paraplegic population also faces many other medical problemsrelated with bone loading, cardio-circulatory stimulation, metabolic changeswhich increases the risk of diabetes development, oint extension, pressure sore prevention, and occurrence of muscle spasticity.The use of Functional Electrical Stimulation (FES) for motion restoration in paralyzed limbs proved to have a potential to provide both functional and therapeutic benefits. Movement restoration by means of FES in patients suffering from SCI has been a subject of research for many years, nevertheless, the number of effective FES systems is still limited. Hence, the aim of this thesis is to investigate solutions which would improve quality of life of people suffering from SCI by restoring the sit-to-stand, transfer from one surface to an other and standing movements that are lost due to SCI. We aim to find a good trade-off between achievable functionality of the FES system and its simplicity in terms of number of required sensors and computational cost and, accordingly, its applicability in clinical practice and daily life of paraplegic individuals. The following contributions have been made.In this thesis, we have investigated the optimal manner for performing the sit-to-stand movement which would reduce arm efforts and muscle fatigue induced by FES has been investigated. Also, we have experimentally validated new closed-loop system for sit-to-stand transfer for needs of a paraplegic person by performing experiments with six paraplegic patients. As part of the strategy of the system, patients were instructed to perform a rising motion in a manner previously calculated as optimal.The benefits from using FES during sitting-pivot-transfer motion in paraplegic patients have been investigated using optimization process and biomechanical modeling of the human body.In this thesis, we have proposes a new solution for control of standing posture in SCI patients by means of FES. The proposed controller enables prolonged standing and it is able to cope with voluntary movements of the patient.The authors find that the results obtained in this thesis are promising and believe that the scientific research should be proceeded in this direction. We also hope to continue the collaboration with medical staff as we strongly believe that through the collaborative work between engineers, clinicians and patients an effective solutions will be found
Goguin, Alexandre. "Système d’imagerie optique proche infrarouge de la moelle épinière." Paris 6, 2010. http://www.theses.fr/2010PA066430.
Full textBos, Rémi. "La double personnalité de l'inhibition dans la moelle épinière." Thesis, Aix-Marseille, 2012. http://www.theses.fr/2012AIXM5070.
Full textThe aim of this thesis was to explore the modulation of the inhibitory synaptic transmission within the spinal motor networks, both during development and after SCI. Spontaneous movements are an ubiquitous feature of fetal and infant behavior. They provide signals that are important for the development of muscles and the assembly of neuronal networks in the spinal cord. In a first study, we characterized one of the mechanisms underlying spontaneous motor behaviors in the in vitro spinal cord preparation isolated from neonatal rats. We demonstrated that the GABA is playing a key role in promoting spontaneous activity through primary afferent depolarizations which reach firing threshold. In the second part of my thesis, we tested the robustness of the in vitro GABAergic depolarizations and their dependence on the aCSF parameters. We demonstrated that during development the depolarizing actions of GABA/glycine on motoneurons and GABA on primary afferent terminals are not due to inadequate energy supply. In the last part of my thesis, we focused on the modulation of the inhibitory synaptic transmission following SCI. We demonstrated that activation of the 5-HT2 receptors, particularly the 5-HT2ᴀ subtype, strengthens inhibitory synaptic transmission to spinal motoneurons by hyperpolarizing the reversal potential of Cl- ions (ECl) and by increasing the cell-membrane expression of KCC2. This phenomenon reduces spasticity after SCI in rats. Upregulation of KCC2 function by targeting 5-HT2ᴀ receptors therefore opens new therapeutic strategies for the treatment of spasticity following SCI