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Devira, Merina. "An Analysis of the Conceptual and Connotative Meanings in “Yoram Gross Blinky Bill Michivious Koala” Short Story." Metahumaniora 8, no. 2 (September 16, 2018): 170. http://dx.doi.org/10.24198/metahumaniora.v8i2.20694.
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AbstrakTujuan dari penelitian ini adalah untuk menganalisis makna konseptual dankonotatif yang terdapat pada cerita pendek Yoram Gross Blinky Bill Michivous Koala. Datadalam penelitian ini adalah kalimat-kalimat yang terdapat dalam cerita pendek tersebutyang mengandung unsur makna konseptual dan konotatif yang kemudian dianalisissecara deskriptif. Hasil dari penelitian ini menunjukkan bahwa makna konseptual yangsering ditemukan pada cerita singkat Yoram Gross Blinky Bill Michivous Koala maknayang berhubungan dengan benda (referent as entity like a thing). Serta, makna konotatifjuga ditemukan dalam cerita tersebut, khususnya konotasi kasar (hard connotation).Kata kunci: makna, konseptual, konotatif, Yoram Gross Blinky Bill Michivous KoalaAbstractThis research aims to analyse the conceptual and connotative meanings found in a short storyYoram Gross Blinky Bill Michivous Koala. Data taken in this study is sentences in which thereare elements of conceptual meanings and connotative meanings which then analysed descriptively.The data source of this research is Yoram Gross Blinky Bill Michivous Koala short story, publishedin Australia by Budget Books Pty Ltd in 1992 with 96 pages. The results of research showed thatmostly frequent conceptual meanings found in the short story of was the referent as entity like athing. Also, the words which have meanings as connotative meanings were found in the short story and the connotative meaning mostly frequent is rough connotation of them.Keywords: meanings, conceptual, connotative, Yoram Gross Blinky Bill Michivous Koala
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Devira, Merina. "An Analysis of the Conceptual and Connotative Meanings in “Yoram Gross Blinky Bill Michivious Koala” Short Story." Metahumaniora 8, no. 2 (September 16, 2018): 170. http://dx.doi.org/10.24198/mh.v8i2.20694.
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AbstrakTujuan dari penelitian ini adalah untuk menganalisis makna konseptual dankonotatif yang terdapat pada cerita pendek Yoram Gross Blinky Bill Michivous Koala. Datadalam penelitian ini adalah kalimat-kalimat yang terdapat dalam cerita pendek tersebutyang mengandung unsur makna konseptual dan konotatif yang kemudian dianalisissecara deskriptif. Hasil dari penelitian ini menunjukkan bahwa makna konseptual yangsering ditemukan pada cerita singkat Yoram Gross Blinky Bill Michivous Koala maknayang berhubungan dengan benda (referent as entity like a thing). Serta, makna konotatifjuga ditemukan dalam cerita tersebut, khususnya konotasi kasar (hard connotation).Kata kunci: makna, konseptual, konotatif, Yoram Gross Blinky Bill Michivous KoalaAbstractThis research aims to analyse the conceptual and connotative meanings found in a short storyYoram Gross Blinky Bill Michivous Koala. Data taken in this study is sentences in which thereare elements of conceptual meanings and connotative meanings which then analysed descriptively.The data source of this research is Yoram Gross Blinky Bill Michivous Koala short story, publishedin Australia by Budget Books Pty Ltd in 1992 with 96 pages. The results of research showed thatmostly frequent conceptual meanings found in the short story of was the referent as entity like athing. Also, the words which have meanings as connotative meanings were found in the short story and the connotative meaning mostly frequent is rough connotation of them.Keywords: meanings, conceptual, connotative, Yoram Gross Blinky Bill Michivous Koala
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Mehring, Christine. "Decoration and Abstraction in Blinky Palermo's Wall Paintings." Grey Room 18 (January 2005): 82–107. http://dx.doi.org/10.1162/1526381043320750.
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Korzilius, Jean-Loup. "Du «désespoir du bleuet» : quelques réflexions sur l'œuvre de Blinky Palermo (1943-1977)." Revue du Nord 74, no. 297 (1992): 857–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.3406/rnord.1992.4781.
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Schicatano, Edward J. "Effects of Caffeine on the Trigeminal Blink Reflex." Perceptual and Motor Skills 100, no. 2 (April 2005): 493–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.2466/pms.100.2.493-496.
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The acoustic startle and trigeminal blink reflexes share the same motor output. Since caffeine has been shown to augment the startle reflex, it was proposed that caffeine would also increase the trigeminal blink reflex. In 6 humans, the effects of caffeine (100 mg) on the trigeminal blink reflex were investigated. Reflex blinks were elicited by stimulation of the supraorbital branch of the trigeminal nerve. Following ingestion of caffeinated coffee, reflex blinks increased in amplitude and duration and occurred at a shorter latency than reflex blinks following ingestion of decaffeinated coffee. Since the blink reflex is a brainstem reflex, these results suggest that the psychomotor effects of caffeine facilitate brainstem processing.
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WU, Ling, Weihua ZHAO, Tong ZHU, and Haoxue LIU. "Effects of In-vehicle Information on Driver Blink Characteristics and Workload." Applied Science and Innovative Research 3, no. 3 (August 12, 2019): p166. http://dx.doi.org/10.22158/asir.v3n3p166.
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A real-vehicle experiment was carried out to study the effects of in-vehicle information on driver workload, during which data of the driver blink duration and frequency were collected to check for discrepancies among drivers with and without vehicle navigation usage. In the meanwhile, the blink characteristics of drivers with vehicle navigation device mounted at three different positions were explored through image prompt or image & sound multi-channel simultaneous prompt. Experimental results showed that when the data of blink with a duration of 0-200ms was distributed at a 10ms interval, the driver blink count distribution curve shows obvious bimodal characteristics. The peak of blink with 50-60ms duration was lower than that with 10-20ms duration when vehicle navigation was not used, and higher when vehicle navigation was used. The difference between medium and long blinks was not significant when the navigation device was mounted at different positions, yet the short blinks showed a significant difference. The peaks of blink count without voice navigation were all greater than those with voice navigation. In particular, without voice navigation, the short blinks increased obviously, and the medium blinks increased relatively, but the long blinks remained almost unchanged. The above results indicate that the driver workload was greater when using vehicle navigation. When the navigation device is installed in position B, the driver workload reaches the minimum. Using voice navigation could reduce driver workload.
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Hamdan, Mohammad, and Hisham A. Shehadeh. "Automated Quantification of Eye Blink Rate Using VIOLA–JONES Algorithm." International Journal of Technology Diffusion 9, no. 4 (October 2018): 19–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.4018/ijtd.2018100102.
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In this article, we have proposed a novel tool that helps to objectively quantify eye blink rate. Using the proposed algorithm, a threshold for normal blink rate can be set to test those who have to reduce eye blink rate and are prone to ocular surface dryness. The statistical results show excellent agreement between software-detected number of blinks and visually measured with 90% accuracy for the participants. In addition, the comparison between our tool and other approaches of eye blink monitoring shows that our tool is competitive with only 5% wasted blinks.
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Churchland, Mark M., I.-Han Chou, and Stephen G. Lisberger. "Evidence for Object Permanence in the Smooth-Pursuit Eye Movements of Monkeys." Journal of Neurophysiology 90, no. 4 (October 2003): 2205–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/jn.01056.2002.
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We recorded the smooth-pursuit eye movements of monkeys in response to targets that were extinguished (blinked) for 200 ms in mid-trajectory. Eye velocity declined considerably during the target blinks, even when the blinks were completely predictable in time and space. Eye velocity declined whether blinks were presented during steady-state pursuit of a constant-velocity target, during initiation of pursuit before target velocity was reached, or during eye accelerations induced by a change in target velocity. When a physical occluder covered the trajectory of the target during blinks, creating the impression that the target moved behind it, the decline in eye velocity was reduced or abolished. If the target was occluded once the eye had reached target velocity, pursuit was only slightly poorer than normal, uninterrupted pursuit. In contrast, if the target was occluded during the initiation of pursuit, while the eye was accelerating toward target velocity, pursuit during occlusion was very different from normal pursuit. Eye velocity remained relatively stable during target occlusion, showing much less acceleration than normal pursuit and much less of a decline than was produced by a target blink. Anticipatory or predictive eye acceleration was typically observed just prior to the reappearance of the target. Computer simulations show that these results are best understood by assuming that a mechanism of eye-velocity memory remains engaged during target occlusion but is disengaged during target blinks.
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Fukuda, Kyosuke. "Analysis of Eyeblink Activity during Discriminative Tasks." Perceptual and Motor Skills 79, no. 3_suppl (December 1994): 1599–608. http://dx.doi.org/10.2466/pms.1994.79.3f.1599.
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To evaluate the blinking pattern during and after cognitive processing, 10 subjects' eyeblinks were recorded by a videotape recording camera placed 100 cm from the subjects' side. The subjects' task was to discriminate two kinds of auditory tones presented serially and to discriminate two kinds of visual stimuli presented serially. Treatments were composed of the baseline condition preexperiment, the visual task with no discrimination, the visual discriminative task, the auditory task with no discrimination, and the auditory discriminative task. The blink rate in each treatment, the temporal distribution of blinks poststimulus, and the blink waveform were evaluated. Although blinks were not inhibited during tasks, frequent blinks after tasks were observed in both modalities. Blinks concentrated between 300 msec. and 800 msec. after the discriminated stimulus and formulated the blink-rate peak. The closing velocity of lid in the blink rate peak was lower after auditory stimulus. Moreover, the lid's opening velocity after the auditory discrimination was higher. These results indicated that the eyelid closed slowly and opened quickly after the auditory discriminative stimulus.
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Goossens, H. H. L. M., and A. J. Van Opstal. "Blink-Perturbed Saccades in Monkey. I. Behavioral Analysis." Journal of Neurophysiology 83, no. 6 (June 1, 2000): 3411–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/jn.2000.83.6.3411.
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Saccadic eye movements are thought to be influenced by blinking through premotor interactions, but it is still unclear how. The present paper describes the properties of blink-associated eye movements and quantifies the effect of reflex blinks on the latencies, metrics, and kinematics of saccades in the monkey. In particular, it is examined to what extent the saccadic system accounts for blink-related perturbations of the saccade trajectory. Trigeminal reflex blinks were elicited near the onset of visually evoked saccades by means of air puffs directed on the eye. Reflex blinks were also evoked during a straight-ahead fixation task. Eye and eyelid movements were measured with the magnetic-induction technique. The data show that saccade latencies were reduced substantially when reflex blinks were evoked prior to the impending visual saccades as if these saccades were triggered by the blink. The evoked blinks also caused profound spatial-temporal perturbations of the saccades. Deflections of the saccade trajectory, usually upward, extended up to ∼15°. Saccade peak velocities were reduced, and a two- to threefold increase in saccade duration was typically observed. In general, these perturbations were largely compensated in saccade mid-flight, despite the absence of visual feedback, yielding near-normal endpoint accuracies. Further analysis revealed that blink-perturbed saccades could not be described as a linear superposition of a pure blink-associated eye movement and an unperturbed saccade. When evoked during straight-ahead fixation, blinks were accompanied by initially upward and slightly abducting eye rotations of ∼2–15°. Back and forth wiggles of the eye were frequently seen; but in many cases the return movement was incomplete. Rather than drifting back to its starting position, the eye then maintained its eccentric orbital position until a downward corrective saccade toward the fixation spot followed. Blink-associated eye movements were quite rapid, albeit slower than saccades, and the velocity-amplitude-duration characteristics of the initial excursions as well as the return movements were approximately linear. These data strongly support the idea that blinks interfere with the saccade premotor circuit, presumably upstream from the neural eye-position integrator. They also indicated that a neural mechanism, rather than passive elastic restoring forces within the oculomotor plant, underlies the compensatory behavior. The tight latency coupling between saccades and blinks is consistent with an inhibition of omnipause neurons by the blink system, suggesting that the observed changes in saccade kinematics arise elsewhere in the saccadic premotor system.
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Brosch, Joseph K., Ziwei Wu, Carolyn G. Begley, Tobin A. Driscoll, and Richard J. Braun. "Blink characterization using curve fitting and clustering algorithms." Modeling and Artificial Intelligence in Ophthalmology 1, no. 3 (June 19, 2017): 60–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.35119/maio.v1i3.38.
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The motion of the upper eyelid during blinking can be important in identifying possible diseases and syndromes that affect the eye. Hypothesized lid motion functions are fit to the dynamic position of the center of the upper lid under four experimentally controlled conditions in a pilot study. The coefficients of these nonlinear fits are used to classify blinks. Agglomerative hierarchical and spectral clustering were used to attempt an automatic distinction between partial and full blinks as well as between normal and abnormal blinks. Results for both approaches are similar when the input data is suitably normalized. Clustering finds outlying blinks that do not fit the model functions for lid motion well and that differ from the majority of blinks in our sample; however, those blinks may not be outliers based on easily observed data such as blink amplitude and duration. This type of analysis has potential for studying blink dynamics under normal and pathological conditions, but more work is needed with larger sets of data from blinks.
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Joiner, Thomas E., Melanie A. Hom, Megan L. Rogers, Carol Chu, Ian H. Stanley, Gary H. Wynn, and Peter M. Gutierrez. "Staring Down Death." Crisis 37, no. 3 (May 2016): 212–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.1027/0227-5910/a000367.
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Abstract. Background: Lowered eye blink rate may be a clinically useful indicator of acute, imminent, and severe suicide risk. Diminished eye blink rates are often seen among individuals engaged in heightened concentration on a specific task that requires careful planning and attention. Indeed, overcoming one’s biological instinct for survival through suicide necessitates premeditation and concentration; thus, a diminished eye blink rate may signal imminent suicidality. Aims: This article aims to spur research and clinical inquiry into the role of eye blinks as an indicator of acute suicide risk. Method: Literature relevant to the potential connection between eye blink rate and suicidality was reviewed and synthesized. Results: Anecdotal, cognitive, neurological, and conceptual support for the relationship between decreased blink rate and suicide risk is outlined. Conclusion: Given that eye blinks are a highly observable behavior, the potential clinical utility of using eye blink rate as a marker of suicide risk is immense. Research is warranted to explore the association between eye blink rate and acute suicide risk.
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Baker, Robert S., Edward S. Abou-Jaoude, and Sharon M. Napier. "Kinematic Comparison of Spontaneously Generated Blinks and Voluntary Blinks in Normal Adult Subjects." American Journal of Cosmetic Surgery 22, no. 1 (March 2005): 35–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/074880680502200105.
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Purpose: Spontaneous and voluntary blinks share a common final neuromuscular pathway but have totally different purposes and have come under different evolutionary pressures. The purpose of this study is to compare quantitative blink kinematics (down-phase duration, amplitude, peak velocity, and lid-closure duration) of spontaneously generated blinks with voluntary blinks in normal adults. Methods: Spontaneous and voluntary (tone generated) blinks of the right eye of 7 subjects were studied by a modified scleral search coil technique. Automated analysis of each blink kinematic was performed and statistical analysis of pooled data was undertaken. Results: All kinematics of voluntary blinks were greater than those of spontaneous blinks: duration (77.6 ± 10.0 milliseconds) was 17.6% longer, amplitude (43.1 ± 7.9°) was 40.8% larger, peak velocity (1288.6 ± 358.5°/ms) was 47.3% faster, and mean lid-closure duration (13.4 ± 4.7 milliseconds) was 61.4% longer (P < .001 in all cases). Conclusion: Kinematics of voluntary and spontaneous blinks are significantly different, reflecting their different supranuclear control. This quantitative study confirms previous qualitative observations and clearly separates these categories of eyelid movement as distinct, with spontaneous blinks serving a purely physiologic function and voluntary blinks being a part of facial expressivity.
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Gruart, A., P. Blazquez, and J. M. Delgado-Garcia. "Kinematics of spontaneous, reflex, and conditioned eyelid movements in the alert cat." Journal of Neurophysiology 74, no. 1 (July 1, 1995): 226–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/jn.1995.74.1.226.
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1. Upper eyelid position and velocity, and the electromyographic (EMG) activity of the orbicularis oculi muscle, were recorded bilaterally in alert cats during spontaneous, reflexively evoked, and conditioned eyelid movements. 2. Spontaneous blinks appeared randomly (0.2-0.5 per min) and consisted of a fast, large downward lid movement followed by a slower up phase. Blinks of smaller amplitude and slower velocity were also observed mainly accompanying behavioral movements, such as during peering and grimacing. 3. Eyelid response to air puffs applied to the cornea and tarsal lid skin consisted of a short-latency (9-16 ms), fast (up to 2,000 degrees/s) downward movement that lasted for 25-30 ms, followed by late, small downward sags that were sometimes still evident after stimulus offset. Blinks outlasted the duration of the stimulus by approximately 150 ms. Blinks elicited by flashes of light or tones showed longer latency (47.3 +/- 6.3 and 53.7 +/- 8.0 ms, mean +/- SD; respectively), smaller amplitude, and a quicker habituation than air-puff-evoked lid responses. 4. For the down phase of the blink, the peak velocity, but not its duration, increased linearly with blink amplitude. Because the rise time of the down phase remained constant, changes in blink amplitude seemed to be the result of increased blink velocity. The down phase of a typical 10 degrees blink was 10 times faster than the up phase of the same blink or than upward and downward lid saccades of the same amplitude. The peak velocity and duration of the up phases of reflex blinks and upward and downward lid saccades increased linearly with lid movement amplitude. 5. The initial down phase of air-puff-evoked blinks decreased in latency, increased in amplitude and peak velocity, and maintained the same rise time for increasing puff pressure. None of these parameters was dependent on puff duration. The duration of the blink also increased linearly with air puff duration. 6. The amplitude of air-puff-evoked blinks was inversely related to lid position, decreasing with further lid positions in the closing direction. In contrast, neither peak nor integrated EMG activity of the orbicularis oculi muscle was affected by lid position, being only a function of stimulus parameters and of the animal's level of alertness. 7. Air puffs > 20 ms and > 1 kg/cm2 evoked two successive bursts (R(ap) 1 and R(ap) 2) in the EMG activity of the orbicularis oculi muscle. Shorter and/or weaker stimuli evoked only the R(ap) 1 response.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS)
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Lefebvre, C., A. Seitz, T. Watanabe, and P. Jolicoeur. "Learning blinks during the attentional blink." Journal of Vision 5, no. 8 (September 1, 2005): 1065. http://dx.doi.org/10.1167/5.8.1065.
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Schade Powers, Alice, Pamela Coburn-Litvak, and Craig Evinger. "Conditioned Eyelid Movement Is not a Blink." Journal of Neurophysiology 103, no. 2 (February 2010): 641–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/jn.00631.2009.
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Based on kinematic properties and distinct substrates, there are different classes of eyelid movement described as eyeblinks. We investigate whether the eyelid movements made in response to a conditioned stimulus (CS) are a category of eyelid movements distinct from blinks. Human subjects received 60 trials of classical eyelid conditioning with a tone as the CS and electrical stimulation of the supraorbital branch of the trigeminal nerve as the unconditioned stimulus (UCS). Before and after training, reflex blinks were elicited with the UCS. The kinematics of conditioned responses (CRs) differed significantly from those of reflex blinks. The slope of the amplitude-maximum velocity function was steeper for reflex blinks than for CRs, and reflex blink duration was significantly shorter than CR duration. Unlike reflex blinks, for which maximum velocity was independent of blink duration, the maximum velocity of CRs depended on CR duration. These quantitative and qualitative differences indicated that CRs were a unique class of eyelid movements distinct from blinks and eyelid movements with vertical saccadic gaze shifts.
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Grossman, Shany, Chen Gueta, Slav Pesin, Rafael Malach, and Ayelet N. Landau. "Where Does Time Go When You Blink?" Psychological Science 30, no. 6 (April 16, 2019): 907–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0956797619842198.
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Retinal input is frequently lost because of eye blinks, yet humans rarely notice these gaps in visual input. Although previous studies focused on the perceptual and neural correlates of diminished awareness to blinks, the impact of these correlates on the perceived time of concurrent events is unknown. Here, we investigated whether the subjective sense of time is altered by spontaneous blinks. We found that participants ( N = 22) significantly underestimated the duration of a visual stimulus when a spontaneous blink occurred during stimulus presentation and that this underestimation was correlated with the blink duration of individual participants. Importantly, the effect was not present when durations of an auditory stimulus were judged ( N = 23). The results point to a link between spontaneous blinks, previously demonstrated to induce activity suppression in the visual cortex, and a compression of subjective time. They suggest that ongoing encoding within modality-specific sensory cortices, independent of conscious awareness, informs the subjective sense of time.
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Humphrey, Tasmin, Faye Stringer, Leanne Proops, and Karen McComb. "Slow Blink Eye Closure in Shelter Cats Is Related to Quicker Adoption." Animals 10, no. 12 (November 30, 2020): 2256. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ani10122256.
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The process of domestication is likely to have led to the development of adaptive interspecific social abilities in animals. Such abilities are particularly interesting in less gregarious animals, such as cats. One notable social behaviour that cats exhibit in relation to humans is the slow blink sequence, which our previous research suggests can function as a form of positive communication between cats and humans. This behaviour involves the production of successive half blinks followed by either a prolonged narrowing of the eye or an eye closure. The present study investigates how cat (n = 18) slow blink sequences might affect human preferences during the adoption of shelter cats. Our study specifically tested (1) whether cats’ propensity to respond to human-initiated slow blinking was associated with their speed of rehoming from a shelter environment, and (2) whether cats’ anxiety around humans was related to their tendency to slow blink. Our experiments demonstrated that cats that showed an increased number of and longer eye closures in response to human slow blinks were rehomed faster, and that nervous cats, who had been identified as needing desensitisation to humans, tended to spend more time producing slow blink sequences in response to human slow blinks than a non-desensitisation group. Collectively, these results suggest that the cat slow blink sequence is perceived as positive by humans and may have a dual function—occurring in both affiliative and submissive contexts.
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Hagen, Thomas, and Bruno Laeng. "Animals Do Not Induce or Reduce Attentional Blinking, But They Are Reported More Accurately in a Rapid Serial Visual Presentation Task." i-Perception 8, no. 5 (October 2017): 204166951773554. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/2041669517735542.
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Evolutionary psychologists have suggested that modern humans have evolved to automatically direct their attention toward animal stimuli. Although this suggestion has found support in several attentional paradigms, it is not without controversy. Recently, a study employing methods customary to studying the attentional blink has shown inconclusive support for the prioritization of animals in attention. This showed an advantage for reporting animals as second targets within the typical window of the attentional blink, but it remained unclear whether this advantage was really due to a reduction of the attentional blink. We reassessed for the presence of a reduced attentional blink for animals compared with artifacts by using three disparate stimuli sets. A general advantage for animals was found but no indication of a reduction of the attentional blink for animals. There was no support for the prediction that animal distractors should lead to spontaneous inductions of attentional blinks when presented as critical distractors before single targets. Another experiment with single targets still showed that animals were reported more accurately than artifacts. A final experiment showed that when animals were first target, they did not generate stronger attentional blinks. In summary, we did find a general advantage for animal images in the rapid serial visual presentation task, but animal images did not either induce or reduce attentional blinks. This set of results is in line with conclusions from previous research showing no evidence for a special role of animals in attention.
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Rambold, H., A. Sprenger, and C. Helmchen. "Effects of Voluntary Blinks on Saccades, Vergence Eye Movements, and Saccade-Vergence Interactions in Humans." Journal of Neurophysiology 88, no. 3 (September 1, 2002): 1220–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/jn.2002.88.3.1220.
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Blinks are known to change the kinematic properties of horizontal saccades, probably by influencing the saccadic premotor circuit. The neuronal basis of this effect could be explained by changes in the activity of omnipause neurons in the nucleus raphe interpositus or in the saccade-related burst neurons of the superior colliculus. Omnipause neurons cease discharge during both saccades and vergence movements. Because eyelid blinks can influence both sets of neurons, we hypothesized that blinks would influence the kinematic parameters of saccades in all directions, vergence, and saccade-vergence interactions. To test this hypothesis, we investigated binocular eye and lid movements in five normal healthy subjects with the magnetic search coil technique. The subjects performed conjugate horizontal and vertical saccades from gaze straight ahead to targets at 20° up, down, right, or left while either attempting not to blink or voluntarily blinking. While following the same blink instruction, subjects made horizontal vergence eye movements of 7° and combined saccade-vergence movements with a version amplitude of 20°. The movements were performed back and forth from two targets simultaneously presented nearby (38 cm) and more distant (145 cm). Small vertical saccades accompanied most vergence movements. These results show that blinks change the kinematics (saccade duration, peak velocity, peak acceleration, peak deceleration) of not only horizontal but also of vertical saccades, of horizontal vergence eye movements, and of combined saccade-vergence eye movements. Peak velocity, acceleration, and deceleration of eye movements were decreased on the average by 30%, and their duration increased by 43% on the average when they were accompanied by blinks. The blink effect was time dependent with respect to saccade and vergence onset: the greatest effect occurred 100 ms prior to saccade onset, whereas there was no effect when the blink started after saccade onset. The effects of blinks on saccades and vergence, which are tightly coupled to latency, support the hypothesis that blinks cause profound spatiotemporal perturbations of the eye movements by interfering with the normal saccade/vergence premotor circuits. However, the measured effect may to a certain degree but not exclusively be explained by mechanical interference.
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Tran, Dang-Khoa, Thanh-Hai Nguyen, and Thanh-Nghia Nguyen. "Detection of EEG-Based Eye-Blinks Using A Thresholding Algorithm." European Journal of Engineering and Technology Research 6, no. 4 (May 11, 2021): 6–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.24018/ejers.2021.6.4.2438.
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In the electroencephalography (EEG) study, eye blinks are a commonly known type of ocular artifact that appears most frequently in any EEG measurement. The artifact can be seen as spiking electrical potentials in which their time-frequency properties are varied across individuals. Their presence can negatively impact various medical or scientific research or be helpful when applying to brain-computer interface applications. Hence, detecting eye-blink signals is beneficial for determining the correlation between the human brain and eye movement in this paper. The paper presents a simple, fast, and automated eye-blink detection algorithm that did not require user training before algorithm execution. EEG signals were smoothed and filtered before eye-blink detection. We conducted experiments with ten volunteers and collected three different eye-blink datasets over three trials using Emotiv EPOC+ headset. The proposed method performed consistently and successfully detected spiking activities of eye blinks with a mean accuracy of over 96%.
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Gandhi, Neeraj J., and Desiree K. Bonadonna. "Temporal Interactions of Air-Puff–Evoked Blinks and Saccadic Eye Movements: Insights Into Motor Preparation." Journal of Neurophysiology 93, no. 3 (March 2005): 1718–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/jn.00854.2004.
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Following the initial, sensory response to stimulus presentation, activity in many saccade-related burst neurons along the oculomotor neuraxis is observed as a gradually increasing low-frequency discharge hypothesized to encode both timing and metrics of the impending eye movement. When the activity reaches an activation threshold level, these cells discharge a high-frequency burst, inhibit the pontine omnipause neurons (OPNs) and trigger a high-velocity eye movement known as saccade. We tested whether early cessation of OPN activity, prior to when it ordinarily pauses, acts to effectively lower the threshold and prematurely trigger a movement of modified metrics and/or dynamics. Relying on the observation that OPN discharge ceases during not only saccades but also blinks, air-puffs were delivered to one eye to evoke blinks as monkeys performed standard oculomotor tasks. We observed a linear relationship between blink and saccade onsets when the blink occurred shortly after the cue to initiate the movement but before the average reaction time. Blinks that preceded and overlapped with the cue increased saccade latency. Blinks evoked during the overlap period of the delayed saccade task, when target location is known but a saccade cannot be initiated for correct performance, failed to trigger saccades prematurely. Furthermore, when saccade and blink execution coincided temporally, the peak velocity of the eye movement was attenuated, and its initial velocity was correlated with its latency. Despite the perturbations, saccade accuracy was maintained across all blink times and task types. Collectively, these results support the notion that temporal features of the low-frequency activity encode aspects of a premotor command and imply that inhibition of OPNs alone is not sufficient to trigger saccades.
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Schultz, K. P., C. R. Williams, and C. Busettini. "Macaque Pontine Omnipause Neurons Play No Direct Role in the Generation of Eye Blinks." Journal of Neurophysiology 103, no. 4 (April 2010): 2255–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/jn.01150.2009.
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We recorded the activity of pontine omnipause neurons (OPNs) in two macaques during saccadic eye movements and blinks. As previously reported, we found that OPNs fire tonically during fixation and pause about 15 ms before a saccadic eye movement. In contrast, for blinks elicited by air puffs, the OPNs paused <2 ms before the onset of the blink. Thus the burst in the agonist orbicularis oculi motoneurons (OOMNs) and the pause in the antagonist levator palpabrae superioris motoneurons (LPSMNs) necessarily precede the OPN pause. For spontaneous blinks there was no correlation between blink and pause onsets. In addition, the OPN pause continued for 40–60 ms after the time of the maximum downward closing of the eyelids, which occurs around the end of the OOMN burst of firing. LPSMN activity is not responsible for terminating the OPN pause because OPN resumption was very rapid, whereas the resumption of LPSMN firing during the reopening phase is gradual. OPN pause onset does not directly control blink onset, nor does pause offset control or encode the transition between the end of the OOMN firing and the resumption of the LPSMNs. The onset of the blink-related eye transients preceded both blink and OPN pause onsets. Therefore they initiated while the saccadic short-lead burst neurons were still fully inhibited by the OPNs and cannot be saccadic in origin. The abrupt dynamic change of the vertical eye transients from an oscillatory behavior to a single time constant exponential drift predicted the resumption of the OPNs.
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Mishal, Anu, U. Giri, and A. Rizyal. "Effect of Mobile Phone Use on Blink Rate among MBBS Students in Kathmandu." Nepal Medical College Journal 23, no. 1 (April 2, 2021): 11–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.3126/nmcj.v23i1.36220.
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Mobile devices such as smart phones and tablets are used globally for checking email, internet browsing, watching videos and posting on social media. A recent survey estimated that, by 2020 shipment of mobile phones will add up to 1.71 billion and a total of around 2.53 billion which constitutes almost one third of the world population owning a smart phone. According to American Optometric Association, 90% of employees who use computers for at least three hours a day experience some vision problem. A reflex that closes and opens eyelids is known as blink, which helps in spreading tears over the conjunctiva and thereby keeping it moist. The normal blinking rate at rest is 17 blinks/min, during conversation it increases to 26 blinks/min, and it is as low as 4.5 blinks/min while reading. Prolong use of mobile phone affects the blink rate. A descriptive cross-sectional study was conducted among MBBS students at Nepal Medical College and Teaching Hospital to find out the effect of mobile device use on blink rate. The age of these students were from 19 to 26 year, with an average of 21.34 years. The result of this study shows that for male students, an average 3.8hr/per day use of mobile phone decreases the blink rate by 53.33 % while watching videos and 80% while reading articles. Similarly, for female students, an average 3.5hr/per day use of mobile phone decreases the blink rate by 31.25% while watching videos and 62.50% while reading articles.
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FORD, C. C., G. BUGMANN, and P. CULVERHOUSE. "MODELING THE HUMAN BLINK: A COMPUTATIONAL MODEL FOR USE WITHIN HUMAN–ROBOT INTERACTION." International Journal of Humanoid Robotics 10, no. 01 (March 2013): 1350006. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0219843613500060.
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This paper describes findings from a Human-to-Human Interaction experiment that examines human communicative non-verbal facial behaviour. The aim was to develop a more comfortable and effective model of social human-robot communication. Analysis of the data revealed a strong co-occurrence between human blink production and non-verbal communicative behaviours of own speech instigation and completion, interlocutor speech instigation, looking at/away from the interlocutor, facial expression instigation and completion, and mental communicative state changes. Seventy-one percent of the total 2007 analysed blinks co-occurred with these behaviours within a time window of +/- 375 ms, well beyond their chance co-occurrence probability of 23%. Thus between 48% and 71% of blinks are directly related to human communicative behaviour and are not simply "physiological" (e.g., for cleaning/humidifying the eye). Female participants are found to blink twice as often as male participants, in the same communicative scenario, and have a longer average blink duration. These results provide the basis for the implementation of a blink generation system as part of a social cognitive robot for human-robot interaction.
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Culoso, Ashley, Cynthia Lowe, and Craig Evinger. "Sex, blinking, and dry eye." Journal of Neurophysiology 123, no. 2 (February 1, 2020): 831–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/jn.00635.2019.
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Blinking sustains the corneal tear film generated by sexually dimorphic lacrimal and meibomian glands. Our study examines whether trigeminal control of blinking is also sexually dimorphic by investigating trigeminal reflex blinking, associative blink modification, and spontaneous blinking in male and female rats before and after unilateral dry eye caused by exorbital gland removal. Before gland removal, female rats exhibited a lower threshold for evoking trigeminal reflex blinks, a weaker effect of associative blink modification, and longer-duration spontaneous blinks than males. Spontaneous blink rate, reflex blink excitability, and occurrence of blink oscillations did not differ between the sexes. Reanalysis of previous data showed that humans showed the same blink sexual dimorphisms as rats. During the first 2 wk of dry eye, trigeminal blink circuit excitability and blink oscillations steadily rose in male rats, whereas excitability and blink oscillations did not change in females. Following dry eye, spontaneous blink duration increased for both males and females, whereas spontaneous blink rate remained constant for males but decreased for females. The associative modification treatment to depress trigeminal blink amplitude initially produced blink depression in males that converted to blink potentiation as trigeminal excitability rose, whereas females exhibited progressively more blink depression. These data indicated that dry eye increased excitability in male trigeminal reflex blink circuits at the expense of circuit modifiability, whereas trigeminal modifiability increased in females. This increased modifiability of female trigeminal blink circuits with dry eye may contribute to the preponderance of females developing the focal dystonia, benign essential blepharospasm. NEW & NOTEWORTHY All the elements controlling the corneal tear film are sexually dimorphic. Blinking, which smooths and maintains the tear film, also exhibits sex differences. Dry eye increases the sexual dimorphisms of blinking, including increased exaggeration of excitability in males and enhanced modifiability of the female trigeminal complex. This increased modifiability may explain female predominance in the development of the focal dystonia, benign essential blepharospasm.
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Zhang, Jinhua, Baozeng Wang, Cheng Zhang, and Jun Hong. "Volitional and Real-Time Control Cursor Based on Eye Movement Decoding Using a Linear Decoding Model." Computational Intelligence and Neuroscience 2016 (2016): 1–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2016/4069790.
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The aim of this study is to build a linear decoding model that reveals the relationship between the movement information and the EOG (electrooculogram) data to online control a cursor continuously with blinks and eye pursuit movements. First of all, a blink detection method is proposed to reject a voluntary single eye blink or double-blink information from EOG. Then, a linear decoding model of time series is developed to predict the position of gaze, and the model parameters are calibrated by the RLS (Recursive Least Square) algorithm; besides, the assessment of decoding accuracy is assessed through cross-validation procedure. Additionally, the subsection processing, increment control, and online calibration are presented to realize the online control. Finally, the technology is applied to the volitional and online control of a cursor to hit the multiple predefined targets. Experimental results show that the blink detection algorithm performs well with the voluntary blink detection rate over 95%. Through combining the merits of blinks and smooth pursuit movements, the movement information of eyes can be decoded in good conformity with the average Pearson correlation coefficient which is up to 0.9592, and all signal-to-noise ratios are greater than 0. The novel system allows people to successfully and economically control a cursor online with a hit rate of 98%.
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Powers, Alice S., Edward J. Schicatano, Michele A. Basso, and Craig Evinger. "To blink or not to blink: inhibition and facilitation of reflex blinks." Experimental Brain Research 113, no. 2 (February 1997): 283–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf02450326.
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Powers, Alice S., Michele A. Basso, and Craig Evinger. "Blinks slow memory-guided saccades." Journal of Neurophysiology 109, no. 3 (February 1, 2013): 734–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/jn.00746.2012.
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Memory-guided saccades are slower than visually guided saccades. The usual explanation for this slowing is that the absence of a visual drive reduces the discharge of neurons in the superior colliculus. We tested a related hypothesis: that the slowing of memory-guided saccades was due also to the more frequent occurrence of gaze-evoked blinks with memory-guided saccades compared with visually guided saccades. We recorded gaze-evoked blinks in three monkeys while they performed visually guided and memory-guided saccades and compared the kinematics of the different saccade types with and without blinks. Gaze-evoked blinks were more common during memory-guided saccades than during visually guided saccades, and the well-established relationship between peak and average velocity for saccades was disrupted by blinking. The occurrence of gaze-evoked blinks was associated with a greater slowing of memory-guided saccades compared with visually guided saccades. Likewise, when blinks were absent, the peak velocity of visually guided saccades was only slightly higher than that of memory-guided saccades. Our results reveal interactions between circuits generating saccades and blink-evoked eye movements. The interaction leads to increased curvature of saccade trajectories and a corresponding decrease in saccade velocity. Consistent with this interpretation, the amount of saccade curvature and slowing increased with gaze-evoked blink amplitude. Thus, although the absence of vision decreases the velocity of memory-guided saccades relative to visually guided saccades somewhat, the cooccurrence of gaze-evoked blinks produces the majority of slowing for memory-guided saccades.
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Rottach, Klaus G., Vallabh E. Das, Walter Wohlgemuth, Ari Z. Zivotofsky, and R. John Leigh. "Properties of Horizontal Saccades Accompanied by Blinks." Journal of Neurophysiology 79, no. 6 (June 1, 1998): 2895–902. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/jn.1998.79.6.2895.
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Rottach, Klaus G., Vallabh E. Das, Walter Wohlgemuth, Ari Z. Zivotofsky, and R. John Leigh. Properties of horizontal saccades accompanied by blinks. J. Neurophysiol. 79: 2895–2902, 1998. Using the magnetic search coil technique to record eye and lid movements, we investigated the effect of voluntary blinks on horizontal saccades in five normal human subjects. The main goal of the study was to determine whether changes in the dynamics of saccades with blinks could be accounted for by a superposition of the eye movements induced by blinks as subjects fixated a stationary target and saccadic movements made without a blink. First, subjects made voluntary blinks as they fixed on stationary targets located straight ahead or 20° to the right or left. They then made saccades between two continuously visible targets 20 or 40° apart, while either attempting not to blink, or voluntarily blinking, with each saccade. During fixation of a target located straight ahead, blinks induced brief downward and nasalward deflections of eye position. When subjects looked at targets located at right or left 20°, similar initial movements were made by four of the subjects, but the amplitude of the adducted eye was reduced by 65% and was followed by a larger temporalward movement. Blinks caused substantial changes in the dynamic properties of saccades. For 20° saccades made with blinks, peak velocity and peak acceleration were decreased by ∼20% in all subjects compared with saccades made without blinks. Blinks caused the duration of 20° saccades to increase, on average, by 36%. On the other hand, blinks had only small effects on the gain of saccades. Blinks had little influence on the relative velocities of centrifugal versus centripetal saccades, and abducting versus adducting saccades. Three of five subjects showed a significantly increased incidence of dynamic overshoot in saccades accompanied by blinks, especially for 20° movements. Taken with other evidence, this finding suggests that saccadic omnipause neurons are inhibited by blinks, which have longer duration than the saccades that company them. In conclusion, the changes in dynamic properties of saccades brought about by blinks cannot be accounted for simply by a summation of gaze perturbations produced by blinks during fixation and saccadic eye movements made without blinks. Our findings, especially the appearance of dynamic overshoots, suggest that blinks affect the central programming of saccades. These effects of blinks need to be taken into account during studies of the dynamic properties of saccades.
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Chen, Xue Jun, and Chen Hua Zhang. "Removing Blinks in Video-Oculography." Applied Mechanics and Materials 239-240 (December 2012): 1165–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.239-240.1165.
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Video-oculography (VOG) is a non-invasive detection method used for eye movement. However, during testing, if object blinks, VOG would be difficult to acquire eye movement. A removing blink method based on Kalman Filter was presented. A cubic spline was employed to patch the removed data. Then simulation and experiment were done. The experimental results show that the method well predicts the next state. Compared to a threshold level, it eliminates blink artifact and patches the removed data. The method is a viable means of predicting pupil center for blink in VOG.
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Andreu-Sánchez, Celia, Miguel Ángel Martín-Pascual, Agnès Gruart, and José María Delgado-García. "Viewers Change Eye-Blink Rate by Predicting Narrative Content." Brain Sciences 11, no. 4 (March 26, 2021): 422. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/brainsci11040422.
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Eye blinks provoke a loss of visual information. However, we are not constantly making conscious decisions about the appropriate moment to blink. The presence or absence of eye blinks also denotes levels of attention. We presented three movies with the exact same narrative but different styles of editing and recorded participants’ eye blinks. We found that moments of increased or decreased eye blinks by viewers coincided with the same content in the different movie styles. The moments of increased eye blinks corresponded to those when the actor leaves the scene and when the movie repeats the same action for a while. The moments of decreased eye blinks corresponded to actions where visual information was crucial to proper understanding of the scene presented. According to these results, viewers’ attention is more related to narrative content than to the style of editing when watching movies.
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Yorzinski, Jessica L. "A songbird inhibits blinking behaviour in flight." Biology Letters 16, no. 12 (December 2020): 20200786. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rsbl.2020.0786.
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Visual attention plays a fundamental role in avian flight but attention is likely limited whenever birds blink. Because blinks are necessary to maintaining proper vision, this study tested the hypothesis that birds strategically inhibit their blinks in flight. The blinks of captive great-tailed grackles ( Quiscalus mexicanus ) were recorded before, during and after they flew a short distance in an open environment. The grackles spent the least amount of time blinking in flight (take-off, during flight and landing) and the most amount of time blinking at impact. Their blinking behaviour was similar before and after flight. These results suggest that grackles strategically inhibit their blinking behaviour in flight, potentially because blinks impose costs to avian flight.
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Portello, Joan K., Mark Rosenfield, and Christina A. Chu. "Blink Rate, Incomplete Blinks and Computer Vision Syndrome." Optometry and Vision Science 90, no. 5 (May 2013): 482–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/opx.0b013e31828f09a7.
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García-Lázaro, Santiago, Vicent Sanchis-Jurado, Antonio López-Alemany, Maria Amparo Díez-Ajenjo, José Juan Esteve-Taboada, and Álvaro Pons-Moreno. "Study of Blink Dynamics: Involuntary vs Voluntary Blinks." Contact Lens and Anterior Eye 42, no. 6 (December 2019): e30-e31. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.clae.2019.10.103.
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VanderWerf, Frans, Peter Brassinga, Dik Reits, Majid Aramideh, and Bram Ongerboer de Visser. "Eyelid Movements: Behavioral Studies of Blinking in Humans Under Different Stimulus Conditions." Journal of Neurophysiology 89, no. 5 (May 1, 2003): 2784–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/jn.00557.2002.
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The kinematics and neurophysiological aspects of eyelid movements were examined during spontaneous, voluntary, air puff, and electrically induced blinking in healthy human subjects, using the direct magnetic search coil technique simultaneously with electromyographic recording of the orbicularis oculi muscles (OO-EMG). For OO-EMG recordings, surface electrodes were attached to the lower eyelids. To measure the vertical lid displacement, a search coil with a diameter of 3 mm was placed 1 mm from the rim on the upper eyelid on a marked position. Blink registrations were performed from the zero position and from 28 randomly chosen positions. Blinks elicited by electrical stimulation of the supraorbital nerve had shortest duration and were least variable. In contrast, spontaneous blinks had longer duration and greater variability. Blinks induced by air puff had a slightly longer duration and similar variability as electrically induced blinks. There was a correlation between the maximal down phase amplitude and the integrated OO-EMG. Blink duration and maximal down phase amplitude were affected by eye position. Eyes positioned 30° above horizontal displayed the shortest down phase duration and the largest maximal down phase amplitude and velocity. At 30° below horizontal, blinks had the longest total duration, the longest down phase duration, and the lowest maximal down phase amplitude and velocity. The simultaneously recorded integrated OO-EMG was largest in the 30° downward position. In four subjects, the average blinking data showed a linear relation between eye position and OO-EMG, maximal down phase amplitude, and maximal downward velocity.
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Hoppe, David, Stefan Helfmann, and Constantin A. Rothkopf. "Humans quickly learn to blink strategically in response to environmental task demands." Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 115, no. 9 (February 14, 2018): 2246–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1714220115.
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Eye blinking is one of the most frequent human actions. The control of blinking is thought to reflect complex interactions between maintaining clear and healthy vision and influences tied to central dopaminergic functions including cognitive states, psychological factors, and medical conditions. The most imminent consequence of blinking is a temporary loss of vision. Minimizing this loss of information is a prominent explanation for changes in blink rates and temporarily suppressed blinks, but quantifying this loss is difficult, as environmental regularities are usually complex and unknown. Here we used a controlled detection experiment with parametrically generated event statistics to investigate human blinking control. Subjects were able to learn environmental regularities and adapted their blinking behavior strategically to better detect future events. Crucially, our design enabled us to develop a computational model that allows quantifying the consequence of blinking in terms of task performance. The model formalizes ideas from active perception by describing blinking in terms of optimal control in trading off intrinsic costs for blink suppression with task-related costs for missing an event under perceptual uncertainty. Remarkably, this model not only is sufficient to reproduce key characteristics of the observed blinking behavior such as blink suppression and blink compensation but also predicts without further assumptions the well-known and diverse distributions of time intervals between blinks, for which an explanation has long been elusive.
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DeCoste, Kyle. "Music All Up and Down the Street." Journal of Popular Music Studies 31, no. 3 (September 2019): 57–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.1525/jpms.2019.313008.
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This article takes James Baldwin’s only children’s book, Little Man, Little Man: A Story of Childhood, as a starting point to explore his theorizations of music, affect, and childhood. Based loosely on the lives of his nephew and niece as well as his own memories of childhood, the book follows children protagonists and friends TJ, WT, and Blinky as they play in the streets of 1970s Harlem. They jump rope, play ball, interact with their adult neighbors, and witness the effects of police surveillance and drug abuse on their community. Baldwin argues that, through these experiences, Black children grow up with the myth of American innocence quickly dispelled and are thus not naïve to the past and present of the United States’ structural racism. Music is integral to Baldwin’s exploration of the affective contours of Black childhood. When community is threatened by white supremacy, music repeatedly enters the story to repair communal ties. To Baldwin, Black-identified musics (especially jazz and the blues) are essential to experiencing joy amid hardship and pain, and he uses the blues to communicate a metaphysics of blackness. Combining archival sources, literary analysis, affect theory, and Black studies, this article listens to the joys, fears, hopes, and pains of Black childhood that Baldwin renders audible. It complicates white notions of childhood innocence and shows music’s importance in experiencing joy and sustaining struggle.
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Merkies, Ready, Farkas, and Hodder. "Eye Blink Rates and Eyelid Twitches as a Non-Invasive Measure of Stress in the Domestic Horse." Animals 9, no. 8 (August 15, 2019): 562. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ani9080562.
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Physiological changes provide indices of stress responses, however, behavioural measures may be easier to determine. Spontaneous eye blink rate has potential as a non-invasive indicator of stress. Eyelid movements, along with heart rate (HR) and behaviour, from 33 horses were evaluated over four treatments: 1) control—horse in its normal paddock environment; 2) feed restriction—feed was withheld at regular feeding time; 3) separation—horse was removed from visual contact with their paddock mates; and 4) startle test—a ball was suddenly thrown on the ground in front of the horse. HR data was collected every five s throughout each three min test. Eyelid movements and behaviours were retrospectively determined from video recordings. A generalized linear mixed model (GLIMMIX) procedure with Sidak’s multiple comparisons of least squares means demonstrated that both full blinks (16 ± 12b vs. 15 ± 15b vs. 13 ± 11b vs. 26 ± 20a full blinks/3 min ± SEM; a,b differ p < 0.006) and half blinks (34 ± 15ab vs. 27 ± 14bc vs. 25 ± 13c vs. 42 ± 22a half blinks/3 min ± SEM; a,b,c differ p < 0.0001) decreased during feed restriction, separation and the startle test compared to the control, respectively. Eyelid twitches occurred more frequently in feed restriction (p < 0.0001) along with an increased HR (p < 0.0001). This study demonstrates that spontaneous blink rate decreases while eyelid twitches increase when the horse experiences a stressful situation.
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Feng, Yulong, Wei Xiao, Teng Wu, Jianwei Zhang, Jing Xiang, and Hong Guo. "An Automatic Identification Method for the Blink Artifacts in the Magnetoencephalography with Machine Learning." Applied Sciences 11, no. 5 (March 9, 2021): 2415. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/app11052415.
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Magnetoencephalography (MEG) detects very weak magnetic fields originating from the neurons so as to study human brain functions. The original detected MEG data always include interference generated by blinks, which can be called blink artifacts. Blink artifacts could cover the MEG signal we are interested in, and therefore need to be removed. Commonly used artifact cleaning algorithms are signal space projection (SSP) and independent component analysis (ICA). These algorithms need to locate the blink artifacts, which is typically done with the identification of the blink signals in the electrooculogram (EOG). The EOG needs to be measured by electrodes placed near the eye. In this work, a new algorithm is proposed for automatic and on-the-fly identification of the blink artifacts from the original detected MEG data based on machine learning; specifically, the artificial neural network (ANN). Seven hundred and one blink artifacts contained in eight MEG signal data sets are harnessed to verify the effect of the proposed blink artifacts identification algorithm. The results show that the method can recognize the blink artifacts from the original detected MEG data, providing a feasible MEG data-processing approach that can potentially be implemented automatically and simultaneously with MEG data measurement.
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Solorzano, Sol, Paul Bommarito, and Stephen Burastero. "Effects of Vertical Viewing Angle on Eye Blink Rate during Computer Work." Proceedings of the Human Factors and Ergonomics Society Annual Meeting 44, no. 21 (July 2000): 3–498. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/154193120004402136.
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The effects of vertical viewing angles and eye blinking rate during computer work were investigated Twenty subjects read from a computer screen set at four levels of viewing angles. Eye blinks during reading tasks were measured by electrooculography. Subjective ratings on visual and musculoskeletal strain were obtained. Test hypotheses were: (a) blink rate does not change with variations of viewing angle, (b) blink rate does not change with time-on-task, and (c) there is no interaction between viewing angle and time-on-task effects. The results indicated that blink rate increases as the viewing angle approaches eye level, and that blink rate increases with time-on-task. No significant interaction was found between viewing angle and time-on-task. Results and subjective ratings support recommendations of VDT viewing angle range near 15° below eye level.
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Viljoen, S., T. Hanekom, and P. J. Cilliers. "Eye-blink controlled computer mouse: design and evaluation." Suid-Afrikaanse Tydskrif vir Natuurwetenskap en Tegnologie 23, no. 1/2 (September 23, 2004): 7–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.4102/satnt.v23i1/2.187.
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Physically disabled people who do not have the use of their limbs have difficulty operating a computer, since they cannot use a mouse. In this article the design, implementation and evaluation of an eye-blink controlled computer mouse to be used by handicapped people are described. Detection of voluntary blinks is established by the reflection of infrared light from the skin on the side of the eye, while involuntary blinks are ignored. This enables people who do not have the use of their limbs to operate a computer. All the functions of a PS2 mouse are emulated.
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Goossens, H. H. L. M., and A. J. Van Opstal. "Differential Effects of Reflex Blinks on Saccade Perturbations in Humans." Journal of Neurophysiology 103, no. 3 (March 2010): 1685–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/jn.00788.2009.
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Studies in both humans and monkeys have indicated that blinks affect the central programming of saccades. In this study, we compared the influence of two types of reflex blinks on the trajectories and kinematics of memory-guided saccades in human subjects. We found that electrical stimulation of the supraorbital nerve shortly before or during a saccade briefly halts or decelerates the eye in midflight. After this short interruption, the eye always resumed its course and reached the target location in the absence of visual feedback. Air puff stimuli produced significant decreases in mean eye velocity too, but in addition to these changes in saccade kinematics, they produced much larger and more variable perturbations of the two-dimensional saccade trajectories. Even so, the endpoints of blink-perturbed saccades obtained under both test conditions remained as accurate and as precise as those observed in the control condition. We hypothesize that the reduction in mean eye velocity is not caused by a trigeminal reactivation of brain stem omnipause neurons but could instead arise from a trigeminal transient inhibition of saccade-related activity in the midbrain superior colliculus (SC). These findings support the theory that blink-perturbed saccades are programmed as slow, but straight, saccades onto which blink-related eye movements are superimposed. This linear superposition occurs downstream from the SC.
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Toll, Ashley M., Richard W. Marklin, Eric H. Bauman, and John J. Simmins. "Effect of Head-Mounted Augmented Reality Devices on Electric Utility Manhole Workers: Neck Muscle Activity and Eye Blink Rate." Proceedings of the Human Factors and Ergonomics Society Annual Meeting 64, no. 1 (December 2020): 2097–101. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1071181320641508.
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Two head-mounted augmented reality (AR) systems, Microsoft HoloLens and RealWear HMT-1, were tested to determine their effect on blink rate and muscle activity of the neck and shoulder muscles of electric utility manhole workers. The task of splicing a cable was performed under three conditions: HoloLens, HMT-1, and No AR (normal). Surface electromyography (sEMG) of the right and left sternocleidomastoid, splenius, semispinalis capitis, and upper trapezius muscles were measured on 13 manhole workers, and a small camera recorded blink rate of the right eye. Results revealed, in general, no significant differences in 50th and 90th percentile sEMG between the three conditions. There was no difference in blink rate between the HMT-1 and No AR, but the HoloLens blink rate was 7.8 to 11 blinks/min lower than the HMT-1 for two of the three tasks. A decrease in blink rate of these magnitudes may indicate risk of eye strain to manhole workers who use an OST AR device without appropriate rest breaks. Head-mounted AR devices deployed for underground utility workers warrant further study.
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Rogalska, Anna, Filip Rynkiewicz, Marcin Daszuta, Krzysztof Guzek, and Piotr Napieralski. "Blinking Extraction in Eye gaze System for Stereoscopy Movies." Open Physics 17, no. 1 (September 21, 2019): 512–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/phys-2019-0053.
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Abstract The aim of this paper is to present methods for human eye blink recognition. The main function of blinking is to spread tears across the eye and remove irratants from the surface of the cornea and conjuctiva. Blinking can be associated with internal memory processing, fatigue or activation in central nervous system. There are currently many methods for automatic blink detection. The most reliable methods include EOG or EEG signals. These methods, however, are associated with a decrease in the comfort of the examined person. This paper presents a method to detect blinks with the eye-tracker device. There are currently many blink detection methods for this devices. Two popular eye-trackers were tested in this paper. In addition a method for improving detection efficiency was proposed.
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Ryan, Michael, Jaime Kaminer, Patricia Enmore, and Craig Evinger. "Trigeminal high-frequency stimulation produces short- and long-term modification of reflex blink gain." Journal of Neurophysiology 111, no. 4 (February 15, 2014): 888–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/jn.00667.2013.
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Reflex blinks provide a model system for investigating motor learning in normal and pathological states. We investigated whether high-frequency stimulation (HFS) of the supraorbital branch of the trigeminal nerve before the R2 blink component (HFS-B) decreases reflex blink gain in alert rats. As with humans (Mao JB, Evinger C. J Neurosci 21: RC151, 2001), HFS-B significantly reduced blink size in the first hour after treatment for rats. Repeated days of HFS-B treatment produced long-term depression of blink circuits. Blink gain decreased exponentially across days, indicating a long-term depression of blink circuits. Additionally, the HFS-B protocol became more effective at depressing blink amplitude across days of treatment. This depression was not habituation, because neither long- nor short-term blink changes occurred when HFS was presented after the R2. To investigate whether gain modifications produced by HFS-B involved cerebellar networks, we trained rats in a delay eyelid conditioning paradigm using HFS-B as the unconditioned stimulus and a tone as the conditioned stimulus. As HFS-B depresses blink circuits and delay conditioning enhances blink circuit activity, occlusion should occur if they share neural networks. Rats acquiring robust eyelid conditioning did not exhibit decreases in blink gain, whereas rats developing low levels of eyelid conditioning exhibited weak, short-term reductions in blink gain. These results suggested that delay eyelid conditioning and long-term HFS-B utilize some of the same cerebellar circuits. The ability of repeated HFS-B treatment to depress trigeminal blink circuit activity long term implied that it may be a useful protocol to reduce hyperexcitable blink circuits that underlie diseases like benign essential blepharospasm.
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Stankevich, Lev A., Sabina S. Amanbaeva, and Aleksandr V. Samochadin. "User Authentication by Electroencephalographic Signals when Blinkin." Computer tools in education, no. 3 (September 30, 2019): 52–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.32603/2071-2340-2019-3-52-69.
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The article presents the results of a study in the field of applying electroencephalography (EEG) for human authentication. An algorithm for EEG authentication based on blinks has been developed and described. Authentication is carried out by one blink, which takes 2-5 seconds. The data is collected using a Muse electroencephalograph. Data preprocessing includes wavelet transform and blink detection. Geometric characteristics of the EEG signals are used as features. Recognition is conducted by the Random Forest classifier. According to the test results, the percentage of correct authentication was 95 %. There is the possibility of background authentication. The implemented system may be used to authenticate students at distant education.
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Kavussanu, Maria, Adrian Willoughby, and Christopher Ring. "Moral Identity and Emotion in Athletes." Journal of Sport and Exercise Psychology 34, no. 6 (December 2012): 695–714. http://dx.doi.org/10.1123/jsep.34.6.695.
Full textAbstract:
The purpose of this study was to investigate the effects of moral identity on physiological responses to affective pictures, namely, the startle blink reflex and pain-related evoked potential. Male (n = 48) and female (n = 46) athletes participating in contact team sports were randomly assigned to either a moral identity group or a non-moral identity group and viewed a series of unpleasant, neutral, and pleasant sport-specific pictures. During picture viewing, a noxious electrocutaneous stimulus was delivered as the startle probe and the startle blink and pain-related evoked potential were measured. Upon completion of physiological measures, participants reviewed the pictures and rated them for valence and arousal. ANOVAs revealed that participants in the moral identity group displayed larger startle blinks and smaller pain-related potentials than did those in the non-moral identity group across all picture valence categories. However, the difference in the magnitude of startle blinks between the moral and non-moral identity groups was larger in response to unpleasant than pleasant and neutral pictures. Our findings suggest that moral identity affects physiological responses to sport-specific affective pictures, thereby providing objective evidence for the link between moral identity and emotion in athletes.
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Che Azemin, Mohd Zulfaezal. "Short Term Effect of Virtual Reality Headset on Blink Rate and Inter-Blink Interval." Journal of Engineering and Science Research 4, no. 1 (March 10, 2020): 47–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.26666/rmp.jesr.2020.1.8.
Full textAbstract:
Virtual reality (VR) headsets are becoming remarkably well-known nowadays, especially in gaming industry. Their ability to immerse users into virtual world makes them captivating. However, there is limited research about the impacts of this technology on our eyes and vision. This study investigated if there is any effect on blink rate (BR) and inter-blink interval (IBI) after 30 minutes of watching 3-dimensional (3D) movie on VR. Besides, this study compares between watching 3D movie on VR headset and 2D movie on laptop. Blinks were recorded over 1 minutes for 32 participants volunteered in this study before and after 30 minutes of watching 3D movie on VR headset and 2D movie on laptop. The result of BR and IBI between pre- and post-watching 3D movie on VR was not significant (p= >0.05). The result between watching movie on laptop and VR also not significant (p= >0.05). Watching 3D movie on VR for 30 minutes resulted in no effects on blink rate and inter-blink interval of the users.
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Frigerio, Alice, and Paolo Cavallari. "A Closed-Loop Stimulation System Supplemented with Motoneurone Dynamic Sensitivity Replicates Natural Eye Blinks." Otolaryngology–Head and Neck Surgery 146, no. 2 (October 31, 2011): 230–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0194599811427255.
Full textAbstract:
Objective. The authors are designing an implantable device that will electrically stimulate a paretic eyelid when electrodes implanted into the contralateral healthy orbicularis oculi muscle detect a spontaneous blink activity. As a novelty, the stimulation pattern includes the dynamic sensitivity of motor units, thus obtaining complete eyelid closure, tailored on the kinematics of the natural eye blink. Study Design. A preliminary study was performed on 10 healthy subjects, to observe, first, the kinematics of their natural eye blink and, second, the eye blink stimulated by a dynamic vs nondynamic pattern. Setting. A microaccelerometer taped onto the left upper eyelid detected its kinematics. A dedicated LabView software built up and triggered the stimulation pattern. A webcam recorded the behavioral effect. Subjects and Methods. The kinematics of spontaneous eye blinks was detected. Then, an epicutaneous stimulation of the facial nerve branch for the left orbicularis oculi muscle was performed on the same subjects. Muscle recruitment curves were studied, and acceleration of the bionic blink was measured and compared with the natural one. Results. Kinematics of the natural eyelid is highly variable within subjects. The stimulation pattern frequency was set case by case in order to obtain the desired eyelid acceleration of the contralateral eye. A custom-fit dynamic stimulation leads to a symmetrical natural-like eye blink. Conclusions. By adding the dynamic pulse, the authors were able to tailor a bionic eye blink, which was hardly distinguishable from the subject’s natural one.