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Journal articles on the topic 'Blinky'

Author: Grafiati

Published: 4 June 2021

Last updated: 28 July 2025

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1

Devira, Merina. "An Analysis of the Conceptual and Connotative Meanings in “Yoram Gross Blinky Bill Michivious Koala” Short Story." Metahumaniora 8, no. 2 (2018): 170. http://dx.doi.org/10.24198/metahumaniora.v8i2.20694.

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AbstrakTujuan dari penelitian ini adalah untuk menganalisis makna konseptual dankonotatif yang terdapat pada cerita pendek Yoram Gross Blinky Bill Michivous Koala. Datadalam penelitian ini adalah kalimat-kalimat yang terdapat dalam cerita pendek tersebutyang mengandung unsur makna konseptual dan konotatif yang kemudian dianalisissecara deskriptif. Hasil dari penelitian ini menunjukkan bahwa makna konseptual yangsering ditemukan pada cerita singkat Yoram Gross Blinky Bill Michivous Koala maknayang berhubungan dengan benda (referent as entity like a thing). Serta, makna konotatifjuga ditemukan d

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Devira, Merina. "An Analysis of the Conceptual and Connotative Meanings in “Yoram Gross Blinky Bill Michivious Koala” Short Story." Metahumaniora 8, no. 2 (2018): 170. http://dx.doi.org/10.24198/mh.v8i2.20694.

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AbstrakTujuan dari penelitian ini adalah untuk menganalisis makna konseptual dankonotatif yang terdapat pada cerita pendek Yoram Gross Blinky Bill Michivous Koala. Datadalam penelitian ini adalah kalimat-kalimat yang terdapat dalam cerita pendek tersebutyang mengandung unsur makna konseptual dan konotatif yang kemudian dianalisissecara deskriptif. Hasil dari penelitian ini menunjukkan bahwa makna konseptual yangsering ditemukan pada cerita singkat Yoram Gross Blinky Bill Michivous Koala maknayang berhubungan dengan benda (referent as entity like a thing). Serta, makna konotatifjuga ditemukan d

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3

Mehring, Christine. "Decoration and Abstraction in Blinky Palermo's Wall Paintings." Grey Room 18 (January 2005): 82–107. http://dx.doi.org/10.1162/1526381043320750.

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4

Ishii, Kanato, Yuma Kinoshita, Yukoh Wakabayashi, and Nobutaka Ono. "Real-Time Pitch Visualization with “Blinky" Sound-to-Light Conversion Device." Journal of Signal Processing 25, no. 6 (2021): 213–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.2299/jsp.25.213.

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5

Korzilius, Jean-Loup. "Du «désespoir du bleuet» : quelques réflexions sur l'œuvre de Blinky Palermo (1943-1977)." Revue du Nord 74, no. 297 (1992): 857–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.3406/rnord.1992.4781.

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Schicatano, Edward J. "Effects of Caffeine on the Trigeminal Blink Reflex." Perceptual and Motor Skills 100, no. 2 (2005): 493–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.2466/pms.100.2.493-496.

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The acoustic startle and trigeminal blink reflexes share the same motor output. Since caffeine has been shown to augment the startle reflex, it was proposed that caffeine would also increase the trigeminal blink reflex. In 6 humans, the effects of caffeine (100 mg) on the trigeminal blink reflex were investigated. Reflex blinks were elicited by stimulation of the supraorbital branch of the trigeminal nerve. Following ingestion of caffeinated coffee, reflex blinks increased in amplitude and duration and occurred at a shorter latency than reflex blinks following ingestion of decaffeinated coffee

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WU, Ling, Weihua ZHAO, Tong ZHU, and Haoxue LIU. "Effects of In-vehicle Information on Driver Blink Characteristics and Workload." Applied Science and Innovative Research 3, no. 3 (2019): p166. http://dx.doi.org/10.22158/asir.v3n3p166.

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A real-vehicle experiment was carried out to study the effects of in-vehicle information on driver workload, during which data of the driver blink duration and frequency were collected to check for discrepancies among drivers with and without vehicle navigation usage. In the meanwhile, the blink characteristics of drivers with vehicle navigation device mounted at three different positions were explored through image prompt or image & sound multi-channel simultaneous prompt. Experimental results showed that when the data of blink with a duration of 0-200ms was distributed at a 10ms interval

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Hamdan, Mohammad, and Hisham A. Shehadeh. "Automated Quantification of Eye Blink Rate Using VIOLA–JONES Algorithm." International Journal of Technology Diffusion 9, no. 4 (2018): 19–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.4018/ijtd.2018100102.

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In this article, we have proposed a novel tool that helps to objectively quantify eye blink rate. Using the proposed algorithm, a threshold for normal blink rate can be set to test those who have to reduce eye blink rate and are prone to ocular surface dryness. The statistical results show excellent agreement between software-detected number of blinks and visually measured with 90% accuracy for the participants. In addition, the comparison between our tool and other approaches of eye blink monitoring shows that our tool is competitive with only 5% wasted blinks.

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9

Fukuda, Kyosuke. "Analysis of Eyeblink Activity during Discriminative Tasks." Perceptual and Motor Skills 79, no. 3_suppl (1994): 1599–608. http://dx.doi.org/10.2466/pms.1994.79.3f.1599.

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To evaluate the blinking pattern during and after cognitive processing, 10 subjects' eyeblinks were recorded by a videotape recording camera placed 100 cm from the subjects' side. The subjects' task was to discriminate two kinds of auditory tones presented serially and to discriminate two kinds of visual stimuli presented serially. Treatments were composed of the baseline condition preexperiment, the visual task with no discrimination, the visual discriminative task, the auditory task with no discrimination, and the auditory discriminative task. The blink rate in each treatment, the temporal d

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10

Goossens, H. H. L. M., and A. J. Van Opstal. "Blink-Perturbed Saccades in Monkey. I. Behavioral Analysis." Journal of Neurophysiology 83, no. 6 (2000): 3411–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/jn.2000.83.6.3411.

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Saccadic eye movements are thought to be influenced by blinking through premotor interactions, but it is still unclear how. The present paper describes the properties of blink-associated eye movements and quantifies the effect of reflex blinks on the latencies, metrics, and kinematics of saccades in the monkey. In particular, it is examined to what extent the saccadic system accounts for blink-related perturbations of the saccade trajectory. Trigeminal reflex blinks were elicited near the onset of visually evoked saccades by means of air puffs directed on the eye. Reflex blinks were also evoke

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Brosch, Joseph K., Ziwei Wu, Carolyn G. Begley, Tobin A. Driscoll, and Richard J. Braun. "Blink characterization using curve fitting and clustering algorithms." Modeling and Artificial Intelligence in Ophthalmology 1, no. 3 (2017): 60–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.35119/maio.v1i3.38.

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The motion of the upper eyelid during blinking can be important in identifying possible diseases and syndromes that affect the eye. Hypothesized lid motion functions are fit to the dynamic position of the center of the upper lid under four experimentally controlled conditions in a pilot study. The coefficients of these nonlinear fits are used to classify blinks. Agglomerative hierarchical and spectral clustering were used to attempt an automatic distinction between partial and full blinks as well as between normal and abnormal blinks. Results for both approaches are similar when the input data

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12

Morris, John G. L., and Jesse J. Parsons. "The Various Ways in Which Birds Blink." Animals 13, no. 23 (2023): 3656. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ani13233656.

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There has, to date, been no systematic study of the various ways in which birds blink. Digital video recordings were made, and studied using still frames, of 524 bird species, mainly in zoos but also in the wild. Videos on 106 species from various sites on the internet were studied, some of which we had also videoed, giving a total of 591 (out of a possible 10,000) species from all 43 orders and 125 (out of a possible 249) families. Digital video recordings were also made of 15 (out of a possible 24) species of crocodile. Three types of blink were observed in birds: (1) Nictitating membrane bl

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13

Joiner, Thomas E., Melanie A. Hom, Megan L. Rogers, et al. "Staring Down Death." Crisis 37, no. 3 (2016): 212–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.1027/0227-5910/a000367.

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Abstract. Background: Lowered eye blink rate may be a clinically useful indicator of acute, imminent, and severe suicide risk. Diminished eye blink rates are often seen among individuals engaged in heightened concentration on a specific task that requires careful planning and attention. Indeed, overcoming one’s biological instinct for survival through suicide necessitates premeditation and concentration; thus, a diminished eye blink rate may signal imminent suicidality. Aims: This article aims to spur research and clinical inquiry into the role of eye blinks as an indicator of acute suicide ri

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Baker, Robert S., Edward S. Abou-Jaoude, and Sharon M. Napier. "Kinematic Comparison of Spontaneously Generated Blinks and Voluntary Blinks in Normal Adult Subjects." American Journal of Cosmetic Surgery 22, no. 1 (2005): 35–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/074880680502200105.

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Purpose: Spontaneous and voluntary blinks share a common final neuromuscular pathway but have totally different purposes and have come under different evolutionary pressures. The purpose of this study is to compare quantitative blink kinematics (down-phase duration, amplitude, peak velocity, and lid-closure duration) of spontaneously generated blinks with voluntary blinks in normal adults. Methods: Spontaneous and voluntary (tone generated) blinks of the right eye of 7 subjects were studied by a modified scleral search coil technique. Automated analysis of each blink kinematic was performed an

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15

Gruart, A., P. Blazquez, and J. M. Delgado-Garcia. "Kinematics of spontaneous, reflex, and conditioned eyelid movements in the alert cat." Journal of Neurophysiology 74, no. 1 (1995): 226–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/jn.1995.74.1.226.

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1. Upper eyelid position and velocity, and the electromyographic (EMG) activity of the orbicularis oculi muscle, were recorded bilaterally in alert cats during spontaneous, reflexively evoked, and conditioned eyelid movements. 2. Spontaneous blinks appeared randomly (0.2-0.5 per min) and consisted of a fast, large downward lid movement followed by a slower up phase. Blinks of smaller amplitude and slower velocity were also observed mainly accompanying behavioral movements, such as during peering and grimacing. 3. Eyelid response to air puffs applied to the cornea and tarsal lid skin consisted

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Islam, Arafat, Naimur Rahaman, and Md Atiqur Rahman Ahad. "A Study on Tiredness Assessment by Using Eye Blink Detection." Jurnal Kejuruteraan 31, no. 2 (2019): 209–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.17576/jkukm-2019-31(2)-04.

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In this paper, the loss of attention of automotive drivers is studied by using eye blink detection. Facial landmark detection for detecting eye is explored. Afterward, eye blink is detected using Eye Aspect Ratio. By comparing the time of eye closure to a particular period, the driver’s tiredness is decided. The total number of eye blinks in a minute is counted to detect drowsiness. Calculation of total eye blinks in a minute for the driver is done, then compared it with a known standard value. If any of the above conditions fulfills, the system decides the driver is unconscious. A total of 12

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Lefebvre, C., A. Seitz, T. Watanabe, and P. Jolicoeur. "Learning blinks during the attentional blink." Journal of Vision 5, no. 8 (2005): 1065. http://dx.doi.org/10.1167/5.8.1065.

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Schade Powers, Alice, Pamela Coburn-Litvak, and Craig Evinger. "Conditioned Eyelid Movement Is not a Blink." Journal of Neurophysiology 103, no. 2 (2010): 641–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/jn.00631.2009.

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Based on kinematic properties and distinct substrates, there are different classes of eyelid movement described as eyeblinks. We investigate whether the eyelid movements made in response to a conditioned stimulus (CS) are a category of eyelid movements distinct from blinks. Human subjects received 60 trials of classical eyelid conditioning with a tone as the CS and electrical stimulation of the supraorbital branch of the trigeminal nerve as the unconditioned stimulus (UCS). Before and after training, reflex blinks were elicited with the UCS. The kinematics of conditioned responses (CRs) differ

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19

Cardona, Genis, Marc Argilés, and Elisabet Pérez-Cabré. "Loss of Blink Regularity and Its Impact on Ocular Surface Exposure." Diagnostics 13, no. 14 (2023): 2362. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/diagnostics13142362.

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(1) Background: Changes in blink parameters have been found to influence ocular surface exposure, eliciting symptoms of dry eye and ocular signs. The aim of the study was to highlight the relevance of including blink regularity as a new parameter to fully characterize blinking; (2) Methods: A novel characterization of blink parameters is described, including spontaneous eyeblink rate (SEBR), percentage of incomplete blinks, and blink regularity. A pilot study was designed in which tear film break-up time (TFBUT), blink parameters, and the time percentage of ocular surface exposure were determi

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20

Grossman, Shany, Chen Gueta, Slav Pesin, Rafael Malach, and Ayelet N. Landau. "Where Does Time Go When You Blink?" Psychological Science 30, no. 6 (2019): 907–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0956797619842198.

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Retinal input is frequently lost because of eye blinks, yet humans rarely notice these gaps in visual input. Although previous studies focused on the perceptual and neural correlates of diminished awareness to blinks, the impact of these correlates on the perceived time of concurrent events is unknown. Here, we investigated whether the subjective sense of time is altered by spontaneous blinks. We found that participants ( N = 22) significantly underestimated the duration of a visual stimulus when a spontaneous blink occurred during stimulus presentation and that this underestimation was correl

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Humphrey, Tasmin, Faye Stringer, Leanne Proops, and Karen McComb. "Slow Blink Eye Closure in Shelter Cats Is Related to Quicker Adoption." Animals 10, no. 12 (2020): 2256. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ani10122256.

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The process of domestication is likely to have led to the development of adaptive interspecific social abilities in animals. Such abilities are particularly interesting in less gregarious animals, such as cats. One notable social behaviour that cats exhibit in relation to humans is the slow blink sequence, which our previous research suggests can function as a form of positive communication between cats and humans. This behaviour involves the production of successive half blinks followed by either a prolonged narrowing of the eye or an eye closure. The present study investigates how cat (n = 1

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Hagen, Thomas, and Bruno Laeng. "Animals Do Not Induce or Reduce Attentional Blinking, But They Are Reported More Accurately in a Rapid Serial Visual Presentation Task." i-Perception 8, no. 5 (2017): 204166951773554. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/2041669517735542.

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Evolutionary psychologists have suggested that modern humans have evolved to automatically direct their attention toward animal stimuli. Although this suggestion has found support in several attentional paradigms, it is not without controversy. Recently, a study employing methods customary to studying the attentional blink has shown inconclusive support for the prioritization of animals in attention. This showed an advantage for reporting animals as second targets within the typical window of the attentional blink, but it remained unclear whether this advantage was really due to a reduction of

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Rambold, H., A. Sprenger, and C. Helmchen. "Effects of Voluntary Blinks on Saccades, Vergence Eye Movements, and Saccade-Vergence Interactions in Humans." Journal of Neurophysiology 88, no. 3 (2002): 1220–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/jn.2002.88.3.1220.

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Blinks are known to change the kinematic properties of horizontal saccades, probably by influencing the saccadic premotor circuit. The neuronal basis of this effect could be explained by changes in the activity of omnipause neurons in the nucleus raphe interpositus or in the saccade-related burst neurons of the superior colliculus. Omnipause neurons cease discharge during both saccades and vergence movements. Because eyelid blinks can influence both sets of neurons, we hypothesized that blinks would influence the kinematic parameters of saccades in all directions, vergence, and saccade-vergenc

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Tran, Dang-Khoa, Thanh-Hai Nguyen, and Thanh-Nghia Nguyen. "Detection of EEG-Based Eye-Blinks Using A Thresholding Algorithm." European Journal of Engineering and Technology Research 6, no. 4 (2021): 6–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.24018/ejeng.2021.6.4.2438.

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In the electroencephalography (EEG) study, eye blinks are a commonly known type of ocular artifact that appears most frequently in any EEG measurement. The artifact can be seen as spiking electrical potentials in which their time-frequency properties are varied across individuals. Their presence can negatively impact various medical or scientific research or be helpful when applying to brain-computer interface applications. Hence, detecting eye-blink signals is beneficial for determining the correlation between the human brain and eye movement in this paper. The paper presents a simple, fast,

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Tran, Dang-Khoa, Thanh-Hai Nguyen, and Thanh-Nghia Nguyen. "Detection of EEG-Based Eye-Blinks Using A Thresholding Algorithm." European Journal of Engineering and Technology Research 6, no. 4 (2021): 6–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.24018/ejers.2021.6.4.2438.

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In the electroencephalography (EEG) study, eye blinks are a commonly known type of ocular artifact that appears most frequently in any EEG measurement. The artifact can be seen as spiking electrical potentials in which their time-frequency properties are varied across individuals. Their presence can negatively impact various medical or scientific research or be helpful when applying to brain-computer interface applications. Hence, detecting eye-blink signals is beneficial for determining the correlation between the human brain and eye movement in this paper. The paper presents a simple, fast,

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Das, Diba, Mehdi Hasan Chowdhury, Aditta Chowdhury, Kamrul Hasan, Quazi Delwar Hossain, and Ray C. C. Cheung. "Application Specific Reconfigurable Processor for Eyeblink Detection from Dual-Channel EOG Signal." Journal of Low Power Electronics and Applications 13, no. 4 (2023): 61. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/jlpea13040061.

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The electrooculogram (EOG) is one of the most significant signals carrying eye movement information, such as blinks and saccades. There are many human–computer interface (HCI) applications based on eye blinks. For example, the detection of eye blinks can be useful for paralyzed people in controlling wheelchairs. Eye blink features from EOG signals can be useful in drowsiness detection. In some applications of electroencephalograms (EEGs), eye blinks are considered noise. The accurate detection of eye blinks can help achieve denoised EEG signals. In this paper, we aimed to design an application

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Gandhi, Neeraj J., and Desiree K. Bonadonna. "Temporal Interactions of Air-Puff–Evoked Blinks and Saccadic Eye Movements: Insights Into Motor Preparation." Journal of Neurophysiology 93, no. 3 (2005): 1718–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/jn.00854.2004.

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Following the initial, sensory response to stimulus presentation, activity in many saccade-related burst neurons along the oculomotor neuraxis is observed as a gradually increasing low-frequency discharge hypothesized to encode both timing and metrics of the impending eye movement. When the activity reaches an activation threshold level, these cells discharge a high-frequency burst, inhibit the pontine omnipause neurons (OPNs) and trigger a high-velocity eye movement known as saccade. We tested whether early cessation of OPN activity, prior to when it ordinarily pauses, acts to effectively low

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Mishal, Anu, U. Giri, and A. Rizyal. "Effect of Mobile Phone Use on Blink Rate among MBBS Students in Kathmandu." Nepal Medical College Journal 23, no. 1 (2021): 11–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.3126/nmcj.v23i1.36220.

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Mobile devices such as smart phones and tablets are used globally for checking email, internet browsing, watching videos and posting on social media. A recent survey estimated that, by 2020 shipment of mobile phones will add up to 1.71 billion and a total of around 2.53 billion which constitutes almost one third of the world population owning a smart phone. According to American Optometric Association, 90% of employees who use computers for at least three hours a day experience some vision problem. A reflex that closes and opens eyelids is known as blink, which helps in spreading tears over th

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Talens-Estarelles, Cristian, José Juan Esteve-Taboada, Vicent Sanchis-Jurado, Álvaro M. Pons, and Santiago García-Lázaro. "Blinking kinematics characterization during digital displays use." Graefe's Archive for Clinical and Experimental Ophthalmology 260, no. 4 (2021): 1183–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00417-021-05490-9.

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Abstract Purpose This study aimed to assess the differences in blinking kinematics while reading on different digital displays and a control condition. Methods Thirty-two young healthy individuals were included in this prospective clinical study. The blinks of subjects were recorded for 150 s while reading on a laptop computer, tablet, e-reader, and smartphone and a control condition. Blinks were recorded using an eye-tracking device and were analyzed by means of image analysis to obtain a non-invasive detailed description of the blink movement. Results Blink rate decreased when reading on all

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Schultz, K. P., C. R. Williams, and C. Busettini. "Macaque Pontine Omnipause Neurons Play No Direct Role in the Generation of Eye Blinks." Journal of Neurophysiology 103, no. 4 (2010): 2255–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/jn.01150.2009.

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We recorded the activity of pontine omnipause neurons (OPNs) in two macaques during saccadic eye movements and blinks. As previously reported, we found that OPNs fire tonically during fixation and pause about 15 ms before a saccadic eye movement. In contrast, for blinks elicited by air puffs, the OPNs paused <2 ms before the onset of the blink. Thus the burst in the agonist orbicularis oculi motoneurons (OOMNs) and the pause in the antagonist levator palpabrae superioris motoneurons (LPSMNs) necessarily precede the OPN pause. For spontaneous blinks there was no correlation between blink and

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Madile, Thamang Teddy, Hlomani B. Hlomani, and Irina Zlotnikova. "Electroencephalography biometric authentication using eye blink artifacts." Indonesian Journal of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science 36, no. 2 (2024): 872. http://dx.doi.org/10.11591/ijeecs.v36.i2.pp872-881.

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This study presents a novel approach to electroencephalography (EEG) biometric authentication using eye blink artifacts. Unlike traditional methods that rely on imagination and mental tasks, which are susceptible to emotional and physical variations, this approach leverages the consistent effects of eye blinks on brainwaves for authentication. Brainwaves were recorded using the NeuroSky Mindwave Mobile 2 headset, and eye blinks were extracted via NeuroSky’s blink detection algorithm. An authentication algorithm was developed based on blink strength, time, and frequency. The proposed method dem

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Vijay, J. Clament. "Smart Assistive System for Paralysis People." International Journal for Research in Applied Science and Engineering Technology 13, no. 4 (2025): 2945–51. https://doi.org/10.22214/ijraset.2025.68877.

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Mobility impairments due to paralysis present significant challenges, limiting independence and daily activities. This research focuses on developing an Electrooculography (EOG)-Based Blink-Controlled Wheelchair, enabling hands-free movement using eye blinks as the primary input. The system utilizes the Bio Amp EXG Pill to capture EOG signals, which are processed by an ESP32 microcontroller to detect voluntary eye blinks. A single blink triggers forward movement, while the absence of a blink stops the wheelchair. To enhance usability, an HTML-based web interface has been integrated, allowing u

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Thamang, Teddy Madile Hlomani B. Hlomani Irina Zlotnikova. "Electroencephalography biometric authentication using eye blink artifacts." Indonesian Journal of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science 36, no. 2 (2024): 872–81. https://doi.org/10.11591/ijeecs.v36.i2.pp872-881.

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This study presents a novel approach to electroencephalography (EEG) biometric authentication using eye blink artifacts. Unlike traditional methods that rely on imagination and mental tasks, which are susceptible to emotional and physical variations, this approach leverages the consistent effects of eye blinks on brainwaves for authentication. Brainwaves were recorded using the NeuroSky Mindwave Mobile 2 headset, and eye blinks were extracted via NeuroSky’s blink detection algorithm. An authentication algorithm was developed based on blink strength, time, and frequency. The proposed meth

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34

FORD, C. C., G. BUGMANN, and P. CULVERHOUSE. "MODELING THE HUMAN BLINK: A COMPUTATIONAL MODEL FOR USE WITHIN HUMAN–ROBOT INTERACTION." International Journal of Humanoid Robotics 10, no. 01 (2013): 1350006. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0219843613500060.

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This paper describes findings from a Human-to-Human Interaction experiment that examines human communicative non-verbal facial behaviour. The aim was to develop a more comfortable and effective model of social human-robot communication. Analysis of the data revealed a strong co-occurrence between human blink production and non-verbal communicative behaviours of own speech instigation and completion, interlocutor speech instigation, looking at/away from the interlocutor, facial expression instigation and completion, and mental communicative state changes. Seventy-one percent of the total 2007 a

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Culoso, Ashley, Cynthia Lowe, and Craig Evinger. "Sex, blinking, and dry eye." Journal of Neurophysiology 123, no. 2 (2020): 831–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/jn.00635.2019.

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Blinking sustains the corneal tear film generated by sexually dimorphic lacrimal and meibomian glands. Our study examines whether trigeminal control of blinking is also sexually dimorphic by investigating trigeminal reflex blinking, associative blink modification, and spontaneous blinking in male and female rats before and after unilateral dry eye caused by exorbital gland removal. Before gland removal, female rats exhibited a lower threshold for evoking trigeminal reflex blinks, a weaker effect of associative blink modification, and longer-duration spontaneous blinks than males. Spontaneous b

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Powers, Alice S., Edward J. Schicatano, Michele A. Basso, and Craig Evinger. "To blink or not to blink: inhibition and facilitation of reflex blinks." Experimental Brain Research 113, no. 2 (1997): 283–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf02450326.

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Rasyid, Muhammad Furqan, Muhammad Rizal, Wilem Musu, and Muhammad Sabirin Hadis. "A MACHINE LEARNING APPROACH TO EYE BLINK DETECTION IN LOW-LIGHT VIDEOS." Jurnal Teknik Informatika (Jutif) 4, no. 3 (2023): 619–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.52436/1.jutif.2023.4.3.1024.

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Inadequate lighting conditions can harm the accuracy of blink detection systems, which play a crucial role in fatigue detection technology, transportation and security applications. While some video capture devices are now equipped with flashlight technology to enhance lighting, users occasionally need to remember to activate this feature, resulting in slightly darker videos. Consequently, there is a pressing need to improve the performance of blink detection systems to detect eye accurately blinks in low light videos. This research proposes developing a machine learning-based blink detection

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B S, Shruthi, and Manasa K B. "USER AUTHENTICATION USING EYE-BLINK PASSWORD." International Journal of Computer Science and Mobile Computing 12, no. 4 (2023): 42–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.47760/ijcsmc.2023.v12i04.004.

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Personal identification numbers (PINS) are used to authenticate a user for security purpose. In order to authenticate himself the user should physically input the PIN, which might be susceptible to password cracking via shoulder surfing or thermal tracking. Authenticating a PIN with hands-off eye blinks PIN entry techniques, on the opposite hand, offers a safer password entry option by not leaving any physical footprints behind. User authentication using eye-blink password refers to finding the attention blinks in sequential image frames, and generation of PIN. This paper presents an applicati

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Takawale, Prof Sai. "Virtual Keyboard Using Eye-Blinking." International Journal for Research in Applied Science and Engineering Technology 13, no. 4 (2025): 2216–19. https://doi.org/10.22214/ijraset.2025.68750.

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The advancement of assistive technologies has significantly transformed the landscape of human-computer interaction, particularly benefiting individuals with physical disabilities who face challenges in using conventional input devices. Among these innovative solutions, the virtual keyboard controlled by eye blinking has emerged as a crucial tool, providing a practical and efficient means of communication and control for individuals with severe motor impairments. Eye-blink-based virtual keyboards typically function through the detection of intentional eye blinks, which are distinguished from n

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Zhang, Jinhua, Baozeng Wang, Cheng Zhang, and Jun Hong. "Volitional and Real-Time Control Cursor Based on Eye Movement Decoding Using a Linear Decoding Model." Computational Intelligence and Neuroscience 2016 (2016): 1–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2016/4069790.

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The aim of this study is to build a linear decoding model that reveals the relationship between the movement information and the EOG (electrooculogram) data to online control a cursor continuously with blinks and eye pursuit movements. First of all, a blink detection method is proposed to reject a voluntary single eye blink or double-blink information from EOG. Then, a linear decoding model of time series is developed to predict the position of gaze, and the model parameters are calibrated by the RLS (Recursive Least Square) algorithm; besides, the assessment of decoding accuracy is assessed t

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Dewi, Christine, Rung-Ching Chen, Xiaoyi Jiang, and Hui Yu. "Adjusting eye aspect ratio for strong eye blink detection based on facial landmarks." PeerJ Computer Science 8 (April 18, 2022): e943. http://dx.doi.org/10.7717/peerj-cs.943.

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Blink detection is an important technique in a variety of settings, including facial movement analysis and signal processing. However, automatic blink detection is very challenging because of the blink rate. This research work proposed a real-time method for detecting eye blinks in a video series. Automatic facial landmarks detectors are trained on a real-world dataset and demonstrate exceptional resilience to a wide range of environmental factors, including lighting conditions, face emotions, and head position. For each video frame, the proposed method calculates the facial landmark locations

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Powers, Alice S., Michele A. Basso, and Craig Evinger. "Blinks slow memory-guided saccades." Journal of Neurophysiology 109, no. 3 (2013): 734–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/jn.00746.2012.

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Memory-guided saccades are slower than visually guided saccades. The usual explanation for this slowing is that the absence of a visual drive reduces the discharge of neurons in the superior colliculus. We tested a related hypothesis: that the slowing of memory-guided saccades was due also to the more frequent occurrence of gaze-evoked blinks with memory-guided saccades compared with visually guided saccades. We recorded gaze-evoked blinks in three monkeys while they performed visually guided and memory-guided saccades and compared the kinematics of the different saccade types with and without

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Rottach, Klaus G., Vallabh E. Das, Walter Wohlgemuth, Ari Z. Zivotofsky, and R. John Leigh. "Properties of Horizontal Saccades Accompanied by Blinks." Journal of Neurophysiology 79, no. 6 (1998): 2895–902. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/jn.1998.79.6.2895.

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Rottach, Klaus G., Vallabh E. Das, Walter Wohlgemuth, Ari Z. Zivotofsky, and R. John Leigh. Properties of horizontal saccades accompanied by blinks. J. Neurophysiol. 79: 2895–2902, 1998. Using the magnetic search coil technique to record eye and lid movements, we investigated the effect of voluntary blinks on horizontal saccades in five normal human subjects. The main goal of the study was to determine whether changes in the dynamics of saccades with blinks could be accounted for by a superposition of the eye movements induced by blinks as subjects fixated a stationary target and saccadic move

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M, UDAY KUMAR, VAMSI KRISHNA K, ABHIRAM TS, and RAVINDHAR NV. "Three Way Password Authentication System." International Journal of Innovative Science and Research Technology 7, no. 12 (2023): 1814–17. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7542581.

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Personal identification numbers (PINs) are frequently used to verify the identity of a user and for other security purposes. It is possible to crack the password via shoulder surfing or thermal monitoring while using PIN-based password authentication. Handsfree eye-blink PIN authentication. Instead, PIN input techniques leave no tangible evidence of the user's activity, making them a more secure alternative to entering a password. PIN generation is known as eye blinks-based authentication, in which the PIN is generated by finding the eye blinks in successive picture frames. This project pr

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Nousias, George, Konstantinos K. Delibasis, and Georgios Labiris. "Blink Detection Using 3D Convolutional Neural Architectures and Analysis of Accumulated Frame Predictions." Journal of Imaging 11, no. 1 (2025): 27. https://doi.org/10.3390/jimaging11010027.

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Blink detection is considered a useful indicator both for clinical conditions and drowsiness state. In this work, we propose and compare deep learning architectures for the task of detecting blinks in video frame sequences. The first step is the training and application of an eye detector that extracts the eye regions from each video frame. The cropped eye regions are organized as three-dimensional (3D) input with the third dimension spanning time of 300 ms. Two different 3D convolutional neural networks are utilized (a simple 3D CNN and 3D ResNet), as well as a 3D autoencoder combined with a

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García-Lázaro, Santiago, Vicent Sanchis-Jurado, Antonio López-Alemany, Maria Amparo Díez-Ajenjo, José Juan Esteve-Taboada, and Álvaro Pons-Moreno. "Study of Blink Dynamics: Involuntary vs Voluntary Blinks." Contact Lens and Anterior Eye 42, no. 6 (2019): e30-e31. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.clae.2019.10.103.

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Portello, Joan K., Mark Rosenfield, and Christina A. Chu. "Blink Rate, Incomplete Blinks and Computer Vision Syndrome." Optometry and Vision Science 90, no. 5 (2013): 482–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/opx.0b013e31828f09a7.

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Andreu-Sánchez, Celia, Miguel Ángel Martín-Pascual, Agnès Gruart, and José María Delgado-García. "Viewers Change Eye-Blink Rate by Predicting Narrative Content." Brain Sciences 11, no. 4 (2021): 422. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/brainsci11040422.

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Eye blinks provoke a loss of visual information. However, we are not constantly making conscious decisions about the appropriate moment to blink. The presence or absence of eye blinks also denotes levels of attention. We presented three movies with the exact same narrative but different styles of editing and recorded participants’ eye blinks. We found that moments of increased or decreased eye blinks by viewers coincided with the same content in the different movie styles. The moments of increased eye blinks corresponded to those when the actor leaves the scene and when the movie repeats the s

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Chen, Xue Jun, and Chen Hua Zhang. "Removing Blinks in Video-Oculography." Applied Mechanics and Materials 239-240 (December 2012): 1165–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.239-240.1165.

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Video-oculography (VOG) is a non-invasive detection method used for eye movement. However, during testing, if object blinks, VOG would be difficult to acquire eye movement. A removing blink method based on Kalman Filter was presented. A cubic spline was employed to patch the removed data. Then simulation and experiment were done. The experimental results show that the method well predicts the next state. Compared to a threshold level, it eliminates blink artifact and patches the removed data. The method is a viable means of predicting pupil center for blink in VOG.

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Yorzinski, Jessica L. "A songbird inhibits blinking behaviour in flight." Biology Letters 16, no. 12 (2020): 20200786. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rsbl.2020.0786.

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Visual attention plays a fundamental role in avian flight but attention is likely limited whenever birds blink. Because blinks are necessary to maintaining proper vision, this study tested the hypothesis that birds strategically inhibit their blinks in flight. The blinks of captive great-tailed grackles ( Quiscalus mexicanus ) were recorded before, during and after they flew a short distance in an open environment. The grackles spent the least amount of time blinking in flight (take-off, during flight and landing) and the most amount of time blinking at impact. Their blinking behaviour was sim

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