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Stubbs, Alexander L., and Christopher W. Stubbs. "Spectral discrimination in color blind animals via chromatic aberration and pupil shape." Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 113, no. 29 (July 5, 2016): 8206–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1524578113.
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We present a mechanism by which organisms with only a single photoreceptor, which have a monochromatic view of the world, can achieve color discrimination. An off-axis pupil and the principle of chromatic aberration (where different wavelengths come to focus at different distances behind a lens) can combine to provide “color-blind” animals with a way to distinguish colors. As a specific example, we constructed a computer model of the visual system of cephalopods (octopus, squid, and cuttlefish) that have a single unfiltered photoreceptor type. We compute a quantitative image quality budget for this visual system and show how chromatic blurring dominates the visual acuity in these animals in shallow water. We quantitatively show, through numerical simulations, how chromatic aberration can be exploited to obtain spectral information, especially through nonaxial pupils that are characteristic of coleoid cephalopods. We have also assessed the inherent ambiguity between range and color that is a consequence of the chromatic variation of best focus with wavelength. This proposed mechanism is consistent with the extensive suite of visual/behavioral and physiological data that has been obtained from cephalopod studies and offers a possible solution to the apparent paradox of vivid chromatic behaviors in color blind animals. Moreover, this proposed mechanism has potential applicability in organisms with limited photoreceptor complements, such as spiders and dolphins.
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Hadj, Saima Ben, Laure Blanc-Féraud, and Gilbert Engler. "Depth-variant blind restoration with pupil-phase constraints for 3D confocal microscopy." Journal of Physics: Conference Series 464 (October 14, 2013): 012009. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1742-6596/464/1/012009.
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Royo, Julie, Fabrice Arcizet, Patrick Cavanagh, and Pierre Pouget. "Using the Blind Spot to Investigate Trans-Saccadic Perception." Vision 5, no. 3 (August 26, 2021): 39. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/vision5030039.
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We introduce a blind spot method to create image changes contingent on eye movements. One challenge of eye movement research is triggering display changes contingent on gaze. The eye-tracking system must capture the image of the eye, discover and track the pupil and corneal reflections to estimate the gaze position, and then transfer this data to the computer that updates the display. All of these steps introduce delays that are often difficult to predict. To avoid these issues, we describe a simple blind spot method to generate gaze contingent display manipulations without any eye-tracking system and/or display controls.
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Antonioli, Luca, Andrea Pella, Rosalinda Ricotti, Matteo Rossi, Maria Rosaria Fiore, Gabriele Belotti, Giuseppe Magro, et al. "Convolutional Neural Networks Cascade for Automatic Pupil and Iris Detection in Ocular Proton Therapy." Sensors 21, no. 13 (June 27, 2021): 4400. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/s21134400.
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Eye tracking techniques based on deep learning are rapidly spreading in a wide variety of application fields. With this study, we want to exploit the potentiality of eye tracking techniques in ocular proton therapy (OPT) applications. We implemented a fully automatic approach based on two-stage convolutional neural networks (CNNs): the first stage roughly identifies the eye position and the second one performs a fine iris and pupil detection. We selected 707 video frames recorded during clinical operations during OPT treatments performed at our institute. 650 frames were used for training and 57 for a blind test. The estimations of iris and pupil were evaluated against the manual labelled contours delineated by a clinical operator. For iris and pupil predictions, Dice coefficient (median = 0.94 and 0.97), Szymkiewicz–Simpson coefficient (median = 0.97 and 0.98), Intersection over Union coefficient (median = 0.88 and 0.94) and Hausdorff distance (median = 11.6 and 5.0 (pixels)) were quantified. Iris and pupil regions were found to be comparable to the manually labelled ground truths. Our proposed framework could provide an automatic approach to quantitatively evaluating pupil and iris misalignments, and it could be used as an additional support tool for clinical activity, without impacting in any way with the consolidated routine.
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Costrell, Robert M., Collin Hitt, and James V. Shuls. "A $19-Billion Blind Spot: State Pension Spending." Educational Researcher 49, no. 3 (April 2020): 220–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.3102/0013189x20912754.
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In this brief, we examine an important but obscure form of state spending on K–12 education—state subsidies of school district pension costs. In 2018, this exceeded $19 billion across 23 states. To put that amount into perspective, 2018 federal spending on Title I programs was $15.8 billion. This revenue stream is often ignored in analyses of state aid for K–12 and its distribution across districts. Until recently, accounting standards did not require pension plans to report these implicit subsidies to the school districts, so they did not typically know the size of their subsidy. In some important cases, it was missing from state totals for education aid. In the first comprehensive tabulation of these data, we show that this subsidy can be as much as $2,400 per pupil, as it is in Connecticut. In Illinois, it comprises an additional 56% of state spending on K–12 on top of all formula and categorical aid.
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Mrazova, M., P. Rauser, J. Burova, M. Georgiou, and T. Fichtel. "Influence of medetomidine, acepromazine, fentanyl and butorphanol on intraocular pressure and pupil size in healthy dogs." Veterinární Medicína 63, No. 9 (September 18, 2018): 413–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.17221/51/2018-vetmed.
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The aim of this study was to assess the effects of four different drugs used for anaesthesia premedication on intraocular pressure and pupil size in dogs. A prospective, randomised, double-blind clinical study was carried out. The subjects were forty client-owned healthy dogs (20 males and 20 females), aged 8.0 ± 2.9 years, with body weights of 11.8 ± 8.5 kg (mean ± SD) and without ocular abnormalities that were scheduled for periodontal treatment. Animals were randomly allocated into four groups and received intravenously either medetomidine 0.01 mg/kg, acepromazine 0.02 mg/kg, fentanyl 0.01 mg/kg or butorphanol 0.2 mg/kg. Intraocular pressure, pupil size, heart rate, respiratory frequency and systolic and diastolic arterial pressures were measured prior to (baseline) and at five and 10 minutes after premedication (T5, T10). Data were analysed by Anderson-Darling, Bartlett’s, ANOVA and Dunnett’s tests (P < 0.05). Significant increases of intraocular pressure were observed at T5 and T10 in the fentanyl group. Significant decreases of pupil size at T5 and T10 were detected in the fentanyl, butorphanol and medetomidine groups. In the fentanyl group, heart rate dropped significantly at T10, while respiratory frequency was elevated at T5 and T10. In the medetomidine group, heart rate and respiratory frequency were decreased at T5 and T10. In the butorphanol group, systolic arterial pressure was decreased at T5 and diastolic arterial pressure was decreased at T5 and T10. In the acepromazine group, systolic arterial pressure was decreased at T10. Within ten minutes after intravenous administration in healthy dogs, fentanyl significantly increased intraocular pressure and fentanyl, butorphanol and medetomidine decreased pupil size.
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Portengen, Brendan L., Carlien Roelofzen, Giorgio L. Porro, Saskia M. Imhof, Alessio Fracasso, and Marnix Naber. "Blind spot and visual field anisotropy detection with flicker pupil perimetry across brightness and task variations." Vision Research 178 (January 2021): 79–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.visres.2020.10.005.
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Fry, Jeffrey R., and Steven A. Burr. "A double-blind atropine trial for active learning of autonomic function." Advances in Physiology Education 35, no. 4 (December 2011): 438–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/advan.00075.2011.
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Here, we describe a human physiology laboratory class measuring changes in autonomic function over time in response to atropine. Students use themselves as subjects, generating ownership and self-interest in the learning as well as directly experiencing the active link between physiology and pharmacology in people. The class is designed to concomitantly convey the importance of bias in experimentation by adopting a double-blind placebo-controlled approach. We have used this class effectively in various forms with ∼600 students receiving atropine over the last 16 yr. This class has received favorable feedback from staff and students of medicine, pharmacy, and neuroscience, and we recommend it for such undergraduates. The learning objectives that students are expected to achieve are to be able to 1) know the ethical, safety, and hygiene requirements for using human volunteers as subjects; 2) implement and explain a double-blind placebo-controlled trial; 3) design, agree, and execute a protocol for making (and accurately recording) precise reproducible measurements of pulse rate, pupil diameter, and salivary flow; 4) evaluate the importance of predose periods and measurement consistency to detect effects (including any reversibility) after an intervention; 5) experience direct cause-and-effect relationships integrating physiology with pharmacology in people; 6) calculate appropriate summary statistics to describe the data and determine the data's statistical significance; 7) recognize normal variability both within and between subjects in baseline physiological parameters and also recognize normal variability in response to pharmacological treatment; 8) infer the distribution and role of muscarinic receptors in the autonomic nervous system with respect to the heart, eye, and mouth; 9) identify and explain the clinical significance of differences in effect due to the route and formulation of atropine; 10) produce and deliver a concise oral presentation of experimental findings; and 11) produce a written report in the form of a short scientific research article. The results of a typical study are presented, which demonstrate that the administration of atropine by a subcutaneous injection elicited a significant increase in pulse rate and pupil diameter and a significant decrease in salivary flow, whereas administration of atropine in an oral liquid elicited significant effects on pulse rate and salivary flow, and an oral solid format elicited a significant alteration in salivary flow alone. More detailed analysis of the salivary flow data demonstrated clear differences between the routes of administration and formulation in the onset and magnitude of action of atropine.
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Kay, C. D., and J. D. Morrison. "The Effects of Ingestion of 60 mg Pyridostigmine Bromide on Contrast Sensitivity in Man." Human Toxicology 7, no. 4 (July 1988): 347–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/096032718800700409.
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The effects on vision of ingestion of the anticholinesterase pyridostigmine bromide (60 mg), assessed from pharmacokinetic data to provide at least 20% inhibition of blood cholinesterase over the 1½-4½ h experimental period, was compared with 60 mg lactose in a double-blind crossover protocol. Contrast sensitivity to stationary oscilloscope-generated gratings of 3-40 c/deg showed a small but significant increase of 7% which was consistent with a small reduction in pupil diameter, surmised to cause a small improvement in optical quality. This reduction in pupil diameter was, however, overshadowed by a larger though still non-significant reduction on the second visit to the laboratory compared with the first. Contrast sensitivities to laser interference fringes observed in the Maxwellian view, by which the effects of the optical media are essentially bypassed, thus providing an entirely neural assessment, were unchanged after pyridostigmine. It is concluded that pyridostigmine may be given as a prophylactic in anticipation of exposure to an organophosphorus anticholinesterase without a deleterious effect on stationary visual function.
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Altan-Yaycioglu, Rana, Ozgur Yaycioglu, Umit Gul, Aysel Pelit, Fatih M. Adibelli, and Yonca A. Akova. "The effects of two systemic α1-adrenergic blockers on pupil diameter: a prospective randomized single-blind study." Naunyn-Schmiedeberg's Archives of Pharmacology 375, no. 3 (March 16, 2007): 199–203. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00210-007-0150-1.
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Lötsch, Jörn, Carsten Skarke, Helmut Schmidt, Sabine Grösch, and Gerd Geisslinger. "The Transfer Half-life of Morphine-6-glucuronide from Plasma to Effect Site Assessed by Pupil Size Measurement in Healthy Volunteers." Anesthesiology 95, no. 6 (December 1, 2001): 1329–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/00000542-200112000-00009.
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Background Clinical and experimental data suggested a long delay between the plasma concentration versus time course of morphine-6-glucuronide and the time course of its central opioid effects. This study was aimed at the quantification of the transfer half-life (t(1/2,ke0)) of this delay. Methods Pupil size was used as a measure of central opioid effect. Eight healthy volunteers (four men, four women) participated in that single-blind randomized crossover study. Median dosages administered intravenously were 0.5 mg morphine as loading dose followed by 10.7 mg given as infusion over a period of 4.7 h, and 10.2 mg M6G as loading dose followed by 39.1 mg M6G given over a period of 3.7 h. The duration of the infusion was tailored to achieve submaximum pupil constriction. The pupil diameter was assessed every 20 min for approximately 18 h. Values of t(1/2,ke0) were obtained by semiparametric pharmacokinetic-pharmacodynamic modeling. Results The estimated median t(1/2,ke0) of M6G was 6.4 h (range, 2.9-16.2 h), and that of morphine was 2.8 h (range, 1.8-4.4 h). The individual t(1/2,ke0) of M6G was always longer than that of morphine. Judged by the concentration at half-maximun effect (EC50) values of the sigmoid pupil size at maximum constriction (Emax) model describing concentration-response relation, M6G was apparently 22 times less potent than morphine (EC50 = 740.5 nm [range, 500-1,520 nm] for M6G and 36.2 nm [range, 19.7-43.3 nm] for morphine). The steepness of the sigmoid Emax model did not significantly differ between morphine and M6G (gamma = 1.9 and 2.6, respectively). To produce similar pupil effects, the M6G dose had to be 2.8 times greater than the morphine dose. Conclusions The reported numerical value of the t(1/2,ke0) of M6G in humans obtained after direct administration of M6G is a step toward a complete modeling approach to the prediction of the clinical effects of morphine. The study raises questions about the high interindividual variability of the transfer half-life between plasma and effect site (ke0) values and the apparent low potency of M6G.
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Czajkowski, Anne-Marie L., and Alinka E. Greasley. "Mindfulness for singers: The effects of a targeted mindfulness course on learning vocal technique." British Journal of Music Education 32, no. 2 (June 24, 2015): 211–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0265051715000145.
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This paper reports the development and implementation of a unique Mindfulness for Singers (MfS) course designed to improve singers' vocal technique. Eight university students completed the intervention. Five Facet Mindfulness Questionnaire (FFMQ) scores showed general improvement across all five facets of mindfulness. Qualitative results showed benefits of daily mindfulness exercises on breathing, micro-muscular awareness, vocal tone, text communication and problem solving. Exercises also positively affected teacher/pupil relationships, concentration and focus in lessons and practice. Teachers identified six of the eight participants in a blind controlled study indicating that vocal students at any level would benefit greatly from a mindfulness course as a holistic intervention.
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Kurnik, Daniel, Gbenga G. Sofowora, John P. Donahue, Usha B. Nair, Grant R. Wilkinson, Alastair J. J. Wood, and Mordechai Muszkat. "Tariquidar, a Selective P-glycoprotein Inhibitor, Does Not Potentiate Loperamide’s Opioid Brain Effects in Humans despite Full Inhibition of Lymphocyte P-glycoprotein." Anesthesiology 109, no. 6 (December 1, 2008): 1092–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/aln.0b013e31818d8f28.
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Background Loperamide, a potent opioid, has been used as an in vivo probe to assess P-glycoprotein activity at the blood-brain barrier, because P-glycoprotein inhibition allows loperamide to cross the blood-brain barrier and exert its central opioid effects. In humans, studies with nonselective and moderately potent inhibitors resulted in mild opioid effects but were confounded by the concurrent inhibition of loperamide's metabolism. The authors studied the effect of the highly selective, potent P-glycoprotein inhibitor tariquidar on loperamide's central opioid effects. Methods In a randomized, double-blind, crossover study, nine healthy subjects received on 2 study days oral loperamide (32 mg) followed by an intravenous infusion of either tariquidar (150 mg) or placebo. Central opioid effects (pupil diameter, sedation) were measured for 12 h, and blood samples were drawn up to 48 h after drug administration to determine plasma loperamide concentrations and ex vivo P-glycoprotein activity in T lymphocytes. Values for pupil diameter and loperamide concentrations were plotted over time, and the areas under the curves on the tariquidar and placebo study day were compared within each subject. Results Tariquidar did not significantly affect loperamide's central effects (median reduction in pupil diameter area under the curve, 6.9% [interquartile range, -1.4 to 12.1%]; P = 0.11) or plasma loperamide concentrations (P = 0.12) but profoundly inhibited P-glycoprotein in lymphocytes by 93.7% (95% confidence interval, 92.0-95.3%). Conclusion These results suggest that despite full inhibition of lymphocyte P-glycoprotein, the selective P-glycoprotein inhibitor tariquidar does not potentiate loperamide's opioid brain effects in humans.
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Redondo, Beatriz, Jesús Vera, Carmen Carreño--Rodríguez, Rubén Molina-Romero, and Raimundo Jiménez. "Acute Effects of Caffeine on Dynamic Accommodative Response and Pupil Size: A Placebo-controlled, Double-blind, Balanced Crossover Study." Current Eye Research 45, no. 9 (February 11, 2020): 1074–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/02713683.2020.1725060.
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De Silva, Samantha R., Alun R. Barnard, Steven Hughes, Shu K. E. Tam, Chris Martin, Mandeep S. Singh, Alona O. Barnea-Cramer, et al. "Long-term restoration of visual function in end-stage retinal degeneration using subretinal human melanopsin gene therapy." Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 114, no. 42 (October 2, 2017): 11211–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1701589114.
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Optogenetic strategies to restore vision in patients who are blind from end-stage retinal degenerations aim to render remaining retinal cells light sensitive once photoreceptors are lost. Here, we assessed long-term functional outcomes following subretinal delivery of the human melanopsin gene (OPN4) in the rd1 mouse model of retinal degeneration using an adeno-associated viral vector. Ectopic expression of OPN4 using a ubiquitous promoter resulted in cellular depolarization and ganglion cell action potential firing. Restoration of the pupil light reflex, behavioral light avoidance, and the ability to perform a task requiring basic image recognition were restored up to 13 mo following injection. These data suggest that melanopsin gene therapy via a subretinal route may be a viable and stable therapeutic option for the treatment of end-stage retinal degeneration in humans.
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Hoang, Tung Thanh, Tuan Anh Hoang, Peter McCluskey, and John Grigg. "Uveal Melanoma and Secondary Angle-Closure Crisis: A Case Report and Literature Review." Case Reports in Ophthalmology 12, no. 2 (June 8, 2021): 476–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.1159/000513133.
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A 66-years-old Vietnamese healthy female patient presented with prolonged severe right ocular pain and complete vision loss in that eye. Anterior segment assessment including gonioscopy identified angle-closure configuration. A suspected ciliary body melanoma was seen through the pupil. Posterior segment examination revealed a large tumor mass and 360° retinal detachment (kissing configuration). An ultrasound examination was consistent with a uveal tumor. The painful, blind right eye with a tumor mass was enucleated. Histopathology confirmed a type A uveal spindle cell melanoma associated with total serous retinal detachment without evidence of tumor necrosis, epithelioid cells, scleral, or optic nerve infiltration. There was no evidence of metastasis after 1-year of follow-up. It is critically important to differentiate primary and secondary angle closure, especially in cases with life-threatening ocular malignancy as uveal melanoma.
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Santiago, Ana Ellen Queiroz, Adriana Machado Issy, and Rioko Kimiko Sakata. "Effects of Preoperative Intravenous Clonidine in Patients Undergoing Cataract Surgery: A Double-Blind, Randomized Trial." Journal of Ophthalmology 2014 (2014): 1–5. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2014/346549.
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Objectives. The aim of this study was to assess the effects of clonidine on intraoperative analgesia, sedation, intraocular and blood pressure, arrhythmia, and ischemia.Methods. Forty patients undergoing cataract surgery were allocated into two groups. They were monitored with Holter machine, the pupil was dilated, and 30 minutes later, 20 patients received clonidine (4 µg/kg), while the other 20 patients were given a 0.9% saline intravenously. Twenty minutes later, 2% lidocaine gel was applied. There were assessed intraoperative analgesia, intraocular pressure, blood pressure, heart rate, and the occurrence of arrhythmias and myocardial ischemia.Results. Pain intensity was lower in G1 during the phacoemulsification, irrigation, aspiration, and intraocular lens implantation. The HR and BP were lower with clonidine. The IOP was lower with clonidine after 15 minutes and at the end of the surgery. Sedation was higher with clonidine. The incidence of arrhythmia was lower at the end of surgery with clonidine. The incidence of myocardial ischemia did not differ between the groups.Conclusions. Clonidine (4 µg/kg) before a phacoemulsification reduced the intensity of pain during cataract surgery. It also induced sedation, reduction of BP, HR, and incidence of arrhythmia at the end of the surgery, and did not alter myocardial ischemia. This trial is registered with Clinicaltrials.govNCT01677351.
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Wishaw, K., D. Billington, D. O'Brien, and P. Davies. "The Use of Orbital Morphine for Postoperative Analgesia in Pterygium Surgery." Anaesthesia and Intensive Care 28, no. 1 (February 2000): 43–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0310057x0002800107.
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A prospective double-blind study compared the analgesic effectiveness of peribulbar lignocaine with peribulbar morphine and lignocaine for postoperative analgesia in pterygium surgery. Twenty patients were randomly divided to receive a peribulbar injection preoperatively of either 1% lignocaine 2 ml or 1% lignocaine 1.6 ml and 4 mg morphine. Effects on pain at injection and pain at 24 hours and 48 hours postoperatively were measured with a visual analog pain scale. Effects of the injections on sedation, pupil size and unwanted side-effects were also recorded. The groups were comparable for age, weight and surgical technique. There was a significantly lower pain score at 24 hours after operation in the morphine group (P=0.035). There were no significant differences in sedation or side-effects between the groups. The physiological effects of morphine on the eye are reviewed. The study suggests that orbital morphine may be an effective and safe form of analgesia for corneal surgery and further investigation is warranted.
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Rauser, P., H. Nemeckova, M. Mrazova, J. Burova, and L. Novak. "The influence of fentanyl injection followed by infusion on the intraocular pressure, pupil size and aqueous tear production in healthy non-painful dogs." Veterinární Medicína 64, No. 10 (October 26, 2019): 448–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.17221/94/2019-vetmed.
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The goal of the presented research was to assess the influence of continuously administered fentanyl on the intraocular pressure, pupil size and aqueous tear production in dogs. A prospective, randomised, double “blind” clinical study was performed. Twenty-five non-painful dogs, 13 breeds, a body weight of 10.0 ± 5.4 kg (mean ± SD) and age of 6.5 ± 3.3 years, 12 males and 13 females with no ocular abnormalities were randomly allocated into two groups receiving an intravenous injection of saline (SAL) 0.3 ml/kg followed by an infusion 2 ml/kg/h or an intravenous injection of fentanyl (FEN) 0.005 mg/kg (diluted in 0.3 ml/kg) followed by an infusion 0.005 mg/kg/h (diluted in 2 ml/kg/h). The intraocular pressure (IOP), pupil size (PS), pulse rate (PR), respiratory frequency (f<sub>R</sub>) and systolic and diastolic arterial pressures (SAP, DAP) were measured before (baseline) and at 2, 5, 10, 20 and 30 minutes after the premedication. The Schirmer Tear Test I (STT-I) was measured prior to and at 30 min after the premedication. The data were analysed by Bartlett’s, Anderson-Darling and Dunnett’s tests, the t-test and an analysis of variance (ANOVA) (P < 0.05). Relative to the baseline, in the fentanyl group, the PS was significantly decreased at all time points, the PR was significantly decreased at T<sub>30</sub> and the f<sub>R</sub> was significantly decreased at T<sub>5</sub>, T<sub>10</sub>, T<sub>20</sub> and T<sub>30</sub>. There were no other significant changes in the IOP, STT-I, SAP and DAP relative to the baseline. Compared to the control group, in the fentanyl group, the PS was significantly smaller at T<sub>2</sub>, T<sub>5</sub>, T<sub>10</sub>, T<sub>20</sub> and T<sub>30</sub>, the PR was significantly lower at T<sub>2</sub>, T<sub>20</sub> and T<sub>30</sub> and the f<sub>R</sub> was significantly higher at T<sub>20</sub>. Within thirty minutes of a constant rate infusion of fentanyl in the healthy non-painful dogs, the intraocular pressure and aqueous tear production were not affected. However, the fentanyl significantly decreased pupil size. This fact should be considered, when planning analgesia where miosis is undesirable.
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Xue, Shao-Wei, Hua-Bo Wu, Lanhua Zhang, and De-Xuan Zhang. "Intranasal Oxytocin Increases Perceptual Salience of Faces in the Absence of Awareness." Psychiatry Investigation 17, no. 4 (April 15, 2020): 292–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.30773/pi.2019.0130.
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Objective The neuropeptide oxytocin has been found to improve human social cognition and promote prosocial behavior. However, it is still unclear about the mechanisms underlying these effects of oxytocin on neural processes, such as visual perception and awareness. Especially, it is still unclear whether oxytocin influences perceptual salience of social stimuli in the absence of awareness.Methods In a randomized double-blind, placebo-controlled trial we applied an interocular suppression paradigm and eye tracking methods to investigate the influence of intranasally administered oxytocin on perceptual salience of social stimuli. Suppression times and pupillometric data were measured during subjects being presented with gradually introduced pictures of social stimuli (neutral expression faces) or nonsocial stimuli (grayscale watch pictures) that were suppressed and invisible in 10 men who were administered 24 IU oxytocin and 10 men who were administered a placebo.Results The results demonstrated that the oxytocin group perceived social stimuli more quickly accompanied by subsequent larger increasing pupil diameter than nonsocial stimuli, indicating an increased unconscious salience of social stimuli.Conclusion These findings provided new insights into oxytocin’s modulatory role to social information processing, suggesting that oxytocin might enhance attentional bias to social stimuli even after removal of awareness.
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Farré, M., C. Perez-Maña, E. de Souza, J. Mateus, E. Theunisen, K. Kuypers, J. Ramaekers, et al. "Interactions between mephedrone and alcohol in humans: Cardiovascular and subjective effects." European Psychiatry 33, S1 (March 2016): S115. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.eurpsy.2016.01.122.
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IntroductionMephedrone is a synthetic cathinone derivative included in the class of “New-Novel Psychoactive Substances”. Synthetic cathinones are marketed as “bath salts” or “plant food” and gained notable popularity for similar effects to 4-methylenedioxymethamphetamine (MDMA, ecstasy), or amphetamines. Mephedrone is commonly consumed simultaneously with alcohol.Objectives and aimsThe aim of the present study was to evaluate the interactions between mephedrone and ethanol in humans.MethodsTwelve healthy male, recreational users of psychostimulants participated as outpatients in four experimental sessions. They received a single oral dose of mephedrone (200 mg) and alcohol (0.8 g/kg), mephedrone placebo and alcohol (0.8 g/kg), mephedrone (200 mg) and placebo alcohol, and both placebos. Design was double-blind, double-dummy, randomized, cross-over and controlled with placebo. Study variables included: vital signs (blood pressure, heart rate, temperature, and pupil diameter), subjective effects (visual analogue scales-VAS, ARCI-49 item short form, and VESSPA questionnaire).ResultsThe combination produced an increase in the cardiovascular effects of mephedrone and induced more intense feeling of euphoria and well-being in comparison to mephedrone and alcohol. Mephedrone reduced the drunkenness and sedation produced by alcohol.ConclusionsThese results are similar to those obtained with the combination of other psychostimulants as amphetamines and MDMA. Abuse liability of the combination is greater that induced by mephedrone.Disclosure of interestThe authors have not supplied their declaration of competing interest.
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Aleksiūnienė, Ilona, and Viktoras Justickis. "RETROBULBARINIS PSEUDOTUMORAS DĖL SKRUOSTE UŽSILIKUSIO SMULKAUS METALINIO SVETIMKŪNIO: KLINIKINIO ATVEJO APRAŠYMAS IR LITERATŪROS APŽVALGA." Sveikatos mokslai 23, no. 6 (December 21, 2013): 35–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.5200/sm-hs.2013.130.
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Aim: to present a patient’s clinical case; to demonstrate how important is to suspect rertrobulbar pseudotumor timely, why it is necessary to remove even the smallest metal foreign bodies from the jaw area; to show the importance of an integrated simultaneous clinical delivery on the spot during the investigation of a complex illness. Case report: presenting the clinical case – patient MA (66 years of age) right eye vision started to deteriorate 6 years ago, a small defect of a pupil (abnormal pupil shape) was found; after the remove a cataract operation, the vision improved (during the week after the operation the patient has not used prescribed corticosteroid drops in the eye, this incompliance with prescription caused the uveitis anterior, which went away in 2 months after relevant treatment started). One year after surgery a pain appeared in the area of the right cheek, teeth and beneath the right eye, manifested hearing weakness dextra side. Several dentists treated this patient. Also rhinologist, mouth, face, jaw surgeons and oncologists were involved. Diagnosis: alveolitis, sinusitis, osteomielitis sinus maxilaris dextra, a foreign body in a right maxillary sinus projection. Patient was examined for TBC, sarcoidosis, fungal illness, syphilis, all with negate results. Gradually right eye became blind. After the vision of the left eye began to deteriorate, further cataract surgery was undertaken. The further sudden deterioration in the general condition of the patient was treated in the neurological and supportive therapy departments for several months. Diagnosis: cerebellar degeneration and chronic polyneuropathy ataxia, unspecified dementia, extraocular palsies, metabolic hepatitis, chronic pancreatitis, bladder disturbance. During that time a protrusion of the right eye gradually enlarged and became more exposed. The left eye became blind several months later. KT and MRT: right eye’s retrobulbar tumor spread through eyehole slots intracranial and to left orbit; a small metal foreign body was found subcutaneously in the right cheek. A biopsy was taken from the para- and retrobulbar tissues: fibromatosis was diagnosed. Half a year later a sphenoorbital meningioma was suspected and the surgery aimed to partially remove a tumor from the right orbit was performed. During this stay under the neurosurgeons care it becomes clear that episodes of psychomotor agitation were also present. The eyelids of the right eye were sutured to protect the cornea against perforation. Histologic diagnosis: retrobulbar pseudotumor of both eyes. Metal foreign body remained untouched. The ophthalmologist removed the foreign metal body, which was situated in the cheek subcutaneously, close to N. infraorbitalis with capsule in a local polyclinic soon afterwards. The composition of the foreign metal object was investigated: it was found that 95% of it was iron with small amounts of rare metals usually found in steel alloy, calcium. Histology detected hemosiderosis in connective tissue of capsule. Patient was examined by a rheumatologist on the basis of the suspicion of Wegener granuliomatosis. Data to confirm Wegener’s granulomatosis was not enough; internal organs without lesions, it was diagnosed cholelithiasis and fibrotic lesions in the lungs. It was confirmed systemic transgression of connective tissue with retrobulbar pseudotumor diagnosis. Corticosteroid treatment was given for 1 month. Patient was examined 8, 15 and 27 month after foreign body removal later: the skin of the face was free of scars, eyelids of the right eye has been sutured; the left eye had no inflammation, refracto- and keratometry findings were the same, like 4 years before; levels of immunoglobulins G and E in blood decreased - normal; the systemic transgression of connective tissue remained. Patient walks with a wide-based gait, he becames totally dependent on care (he is blind and desorientated at place and time, his personality has changed; Mini Mental State Examination 13/30). This story showed, how it is important to have a complete understanding of the patients health from various medical specialists at the same physical place and at the same time. The case shows surprising differences of results of radiologic examination of the same case.
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Skarke, Carsten, Michael Langer, Marwan Jarrar, Helmut Schmidt, Gerd Geisslinger, and Jörn Lötsch. "Probenecid Interacts with the Pharmacokinetics of Morphine-6-glucuronide in Humans." Anesthesiology 101, no. 6 (December 1, 2004): 1394–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/00000542-200412000-00020.
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Background Evidence obtained from porcine cell cultures and experiments in laboratory animals indicates that transmembrane transporters may play a role in the distribution of the active morphine metabolite morphine-6-glucuronide (M6G). This was evaluated in a study in healthy volunteers. Methods Ten subjects received an intravenous M6G infusion for 30 min at a dosage of 0.5 mg/kg body weight, leading to M6G plasma concentrations approximately two to three times higher than those observed with analgesic morphine doses in subjects with normal kidney function. In a randomized, double-blind, three-way crossover fashion, subjects received 800 mg quinidine for inhibition of P-glycoprotein; 500 mg probenecid for inhibition of other transporters, including organic anion transporter peptide, multidrug resistance-related protein, and organic anion transporter families; or placebo 1 h before the start of M6G administration. Plasma concentrations of M6G and pupil size were measured for 7 h. Results Probenecid pretreatment resulted in a decrease in the clearance of M6G from 8.3 +/- 1 l/h to 6.7 +/- 1.3 l/h (factor of 0.8; P < 0.05 vs. placebo cotreatment). This was paralleled by an increase by a factor of 1.2 of the area under the miotic effect-versus-time curves (P < 0.05 vs. placebo). In contrast, quinidine pretreatment had no influence on the pharmacokinetics of M6G. Conclusions The active morphine metabolite is subject to transmembrane transport by transporters inhibited by probenecid in humans.
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Weibel, David, Daniel Stricker, Bartholomäus Wissmath, and Fred W. Mast. "How Socially Relevant Visual Characteristics of Avatars Influence Impression Formation." Journal of Media Psychology 22, no. 1 (January 2010): 37–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.1027/1864-1105/a000005.
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Like in the real world, the first impression a person leaves in a computer-mediated environment depends on his or her online appearance. The present study manipulates an avatar’s pupil size, eyeblink frequency, and the viewing angle to investigate whether nonverbal visual characteristics are responsible for the impression made. We assessed how participants (N = 56) evaluate these avatars in terms of different attributes. The findings show that avatars with large pupils and slow eye blink frequency are perceived as more sociable and more attractive. Compared to avatars seen in full frontal view or from above, avatars seen from below were rated as most sociable, self-confident, and attractive. Moreover, avatars’ pupil size and eyeblink frequency escape the viewer’s conscious perception but still influence how people evaluate them. The findings have wide-ranging applied implications for avatar design.
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Kováčová, Natália, and Ľudmila Jašková. "Bebras Contest for the Blind Analysis of Tasks for the Blind Pupils at Lower Grades of Secondary Education." International Journal of Information and Communication Technologies in Education 4, no. 2 (May 1, 2015): 26–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/ijicte-2015-0007.
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Abstract The Bebras contest has become an essential part of school informatics in 30 countries all around the world. However, not all pupils can participate, especially some pupils with special educational needs. We have been doing a research in the area of teaching computer science with focus on the blind pupils (Jašková, 2013). We think that also these pupils should develop their informatics skills. Because the Bebras contest offers number of interesting informatics tasks, we have decided to explore the possibilities of making this contest available also for the blind pupils. The tasks used for this category of pupils were adjusted from the original ones suggested for intact pupils. In the article we present some of them with the description of adjustments that were needed to be done in order to make these tasks available for the blind pupils. We also compare the results of both, intact pupils and the blind pupils. Finally we analyse factors that can have an influence on success rate of the blind pupils and we offer some recommendations for making the suitable tasks.
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Bhargava, Rahul, Shiv Kumar Sharma, Mini Chandra, Prachi Kumar, and Yogesh Arora. "Comparison of endothelial cell loss and complications between phacoemulsification and manual small incision cataract surgery (SICS) in uveitic cataract." Nepalese Journal of Ophthalmology 7, no. 2 (May 25, 2016): 124–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.3126/nepjoph.v7i2.14962.
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Introduction: Endothelial cell loss and complications after cataract surgery may be higher when cataract is complicated by uveitis.Objective: To compare endothelial cell damage and complication rates after phacoemulsification and manual small incision cataract surgery (SICS) in patients with uveitis.Materials and methods: Patients with uveitic cataract were randomly allocated for phacoemulsification (n=75) or manual SICS (n=80) in a double blind prospective study. In the bag implantation of a hydrophobic acrylic intraocular lens was aimed in all cases. Patients with follow up of less than six months were excluded. Main outcome measures were alteration in endothelial cell counts (ECC) and morphology, improvement in vision and complication rates. ECC was measured preoperatively and at 1 week, 3 months and six months, postoperatively.Results: Six patients were lost to follow up and another three due inability to implant IOL. There were no significant difference in endothelial cell counts (P= 0.032), the variance of endothelial cell size (CV) and percentage of hexagonal cells between both the groups at six months (Mann-Whitney test, P=0.283). Endothelial cell density was significantly less in the group in which vitrectomy and/or pupil dilatation procedures were performed (2290±31.5 cells/mm2) versus (2385±50.3 cells/mm2), respectively (t test, P<0.001). Incidence of postoperative complications that were observed like persistent uveitis (P=0.591), macular edema (P=0.671) and PCO (P=0.678) and visual outcome (P=0.974) were comparable between the two groups.Conclusions: Manual SICS and phacoemulsification do not differ significantly in endothelial cell loss and complication rates in uveitic eyes. However, increased anterior chamber manoeuvring due to additional procedures may lead to significantly higher endothelial cell loss.
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Takiyama, Tomo, Valdir Luna da Silva, Daniel Moura Silva, Sawako Hamasaki, and Masayuki Yoshida. "Visual Capability of the Weakly Electric Fish Apteronotus albifrons as Revealed by a Modified Retinal Flat-Mount Method." Brain, Behavior and Evolution 86, no. 2 (2015): 122–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.1159/000438448.
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Apteronotus albifrons (Gymnotiformes, Apteronotidae) is well known to have a sophisticated active electrosense system and is commonly described as having poor vision or being almost blind. However, some studies on this species suggest that the visual system may have a role in sensing objects in the environment. In this study, we investigated the visual capabilities of A. albifrons by focusing on eye morphology and retinal ganglion cell distribution. The eyes were almost embedded below the body surface and pigmented dermal tissue covered the peripheral regions of the pupil, limiting the direction of incoming light. The lens was remarkably flattened compared to the almost spherical lenses of other teleosts. The layered structure of the retina was not well delineated and ganglion cells did not form a continuous sheet of cell bodies. A newly modified retinal flat-mount method was applied to reveal the ganglion cell distribution. This method involved postembedding removal of the pigment epithelium of the retina for easier visualization of ganglion cells in small and/or fragile retinal tissues. We found that ganglion cell densities were relatively high in the periphery and highest in the nasal and temporal retina, although specialization was not so high (approx. 3:1) with regard to the medionasal or mediotemporal axis. The estimated highest possible spatial resolving power was around 0.57 and 0.54 cycles/degree in the nasal and temporal retina, respectively, confirming the lower importance of the visual sense in this species. However, considering the hunting nature of A. albifrons, the relatively high acuity of the caudal visual field in combination with electrolocation may well be used to locate prey situated close to the side of the body.
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Setnik, PhD, Beatrice, Kerri Schoedel, PhD, Cindy Bartlett, MMath, Chris Dick, MS, MBA, Nasrat Hakim, MS, LLM, and Pierre Geoffroy, MDCM, MSc, FCFP, DABAM. "Intranasal abuse potential of an abuse-deterrent oxycodone formulation compared to oxycodone immediate release and placebo in nondependent, recreational opioid users." Journal of Opioid Management 13, no. 6 (December 7, 2017): 449. http://dx.doi.org/10.5055/jom.2017.0421.
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Objective: To assess the intranasal (IN) human abuse potential of ELI-200, a novel immediate-release (IR) oxycodone formulation containing sequestered naltrexone.Design: Randomized, double-blind, double-dummy, active and placebo-controlled, five-way crossover study. Pharmacodynamics, safety, and pharmacokinetics (PKs) were evaluated for up to 36 hours postdose.Setting: Single site in Canada (INC Research Toronto).Participants: Healthy male and female nondependent recreational opioid users underwent a naloxone challenge and drug discrimination qualification test.Intervention: Single IN dose of ground ELI-200 (30-mg oxycodone hydrochloride [HCl]/3-mg naltrexone HCl), crushed 30-mg oxycodone HCl IR (Roxicodone ®), placebo, fixed placebo, and single oral dose of intact ELI-200 (30 mg/3 mg).Main Outcome Measure: Peak effect (E max) for bipolar Drug Liking (0-100 point visual analog scale).Results: Of the 44 randomized subjects, 37 completed all five treatment periods. All active treatments showed significantly higher (p < 0.001) median Drug Liking E max relative to placebo. Significant reductions (p < 0.001) in median Drug Liking [E max ] were observed for IN ELI-200 [56.0] compared to IN oxycodone IR [100.0]. Secondary positive or objective measures (High, Good Drug Effects, Overall Drug Liking, Take Drug Again, and maximum pupil constriction) showed significantly lower E max for IN ELI-200 (p < 0.001) compared to IN oxycodone IR.Conclusions: IN administration of ELI-200 demonstrated significantly decreased effects on subjective and physiologic measures, and greater nasal irritation, compared to IN oxycodone IR. These findings, along with the PK profile of naltrexone, demonstrated that when ELI-200 capsules were ground and administered intranasally, the naltrexone component was rapidly released and conferred meaningful abuse-deterrent properties.
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Azevedo, A. C., and A. C. F. Santos. "Teaching optics to blind pupils." Physics Education 49, no. 4 (July 1, 2014): 383–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/0031-9120/49/4/383.
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Holze, Friederike, Patrick Vizeli, Felix Müller, Laura Ley, Raoul Duerig, Nimmy Varghese, Anne Eckert, Stefan Borgwardt, and Matthias E. Liechti. "Distinct acute effects of LSD, MDMA, and d-amphetamine in healthy subjects." Neuropsychopharmacology 45, no. 3 (November 16, 2019): 462–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/s41386-019-0569-3.
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AbstractLysergic acid diethylamide (LSD) is a classic psychedelic, 3,4-methylenedioxymethamphetamine (MDMA) is an empathogen, and d-amphetamine is a classic stimulant. All three substances are used recreationally. LSD and MDMA are being investigated as medications to assist psychotherapy, and d-amphetamine is used for the treatment of attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder. All three substances induce distinct acute subjective effects. However, differences in acute responses to these prototypical psychoactive substances have not been characterized in a controlled study. We investigated the acute autonomic, subjective, and endocrine effects of single doses of LSD (0.1 mg), MDMA (125 mg), d-amphetamine (40 mg), and placebo in a randomized, double-blind, cross-over study in 28 healthy subjects. All of the substances produced comparable increases in hemodynamic effects, body temperature, and pupil size, indicating equivalent autonomic responses at the doses used. LSD and MDMA increased heart rate more than d-amphetamine, and d-amphetamine increased blood pressure more than LSD and MDMA. LSD induced significantly higher ratings on the 5 Dimensions of Altered States of Consciousness scale and Mystical Experience Questionnaire than MDMA and d-amphetamine. LSD also produced greater subjective drug effects, ego dissolution, introversion, emotional excitation, anxiety, and inactivity than MDMA and d-amphetamine. LSD also induced greater impairments in subjective ratings of concentration, sense of time, and speed of thinking compared with MDMA and d-amphetamine. MDMA produced greater ratings of good drug effects, liking, high, and ego dissolution compared with d-amphetamine. d-Amphetamine increased ratings of activity and concentration compared with LSD. MDMA but not LSD or d-amphetamine increased plasma concentrations of oxytocin. None of the substances altered plasma concentrations of brain-derived neurotrophic factor. These results indicate clearly distinct acute effects of LSD, MDMA, and d-amphetamine and may assist the dose-finding in substance-assisted psychotherapy research.
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Kucharczyk, Izabella. "Rozumowanie przez analogie oparte na materiale geometrycznym u uczniów niewidomych." Interdyscyplinarne Konteksty Pedagogiki Specjalnej, no. 21 (January 7, 2019): 229–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.14746/ikps.2018.21.12.
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Analogical reasoning constitutes one of the ways the blind get to know the world; it enriches information and influences thinking. The purpose of the article is the presentation of results of research on reasoning using geometric analogies in blind pupils aged 10, 12 and 14. The study encompassed a group of 63 blind pupils and 63 seeing pupils. The study used the twelve series B matrices from the Progressive Matrices of John C. Raven. A detailed analysis of the dependencies between the variables permitted the determination of differences between groups of pupils in terms of reasoning using geometric analogies.
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Sumnall, Harry, Ashley Agus, Jon Cole, Paul Doherty, David Foxcroft, Séamus Harvey, Michael McKay, Lynn Murphy, and Andrew Percy. "Steps Towards Alcohol Misuse Prevention Programme (STAMPP): a school- and community-based cluster randomised controlled trial." Public Health Research 5, no. 2 (April 2017): 1–154. http://dx.doi.org/10.3310/phr05020.
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BackgroundAlcohol use in young people remains a public health concern, with adverse impacts on outcomes such as health, well-being, education and relationships.ObjectivesTo assess the effectiveness and cost-effectiveness of a combined classroom curriculum and parental intervention on self-reported alcohol use [heavy episodic drinking (HED)] and alcohol-related harms (indicators such as getting into fights after drinking, poorer school performance and trouble with friends and family).DesignA two-arm, cluster randomised controlled trial with schools as the unit of randomisation.SettingA total of 105 post-primary schools in Northern Ireland (NI) and Glasgow/Inverclyde Educational Authority areas.ParticipantsA total of 12,738 male and female secondary school students (intervention delivered when students were in school year 9 in NI or S2 in Scotland in the academic year 2012–13 and aged 12–13 years) were randomised. Randomisation and baseline (T0) surveys took place when children were in school year 8 or S1. Schools were randomised (1 : 1) by an independent statistician to the Steps Towards Alcohol Misuse Prevention Programme (STAMPP) or to education as normal (EAN). All schools were stratified by free school meal provision. Schools in NI were also stratified by school type (male/female/coeducational).InterventionsSTAMPP combined a school-based alcohol harm reduction curriculum [an adapted version of the School Health and Alcohol Harm Reduction Project (SHAHRP)] and a brief parental intervention designed to support parents in setting family rules around drinking. The classroom component comprised two phases delivered over 2 years, and the parental component comprised a standardised presentation delivered by a trained facilitator at specially arranged parent evenings on school premises. This was followed up a few weeks later by an information leaflet mailed to all intervention pupils’ parents highlighting the main points of the evening.Main outcome measures(1) Self-reported HED (defined as self-reported consumption of ≥ 6 units in a single episode in the previous 30 days for male students and ≥ 4.5 units for female students) assessed at 33 months from baseline (T3); and (2) the number of self-reported harms (harms caused by own drinking) assessed at T3.Data sourcesSelf-completed pupil questionnaires.ResultsAt final follow-up (T3), data were available for 5160 intervention and 5073 control pupils for the HED outcome, and for 5234 intervention and 5146 control pupils for the self-reported harms outcome. The intervention reduced self-reported HED compared with EAN (p < 0.001), but did not reduce self-reported harms associated with own drinking. The odds ratio for the intervention effect on HED was 0.596 (standard error 0.0596, 95% confidence interval 0.490 to 0.725). The mean cost of delivery per school was £818 and the mean cost per individual was £15. There were no clear cost savings in terms of service utilisation associated with the intervention. The process evaluation showed that the classroom component engaged and was enjoyed by pupils, and was valued by teachers. Schools, students, intervention trainers and delivery staff (teachers) were not blind to study condition. Data collection was undertaken by a team of researchers that included the trial manager and research assistants, some of whom were not blinded to study condition. Data analysis of primary and secondary outcomes was undertaken by the trial statistician, who was blinded to the study condition.LimitationsAlthough the classroom component was largely delivered as intended, there was very low attendance at the parent/carer event; however, all intervention pupils’ parents/carers received an intervention leaflet.ConclusionsThe results of this trial provide some support for the effectiveness and cost-effectiveness of STAMPP in reducing heavy episodic (binge) drinking, but not in reducing self-reported alcohol-related harms, in young people over a 33-month follow-up period. As there was low uptake of the parental component, it is uncertain whether or not the intervention effect was accounted for by the classroom component alone.Trial registrationCurrent Controlled Trials ISRCTN47028486.FundingThis project was funded by the National Institute for Health Research (NIHR) Public Health Research programme and will be published in full inPublic Health Research; Vol. 5, No. 2. See the NIHR Journals Library website for further project information. The Public Health Agency of NI and Education Boards of Glasgow/Inverclyde provided some intervention costs. Diageo provided funds to print some workbooks. The remaining intervention costs were internally funded.
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Sun, B. "A Study of Regular Education for Low Vision Children in a Chinese School for the Blind." Journal of Visual Impairment & Blindness 83, no. 1 (January 1989): 66–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0145482x8908300123.
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The subjects of this study were 135 pupils of the Shanghai Blind Children's School. Congenital cataract led in the causes of blindness, optic atrophy came second, and microcornea and microphthalmus were third. Among the pupils 74 (54.8%) were totally blind, 56 (41.5%) were low-vision and 5 (371%) had vision of 0.3–0.4. A total of 83 pupils were considered to have usable residual vision for regular education with visual aids. Of the 83, 30 in 3 classes were followed up for two to four semesters, and teaching results were found to be good. None of the students’ conditions deteriorated during that period.
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Stamper, David A., David J. Lund, Jerome W. Molchany, and Bruce E. Stuck. "Human Pupil and Eyelid Response to Intense Laser Light: Implications for Protection." Perceptual and Motor Skills 95, no. 3 (December 2002): 775–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.2466/pms.2002.95.3.775.
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Natural ocular protective measures induced by laser glare at 514 nm were evaluated concomitant with the performance of a tracking task. Light-induced eyelid and pupil responses of 5 volunteers, 1 woman and 4 men, ages 23 to 60 years, were recorded as they tracked a target moving at 0.3°/sec. with an optical sight. Frame-by-frame analysis of video images of the eye allowed assessment of the eyelid response (squint and blink) and measurement of the pupil diameter. Three laser exposure durations (0.1, 1.0, and 3.0 sec.) were used during bright and dim ambient light conditions. All laser exposure trials produced a pupillary constriction with a latency, i.e., the time from the onset of the laser exposure until the pupil began to constrict, of approximately 100 msec. In a representative 3-sec. exposure, the total intraocular energy was reduced by 69% as the pupil diameter decreased from 6.0 to 2.5 mm. For the 0.1-sec. exposures at 1.6 mW/cm2, a blink reflex was observed on 2 of 10 trials under the dim ambient conditions and not observed on 9 trials under bright conditions. For 1- and 3-sec. exposures at 0.33 mW/cm2, a blink reflex was observed on four (3 bright and 1 dim) of the 38 trials. For conditions evaluated, pupillary constriction was consistent and provided some protection when the exposure duration exceeded the pupillary latency period; however, a blink reflex was observed on only a limited number of trials, possibly due to the exposure dose, the small retinal irradiance diameter produced by the laser exposure, and the volunteers' attention to the demanding performance task.
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DANIELS, LORI B., DAVID F. NICHOLS, MATHEW S. SEIFERT, and HOWARD S. HOCK. "Changes in pupil diameter entrained by cortically initiated changes in attention." Visual Neuroscience 29, no. 2 (March 2012): 131–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0952523812000077.
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AbstractThe diameter of the pupil is affected by changes in ambient illumination, color, spatial structure, movement, and mental effort. It has now been found that pupil diameter can be affected by cognitive processes. That is, it can be entrained by alternations between broadly spread and narrowly focused attention that are cued exogenously (attention is “summoned” by the cue) or endogenously (attention changes under the perceiver’s intentional control). Pupil diameter also is affected by post-eye-blink constrictions that occur most often when attention is narrowed, and possibly by changes evoked by the near reflex, although changes in attention state parsimoniously account for the entirety of the results. Changes in pupil diameter produce differences in spherical aberration that alternately blur (when the pupil dilates) and sharpen the retinal image (when the pupil constricts), affecting the relative sensitivity of large receptive fields that mediate broadly spread attention compared with smaller receptive fields that mediate more narrowly focused attention. Results for endogenously cued, intentional changes in attentional spread provide definitive behavioral evidence for cortical feedback to subcortical nuclei that control pupil diameter, either directly or through pupil-constricting eye blinks. Analyses of convergent and divergent changes in eye position indicate that the near reflex was activated long after the initiation of relatively gradual attentionally cued changes in pupil diameter, and further, that when it occurs, the near reflex facilitates ongoing changes in pupil diameter.
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Burg, Emily A., Tanvi Thakkar, Taylor Fields, Sara M. Misurelli, Stefanie E. Kuchinsky, Joseph Roche, Daniel J. Lee, and Ruth Y. Litovsky. "Systematic Comparison of Trial Exclusion Criteria for Pupillometry Data Analysis in Individuals With Single-Sided Deafness and Normal Hearing." Trends in Hearing 25 (January 2021): 233121652110132. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/23312165211013256.
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The measurement of pupil dilation has become a common way to assess listening effort. Pupillometry data are subject to artifacts, requiring highly contaminated data to be discarded from analysis. It is unknown how trial exclusion criteria impact experimental results. The present study examined the effect of a common exclusion criterion, percentage of blinks, on speech intelligibility and pupil dilation measures in 9 participants with single-sided deafness (SSD) and 20 participants with normal hearing. Participants listened to and repeated sentences in quiet or with speech maskers. Pupillometry trials were processed using three levels of blink exclusion criteria: 15%, 30%, and 45%. These percentages reflect a threshold for missing data points in a trial, where trials that exceed the threshold are excluded from analysis. Results indicated that pupil dilation was significantly greater and intelligibility was significantly lower in the masker compared with the quiet condition for both groups. Across-group comparisons revealed that speech intelligibility in the SSD group decreased significantly more than the normal hearing group from quiet to masker conditions, but the change in pupil dilation was similar for both groups. There was no effect of blink criteria on speech intelligibility or pupil dilation results for either group. However, the total percentage of blinks in the masker condition was significantly greater than in the quiet condition for the SSD group, which is consistent with previous studies that have found a relationship between blinking and task difficulty. This association should be carefully considered in future experiments using pupillometry to gauge listening effort.
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Teskeredžić, Amela. "THE SIGNIFICANCE OF ORIENTATION OF BLIND PUPILS TO THEIR BODY IN REGARD TO MOBILITY AND SPACE ORIENTATION." Journal Human Research in Rehabilitation 8, no. 1 (April 2018): 10–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.21554/hrr.041802.
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Independent and safe movement includes the development of motor skills, the acquisition of basic concepts, the awareness of oneself and the awareness of the environment. The aim of the research was to determine the influence and significance of the orientation to the body of blind students, on orientation and mobility. The sample consisted of 30 blind students aged 7 to 15, placed in the internal accommodation of the Center for Children and Youth with Developmental Disabilities "Budućnost" in Derventa and the Center for Blind and Visually Impaired Children and Youth in Sarajevo. The research used an instrument for assessing the ability of the mobility of the blind, which established the initial and final levels of development of the ability to orientate towards one's own body and the mobility of blind students. For statistical data processing, descriptive statistics and t-test methods were used. The results are in favor of the final measurement, that is, after the treatment was carried out, the improvement of the orientation towards the body was determined, which influenced the orientation and mobility of the blind pupils.
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Recarte, Miguel Ángel, Elisa Pérez, Ángela Conchillo, and Luis Miguel Nunes. "Mental Workload and Visual Impairment: Differences between Pupil, Blink, and Subjective Rating." Spanish Journal of Psychology 11, no. 2 (November 2008): 374–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1138741600004406.
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This research has two aims: (a) To study the concurrent validity of three measures of mental workload, NASA TLX rating scale, pupil dilation and blink rate, testing the hypothesis that they will provide convergent results using a single-task, and dissociative results for dual-task; and (b) To analyse their capability to predict visual search impairment. These three measures were analyzed in the same cognitive tasks in single-task and dual-task (cognitive task and visual search) conditions in a within-subjects experiment with twenty-nine participants. Mental workload measures showed concurrent validity under single-task condition, but a complex pattern of results arose in the dual-task condition: it is suggested that NASA TLX would be a subjective addition of the rating of each task; pupil dilation would measure the average arousal underlying the cognitive tasks; and the blink rate would produce opposite effects: whereas mental workload of cognitive tasks would increase blink rate, visual demand would inhibit it. All three measures were good predictors of visual impairment. The soundness of these measures is discussed with regard to the applied field of driving and other activities.
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Chen, Xue Jun, and Chen Hua Zhang. "Removing Blinks in Video-Oculography." Applied Mechanics and Materials 239-240 (December 2012): 1165–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.239-240.1165.
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Video-oculography (VOG) is a non-invasive detection method used for eye movement. However, during testing, if object blinks, VOG would be difficult to acquire eye movement. A removing blink method based on Kalman Filter was presented. A cubic spline was employed to patch the removed data. Then simulation and experiment were done. The experimental results show that the method well predicts the next state. Compared to a threshold level, it eliminates blink artifact and patches the removed data. The method is a viable means of predicting pupil center for blink in VOG.
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Ryu, Hee Kyung, and Sun Young Shin. "Clinical Reliability of IOL Master 700 in Measurement of Pupil Diameter and Corneal Curvature." Journal of the Korean Ophthalmological Society 62, no. 8 (August 15, 2021): 1022–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.3341/jkos.2021.62.8.1022.
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Purpose: To compare IOL Master 700 with autokeratometer and video pupillometer in measurement of pupil diameter and corneal curvature.Methods: Pupil diameter were measured with IOL Master 700 and video pupilometer, horizontal keratometry and vertical keratometry were measured with IOL Master 700 and autokeratometer in 100 eyes of 50 children. Paired t-test and Pearson's correlation analysis were used to compare the differences among the devices. Agreement between measurement was analyzed using Bland Altman plot and intraclass correlation coefficient.Results: Comparing IOL Master 700 and video pupilometer for pupil diameter, there was no significant difference (p > 0.05). There was also no significant difference between IOL Master 700 and autokeratometer in measurement of vertical keratometry (p > 0.05). However, regarding horizontal keratometry there was significant difference between IOL Master 700 and autokeratometer, horizontal keratometry measured with IOL Master 700 was steeper than with auto keratometer, +0.105 diopters (D) in right eye and +0.130 D in left eye (p < 0.05).Conclusions: There was good agreement between IOL Master 700 and comparator instruments in regards to pupil diameter and corneal curvature. IOL Master 700 can be helpful in uncooperative children for measuring pupil diameter and corneal curvature at the same time.
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Iskandar, Abdullah, Achmad Basuki, Artiarini Kusuma Nurindiyani, Faris Rasyadi Putra, and Mohamad Safrodin. "Developing Shooter Game Interaction using Eye Movement Glasses." EMITTER International Journal of Engineering Technology 8, no. 1 (June 12, 2020): 67–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.24003/emitter.v8i1.509.
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A quadriplegic is a paralysis that affects limitations in some physical movements and psychological disorders. They have limited media to interact with computers so a suitable solution is needed in the form of a media that can recognize other body parts movements which in this research uses eye movement. one of the solutions to this problem is to propose alternative technologies to interact and play games. We propose a simple technique by using a camera mounted on the glasses that will take the eye area. This technique will help reduce unnecessary parts of eye detection so that performance increases. The eyes will be processed using basic image processing and then determined the center position of the pupil using the Mean method. This system consists of pupil movements for pointer motion control and blinking of eyes for shooting. The performance test of this method toward the system, which has used 10 people with 7 experiments, shows an accuracy of 84.86 percent, the speed of movement with a duration of 2.22 seconds and the speed of response blinking with a duration of 0.026 seconds. In addition, we can distinguish between intentional blink and unintentional blink in which intentional blink has a duration of 0.30 seconds and unintentional 0.12 seconds. It can be concluded that by using this method and this technique is able to achieve good accuracy and also able to use intentional blink as shoot trigger.
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Wang, Li Li, Yan Tu, Li Shen, Ya Guang He, and Wei Zhang. "Evaluation of Visual Fatigue Caused by 3D Display." Applied Mechanics and Materials 380-384 (August 2013): 1059–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.380-384.1059.
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Visual fatigue caused by 3D display was studied in a subjective experiment. Electroencephalographic, event-related potentials and some eye-associated parameters were recorded to measure fatigue. Results show that, the increase of blink duration, power of α wave, and latency of P300, together with the decrease of pupil size, can well reflect 3D visual fatigue.
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Seki, M. "A study of blink detection using bright pupils." JSAE Review 19, no. 1 (January 1998): 58–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0389-4304(97)00054-4.
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Kim, Taehyung, and Eui Chul Lee. "Experimental Verification of Objective Visual Fatigue Measurement Based on Accurate Pupil Detection of Infrared Eye Image and Multi-Feature Analysis." Sensors 20, no. 17 (August 26, 2020): 4814. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/s20174814.
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As the use of electronic displays increases rapidly, visual fatigue problems are also increasing. The subjective evaluation methods used for visual fatigue measurement have individual difference problems, while objective methods based on bio-signal measurement have problems regarding motion artifacts. Conventional eye image analysis-based visual fatigue measurement methods do not accurately characterize the complex changes in the appearance of the eye. To solve this problem, in this paper, an objective visual fatigue measurement method based on infrared eye image analysis is proposed. For accurate pupil detection, a convolutional neural network-based semantic segmentation method was used. Three features are calculated based on the pupil detection results: (1) pupil accommodation speed, (2) blink frequency, and (3) eye-closed duration. In order to verify the calculated features, differences in fatigue caused by changes in content color components such as gamma, color temperature, and brightness were compared with a reference video. The pupil detection accuracy was confirmed to be 96.63% based on the mean intersection over union. In addition, it was confirmed that all three features showed significant differences from the reference group; thus, it was verified that the proposed analysis method can be used for the objective measurement of visual fatigue.
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Chen, Siyuan, and Julien Epps. "Using Task-Induced Pupil Diameter and Blink Rate to Infer Cognitive Load." Human–Computer Interaction 29, no. 4 (April 29, 2014): 390–413. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/07370024.2014.892428.
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Perkins, Julia E., Annette Janzen, Felix P. Bernhard, Karén Wilhelm, Donald C. Brien, Jeff Huang, Brian C. Coe, et al. "Saccade, Pupil, and Blink Responses in Rapid Eye Movement Sleep Behavior Disorder." Movement Disorders 36, no. 7 (March 22, 2021): 1720–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/mds.28585.
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Chinsatit, Warapon, and Takeshi Saitoh. "CNN-Based Pupil Center Detection for Wearable Gaze Estimation System." Applied Computational Intelligence and Soft Computing 2017 (2017): 1–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2017/8718956.
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This paper presents a convolutional neural network- (CNN-) based pupil center detection method for a wearable gaze estimation system using infrared eye images. Potentially, the pupil center position of a user’s eye can be used in various applications, such as human-computer interaction, medical diagnosis, and psychological studies. However, users tend to blink frequently; thus, estimating gaze direction is difficult. The proposed method uses two CNN models. The first CNN model is used to classify the eye state and the second is used to estimate the pupil center position. The classification model filters images with closed eyes and terminates the gaze estimation process when the input image shows a closed eye. In addition, this paper presents a process to create an eye image dataset using a wearable camera. This dataset, which was used to evaluate the proposed method, has approximately 20,000 images and a wide variation of eye states. We evaluated the proposed method from various perspectives. The result shows that the proposed method obtained good accuracy and has the potential for application in wearable device-based gaze estimation.
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Luo, Wenping, Jianting Cao, Kousuke Ishikawa, and Dongying Ju. "A Human-Computer Control System Based on Intelligent Recognition of Eye Movements and Its Application in Wheelchair Driving." Multimodal Technologies and Interaction 5, no. 9 (August 28, 2021): 50. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/mti5090050.
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This paper presents a practical human-computer interaction system for wheelchair motion through eye tracking and eye blink detection. In this system, the pupil in the eye image has been extracted after binarization, and the center of the pupil was localized to capture the trajectory of eye movement and determine the direction of eye gaze. Meanwhile, convolutional neural networks for feature extraction and classification of open-eye and closed-eye images have been built, and machine learning was performed by extracting features from multiple individual images of open-eye and closed-eye states for input to the system. As an application of this human-computer interaction control system, experimental validation was carried out on a modified wheelchair and the proposed method proved to be effective and reliable based on the experimental results.
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Tresanchez, Marcel, Tomàs Pallejà, and Jordi Palacín. "Optical Mouse Sensor for Eye Blink Detection and Pupil Tracking: Application in a Low-Cost Eye-Controlled Pointing Device." Journal of Sensors 2019 (December 10, 2019): 1–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2019/3931713.
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In this paper, a new application of the optical mouse sensor is presented. The optical mouse is used as a main low-cost infrared vision system of a new proposal of a head-mounted human-computer interaction (HCI) device controlled by eye movements. The default optical mouse sensor lens and illumination source are replaced in order to improve its field of view and capture entire eye images. A complementary 8-bit microcontroller is used to acquire and process these images with two optimized algorithms to detect forced eye blinks and pupil displacements which are translated to computer pointer actions. This proposal introduces an inexpensive and approachable plug and play (PnP) device for people with severe disability in the upper extremities, neck, and head. The presented pointing device performs standard computer mouse actions with no extra software required. It uses the human interface device (HID) standard class of the universal serial bus (USB) increasing its compatibility for most computer platforms. This new device approach is aimed at improving comfortability and portability of the current commercial devices with simple installation and calibration. Several performance tests were done with different volunteer users obtaining an average pupil detection error of 0.34 pixels with a successful detection in 82.6% of all mouse events requested by means of pupil tracking.
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Ehinger, Benedikt V., Katharina Groß, Inga Ibs, and Peter König. "A new comprehensive eye-tracking test battery concurrently evaluating the Pupil Labs glasses and the EyeLink 1000." PeerJ 7 (July 9, 2019): e7086. http://dx.doi.org/10.7717/peerj.7086.
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Eye-tracking experiments rely heavily on good data quality of eye-trackers. Unfortunately, it is often the case that only the spatial accuracy and precision values are available from the manufacturers. These two values alone are not sufficient to serve as a benchmark for an eye-tracker: Eye-tracking quality deteriorates during an experimental session due to head movements, changing illumination or calibration decay. Additionally, different experimental paradigms require the analysis of different types of eye movements; for instance, smooth pursuit movements, blinks or microsaccades, which themselves cannot readily be evaluated by using spatial accuracy or precision alone. To obtain a more comprehensive description of properties, we developed an extensive eye-tracking test battery. In 10 different tasks, we evaluated eye-tracking related measures such as: the decay of accuracy, fixation durations, pupil dilation, smooth pursuit movement, microsaccade classification, blink classification, or the influence of head motion. For some measures, true theoretical values exist. For others, a relative comparison to a reference eye-tracker is needed. Therefore, we collected our gaze data simultaneously from a remote EyeLink 1000 eye-tracker as the reference and compared it with the mobile Pupil Labs glasses. As expected, the average spatial accuracy of 0.57° for the EyeLink 1000 eye-tracker was better than the 0.82° for the Pupil Labs glasses (N= 15). Furthermore, we classified less fixations and shorter saccade durations for the Pupil Labs glasses. Similarly, we found fewer microsaccades using the Pupil Labs glasses. The accuracy over time decayed only slightly for the EyeLink 1000, but strongly for the Pupil Labs glasses. Finally, we observed that the measured pupil diameters differed between eye-trackers on the individual subject level but not on the group level. To conclude, our eye-tracking test battery offers 10 tasks that allow us to benchmark the many parameters of interest in stereotypical eye-tracking situations and addresses a common source of confounds in measurement errors (e.g., yaw and roll head movements). All recorded eye-tracking data (including Pupil Labs’ eye videos), the stimulus code for the test battery, and the modular analysis pipeline are freely available (https://github.com/behinger/etcomp).