Journal articles: 'Block design'

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Deshpande, Dr Vidya V. "Repeated Randomised Block Design." International Journal of Scientific Research 2, no. 1 (June 1, 2012): 171–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.15373/22778179/jan2013/58.

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Lal, Kishan, Rajender Prasad, and V. K. Gupta. "Trend‐Free Nested Balanced Incomplete Block Designs and Designs for Diallel Cross Experiments." Calcutta Statistical Association Bulletin 59, no. 3-4 (September 2007): 203–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0008068320070306.

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Abstract: Nested balanced incomplete block (NBIB) designs are useful when the experiments are conducted to deal with experimental situations when one nuisance factor is nested within the blocking factor. Similar to block designs, trend may exist in experimental units within sub‐blocks or within blocks in NBIB designs over time or space. A necessary and sufficient condition, for a nested block design to be trend‐free at sub‐block level, is derived. Families and catalogues of NBIB designs that can be converted into trend‐free NBIB designs at sub‐block and block levels have been obtained. A NBIB design with sub‐block size 2 has a one to one correspondence with designs for diallel crosses experiments. Therefore, optimal block designs for dialled cross experiments have been identified to check if these can be converted in to trend‐free optimal block designs for diallel cross experiments. A catalogue of such designs is also obtained. Trend‐free design is illustrated with example for a NBIB design and a design for diallel crosses experiments. AMS (2000) Subject Classification: 62K05, 62K10.

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Edmondson, Rodney N. "Multi-level Block Designs for Comparative Experiments." Journal of Agricultural, Biological and Environmental Statistics 25, no. 4 (October 8, 2020): 500–522. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s13253-020-00416-0.

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Abstract Complete replicate block designs are fully efficient for treatment effects and are the designs of choice for many agricultural field experiments. For experiments with a large number of treatments, however, they may not provide good control of variability over the whole experimental area. Nested incomplete block designs with a single level of nesting can then improve ‘within-block’ homogeneity for moderate sized experiments. For very large designs, however, a single level of nesting may not be adequate and this paper discusses multi-level nesting with hierarchies of nested blocks. Multi-level nested block designs provide a range of block sizes which can improve ‘within-block’ homogeneity over a range of scales of measurement. We discuss design and analysis of multi-level block designs for hierarchies of nested blocks including designs with crossed block factors. We describe an R language package for multi-level block design and we exemplify the design and analysis of multi-level block designs by a simulation study of block designs for cereal variety trials in the UK. Finally, we re-analyse a single large row-and-column field trial for 272 spring barley varieties in 16 rows and 34 columns assuming an additional set of multi-level nested column blocks superimposed on the existing design. For each example, a multi-level mixed blocks analysis is compared with a spatial analysis based on hierarchical generalized additive (HGAM) models. We discuss the combined analysis of random blocks and HGAM smoothers in the same model.

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Ghosh, D. K., and K. S. Joshi. "Construction of Variance Balanced Designs through Triangular PBIB Designs." Calcutta Statistical Association Bulletin 45, no. 1-2 (March 1995): 111–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0008068319950107.

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Several authors have obtained variance balanced (VB) and ternary variance balanced ( V B) designs using balanced incomplete block (BIB) designs and group divisible (GD) designs. In the present investigation, another systematic methods have been developed for the construction of VB designs using A Triangular PBIB design and an incomplete block design where the blocks of the incomplete block design are formed by taking the second associate treatments of the given triangular PBIB design. Two Triangular PBIB designs. The methods of construction of VB designs are further illustrated by examples.

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Pilarczyk, K. W. "DESIGN ASPECTS OF BLOCK REVETMENTS." Coastal Engineering Proceedings 1, no. 21 (January 29, 1988): 151. http://dx.doi.org/10.9753/icce.v21.151.

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The increasing shortage and costs of natural materials in certain geographical areas has resulted in recent years, inter alia, in the rapid development of artificial (concrete) block revetments. In general, two main types of revetments can be distinguished: permeable (stone pitching, placed relatively open block-mats) and (relatively-) impermeable (closed blocks, concrete slabs). Regarding the shape and/or placing technique a distinction can be made between: a) free (mostly rectangular-) blocks and b) interlocking blocks of different design (tongue-and-groove connection, ship- lap, cabling, blocks connected to geotextile by pins etc.). In all these cases the type of sublayer (permeable/impermeable) and the grade of permeability of the toplayer are very important factors in the stability of these revetments. The design also needs to be made (executed) and maintained. Both aspects must therefore already be taken along within the stadium of designing. At the moment there is a large variety of types of revetment-blocks and other defence systems (i.e. block-mats), see Fig. 1. Until recently no objective design-criteria were available for most types/systems of blocks. The choice (type and size) of the revetments built sofar is only based on experience and on personal points of view, sometimes supported by small-scale model investigations. In the light of new (stricter) rules regarding the safety of the Dutch dikes, as they have been drawn up by the Delta-Commission, the need for proper design-criteria for the revetments of dikes has evidently grown. Because of the complexity of the problem no simply, generally valid mathematical model for the stability of the revetment are available yet. For restricted areas of application however, fairly reliable criteria (often supported by large-scale tests) have been developed in the Netherlands not only for the kind of revetment, but also for conditions of loads. This new approach is discussed in (Klein Breteler, 1988). This paper presents a short state-of-the-art review of existing knowledge on the designing of different types of revetments and, where ever possible, the available stability criteria are mentioned. There is also given some comparison of the different types of revetments with their advantages and disadvantages and suggestions regarding their practical application.

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Adigüzel, Feray, and Michel Wedel. "Split Questionnaire Design for Massive Surveys." Journal of Marketing Research 45, no. 5 (October 2008): 608–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.1509/jmkr.45.5.608.

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Companies are conducting more and longer surveys than ever before. Massive questionnaires are pervasive in marketing practice. As an alternative to the heuristic methods that are currently used to split questionnaires, this study develops a methodology to design the split questionnaire in a way that minimizes information loss. Using estimates from a first wave or pilot study, the authors apply the modified Fedorov algorithm using the Kullback–Leibler distance as a design criterion to find the optimal splits. Their design criterion is based on a general mixed data model that accommodates continuous, rank-ordered, and discrete measurement scales. The optimal construction of the split questionnaire design is easy and fast. The authors use Markov chain Monte Carlo procedures to impute missing values that result from the design. They generate split questionnaire designs by selecting either entire blocks of questions (between-block design) or sets of questions in each block (within-block design). They compare the efficiency of split questionnaires generated with the proposed method with multiple matrix sampling designs, incomplete block designs, and a heuristic procedure, using synthetic and empirical Web survey data. The authors illustrate in a field study that as a result of reduced respondent burden, the quality of data using split questionnaire designs improves.

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Jhee, Yoon Kyoo. "Spectral Efficiency 0f Symmetric Balance Incomplete Block Design Codes." Journal of the Institute of Electronics and Information Engineers 50, no. 1 (January 25, 2013): 117–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.5573/ieek.2013.50.1.117.

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Wu, Yung-Gi. "FAST FRACTAL IMAGE ENCODER DESIGN." SYNCHROINFO JOURNAL 7, no. 4 (2021): 40–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.36724/2664-066x-2021-7-4-40-44.

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Fractal theory has been widely applied in the filed of image compression due to the advantage of resolution independence, fast decoding, and high compression ratio. However, it has a fatal shortcoming of intolerant encoding time because that every range block is need to find its corresponding best matched domain block in the full image. Therefore, it has not been widely applied as other coding schemes in the field of image compression. In this paper, an algorithm is proposed to improve this time-consuming encoding drawback by the adaptive searching window, partial distortion elimination and characteristic exclusion algorithms. Proposed can efficient decrease the encoding time significantly. In addition, the compression ratio is also raised due to the reduced searching window. Conventional fractal encoding for a 512 by 512 image need search 247009 domain blocks for every range block. Experimental results show that our proposed method only search 120 domain blocks which is only 0.04858% compared to conventional fractal encoder for every range block to encode Lena 512 by 512 8-bit gray image at the bit rate of 0.2706 bits per pixel (bpp) while maintaining almost the same decoded quality as conventional fractal encoder does. This paper contributes to the research of encoder of fast image communication system.

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Kim, Charles J., Sridhar Kota, and Yong-Mo Moon. "An Instant Center Approach Toward the Conceptual Design of Compliant Mechanisms." Journal of Mechanical Design 128, no. 3 (July 29, 2005): 542–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/1.2181992.

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As with conventional mechanisms, the conceptual design of compliant mechanisms is a blend of art and science. It is generally performed using one of two methods: topology optimization or the pseudo-rigid-body model. In this paper, we present a new conceptual design methodology which utilizes a building block approach for compliant mechanisms performing displacement amplification/attenuation. This approach provides an interactive, intuitive, and systematic methodology for generating initial compliant mechanism designs. The instant center is used as a tool to construct the building blocks. The compliant four-bar building block and the compliant dyad building block are presented as base mechanisms for the conceptual design. It is found that it is always possible to obtain a solution for the geometric advantage problem with an appropriate combination of these building blocks. In a building block synthesis, a problem is first evaluated to determine if any known building blocks can satisfy the design specifications. If there are none, the problem is decomposed to a number of sub-problems which may be solved with the building blocks. In this paper, the problem is decomposed by selecting a point in the design space where the output of the first building block coincides with the second building block. Two quantities are presented as tools to aid in the determination of the mechanism's geometry – (i) an index relating the geometric advantage of individual building blocks to the target geometric advantage and (ii) the error in the geometric advantage predicted by instant centers compared to the calculated value from FEA. These quantities guide the user in the selection of the location of nodes of the mechanism. Determination of specific cross-sectional size is reserved for subsequent optimization. An example problem is provided to demonstrate the methodology's capacity to obtain good initial designs in a straightforward manner. A size and geometry optimization is performed to demonstrate the viability of the design.

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Gezan, Salvador A., Dudley A. Huber, and Timothy L. White. "Post hoc blocking to improve heritability and precision of best linear unbiased genetic predictions." Canadian Journal of Forest Research 36, no. 9 (September 1, 2006): 2141–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/x06-112.

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Single-site clonal trials were simulated with a total of 256 clones "planted" in single-tree plots with three different environmental patterns: only patches (PATCH), only gradients (GRAD), and both components (ALL). Several simulated experimental designs were analyzed (a randomized complete block design; incomplete block designs with 4, 8, 16, and 32 incomplete blocks; and a row-column design) and compared with post hoc blocking of the same designs over a randomized complete block. Additionally, two more incomplete block designs (64 and 128 blocks) were superimposed after the fact to examine extremely small blocks. To select the best fit, the performance of the log-likelihood and mean standard error of the difference (SED) were studied and compared with mean individual broad-sense heritability. Improvement in statistical efficiency (or precision) were obtained with little effort using post hoc blocking. The results from post hoc blocking were promising with negligible differences compared with predesigned local control. The post hoc best designs were row-column (for ALL and PATCH) and incomplete block with eight blocks (for GRAD). Also, mean correlation between the true and predicted values (CORR) showed a reduction in efficiency for extremely small blocks, but no reduction in the genetic variance was noted as the size of the block decreased. Both of the criteria for model selection (log-likelihood and SED) showed similar trend to mean CORR, and their use is recommended.

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Chen, Gong, Ming Qiao Zhu, and Yun Du Cai. "Shape Optimization and Mix Proportion Design of Innovative Interlocking Mortarless Block." Advanced Materials Research 1065-1069 (December 2014): 2017–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.1065-1069.2017.

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Mortarless interlocking blocks have the advantage of convenient construction and low cost, but establishing the geometry interlocking mechanism between horizontal blocks has been overlooked. Optimizing the shape of mortarless interlocking block. The connection of vertical direction in the form of a frustum of a cone, and the connection of horizontal direction in the form of trapezoid shape. This design proposal builds geometry interlocking mechanism between the block and its all adjacent ones. Setting cone and rectangular holes on block body, accordingly, block laying could forming taper vertical channel and rectangular vertical channel. The concrete of interlocking mortarless block has particularity, which is not suitable for “Mix Proportion Design of Ordinary Concrete Regulation” (JGJ55-2010) of China. This paper presents a platter idea to establish the concrete mix proportion design method of mortarless interlocking block, moreover, an example calculation and confirmatory experiment is dispensable.

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Xu, Zhao Di, Xiao Yi Li, and Wan Xi Chou. "Design and Construct for Non-Isomorphism Block." Advanced Materials Research 631-632 (January 2013): 1427–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.631-632.1427.

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This paper clarifies the basic idea of design and construct for non-isomorphism block. The method of using standard edge matrix to structure block design is proposed, the whole process to design and construct (14, 8, 7, 4, 3) and (18, 9, 8, 4, 3) is introduced. It uses the side of each column of the standard edge matrix exactly, and also constitutes a complete graph by arranging the edge of complete graph to the initial matrix and re-arranging it to the standard edge matrix. According to the set of edge in standard edge matrix, 14 blocks of designing (14,8,7,4,3) and 18 blocks of designing (18,9,8,4,3) are obtained. Finally, it proved the number of design non-isomorphism (14, 8, 7, 4, 3) is 5, and (14, 8, 7, 4, 3) is 1.

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Kim, Yun-Kwan, Won Shin, Chun-Hyon Chang, and Tae-Wan Kim. "Design and Implementation of PS-Block Timing Model Using PS-Block Structue." KIPS Transactions:PartD 13D, no. 3 (June 1, 2006): 399–404. http://dx.doi.org/10.3745/kipstd.2006.13d.3.399.

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Jacroux, Mike, and Rita Saha Ray. "Optimality of Some Block Designs." Calcutta Statistical Association Bulletin 38, no. 3-4 (September 1989): 187–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0008068319890306.

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In this paper we consider the determination of optimal designs in experimental situations requiring usage of a block design having v treatments assigned to experimental units arranged in b blocks of size k. Using majorization arguments, a design d* having an incidence matrix of the form [Formula: see text] is optimal under a wide class of optimality criteria.

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Pearce, S. C. "Some Design Problems in Crop Experimentation. III. Non-Orthogonality." Experimental Agriculture 31, no. 4 (October 1995): 409–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0014479700026405.

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SUMMARYIdeally each block of an experiment should be made up in the same way with respect to treatments, that is, the design should be ‘orthogonal’. In practice that can be difficult to achieve, especially if the blocks have been chosen to fit the fertility pattern of the field. Sometimes it is impossible, in which case each block will have to contain its own selection of treatments. A number of simple and useful possibilities exist.Whatever non-orthogonal design is chosen some of the contrasts of interest (perhaps all of them) will be evaluated less efficiently, but that can be compensated by the smaller error mean-square given by a better blocking system. Also, where blocks do differ in their content, comparing their means will provide additional information about treatment effects. Sometimes the information may be worth the trouble of recovery.Special attention is given in this paper to total balance (including balanced incomplete block designs), supplemented balance, square and rectangular lattices and alpha-designs. The reinforcement of a design is explained and the advantages considered.Problemas de diseño en la experimentación con cultivos. III

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Ghundare, Shivam, Shubham Giri, Diguraj Ingale, Akshay Bolbhat, and Prof Shreedhar Patil. "A Survey on Design of Pavement Blocks Made from Waste of Plastic, Glass & Aluminum Foil." International Journal for Research in Applied Science and Engineering Technology 10, no. 3 (March 31, 2022): 659–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.22214/ijraset.2022.40723.

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Abstract: The aim of the project is to recycle the plastic waste into a paver block and to reduce the cost of the paver block when compared to that of a convention concrete paver block. Plastic waste has become a major problem these days. As plastic is non bio degradable material it blocks drains, pollutes rivers and wreaks havoc on the environment. At present nearly 56lakhs tones of plastic waste is produced in India per year. As the degradation of the plastic waste is a very slow process so here is an idea of mixing sand into melted salvaged plastic to make a solid, durable material as a paving slab. Hence, we have a “eco-friendly” paving block. Unlike other processes of making porous blocks, which usually involve incineration to burn combustible materials in order to form pores with implication of high carbon emission, the proposed process is non-destructive in that the blocks are merely baked at low temperature, sufficient to melt the waste plastic that gets diffused within the body of the blocks. The compressive strengths after addition of waste plastic are same as normal block strength. And also reduce the water absorption capacity of block is reduced compare with nominal block. Efflorescence values were low than the normal block. The blocks are likely to add energy efficiency in buildings and help create economic value to manufacturers, thereby, encouraging the ecosystem of plastic waste management involving all actors in the value chain. A mathematical model is developed to predict compressive strength of blocks at varying plastic contents. The study introduces a new strand of research on sustainable thermoplastic waste management. Keywords: Plastic waste, plastic pavement block, eco-friendly paver block, aluminum foil, glass waste

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Bailey, R. A., D. Rasch, and G. Herrendorfer. "Experimental Design: Sample Size Determination and Block Designs." Journal of the Royal Statistical Society. Series A (Statistics in Society) 151, no. 1 (1988): 237. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/2982213.

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Zeng, Xiao Qing, Jing Zhu, Lei Qiu, Tuo Shen, and Dong Bing Shi. "Design of Cortex-M3-Based Semiautomatic Block Fiber System." Applied Mechanics and Materials 209-211 (October 2012): 1012–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.209-211.1012.

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In rebuilding and extension of railway, many inter-station block cables are replaced with fibers, but the previous 64 semiautomatic blocks cannot be connected. In this research ARM's 32-bit MCU with Cortex-M3 core is used to build a failsafe software-hardware integrated platform, replacing block cables with fiber channel to achieve transmission of block instruction and enhancing reliability by reducing communication links in the system. The system provides complete functions and powerful self-adaption in its compact size to meet the actual needs for engineering.

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林, 慧. "The Application of Mortise and Tenon Joint in the Design of Children’s Building Block Toys." Design 07, no. 02 (2022): 15–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.12677/design.2022.72003.

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Karaagaoglu, Ergun. "An Experimental Design Technique: Randomized Block Design." Turkish Journal of Biochemistry 38, no. 1 (2013): 1–4. http://dx.doi.org/10.5505/tjb.2013.04796.

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Fu, Yong-Bi, Alvin D. Yanchuk, and Gene Namkoong. "Incomplete block designs for genetic testing: some practical considerations." Canadian Journal of Forest Research 29, no. 12 (December 15, 1999): 1871–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/x99-176.

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Full-sib progeny and clonal trials to evaluate family and clone performance were simulated on a test site with various patterns of environmental variation to examine the effectiveness of randomized incomplete block designs (ICBs) under different design parameters (constant block size, variable block size, block shape and orientation, and family size). Simulations showed that blocks of fixed size 5-20 were effective in removing most site variation in a test with 120 full-sib families of three seedlings per family. Slight variations in block size did not affect the precision of mean estimations much when blocks were considered random. Square blocks were more effective than either column or row blocks in removing both patchy variation and gradients in one direction. With blocks of fixed size 10, increasing family size from 3 to 12 (at the expense of family number, which dropped from 120 to 30) reduced the average variance of family mean contrasts by 75%; most of this reduction (>50%) was achieved at 6 seedlings per family. The differences in precision of mean estimation between full-sib progeny and clonal trials were small with respect to the design parameters and patterns of site variation examined.

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Bukhori, Rizal Akhmad, Eko Surojo, and Nurul Muhayat. "Perancangan Dinamometer Skala Kecil untuk Pengujian Karakteristik Gesek Bahan Blok Rem Kereta Api." Jurnal Nasional Teknologi Terapan (JNTT) 2, no. 3 (May 8, 2019): 321. http://dx.doi.org/10.22146/jntt.44937.

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The brake blocks are components of the railway braking system that are useful for reducing speed or stopping the railway. In the development of railway brake block material needs a device that capable of testing the characteristics of the brake block material. One of the important characteristics of the brake block material is the frictional characteristic. The method of testing the frictional characteristics of existing brake blocks include using the pin on disc method, direct testing on the railway and using a full-scale dynamometer. The full-scale dynamometer has advantages than other methods because it can test specimens according to the actual railway braking conditions in a short time and less preparations. However, with the same specimen size as the original, the cost of making the specimen and the full-scale dynamometer become expensive. Therefore, to reduce the cost of making device and test specimens, this study will design the dynamometer small-scale brake block testing. This paper use Pahl and Beitz design method which divides the design into four stages: clarification of the task, conceptual design, embodiment design, and detail design. This dynamometer is designed by considering function designs, structures, and forces that are adapted to the brake block contact pressure according to the original conditions. This dynamometer is designed to vary material, wheel speed, and contact presssure with the output of measurement of friction coefficient of brake block material. Brake block test specimens have a reduced size with a 1: 4 scale from their original size. The results obtained from this research are engineering drawings and dynamometer test model of railway braking.

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Kozłowska, Maria. "Some notes on planning plant protection research in block designs with nested rows and columns." Biometrical Letters 58, no. 2 (December 1, 2021): 187–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/bile-2021-0014.

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Summary Factorial experiments in block designs with nested rows and columns are described with suggestions about how they should be planned. In such experiments the importance of interaction and hidden replication are emphasized. Such experiments are carried out on heterogeneous experimental material. Thus, it is reasonable to seek a design that can withstand the loss of observations. The robustness of a block design with nested rows and columns against the loss of whole blocks is presented, along with examples of such designs.

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C. Eze, Francis. "Choice of Confounding in the 2k Factorial Design in 2b Blocks." Academic Journal of Applied Mathematical Sciences, no. 55 (May 15, 2019): 50–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.32861/ajams.55.50.56.

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In 2k complete factorial experiment, the experiment must be carried out in a completely randomized design. When the numbers of factors increase, the number of treatment combinations increase and it is not possible to accommodate all these treatment combinations in one homogeneous block. In this case, confounding in more than one incomplete block becomes necessary. In this paper, we considered the choice of confounding when k > 2. Our findings show that the choice of confounding depends on the number of factors, the number of blocks and their sizes. When two more interactions are to be confounded, their product module 2 should be considered and thereafter, a linear combination equation should be used in allocating the treatment effects in the principal block. Other contents in other blocks are generated by multiplication module 2 of the effects not in the principal block. Partial confounding is recommended for the interactions that cannot be confounded.

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Umili, Gessica, Sabrina Maria Rita Bonetto, Pietro Mosca, Federico Vagnon, and Anna Maria Ferrero. "In Situ Block Size Distribution Aimed at the Choice of the Design Block for Rockfall Barriers Design: A Case Study along Gardesana Road." Geosciences 10, no. 6 (June 7, 2020): 223. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/geosciences10060223.

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When studying rockfall phenomena, a single value of the block volume is not sufficient to take into account the natural variability of the geometrical features (orientation, spacing, persistence) of the discontinuity sets. Different approaches for obtaining cumulative distributions of potentially detachable block volumes are compared. A highly fractured rock mass outcropping along the western Lake Garda (Italy), consisting of prevailing limestone and interbedded marls, is studied in detail from geological and geostructural points of view. Then, a representative rock face has been selected and analyzed with traditional and non-contact survey methods to identify the main discontinuity sets and to collect spacing samples. Based on these data, in situ block size distributions for different combinations of sets are built following statistically-based approaches, without the use of a Discrete Fracture Network (DFN) generator. The validation of the obtained distributions is attempted based on the detached block surveyed at the foot of the slope. However, in this particular case study, the detached blocks cover only a minimal volume range compared to both theoretical values and visible rockfall scars. The fallen rock blocks have a marginal role in design block determination, since their volume depends on geological discontinuities (bedding and fractures) and could be affected by other processes after the detachment (e.g., fragmentation). The procedure here described should be standard practice in the study of rockfall events, and it should be uniform in European standards such as Eurocodes. Future developments should involve the scientific community for setting the percentiles of the probability distribution to be considered for block design definition.

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Xie, Guanlin, Yongjia Dong, Jing Zhou, and Zhongqi Sheng. "Topology optimization design of hydraulic valve blocks for additive manufacturing." Proceedings of the Institution of Mechanical Engineers, Part C: Journal of Mechanical Engineering Science 234, no. 10 (January 22, 2020): 1899–912. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0954406220902166.

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The hydraulic valve block is a core component of an integrated hydraulic system. In practical usage, it exhibits problems such as material waste, long manufacturing cycle, significant energy loss, and leakage. Based on the aforementioned existing problems, this study presents the design of the hydraulic system valve block based on the valve block design principle. The internal valve channel of the hydraulic valve block is optimized for additive manufacturing technology to avoid auxiliary drilling, solve the problem of potential liquid leakage, and shorten the manufacturing cycle. Thus, it is more suitable for the production of customized complex hydraulic valve blocks. The multiobjective topology optimization method is applied to the lightweight design of the hydraulic valve block to save resources and decrease energy consumption. The results indicate that when compared with the original model, the minimum reduction rate of pressure loss in each oil circuit orifice after optimization of the hydraulic valve block corresponds to 32.02%, the maximum corresponds to 71.38%; the maximum stress of the final design corresponds to 542.9 MPa, which satisfies the material strength requirement; and the mass is decreased by 68.9%. Thus, the lightweight design of the hydraulic valve block is realized.

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Pachamuthu, S., D. Najumnissa, K. Sankaranarayanan, and R. P. Ramachandran. "An Enhanced Electroporator Design for Pulse Generation." Engineering, Technology & Applied Science Research 11, no. 5 (October 12, 2021): 7610–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.48084/etasr.4309.

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An electroporator is an instrument used for delivering electrical pulses to a tumor. In this work, an electroporator consisting of three main system blocks, namely High Voltage (HV) source, nanosecond (ns) switching, and pulse generation, was designed, developed, and evaluated to generate high voltage ns pulses to treat tumors. The high-voltage source block was used to convert the 9.6V DC from the battery to a variable HV output and store this charge for later use. The ns switching block contained a MOSFET-based low-side switch which applies short ns pulses to the load. The pulse generation block generates short ns pulses and supplies the adequate current to turn on the MOSFET at a quicker rate aiding the application of these pulses to the load. This process was simulated using PSpice software and the results are presented.

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Ongko, Elizabeth Suryani, Martadi Martadi, Trisakti Trisakti, Yoyok Yermiandhoko, and Warih Handayaningrum. "IMPLEMENTASI DESAIN MODEL ASSURE DALAM PEMBELAJARAN NOTASI BALOK WARNA UNTUK SISWA KELAS 1 SD." SCHOOL EDUCATION JOURNAL PGSD FIP UNIMED 12, no. 1 (June 24, 2022): 40–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.24114/sejpgsd.v12i1.35017.

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This study aims to develop a teaching material for learning block notation. Based on the results of interviews with several music teachers at private elementary schools in Surabaya, researchers obtained data that there are always students who have difficulty understanding block notation in all private elementary schools that provide block notation material for class students. 1 SD. Therefore, the researcher wants to design a block notation learning material that is interesting and makes it easier for students to understand block notation. The learning design made by the researcher uses the ASSURE model design by paying attention to aspects of child cognitive psychology and color psychology. The results of the design are black block notation images, color block notation images along with hand movements and audio as a unitary block notation teaching material. The results of the design were then tested on grade 1 students at Sampoerna Academy Elementary School and the results showed that 90% of children were interested in the color block notation learning design and it was easier to understand the material.

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Rolain, Y., and W. Van Moer. "Block-Oriented Instrument Software Design." IEEE Transactions on Instrumentation and Measurement 53, no. 3 (June 2004): 830–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/tim.2004.827310.

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Bezuijen, Adam, and Mark Klein Breteler. "Design Formulas for Block Revetments." Journal of Waterway, Port, Coastal, and Ocean Engineering 122, no. 6 (November 1996): 281–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.1061/(asce)0733-950x(1996)122:6(281).

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Federer, Walter T. "Augmented Split Block Experiment Design." Agronomy Journal 97, no. 2 (March 2005): 578–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.2134/agronj2005.0578.

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32

Schneiderman, Deborah K., and Marc A. Hillmyer. "Aliphatic Polyester Block Polymer Design." Macromolecules 49, no. 7 (March 9, 2016): 2419–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/acs.macromol.6b00211.

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33

Mendelsohn, N. S., and M. Liang. "New type of block design." Journal of Combinatorial Designs 11, no. 1 (November 19, 2002): 1–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jcd.10031.

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34

Breach, D. R., and Anne Penfold Street. "Irreducible designs from supplementary difference sets." Bulletin of the Australian Mathematical Society 31, no. 1 (February 1985): 105–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0004972700002318.

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A family of n k-subsets of the integers modulo ν are said to be supplementary difference sets if developing them by addition modulo ν leads to a balanced incomplete block design, and to be minimal if no proper subfamily leads to a balanced incomplete block design when developed modulo ν. In other words, the family of supplementary difference sets is minimal precisely when it leads to a balanced incomplete block design which cannot be partitioned into a union of proper subdesigns, each consisting of complete cyclic sets of ν blocks. We discuss the conditions under which such a balanced incomplete block design can be partitioned in some non-cyclic fashion into a union of proper subdesigns.

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35

Toe, David, Stéphane Lambert, Franck Bourrier, and Frédéric Berger. "Improving Rebound Models in 3D Rockfall Simulation Codes Used for the Design of Protection Embankments." Applied Mechanics and Materials 566 (June 2014): 185–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.566.185.

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Rockfall propagation simulation models are widely used for assessing rockfall hazards as well as for the design of rockfall protection structures. This research work investigates the relevance of rockfall propagation models to assess rockfall hazard in the vicinity of embankments. In this article, particular focus is placed on the development of engineering oriented rebound models taking into account the shape of the block. Two different block impact modelling approaches are considered and compared. Small scale experiments involving blocks with different shapes impacting a small-scale embankment were conducted to provide data for calibrating the models. The trajectory of the blocks was tracked using a high speed camera (1000 fps) and an image processing algorithm was developed to extract the experimental trajectories. The two different approaches considered for modelling the impact of the block in the embankment vicinity were a probabilistic block impact model and a deterministic approach accounting for the block shape. In this latter case, the impact was calculated using an elasto-plastic contact model between the block and the slope surface. Both approaches succeed in simulating experimental results. Nevertheless the probabilistic model is limited by the introduction of the block shape parameter in the calculation while the deterministic approach seems to be limited in terms of computational efficiency.

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Wiese, Francis K., Ian L. Jones, and D. Nettleship. "Experimental Support for a New Drift Block Design to Assess Seabird Mortality from Oil Pollution." Auk 118, no. 4 (October 1, 2001): 1062–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/auk/118.4.1062.

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Abstract Seabird mortality from large oil spills and chronic oil pollution is often significant. Total mortality estimates are derived from counts of dead birds that wash ashore and are corrected for numbers lost at sea. Past attempts to estimate proportion of birds that die at sea and wash ashore have included several experiments using carcasses and different types of wooden drift blocks. Results varied greatly depending on environmental conditions and distance from shore where blocks or carcasses were released. Wind seemed to be the predominant factor determining movement over large distances, whereas tidal currents influenced deposition on specific beaches. Determining timing and location of arrival of dead birds on beaches are crucial for accurate mortality estimates. Drift experiments using beached birds that have already drifted at sea for an undetermined length of time are inaccurate due to natural buoyancy loss and decomposition. To determine accuracy of drift block designs used in the past, we compared drift characteristics and patterns between four drift block designs and fresh murre (Uria spp.) carcasses. Our experiments showed that drift blocks used in the past have none of the drift characteristics of dead seabirds, because they have much larger areas exposed to wind and hence drift much faster and farther than murre carcasses. Past mortality estimates using those blocks are therefore doubtful. The drift block design that most accurately mimicked murre carcass drift during our experiments was a 9 × 9 × 14.5 cm wooden block with a 450 gram steel weight that adjusts buoyancy and area exposed to the wind. We propose that in areas where murres are predominant victims of oil spills, that block design be used for all future estimates of oiled seabird mortality.

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Santos, Aladir Horacio, Eduardo Bearzoti, Daniel Furtado Ferreira, and João Luís da Silva Filho. "Simulation of mixed models in augmented block design." Scientia Agricola 59, no. 3 (September 2002): 483–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/s0103-90162002000300012.

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The augmented block design is widely used in breeding programs, with non-replicated treatments generally being selection units, and replicated treatments being standard cultivars. Originally, an intrablock analysis (fixed model) was proposed. Although non-replicated treatments and/or blocks can be considered of random nature, mixed linear models could be used instead. This work evaluated such an approach, using computer simulation. Populations consisted of sets of randomly generated inbred lines. Molecular marker data were also simulated to allow the estimation of the genetic covariance matrix. Different conditions were considered, varying heritability and the coefficient b of Smith of soil heterogeneity. For each condition 100 simulations were performed, considering four linear models, varying respectively the nature of the effects of blocks and non-replicated treatments (fixed - F, or random - R): FF, FR, RF and RR. In relation to FF, the mixed models were more efficient under low to intermediate heritability and high b. Mixed models could improve inference in breeding programs using the augmented block design and the choice of the model should rely on the kind of selection. If this is truncated, the RF model should be preferred; if it is not, then the RR model would be more suitable.

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Chong, Linus, Ahmed Khocht, Jon B. Suzuki, and John Gaughan. "Effect of Implant Design on Initial Stability of Tapered Implants." Journal of Oral Implantology 35, no. 3 (June 1, 2009): 130–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.1563/1548-1336-35.3.130.

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Abstract Implant design is one of the parameters for achieving successful primary stability. This study aims to examine the effect of a self-tapping blades implant design on initial stability in tapered implants. Polyurethane blocks of different densities were used to simulate different bone densities. The two different implant designs included one with self-tapping blades and one without self-tapping blades. Implants were placed at 3 different depths: apical third, middle third, and fully inserted at 3 different densities of polyurethane blocks. A resonance frequency (RF) analyzer was then used to measure stability of the implants. Repeated-measures analysis of variance was used to examine the effect of implant design, insertion depth, and block density on RF. Analysis of covariance was used to examine the strength of association between RF and the aforementioned factors. In both medium-density (P = .017) and high-density (P = .002) blocks, fully inserted non-self-tapping implants showed higher initial stability than self-tapping implants. No differences were noted between the 2 implant designs that were not fully inserted. The highest strength of association was with insertion depth (standardized beta [std β] = −0.60, P = .0001), followed by block density (std β = −0.15, P = .0002). Implant design showed a weak association (std β = −0.07, P = .09). In conclusion, fully inserted implants without self-tapping blades have higher initial stability than implants with self-tapping blades. However, the association strength between implant design and initial stability is less relevant than other factors, such as insertion depth and block density. Thus, if bone quality and quantity are optimal, they may compensate for design inadequacy.

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Yang, Zhong, and Gui Sheng Wang. "The Linhuaigang Main Dam Openings Vertical Interlocking Block Revetment Design and Calculation." Applied Mechanics and Materials 212-213 (October 2012): 846–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.212-213.846.

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The design “non-rope opening vertical interlock block” is used in the main dam of Linhuaigang Project for the first time in China. The opening of the block can effectively reduce the uplift pressure induced by waves. The vertical interlock can make block interlock three- dimensionally so as to enhance the integrity of the block and improve the anti-wave performance. The design can not only improve the protection of the main dam slope under long blowing distance and high wind and waves, but also save the use of stone and construction investment as well as protect the environment. Openings vertical interlock concrete block between the rigid in-situ concrete slope and the flexible dry stone slope, not only avoid the shortcomings of in-situ concrete slope suited to soft ground deformation, but also resist the larger storms owing to the better integrity than dry stone pitching ,from the interlocked effect between the blocks. Compared with the entity block, opening vertical interlock block thickness is reduced greatly. The earth dam project of Lin Huai Gang flood control project applied openings vertical interlock block successfully in water conservancy projects .The project has the pioneering position in the use in the wave elements of reservoirs, lakes and the other large water conservancy revetment constructions.

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40

Gray, Ken. "On the minimum number of blocks defining a design." Bulletin of the Australian Mathematical Society 41, no. 1 (February 1990): 97–112. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0004972700017883.

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A set of blocks which is a subset of a unique t – (v, k, λt) design is said to be a defining set of that design. We examine the properties of such a set, and show that its automorphism group is related to that of the whole design. Smallest defining sets are found for 2-designs and 3-designs on seven or eight varieties with block size three or four, revealing interesting combinatorial structures.

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41

FU, HUNG LIN, and HSIAO TIEN PAO. "ON THE CONSTRUCTION OF UNIVERSALLY OPTIMAL BLOCK DESIGNS WITH NESTED ROWS AND COLUMNS." Tamkang Journal of Mathematics 27, no. 1 (March 1, 1996): 67–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.5556/j.tkjm.27.1996.4363.

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This paper presents a simple method for constructing universally opti mal block designs with nested rows and columns for number of treatments greater than the number of columns. By allowing a near maximum trace in $\Delta_{v,p,q}$, we pro pose an initial row-column design to achieve a completely symmetric information matrix in much lesser than $v!$ blocks. This constructive method is then extended to the case when balanced incomplete block design is given in the columns.

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42

Wahyudi Efendi, Aco. "Structural Design Tuak River Pedestrian Suspension Bridge Anchor Block Type Rigid Symmetric with LISA." Elektriese: Jurnal Sains dan Teknologi Elektro 12, no. 01 (July 6, 2022): 37–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.47709/elektriese.v12i01.1572.

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Anchor blocks are one of the components and elements that are very risky for suspension bridge construction, because almost The ability The Suspension bridge resistance rests on the cables held in place by the anchor block. This anchor block behavior study is to find out the major stress information occurring in the anchor block elements. In this research, the researcher refers to the Circular Letter of Design Criteria for Rigid Symmetrical Pedestrian Suspension Bridge, and conducts structural modeling using the finite element method-LISA program on anchor blocks. Condition of the anchor block after receiving the appropriate tensile force from the round table at a span of 96 meters, the tensile force of the suspension bridge cable is 664.6 kN, resulting in a stress of 6.184 N/mm2 on the concrete surface of the anchor block using the concrete grade is fc 30 MPa, in the suspension cable of the bridge there is a tension of 22.26 N/mm2 at the point of work. The results of the analysis of the anchor block used on the Tuak River Suspension Bridge with a span of 96 m can meet the required criteria, namely the axial load-bearing capacity, which is greater than the maximum axial force that occurs in the Borpile configuration. In the analysis of the finite element method using the LISA FEA device, a significant stress occurs in the anchor block section with the suspension bridge cable as shown in Figure 9, this occurs because of the large tensile force on the suspension bridge cable and the ability of the anchor block to remain in a stable condition is known.

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43

Wahyudi Efendi, Aco. "Structural Design Tuak River Pedestrian Suspension Bridge Anchor Block Type Rigid Symmetric with LISA." Elektriese: Jurnal Sains dan Teknologi Elektro 12, no. 01 (July 6, 2022): 37–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.47709/elektriese.v12i01.1572.

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Anchor blocks are one of the components and elements that are very risky for suspension bridge construction, because almost The ability The Suspension bridge resistance rests on the cables held in place by the anchor block. This anchor block behavior study is to find out the major stress information occurring in the anchor block elements. In this research, the researcher refers to the Circular Letter of Design Criteria for Rigid Symmetrical Pedestrian Suspension Bridge, and conducts structural modeling using the finite element method-LISA program on anchor blocks. Condition of the anchor block after receiving the appropriate tensile force from the round table at a span of 96 meters, the tensile force of the suspension bridge cable is 664.6 kN, resulting in a stress of 6.184 N/mm2 on the concrete surface of the anchor block using the concrete grade is fc 30 MPa, in the suspension cable of the bridge there is a tension of 22.26 N/mm2 at the point of work. The results of the analysis of the anchor block used on the Tuak River Suspension Bridge with a span of 96 m can meet the required criteria, namely the axial load-bearing capacity, which is greater than the maximum axial force that occurs in the Borpile configuration. In the analysis of the finite element method using the LISA FEA device, a significant stress occurs in the anchor block section with the suspension bridge cable as shown in Figure 9, this occurs because of the large tensile force on the suspension bridge cable and the ability of the anchor block to remain in a stable condition is known.

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44

Xing, Shuang Jun, Ya Sha Wang, and Bin Jun Guan. "Look from Ningbo Laowaitan Block of Renovation and City Design of Modern History Block in Ningbo." Advanced Materials Research 450-451 (January 2012): 1171–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.450-451.1171.

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Ningbo Laowaitan block was one of the most famous modern history blocks in Ningbo city. The regeneration and renovation of Ningbo Laowaitan block had important effect to Ningbo city construction. Under the double pressures of city history preservation and high cost commerce operation, the urban designs has been applied a lot of methods, such as style of protection and rehabilitation, style of implantation and collage during the regeneration and renovation of such historical block. A multiple city space has been made by a series of contradictions and opposition.

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Gotzamanis, George, Konstantinia Papadimitriou, and Constantinos Tsitsilianis. "Design of a C-b-(A-co-B)-b-C telechelic polyampholyte pH-responsive gelator." Polymer Chemistry 7, no. 11 (2016): 2121–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c5py02066b.

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We report the synthesis and the pH dependent structural and rheological properties of a telechelic polyampholyte associative polymer, composed of a random polyampholyte central block, end-capped by shorter hydrophobic blocks [C-b-(A-co-B)-b-C block/random terpolymer type].

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46

Bailey, R. A. "Block Designs: a Randomization Approach. Vol. I: Analysis and Block Designs: a Randomization Approach. Vol. II: Design." Journal of the American Statistical Association 99, no. 466 (June 2004): 558–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.1198/jasa.2004.s327.

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Kashif, M., M. I. Khan, M. Arif, M. Anwer, and M. Ijaz. "Efficiency of Alpha Lattice Design in Rice Field Trials in Pakistan." Journal of Scientific Research 3, no. 1 (December 19, 2010): 91. http://dx.doi.org/10.3329/jsr.v3i1.4773.

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Two rice trials were conducted from 2005 to 2006 in rice research institute, Kala Shah Kako Pakistan to evaluate the efficiency of alpha lattice design in field experiments. The average standard error of difference between genotypes mean is used to calculate relative efficiency of alpha lattice design. Both experiments clearly identified the advantages of small blocks. The average gain in efficiency was 119% with maximum 128%. Mean ranks comparison for both randomized complete block and alpha lattice design were performed. It was observed that the ranks were not constant across the experiments. The results emphasize that the traditional randomized complete block designs (RCBD) should be replaced by alpha lattice in the agricultural field experiments when number of varieties to be tested in an experiment increases to more than five or ten. In such a situation finding a homogeneous block is quite difficult in field experiments.Keywords: Rice; Alpha lattice design; RCBD; Pakistan.© 2011 JSR Publications. ISSN: 2070-0237 (Print); 2070-0245 (Online). All rights reserved.doi:10.3329/jsr.v3i1.4773 J. Sci. Res. 3 (1), 91-95 (2011)

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Souza, Elaine Aparecida de, Isaias Olívio Geraldi, Magno Antonio Patto Ramalho, and Fernando de Lelis Garcia Bertolucci. "Experimental alternatives for evaluation of progenies and clones in eucalyptus breeding programs." Revista Árvore 27, no. 4 (August 2003): 427–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/s0100-67622003000400002.

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The feasibility of using augmented block designs and spatial analysis methods for early stage selection in eucalyptus breeding programs was tested. A total of 113 half-sib progenies of Eucalyptus urophylla and eight clones were evaluated in an 11 x 11 triple lattice experiment at two locations: Posto da Mata (Bahia, Brazil) and São Mateus (Minas Gerais, Brazil). Four checks were randomly allocated within each block. Plots consisted of 15 m long rows containing 6 plants spaced 3 m apart. The girth at breast height (cm/plant) was evaluated at 19 and 26 months of age. Variance analyses were performed according to the following methods: lattice design, randomized complete block design, augmented block design, Papadakis method, moving means method, and check plots. Comparisons among different methods were based on the magnitude of experimental errors and precision of the estimates of genetic and phenotypic parameters. General results indicated that augmented block design is useful to evaluate progenies and clones in early selection in eucalyptus breeding programs using moderate and low selection intensities. However, this design is not suitable for estimating genetic and phenotypic parameters due to its low precision. Check plots, nearest neighbour, Papadakis (1937), and moving means methods were efficient in removing the heterogeneity within blocks. These efficiencies were compared to that in lattice analysis for estimation of genetic and phenotypic parameters.

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Thilmany, Jean. "Speedy Design." Mechanical Engineering 122, no. 01 (January 1, 2000): 60–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/1.2000-jan-5.

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Engineers must make changes on the fly to keep race cars up to speed on the track. Westcoast, based in Anaheim, CA, designs and manufactures specialty components, mainly for the internal combustion engine industry. Engineers design the fixtures that hold the engine block in place during tooling in the same computer-aided design (CAD) program that they use for the block itself. Racing league rules prevent Nissan from changing key parts of the engine design, like the distance between the cylinders, but the company can vary other elements of the engine, such as deck height, oil passage diameters, and the main bearing journal diameters. By working out machining variables to ensure that production will go smoothly and quickly, Westcoast manufactures parts at the lowest cost possible, with no wasted production time. Westcoast is currently designing and manufacturing the most recent engine block upgrade, which will be ready for a spin around the track in May.

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50

Jhee, Yoon Kyoo. "Two-Dimensional Symmetric Balance Incomplete Block Design Codes for Small Input Power." Journal of the Institute of Electronics Engineers of Korea 50, no. 5 (May 25, 2013): 121–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.5573/ieek.2013.50.5.121.

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Journal articles on the topic 'Block design'

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