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Zhang, Ray. "Blockchain Scalability: Prospective Solutions for Bitcoin, Ethereum, and other Blockchain Networks." Scholarship @ Claremont, 2018. http://scholarship.claremont.edu/cmc_theses/1900.
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The problem of scalability of blockchain platforms has raised a considerable amount of attention in the recent months. With the rise of the use of blockchain platforms and the prices of various cryptocurrencies hitting an all-time high in December of 2017, blockchain has now entered the eyes of the general public. Often seen as the future of digital transactions and applications, the decentralized platform faces many struggles in building networks capable of supporting the vast number of financial transactions modern systems currently handle, let alone serving as a replacement for the client-server model of the Internet. This paper introduces the basic structure of blockchain platforms that exist today, introduces the scalability problem, and examines the solutions that developers have proposed or implemented.
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Oglio, Joseph M. "Partitionable Blockchain." Kent State University Honors College / OhioLINK, 2020. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=ksuhonors1588372348886683.
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Palm, Emanuel. "Implications and Impact of Blockchain Transaction Pruning." Thesis, Luleå tekniska universitet, Institutionen för system- och rymdteknik, 2017. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:ltu:diva-64986.
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This thesis presents an extension to Hyperledger Fabric, a private blockchain system, allowing historic transactions to be pruned without peer coordination. The feature is facilitated via pruning predicate functions, provided along any smart contracts a given system is desired to host. An evaluation of the extension demonstrates its impact, in terms of memory saved, for a specific asset delivery use case. It is concluded that the gains of pruning historic transactions from blockchain systems could yield significantly reduced storage requirements for some categories of applications, especially such with low transaction interdependency. It is also suggested that the deterministic consensus algorithms used by Hyperledger Fabric makes the transaction histories it may maintain not strictly required, meaning that the particular set of transactions that must survive pruning depend on what properties a blockchain is expected to maintain.
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Lawal, Yusuf Lanre. "Anomaly Detection in Ethereum Transactions Using Network Science Analytics." University of Cincinnati / OhioLINK, 2020. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=ucin159585057190135.
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Rosetti, Daniele. "Analisi di blockchain come reti complesse: Bitcoin ed Ethereum." Master's thesis, Alma Mater Studiorum - Università di Bologna, 2019. http://amslaurea.unibo.it/18476/.
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Le blockchain sono una tecnologia innovativa che ha destato interesse fin da subito, pur trovando utilizzo in alcuni campi, ancora non sono state capite appieno. Lo scopo del seguente documento è quello di effettuarne un'analisi per comprenderle meglio. Nei primi capitoli si esamineranno alcune delle loro caratteristiche e verranno fornite delle basi sui grafi. Successivamente verrà mostrato il progetto realizzato, composto da due parti. La prima si occupa della generazione di un grafo basato sulle transazioni delle blockchain e la seconda è incaricata della sua analisi. Infine verranno esaminati i risultati prodotti.
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Yang, Lei S. M. Massachusetts Institute of Technology. "Design and implementation of a high performance blockchain system." Thesis, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 2020. https://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/127317.
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Thesis: S.M., Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Department of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, May, 2020<br>Cataloged from the official PDF of thesis.<br>Includes bibliographical references (pages 61-64).<br>Bitcoin is the first fully-decentralized permissionless blockchain protocol to achieve a high level of security: the ledger it maintains has guaranteed liveness and consistency properties as long as the adversary has less compute power than the honest nodes. However, its throughput is only 7 transactions per second and the confirmation latency can be up to hours. Prism is a new blockchain protocol that is designed to achieve a natural scaling of Bitcoin's performance while maintaining its full security guarantees. In prior work, Prism's security and performance properties have been analyzed theoretically, but the analysis relies on a simple network model and specifies performance bounds up to large constants. Hence, the results cannot predict the protocol's real-world performance. In this thesis, we present a Bitcoin-like payment system based on the Prism protocol and evaluate it on a network of up to 1000 EC2 virtual machines. Our system achieves a throughput of over 70,000 transactions per second and a confirmation latency of tens of seconds, validating the prior theoretical results. We introduce several optimizations that allow the system to scale linearly up to 8 CPU cores, and a new algorithm to confirm transactions that is faster and more practical than the original protocol. We also evaluate practical security concerns like the censorship attack, the balancing attack, and spamming, and propose a simple solution that reduces spam traffic by 80% while only adding 5 seconds to the confirmation latency.<br>by Lei Yang.<br>S.M.<br>S.M. Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Department of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science
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Wang, Qianlong. "Blockchain-Empowered Secure Machine Learning and Applications." Case Western Reserve University School of Graduate Studies / OhioLINK, 2021. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=case1625183576139299.
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Rinaldi, James. "PEER TO PEER DIGITAL RIGHTS MANAGEMENT USING BLOCKCHAIN." Scholarly Commons, 2018. https://scholarlycommons.pacific.edu/uop_etds/3136.
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Content distribution networks deliver content like videos, apps, and music to users through servers deployed in multiple datacenters to increase availability and delivery speed of content. The motivation of this work is to create a content distribution network that maintains a consumer’s rights and access to works they have purchased indefinitely. If a user purchases content from a traditional content distribution network, they lose access to the content when the service is no longer available. The system uses a peer to peer network for content distribution along with a blockchain for digital rights management. This combination may give users indefinite access to purchased works. The system benefits content rights owners because they can sell their content in a lower cost manner by distributing costs among the community of peers.
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Erhardt, Keeley Donovan. "Bismuth : a blockchain-based program for verifying responsible data usage." Thesis, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 2017. http://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/119629.
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Thesis: M. Eng., Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Department of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, 2017.<br>This electronic version was submitted by the student author. The certified thesis is available in the Institute Archives and Special Collections.<br>Cataloged from student-submitted PDF version of thesis.<br>Includes bibliographical references (pages 74-75).<br>The amount of digital information generated, collected and stored is growing at a staggering rate. Data-driven insights are increasingly relied upon to make decisions, directly impacting individuals. The burgeoning importance of data in shaping the world around us requires a shift in the current data ownership, exchange and usage paradigm. Responsible data use should be verifiably free from leaking sensitive information, discriminatory usage, illegal applications, and other misuse. Additionally, a standard of correctness for computations executed against datasets should be enforced. Enlisting trusted parties to vet the code being executed against sensitive data can reduce the prevalence of irresponsible or malevolent data usage. Trusted parties can attest to attributes of the code-for example, that the code is privacy-preserving, or that it is legal to execute against data collected from users in a certain country, or that a computation reliably and correctly computes an answer as advertised-to ensure that individuals' personal information is used appropriately. This thesis presents an illustration of a design to structure, vet and verify the code that is executed against sensitive data, along with a proposal for using blockchain-based smart con- tracts to audit and enforce proper usage of vetted code to promote a paradigm of "safe" question-and-answer exchange. Finally, this thesis demonstrates Bismuth, a blockchain-based program built to implement the ideas presented in this work and to assist in a transition towards more thoughtful and responsible data usage.<br>by Keeley Donovan Erhardt.<br>M. Eng.
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Mears, Paula Faye. "Managing Access during Employee Separation using Blockchain Technology." Thesis, University of North Texas, 2020. https://digital.library.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metadc1703324/.
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On-boarding refers to bringing in an employee to a company and granting access to new hires. However, a person may go through different stages of employment, hold different jobs by the same employer and have different levels of information access during the employment duration. A shared services organization may have either limited or wide-spread access within certain groups. Off-boarding implies the removal of access of information or physical devices such as keys, computers or mobile devices when the employee leaves. Off-boarding is the management of the separation an employee from an institution. Many organizations use different steps that constitute the off-boarding process. Incomplete tracking of an employee's access is a security risk and can lead to unintended exposure of company information and assets.
Blockchain technology combines blocks of information together using a cryptographic algorithm based on the existing previous block and is verified by the peers in the blockchain network. This process creates an immutable record of employee system access providing an audit trail of access for any point in time to ensure that all access permissions can be removed once employment ends. This project proposes using blockchain technology to consolidate information across disparate groups, and to automate access removal to improve the employee off-boarding process.
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Pogaku, Aman Ali. "Leveraging Blockchain To Mitigate the Risk of Counterfeit Microelectronics in Its Supply Chain." Wright State University / OhioLINK, 2019. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=wright1578580270225222.
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Jonéus, Carl. "Analysis of Scalable Blockchain Technology in the Capital Market." Thesis, Uppsala universitet, Avdelningen för datalogi, 2017. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:uu:diva-326151.
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Financial interactions on the capital market involve a wide variety of actors and processes. The requirement of security and privacy results to a large extent in non-shared and unintegrated databases among the different parties, leading to complex, time consuming and costly procedures. The last decade's introduction of innovative blockchain technologies such as Bitcoin, has brought attention to the possibilities of decentralized peer-to-peer networking in general, and its potential influence in the financial sector in particular. This master thesis investigates the possibilities for the capital market to adapt such a system from a technical point of view, with main focus on scalability. The analysis covers crucial aspects such as a peer-to-peer application's ability to handle large transaction volumes while maintaining security. The degree project also includes continued work on Visigon's blockchain application prototype with main focus on the network communication, as well as simulations of its performance capability. Results from the simulations showed that the transaction throughput capacity is limited to the time of broadcasting the transaction to the network, and thus decreasing linearly with increasing network size. The required time for handling other parts in the process appears constant and takes up a small fraction of the total time, therefore future work lays in further optimization of the communication protocol.
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Lauer, Michelle(Michelle F. ). "Real-time household energy prediction : approaches and applications for a blockchain-backed smart grid." Thesis, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 2019. https://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/121676.
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This electronic version was submitted by the student author. The certified thesis is available in the Institute Archives and Special Collections.<br>Thesis: M. Eng., Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Department of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, 2019<br>Cataloged from student-submitted PDF version of thesis.<br>Includes bibliographical references (pages 91-94).<br>In the current era of Internet of Things (IoT) devices, household solar panels, and increasingly aordable local energy storage, energy grid systems are facing a new set of challenges that they were not originally designed to support. Energy systems of the near future must be capable of supporting these new technologies, but new technology can also be leveraged to improve reliability and eciency overall. A major source of potential improvements comes from the increase of connected devices that are capable of dynamically adjusting their behavior, and offer new data that can be used for optimization and prediction. Energy predictions are used today at the bulk power system level to ensure demand is met through appropriate resource allocation. As energy systems become more responsive, prediction will be important at more granular system levels and timescales.<br>Enabled by the rise in available data, existing research has shown some machine learning models to be superior to traditional statistical models in predicting long-term aggregate usage. However, these models tend to be computationally expensive; if machine learning prediction models are to be used at short timescales and performed close to the end nodes, there is a need for more ecient models. Additionally, most machine learning models today do not take advantage of the known and studied properties of the underlying energy data. This thesis explores the circumstances under which machine learning can be used to make predictions more accurately than existing methods, and how machine learning and statistical methods can serve to complement each other (specically for short timescales at the household level).<br>We nd that basic machine learning models outperform other baseline and statistical models by using energy usage trends observed from statistical methods to better engineer the input features. For the increasingly distributed energy systems that these predictive models aim to support, the distributed nature of blockchain technology has been proposed as a good match for managing such systems. As an example of one possible distributed management implementation, this thesis presents a novel blockchain-enabled architecture that provides privacy for users, information security through improved household-level prediction, and takes into consideration the security vulnerabilities and computational constraints of the participants.<br>by Michelle Lauer.<br>M. Eng.<br>M.Eng. Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Department of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science
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Brogliato, Marcelo Salhab. "Essays in computational management science." reponame:Repositório Institucional do FGV, 2018. http://hdl.handle.net/10438/24615.
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Previous issue date: 2018-07-15<br>A presente tese é formada por três trabalhos científicos na área de Management Science Computacional. A gestão moderna e a alta tecnologia interagem em múltiplas e profundas formas. O professor Andre Ng diz aos seus estudantes na Escola de Negócios de Stanford que “Inteligência Artificial é a nova eletricidade”, como sua forma hiperbólica de enfatizar o potencial transformador da tecnologia. O primeiro trabalho é inspirado na possibilidade de que haverá alguma forma de dinheiro digital e estuda ledger distribuídas, propondo e analisando o Hathor, uma arquitetura alternativa para criptomoedas escaláveis. O segundo trabalho pode ser um item crucial no entendimento de tomadas de decisão, nos trazendo um modelo formal de recognition-primed decisions. Situada na intersecção entre psicologia cognitiva, ciência da computação, neuro-ciência e inteligência artifical, ele apresenta um framework open-source, multi-plataforma e altamente paralelo da Sparse Distributed Memory e analisa a dinâmica da memória e algumas aplicações. O terceiro e último trabalho se situa na intersecção entre marketing, difusão de inovação tecnologica e modelagem, extendendo o famoso modelo de Bass para levar em consideração usuário que, após adotar a tecnologia por um tempo, decidiram rejeitá-la.<br>This thesis presents three specific, self-contained, scientific papers in the Computational Management Science area. Modern management and high technology interact in multiple, profound, ways. Professor Andrew Ng tells students at Stanford’s Graduate School of Business that “AI is the new electricity”, as his hyperbolic way to emphasize the potential transformational power of the technology. The first paper is inspired by the possibility that there will be some form of purely digital money and studies distributed ledgers, proposing and analyzing Hathor, an alternative architecture towards a scalable cryptocurrency. The second paper may be a crucial item in understanding human decision making, perhaps, bringing us a formal model of recognition-primed decision. Lying at the intersection of cognitive psychology, computer science, neuroscience, and artificial intelligence, it presents an open-source, cross-platform, and highly parallel framework of the Sparse Distributed Memory and analyzes the dynamics of the memory with some applications. Last but not least, the third paper lies at the intersection of marketing, diffusion of technological innovation, and modeling, extending the famous Bass model to account for users who, after adopting the innovation for a while, decide to reject it later on.
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Mathus, Garza Jesús Andrés. "The lightning network cross-chain exchange : a decentralized approach for peer to peer exchange across blockchain." Thesis, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 2018. http://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/119736.
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Thesis: M. Eng., Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Department of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, 2018.<br>This electronic version was submitted by the student author. The certified thesis is available in the Institute Archives and Special Collections.<br>Cataloged from student-submitted PDF version of thesis.<br>Includes bibliographical references (pages 59-61).<br>The development of decentralized blockchain-based systems has unlocked opportunity in untrusted systems. As more blockchains were created, however, a lack of interoperability became apparent. In response, centralized exchanges facilitating transactions across different blockchains emerged, reintroducing trusted third parties that blockchains were in part created to eliminate. Although blockchain capabilities were promising, their emergence resulted in embezzlement, hacks, and scandals that resulted in significant financial losses. A program allowing for peer to peer cross-chain exchanges would reestablish the decentralized foundation upon which blockchains were built and eliminate the risks associated with centralized exchanges. In this work we extend Lightning Network capabilities and develop a protocol enabling secure peer to peer channels to safely transact across blockchains. The system connects individuals using the Lightning Network's channel creation functions, and introduces four new channel commands: Price, Compare, Exchange, and Respond. Together, they integrate hashed timelock contracts that introduce peer to peer negotiations and exchange functionality from one blockchain to another. With this functionality in place, individuals gain more control over their own assets and rely less on third parties, reaffirming decentralization throughout the blockchain ecosystem and laying a new foundation for distributed systems to interact with less friction.<br>by Jesús Andrés Mathus Garza.<br>M. Eng.
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Kendric, Hood A. "Improving Cryptocurrency Blockchain Security and Availability Adaptive Security and Partitioning." Kent State University / OhioLINK, 2020. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=kent1595038779436782.
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Munir, Sundas, and Mirza Sanam Iqbal Baig. "Challenges and Security Aspects of Blockchain Based Online Multiplayer Games." Thesis, Högskolan i Halmstad, Akademin för informationsteknologi, 2019. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:hh:diva-38771.
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Video gaming has always been a blooming industry. With the emergence of online multi- player video games , this industry’s worth have sky rocketed. Online multiplayer video games store data of player’s credentials, in-game progress, in-game virtual assets and payment details etc. Which mean security threats to these systems are nothing new and securing these games have always meant to protect player’s data from unauthorized breach. Integration of Blockchain technology in online multiplayer video games apart from other amazing features, provides a way to prove digital ownership of virtual assets with their verifiable scarcity. Trade of these in-game virtual assets have always been a goal for online multiplayer gaming companies, but there was none enough trust-able infrastructure available which can be relied on. Blockchain just solved that problem. It provided a platform for these asset’s secure and transparent transaction between players. Topic for our research not only consider the security challenges in online games but specifi- cally blockchain based online multiplayer games. This adaptation is still new and there is need of consideration of new security challenges. In this dissertation we try to bring out some important challenges related to security of blockchain based online multiplayer video games. There are currently no studies around security concerns and challenges of the integration of the online multiplayer video games in the emerging blockchain systems. In order to fill in the gap, this dissertation discusses and identifies two main security concerning questions related to this domain. Also this dissertation provides basic steps for expanding future research and application in this joint domain.
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Cardenas, Irvin Steve. "Blockchain, Smart Contracts and Cryptocurrencies in Robotics: \\Use Cases, Economics, and Human-Robot Interaction." Kent State University / OhioLINK, 2020. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=kent1608314228745536.
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Sobeh, Abedallah. "Exploration of using Blockchaintechnology for forensically acceptableaudit trails with acceptableperformance impacts." Thesis, Blekinge Tekniska Högskola, Institutionen för datavetenskap, 2019. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:bth-18240.
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In this work, we will test the possibility to use Blockchain to preserve data suchas logs. Data inside Blockchain is preserved to be used as digital evidence. Thestudy will examine if Blockchain technology will satisfy the requirement for digitalevidence in a Swedish court. The study will simulate different test scenarios. Eachscenario will be tested on three different hardware configurations. The test has twomain categories, stream test and batch test. In stream test, we test performanceimpact on different systems in case each log is sent in a separate block. While inbatch test, we have two categories batch with data and batch without data. In thistest, we simulate sending 80GB of data each day. In total we send 80GB of data,but the difference here is that we change the time between each block and adjustthe size of the block. In our tests, we focused on three metrics: CPU load, networkbandwidth usage and storage consumption for each scenario. After the tests, wecollected the data and compared the results of each hardware configuration withinthe same scenario. It was concluded that Blockchain does not scale up in streammode, and it is limited to ten blocks/s regardless of hardware configuration. On theother hand, Blockchain can manage 80GB of data each day without stressing systemresources.<br>Det följande arbetet undersöker vilka möjligheter som Blockchain har som ett verk-tyg för att spara och bevara känslig data, för att kunna användas som digitala be-vis. Dessutom ska studien undersöka giltigheten av Blockchain-tekniken som bevisi domstolen. Studien bygger på ett test som simulerar 15 scenarier med tre olikahårdvarukonfigurationer. Testet delas upp i två huvudkategorier, stream test ochbatch test. I stream testet, testar vi prestationseffekten på olika system när varjelogg skickas i ett separat block. Under batch testet har vi två underkategorier vilkaär batch med data och batch utan data. I batch testet simulerar vi att skicka 80GB data varje dag. Under batch testet har vi dessutom testat att ändra på tidenmellan varje block generering och även justerat blockens storlek. I våra test har vifokuserat på tre mätvärden: CPU-belastning, användning av nätverksbandbredd ochkonsumtion av lagringsutrymmet i varje scenario. När samtliga test slutförts, bör-jade vi med datainsamling och jämförde resultaten från varje system inom sammascenario. Slutsatsen är att Blockchain inte skalar upp i stream testet, då max antalblock som skapas och skickas till data-noder är begränsat till tio block/sek, oavsetthårdvarukonfiguration. Däremot, vid batch testet , kan Blockchain hantera över-föring av 80 GB data varje dag (24 timmar) utan att anstränga systemsresurser.
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Amadoru, Malmi Sajangani. "The organizing visions of digital innovations: The case of Blockchain using the Twitter discourse." Thesis, Queensland University of Technology, 2021. https://eprints.qut.edu.au/214046/1/Malmi_Amadoru_Thesis.pdf.
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This thesis examines the community discourse on new digital technologies, which influences how they are adopted and diffused over time. It investigates the Blockchain discourse on Twitter using both computational and qualitative methods. The thesis presents a life cycle model that explains the different phases of the community discourse and an evolutionary process model that explains the underlying generative mechanism of how community ideas about a digital technology evolve. It also highlights the emerging role of social bots in the diffusion of new technologies. In doing so, the thesis shows the importance of social media for learning about new technologies.
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Tilton, Peter. "Benchmarking Public and Private Blockchains and Understanding the Development of Private Blockchain Networks." Scholarship @ Claremont, 2018. http://scholarship.claremont.edu/cmc_theses/1963.
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This thesis paper explores the developing technology blockchain by trying to understand the technology from a technical performance standpoint and also understanding the development process of blockchain networks and applications. The first half of this paper analyzes two research papers, "Bitcoing-NG: A Scalable Blockchain Protocol" and "Untangling Blockchain: A Data Processing View of Blockchain Systems," to understand and explain some of the technical differences and shortcomings of blockchain technologies. The second half of this paper then proceeds to develop a private blockchain network on the Ethereum network and deploy a smart contract on that private blockchain network. This process gives insight into the development of blockchain applications and identifies the struggles blockchain developers face.
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Shubbar, Safa. "Ultrasound Medical Imaging Systems Using Telemedicine and Blockchain for Remote Monitoring of Responses to Neoadjuvant Chemotherapy in Women’s Breast Cancer: Concept and Implementation." Kent State University / OhioLINK, 2017. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=kent1493646959335823.
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Bagheri, Behrad. "Decentralized Federated Autonomous Organizations for Prognostics and Health Management." University of Cincinnati / OhioLINK, 2020. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=ucin1592133991337126.
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Byström, Alexander, and Ali Safar. "Kryptovalutor och politiska beslut : En neorealistisk analys av fem staters kryptopolicy." Thesis, Jönköping University, HLK, Globala studier, 2021. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:hj:diva-53470.
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Kryptovalutor är ett mångfacetterat fenomen som har varit allt från libertarianers dröm på grund av sitt oberoende av staten, en ekonomisk frihet för personer som bor i diktaturer till ett verktyg som möjliggör kriminella verksamheter. Den senaste tidens kraftigt ökande handel med olika kryptovalutor har oroat världens centralbanker och nationalstater. Denna oro har skapat ett läge där stater måste ta politiska beslut för att hantera situationen vilket har lett till införande av restriktioner och regleringar. Bakom varje politiskt beslut finns ett motiv som präglas av statens nationella och internationella intressen. Denna studies syfte är att skapa en ökad förståelse för vilka politiska motiv som ligger bakom fem staters kryptopolicy. Studien är strukturerad i tre kapitel. Eftersom kryptovalutor är ett nytt samhällsfenomen ansågs det vara av vikt att beskriva vad kryptovalutor är och hur det fungerar samt förklara varför kryptovalutor är politik, denna del utgör första kapitlet. I andra kapitlet presenteras ett urval av länders kryptopolicy och i tredje kapitlet så analyseras dessa kryptopolicys utifrån studiens teori. För att synliggöra motiven bakom ländernas kryptopolicy har utgångspunkten varit tre antaganden som framställts ur neorealismen som är en dominerande teori inom internationella relationer. För insamlingen av material har litteraturstudie och innehållsanalys använts som metod. Resultatet har synliggjort att staterna fruktar kryptovalutor främst på grund av att de eliminerar staternas roll som huvudförmedlare i ekonomiska aktiviteter och begränsar deras förmåga att spåra transaktioner. En genomförd analys av ländernas kryptopolicy har bland annat visat att stater tillåter utvinning och innehav av kryptovalutor eftersom det gynnar landets ekonomiska tillväxt men begränsar eller förbjuder användning av dem som betalmedel eftersom det medför en risk att förlora kontrollen över ekonomin.
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Genova, Galya Ivalinova. "La Tecnologia Blockchain." Bachelor's thesis, Alma Mater Studiorum - Università di Bologna, 2017.
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Blockchain è una tecnologia per la condivisione di dati, decentralizzata, tansazionale ed è una rete composta di partecipanti non attendibili. Questa tecnologia presenta architetture software distribuite, dove i componenti trovano accordi per i loro stati condivisi senza fidarsi di un punto di intermedio o di eventuali partecipanti (terze parti). Blockchain è un connettore software, che contribuisce a rendere importanti le considerazioni architetturali sulle prestazioni e gli attributi di qualità, ad esempio: la sicurezza, la privacy, la scalabilità e la sostenibilità, del sistema.
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Fröberg, Emil, Gustav Ingre, and Simon Knudsen. "Blockchain and prediction markets : An analysis of three organizations implementing prediction markets using blockchain technology, and the future of blockchain prediction market." Thesis, KTH, Skolan för elektroteknik och datavetenskap (EECS), 2018. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-249988.
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Since the rise of Bitcoin in 2008, many have speculated about the scope of blockchain technology applications. Prediction markets, i.e. markets in which uncertain outcomes of future events are tradeable, is such an application; blockchain technology may offer several technological attributes that may facilitate prediction market implementations. This study describes and compares the platforms of three organizations that build blockchain prediction market platforms: Augur, Gnosis and Stox. By this, we provide a pertinent overview of current blockchain prediction market applications. Additionally, we conduct interviews with three Swedish blockchain experts clarifying blockchain technology strengths and weaknesses in relation to prediction markets. We identify five factors that are essential for prediction markets to aggregate and reflect information accurately: many actors participating, no actors being prevented from participating, a trustworthy setting function, freedom to create new contracts, and transparency. We conclude that blockchain technology has attributes that facilitate future prediction market implementations in accordance with these requirements. However, blockchain scalability issues pose a key challenge.<br>Sedan Bitcoins introduktion 2008 har många spekulerat kring omfattningen av blockkedjeteknologins tillämpningsområden. Prediktionsmarknader (eng. prediction markets), d.v.s. marknader i vilka det går att spekulera i osäkra resultat av framtida händelser, är ett sådant tillämpningsområde; blockkedjeteknologi kan tillhandahålla aspekter som främjar implementationer av prediktionsmarknader. Denna artikel beskriver och jämför plattformarna som tillhandahålls av tre organisationer som använder sig av blockkedjeteknologi for att bygga prediktionsmarknadsplattformar: Augur, Gnosis och Stox. Genom detta tillhandahåller vi en helhetssyn över nuvarande prediktionsmarknadsplattformar som bygger på blockkedjeteknologi. Dessutom genomför vi intervjuer med tre svenska blockkedjeteknologiexperter, detta för att klargöra blockkedjeteknologis styrkor och svagheter i förhållande till prediktionsmarknader. Vi identifierar fem faktorer som är essentiella för prediktionsmarknaders förmåga att framgångsrikt aggregera och reflektera information: att många aktorer deltar, att inga aktorer är förhindrade från att delta, en tillförlitlig funktion för avgörande av utfall, frihet att skapa nya kontrakt, samt transparens. Vi drar slutsatsen att blockkedjeteknologi, med avseende på dessa faktorer, har egenskaper som förenklar implementationen av prediktionsmarknader. Å andra sidan utgör blockkedjors skalbarhetsproblem en signifikant utmaning.
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Liljefors, Felix, and Niclas Hedberg. "Formalizing security properties in blockchain protocols." Thesis, KTH, Skolan för elektroteknik och datavetenskap (EECS), 2018. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-230642.
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In this report we have used the logic L to write a formal specification of security properties in blockchain protocols for managing Electronic Health Records. The protocols have been adapted from previous research, and then formalized with regards to the properties data privacy and data integrity. We used the logic L to define a logical model M. M was then used to write formulas which formalize security properties in the blockchain protocols. The protocols handle encryption key exchange, agent authentication, permission handling and read/write operations to blockchain storage. It remains to be proven that the adapted protocols have the properties defined by our formal specification.<br>I denna rapport använder vi logiken L för att skriva en formell specifikation för säkerhetsaspekter i blockkedjeprotokoll för patientjournaler. Vi använder logiken L för att definiera en logikmodell M och skriva formler som formaliserar säkerhetsaspekterna i blockkedjeprotokollen. Vår ansats är att formalisera aspekterna data privacy och data integrity för modifierade teoretiska protokol från tidigare forskning. Protokollen hanterar utbyte av krypteringsnycklar, agent-autentisiering, tillståndshantering samt läs- och skriv-operationer. Det återstår att bevisa att de modifierade protokollen har de egenskaper som definieras i vår formella specifikation.
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Lazarovich, Amir. "Invisible Ink : blockchain for data privacy." Thesis, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 2015. http://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/98626.
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Thesis: S.M., Massachusetts Institute of Technology, School of Architecture and Planning, Program in Media Arts and Sciences, 2015.<br>Cataloged from PDF version of thesis.<br>Includes bibliographical references (pages 81-85).<br>The problem of maintaining complete control over and transparency with regard to our digital identity is growing more urgent as our lives become more dependent on online and digital services. What once was rightfully ours and under our control is now spread among uncountable entities across many locations. We have built a platform that securely distributes encrypted user-sensitive data. It uses the Bitcoin blockchain to keep a trust-less audit trail for data interactions and to manage access to user data. Our platform offers advantages to both users and service providers. The user enjoys the heightened transparency, control, and security of their personal data, while the service provider becomes much less vulnerable to single point-of failures and breaches, which in turn decreases their exposure to information-security liability, thereby saving them money and protecting their brand. Our work extends an idea developed by the author and two collaborators, a peer-to- peer network that uses blockchain technology and off-blockchain storage to securely distribute sensitive data in a decentralized manner using a custom blockchain protocol. Our two main contributions are: 1. developing this platform and 2. analyzing its feasibility in real-world applications. This includes designing a protocol for data authentication that runs on an Internet scale peer-to-peer network, abstracting complex interactions with encrypted data, building a dashboard for data auditing and management, as well as building servers and sample services that use this platform for testing and evaluation. This work has been supported by the MIT Communication Futures Program and the Digital Life Consortium.<br>by Amir Lazarovich.<br>S.M.
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Vallin, Axel. "Secure delivery system using blockchain technology." Thesis, Luleå tekniska universitet, Datavetenskap, 2018. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:ltu:diva-71084.
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Zyskind, Guy. "Efficient secure computation enabled by blockchain technology." Thesis, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 2016. http://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/105933.
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Thesis: S.M., Massachusetts Institute of Technology, School of Architecture and Planning, Program in Media Arts and Sciences, 2016.<br>This electronic version was submitted by the student author. The certified thesis is available in the Institute Archives and Special Collections.<br>Cataloged from student-submitted PDF version of thesis.<br>Includes bibliographical references (pages 121-128).<br>For several decades, secure multiparty computation has been the topic of extensive research, as it enables computing any functionality in a privacy-preserving manner, while ensuring correctness of the outputs. In recent years, the field has seen tremendous progress in terms of efficiency, although most results remained impractical for real applications concerning complex functionalities or significant data. When privacy is not a concern and we are only interested in achieving consensus in a distributed computing environment, the rise of cryptocurrencies, specifically Bitcoin, has presented an efficient and robust solution that exceeds the limits imposed by prior theoretical results. Primarily, Bitcoin's relative efficiency and superiority in achieving consensus is due to its inclusion of incentives. By doing so, it extends the standard cryptographic model to one that reasons about security through rationality of the different players. Inspired by this idea, this thesis focuses on the development of an efficient, general-purpose secure computation platform that relies on blockchain and cryptocurrencies (e.g., Bitcoin) for efficiency and scalability. Similar to how Bitcoin transformed the idea of distributed consensus, the goal in this work is to take secure multi-party computation from the realm of theory to practice. To that end, a formal model of secure computation in an environment of rational players is developed and is used to show how in this framework, efficiency is improved compared to the standard cryptographic model. The second part of this thesis deals with improving secure computation protocols over the integers and fixed-point numbers. The protocols and tools developed are a significant improvement over the current state-of-the-art, with an optimally efficient secure comparison protocol (for up to 64-bit integers) and better asymptotic bounds for fixed-point division.<br>by Guy Zyskind.<br>S.M.
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Vorkapic, Aleksandar. "Secure Blockchain Network Communication using SCION." Thesis, KTH, Skolan för elektroteknik och datavetenskap (EECS), 2018. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-239924.
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The paper by Apostolaki, Zohar, and Vanbever [3] describes two routing attacks on the Bitcoin network, partition attack and delay attack. By isolating parts of the network or delaying block propagation, a significant amount of mining power could be wasted, resulting in revenue loss and a wide range of exploits could be enabled, such as double spending. Hence, the Bitcoin’s solution to the double spending problem would be broken, making the technology unreliable and unavailable. The Border Gateway Protocol (BGP) is the standardized routing protocol in the current Internet, without any security guarantees. Numerous security extensions have been proposed for BGP, but there is still no widely deployed solution. Therefore, some argue that instead of securing BGP, an entirely new inter-domain architecture should be developed. The thesis investigates the possible mitigation of routing attacks in the blockchain technology, by using the new inter-domain architecture called SCION. Two solutions are proposed utilizing SCION and IP, namely an application level solution and a SIG proxy solution. The solutions have been evaluated in terms of security, availability and efficiency, with the conclusion that routing attacks can be mitigated using SCION. Hence, providing incentive to the blockchain users to use SCION, in order to benefit from a secure and highly available blockchain network communication, with potential revenue increase. Furthermore, the thesis provides incentive for further development of the SCION architecture, as well as applying SCION to additional fields.<br>Forskningsarbetet av Apostolaki, Zohar och Vanbever [3] beskriver två routingattacker på Bitcoinnätverket, partitioneringsattack och fördröjningsattack. Genom att isolera delar av nätverket eller fördröja blockutbredningen, skulle signifikant mängd brytningskraft kunna slösas bort, vilket resulterar i omsättningsförlust och ett brett spektrum av utnyttjanden skulle kunna möjliggöras, som t.ex. dubbla utgifter. Som en följd, skulle Bitcoins lösning på problemet med dubbla utgifter sättas ur spel, vilket gör tekniken opålitlig och otillgänglig. Border Gateway-protokollet (BGP) är det standardiserade routingprotokollet i nuvarande Internet, utan några säkerhetsgarantier. Många säkerhetsutvidgningar för BGP har föreslagits, även om det fortfarande inte finns någon allmänt nyttjad lösning. Därför hävdar vissa att istället för att säkra BGP, bör en helt ny interdomänarkitektur utvecklas. Detta examensarbete undersöker en eventuell lindring av routingattacker i blockkedjetekniken, med hjälp av den nya interdomänarkitekturen som heter SCION. Två lösningar som nyttjar SCION och IP föreslås, en applikationsnivålösning och en SIG-proxylösning. Lösningarna har utvärderats med avseende på säkerhet, tillgänglighet och effektivitet. Slutsatsen blev att routingattacker kan lindras med SCION, vilket motiverar blockkedjeanvändarna att använda SCION, för att dra nytta av en säker och högt tillgänglig blockkedjenätverkskommunikation, med möjlighet till ökad omsättning. Examensarbetet bidrar dessutom med motivering för vidareutveckling av SCION-arkitekturen, samt till att tillämpa SCION på ytterligare områden.
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Micic, Uros. "Blockchain in the Swedish Energy market." Thesis, Uppsala universitet, Institutionen för geovetenskaper, 2021. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:uu:diva-452784.
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This research paper represents an investigation of blockchain applicability in the Swedish energy market. The paper also attempts to explore the numerous claims and benefits surrounding this technology. Overall, the blockchain platform presents an innovative opportunity for energy to be bought and sold on the market in a new way that is providing consumers with greater efficiency and control over their energy sources. The platform is also set to integrate different types of data such as energy prices, usage, marginal costs, legal compliances etc., with the purpose of providing a better service than the platforms that exist today. To investigate these claims, firstly, the blockchain technology, its purpose, and function is explained. Secondly, the paper explores relationship and application in the energy market. Existing literature has been examined in order to provide a foundation when it comes to technological application. Lastly, the Swedish energy market has been considered and if the technology would make a difference. The interviews with experts have been conducted to get an inside look into the actual reality of this technology. Overall, the experts did not have a strong word to give about the possible application of the technology in the Swedish energy market. The technology does have potential but it is simply in too early stages of development and the obstacles are more significant than the previously promised benefits.
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Camporesi, Stefano. "Il ruolo della crittografia nelle Blockchain." Bachelor's thesis, Alma Mater Studiorum - Università di Bologna, 2022.
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Il progresso scientifico e tecnologico ha rappresentato per l'uomo un continuo miglioramento delle condizioni sociali ed economiche. Lo sviluppo di nuove tecnologie ha garantito un cambiamento favorevole delle condizioni di vita delle persone che oggigiorno sfruttano queste invenzioni per avere un tenore di vita più elevato. Con il continuo progresso della digitalizzazione le imprese sia pubbliche che private hanno cercato di apportare miglioramenti ai propri processi produttivi e di aumentare la qualità dei servizi offerti sfruttando le nuove tecnologie offerte dal mercato; in particolare, l’utilizzo di queste tecnologie può portare ad uno sconvolgimento degli attuali modelli di business cambiando diversi aspetti del mercato. Tra tutte le tecnologie emergenti occorre porre particolare attenzione alla tecnologia blockchain. Essa rappresenta un sistema decentralizzato che sfrutta una rete peer-to-peer per consentire agli utenti una comunicazione sicura senza intermediari. L’utilizzo di questa tecnologia garantisce uno scambio di informazioni in maniera del tutto protetta riducendo al minimo il rischio di violazione dei dati grazie all'utilizzo delle crittografia asimmetrica. Tale tecnologia trova il suo primo sviluppo nella rete Bitcoin, un nuovo sistema di basato sulle criptovalute creato con l'obiettivo di dare alla luce un nuovo sistema di pagamento sicuro e affidabile. Grazie all'elevato livello di sicurezza che la blockchain offre è possibile sfruttarla in svariati ambiti sia economici che sociali come ad esmpio nell'IoT o nella pubblica amministrazione. Molte società di consulenza, infatti, ritengono che questa tecnologia avrà in futuro un impatto enorme sull’economia globale.
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Montanari, Simone. "Applicazioni della blockchain nel contesto della sostenibilità." Bachelor's thesis, Alma Mater Studiorum - Università di Bologna, 2021. http://amslaurea.unibo.it/24698/.
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Attualmente il tema della sostenibilità è uno dei più trattati e discussi a livello globale. Si può affermare lo stesso anche per la tecnologia blockchain, maggiormente conosciuta per le sue applicazioni nelle criptovalute. L’obiettivo di questo studio è quello di sensibilizzare sull’importanza della sostenibilità, e, allo stesso tempo, di far comprendere le enormi potenzialità delle applicazioni blockchain nel contesto della sostenibilità.
Inizialmente, verranno introdotti il concetto di sostenibilità e di sviluppo sostenibile e saranno quindi introdotti i 17 SDGs (Sustainable Development Goals).
In seguito, verrà illustrata la tecnologia blockchain attraverso una breve introduzione che evidenzia caratteristiche, limiti e svantaggi, seguita dalla spiegazione del funzionamento e dei singoli componenti che ne fanno parte.
Infine, saranno elencate le principali applicazioni della blockchain legate alla sostenibilità, in particolare quelle presenti nelle supply chain e quelle relative alla salvaguardia dell’ambiente.
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Alizadeh, Morteza. "Blockchain and Distributed Hash Table Technology in Decentralized Systems." Licentiate thesis, Luleå tekniska universitet, Datavetenskap, 2021. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:ltu:diva-86795.
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The Internet of Things (IoT) is one of the popular domains in real-time analytics, ma-chine learning, ubiquitous computing, commodity sensors, and embedded systems where remote smart devices play notable roles in smart homes and industry. The information from emerging IoT environments like remotely-controlled objects, autonomous vehicles (AVs), and energy management can produce a huge amount of data. Moreover, under-standing the security in a scalable decentralized IoT environment is a significant issue.Decentralization has become popular again in the world since cryptocurrencies started to be a part of businesses. Therefore, researchers invested in upgrading resources to increase the reliability of these systems among people when most of the activities and human works are now managed by smart electronic devices remotely. Distributed ledgers, Distributed Hash Tables (DHTs), and blockchain technologies are proper decentralized technologies that improve system security, scalability, and trustworthiness. Blockchains contain a group of connected blocks that are digitally signed transactions stored in a decentralized fashion. The DHT technology is another decentralized solution that helps applications keep files and information immutable in a decentralized manner to mitigate the high cost of storage without memory limitations.In this thesis, we argue for a decentralized systems paradigm and, in conjunction with IoT and the blockchain. Our contributions are as follows. First, we introduce the term networks and service architectures and how it is possible to use blockchain in the real world. We consider different architectures in IoT systems and show the blockchain en-counter with the IoT and the resulting behavior. Second, we detect most of the frequent types of attacks in IoT related to using blockchain in the systems. We also describe how the blockchain works and illustrate a variety of security problems in systems. Fur-thermore, we discuss how the blockchain solves security problems by comparing different blockchains and explain how users handle their communication without third-party de-pendence. As our third contribution, we propose a novel architecture that consists of finding global identification in distributed applications and enable decentralized systems to be more secure with the help of blockchain technology. We also validate the proposed architecture and novel decentralized application development to evaluate high efficiency by combining blockchain, DHT, and biometric technologies.
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Eliasi, Behnam, and Arian Javdan. "Comparison of blockchain e-wallet implementations." Thesis, KTH, Skolan för elektroteknik och datavetenskap (EECS), 2019. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-258932.
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With the rise of blockchain technology and cryptocurrency, secure e-wallets also become more important. But what makes an e-wallet secure? In this report, we compare different aspects of ewallets to see which alternatives are secure and convenient enough to be used.This report contains comparative analyses of different implementation for e-wallets. The problem area is divided into three smaller areas: Key storage, authentication, and recovery. These problem areas have defined criteria for what is considered good qualities in each respective area.The results show that for key storage, the best options are, Android’s keystore/IOS’ secure enclave, offline storage or a hybrid hot/cold storage. For authentication, the best alternatives proved to be BankID and local authentication through the phone’s OS. Good Recovery alternatives include recovery seeds that recover the whole e-wallet or using multiple keys for both signing and recovery.The proof of concept made for this project uses three different storage methods with the authentication methods for each one and with the possibility of recovery in case a key should be lost. The storage methods used are offline storage thought QR-codes, online storage with firebase and local storage with Android keystore or Secure enclave. Authentication is done with Facebook/Google sign in or local authentication.<br>Med blockkedja och kryptovalutornas ökande popularitet blir säkra e-plånböcker allt mer viktiga. Men vad gör en e-plånbok säker? I detta arbete ska olika implementationer för e-plånböcker undersökas för att se vilka alternativ som är tillräckligt säkra samt användarvänliga.Problemområdena delas upp i följande delar: nyckellagring, autentisering och återhämtning av stulen/förlorade nycklar. Arbetet innefattar jämförelser mellan olika lösningar till dessa områden med definierade jämförelsekriterier.Resultatet visar att för nyckellagring är de bästa alternativen Androids keystore system/IOS secure enclave som båda är en form av säker lagringsplats på telefonen, offline lagring och hybridlagring som enkelt förklarat är en tjänst som bevarar data offline och gör den online när användaren väl vill ha tillgång till datan. För autentisering är de bästa alternativen BankID och lokal autentisering genom telefonens operativsystem. För återhämtning av nycklar är de bästa alternativen recovery seed eller att använda multipla nycklar för både signering och återhämtning.En proof of concept gjordes där lagringsmetoderna papper (exempelvis QR-kod), online-lagring med Firebase och lokal lagring med Android keystore eller Secure enclave implementerats. Autentiseringen sker med hjälp av Facebook/Google login och lokal autentisering. Återhämtning görs med två utav tre nycklarna som används för både signering och återhämtning.
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Andersson, Oscar. "Securing Electronic Health Records : A Blockchain Solution." Thesis, Linnéuniversitetet, Institutionen för datavetenskap och medieteknik (DM), 2021. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:lnu:diva-107330.
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Blockchain is an interesting technology, with different projects developing every day since it first gained its light back in 2008. More and more research finds blockchain useful in several different sectors. One of the sectors being healthcare, specifically for electronic health records (EHR). EHR contains highly sensitive data which is critical to protect and, just in the year 2019, 41,232,527 records were deemed stolen. Blockchain can provide several benefits when it comes to EHR, such as increased security, availability, and privacy, however, it needs to be done correctly. Due to blockchain being a rather novel technology, there is room for improvement when it comes to integrating blockchain with EHR. In this thesis a framework for EHR in the healthcare sector is proposed, using Ethereum based smart contracts together with decentralized off-chain storage using InterPlanetary File System (IPFS) and strong symmetric encryption. The framework secures the records and provides a scalable solution. Furthermore, a discussion and evaluation regarding several security aspects that the framework excels on as well as what the framework could improve on.
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Aprigliano, Cristiano. "Hyperledger: Architettura, Struttura e Tecnologie applicate alla Blockchain." Bachelor's thesis, Alma Mater Studiorum - Università di Bologna, 2021. http://amslaurea.unibo.it/23882/.
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La tecnologia della Blockchain porta diversi benefici per le applicazioni aziendali, come immutabilità, trasparenza, tracciabilità, nonché la possibilità di sviluppare la propria Blockchain—mentre gli utenti finali avranno il pieno controllo dei loro dati e assets. Hyperledger è un progetto Open-Source gestito dalla Community dedicato allo sviluppo di soluzioni stabili per facilitare l’uso e l’implementazione della tecnologia Blockchain per le aziende attraverso l’uso di framework, strumenti e librerie. Al momento della stesura di questa tesi, Hyperledger conta sei framework, quattro librerie e cinque strumenti (tools). Data l’architettura modulare dei framework, ogni azienda può modellare e adattare praticamente ogni aspetto del framework scelto e implementarlo ad-hoc, per risolvere uno specifico problema.
L’obiettivo di questa tesi è quello di illustrare il funzionamento, la struttura e l’architettura di una Blockchain e dei principali sei frameworks sviluppati da Hyperledger.
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Maffi, Alfredo. "Blockchain and beyond: proactive logic smart contracts." Master's thesis, Alma Mater Studiorum - Università di Bologna, 2018. http://amslaurea.unibo.it/17013/.
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Blockchain-based smart contracts are computer programs which run on top of a blockchain in order to enforce the terms of an agreement between mutually-untrusted parties without the need of a trusted intermediary. With their actual implementations, smart contracts are passive entities, that is, they do nothing until one of the parties explicitly trigger them. As a result, they are not able to "actively" participate in the execution of the agreement. Furthermore, since they are deployed on the blockchain, their source code is immutable and cannot be adapted as changes in the real world occur over time. In this thesis, we rethink blockchain-based smart contracts as proactive and logic entities to overcome the aforementioned issues. In our vision, smart contracts are "proactive" in the sense that they can act without necessarily being triggered by one of their parties, and "logic" in the sense that their business logic is expressed by means of logic programming, allowing for a controllable mutability of their behaviour over time through meta programming. In this work, we analyse the problems which arise as soon as smart contracts are designed as proactive entities, carrying out a feasibility study for their implementation in the first place. Subsequently, we implement a system which supports their execution as a proof-of-concept for our idea. Finally, we show how our proactive smart
contracts can be used to further enforce the terms of a contract with respect to three different use cases. This work represents a first step towards our final end, which consists in the realization of fully autonomous smart contracts, able to reason about the world and automatically act against violations committed with respect to the agreement's terms.
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Borzi, Eleonora, and Djiar Salim. "Energy Consumption and Security in Blockchain." Thesis, KTH, Skolan för elektroteknik och datavetenskap (EECS), 2020. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-285901.
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Blockchain is a Distributed Ledger Technology that was popularized after the release of Bitcoin in 2009 as it was the first popular blockchain application. It is a technology for maintaining a digital and public ledger that is decentralized, which means that no single authority controls nor owns the public ledger. The ledger is formed by a chain of data structures, called blocks, that contain information. This ledger is shared publicly in a computer network where each node is called a peer. The problem that arises is how to make sure that every peer has the same ledger. This is solved with consensus mechanisms which are a set of rules that every peer must follow. Consensus mechanisms secure the ledger by ensuring that the majority of peers can reach agreement on the same ledger and that the malicious minority of peers cannot influence the majority agreement. There are many different consensus mechanisms. A problem with consensus mechanisms is that they have to make a trade-off between low energy consumption and high security. The purpose of this report is to explore and investigate the relationship between energy consumption and security in consensus mechanisms. The goal is to perform a comparative study of consensus mechanisms from an energy consumption and security perspective. The consensus mechanisms that are compared are Proof of Work, Proof of Stake and Delegated Proof of Stake. The methodology used is literature study and comparative study by using existing work and data from applications based on those consensus mechanisms. The results conclude that Proof of Work balances the trade-off by having high energy-consumption and high security, meanwhile Proof of Stake and Delegated Proof of Stake balance it by having low energy consumption but lower security level. In the analysis, a new factor arose, decentralization. The new insight in consensus mechanisms is that decentralization and security is threatened by an inevitable centralization where the ledger is controlled by few peers.<br>Blockchain är en så kallad distribuerad huvudbok teknologi som fick ett stort genombrott med den populära blockchain applikationen Bitcoin i 2009. Teknologin möjliggör upprätthållandet av en digital och offentlig huvudbok som är decentraliserad, vilket betyder att ingen ensam person eller organisation äger och kontrollerar den offentliga huvudboken. Huvudboken i blockchain är uppbyggt som en kedja av block, dessa block är datastrukturer som innehåller information. Huvudboken distribueras i ett nätverk av datorer som kallas för noder, dessa noder ägs av en eller flera personer. Problemet är att alla noderna i nätverket måste ha identiska huvudbok. Detta problem löses med en uppsättning av regler som noderna måste följa, denna uppsättning kallas för konsensus mekanism. Konsensus mekanismer säkrar huvudboken genom att möjliggöra en överenskommelse bland majoriteten av noderna om huvudbokens innehåll, och ser till att oärliga noder inte kan påverka majoritetens överenskommelse. Det finns flera olika konsensus mekanismer. Ett problem med konsensus mekanismer är att de är tvungna att göra en avvägning mellan låg energianvändning och hög säkerhet. Syftet med denna rapport är att undersöka och utreda relationen mellan energianvändning och säkerhet i konsensus mekanismer. Målet är att utföra en komparativ analys av konsensus mekanismer utifrån energianvändning och säkerhet. Konsensus mekanismerna som jämförs är Proof of Work, Proof of Stake och Delegated Proof of Stake. Metodologin som används är litteraturstudier och komparativ analys med hjälp av existerande metoder och data från applikationer som använder konsensus mekanismerna. Resultatet visar att Proof of Work väljer hög säkerhet på bekostnad av hög energianvändning, medan Proof of Stake och Delegated Proof of Stake väljer låg energianvändning men på bekostnad av lägre säkerhet. Analysen ger en ny inblick som visar att centralisering är en oundviklig faktor som hotar säkerheten.
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Ibrahimli, Nihad. "BlockChain Technologies in the World of Fashion." Thesis, KTH, Skolan för elektroteknik och datavetenskap (EECS), 2020. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-290894.
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Blockchain, a solution for different parties to reach consensus in a peertopeer (P2P) networks, allows us to distribute data across different entities. Many areas, including financial, health care, eCommerce, marketing, can benefit from blockchain technology. Influencer marketing also takes benefit from the properties of blockchain technology. Most of the time, social media influencers have an” ideal” body, affecting how theproduct they are advertising looks on them, which results in increased returns inonline shopping. Moreover, existing applications are not involving microinfluencers(10,000 100,000 followers) in the campaigns that brands have created. In order to tackle the mentioned problems, a blockchain distributed size and fit application framework is proposed in this thesis. The framework offers a possibility for micro influencers to participate in the brands’ campaigns. However, microinfluencers are not directly involved in communication with brands. Instead, macroinfluencers (over100,000 followers) play a role as a bridge between microinfluencers and brands by creating subcampaigns of the brands’ campaigns. With the involvement of micro influencers in the proposed framework, they also share their pictures with the same outfit (different body sizes and shapes), which gives potential buyers a better idea of how the same outfit would look on them before they decide to buy. The proposed solution is implemented with smart contracts using Solidity and tested in the Ropstentest network. Testing the smart contract in the Ropsten test network shows that the proposed solution is feasible in terms of financial costs. The proposed framework is not limited to giving the possibility to only brands to advertise products, but it also offers macroinfluencers and potential microinfluencers an opportunity to earna reward in exchange for promoting the products of brands. The whole process starting from applying for a campaign to claiming reward is handled without manual intervention.<br>Blockchain, en lösning för olika parter för att nå konsensus i ett peertopeernätverk(P2P), låter oss distribuera data över olika enheter. Många områden, inklusiveekonomi, hälsovård, ehandel, marknadsföring, kan dra nytta av blockchainteknik.Influencermarknadsföring drar också nytta av blockchainteknikens egenskaper.För det mesta har påverkare på sociala medier en ”idealisk” kropp som påverkarhur produkten de annonserar ser ut på dem, vilket resulterar i ökad avkastning ionlineshopping. Dessutom involverar befintliga applikationer inte mikroinfluencer(10 000 100 000 följare) i de kampanjer som varumärken har skapat. För atthantera de nämnda problemen föreslås en blockchaindistribuerad applikationsrami denna avhandling. Ramverket erbjuder en möjlighet för mikroinfluencer attdelta i varumärkets kampanjer. Mikroinfluencer är dock inte direkt inblandade ikommunikation med varumärken. Istället spelar makroinfluencer (över 100 000följare) en roll som en bro mellan mikroinfluencer och varumärken genom att skapaunderkampanjer av varumärkets kampanjer. Med deltagande av mikroinfluenceri det föreslagna ramverket delar de också sina bilder med samma outfit (olikakroppsstorlekar och former), vilket ger potentiella köpare en bättre uppfattning omhur samma outfit skulle se ut på dem innan de bestämmer sig för att köpa . Denföreslagna lösningen implementeras med smarta kontrakt använder Solidity och testasi Ropstentestnätverket. Att testa det smarta kontraktet i Ropstentestnätverket visaratt den föreslagna lösningen är genomförbar när det gäller finansiella kostnader.Den föreslagna ramen är inte begränsad till att ge endast varumärken möjlighetatt marknadsföra produkter, men den ger också makroinflytande och potentiellamikroinfluencer möjlighet att tjäna en belöning i utbyte för att marknadsföraprodukter från varumärken. Hela processen från att ansöka om en kampanj till attfå belöning hanteras utan manuellt ingripande
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Petersson, Evelina, and Katharina Baur. "Impacts of Blockchain technology on Supply Chain Collaboration : A study on the use of blockchain technology in supply chains and how it influences supply chain collaboration." Thesis, Högskolan i Jönköping, Internationella Handelshögskolan, 2018. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:hj:diva-40017.
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Sun, Yuqi. "Utilizzo della tecnologia blockchain applicata alle licenze software." Bachelor's thesis, Alma Mater Studiorum - Università di Bologna, 2020. http://amslaurea.unibo.it/21849/.
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Negli ultimi anni la blockchain ha attratto molto interesse da varie aziende e ricercatori, studiando i miglioramenti che una tecnologia come questa potrebbe avere in vari settori, da quello finanziario a quello medico o immobiliare. Abbiamo scelto una delle possibili aree di applicazione, la gestione delle licenze software, e ne abbiamo sviluppato un sistema basato sulla blockchain di Ethereum. La tesi inizierà con un’introduzione al concetto di blockchain, fornendo le conoscenze necessarie per comprendere questa tecnologia; in seguito, illustrerà il processo che ha portato alla costruzione di questo sistema e infine analizzerà i possibili vantaggi e svantaggi che la blockchain può offrire in un ambito come le licenze software.
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Jaffe, Caroline Adair. "Motivating urban cycling through a blockchain-based financial incentives system." Thesis, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 2017. http://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/112537.
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Thesis: S.M., Massachusetts Institute of Technology, School of Architecture and Planning, Program in Media Arts and Sciences, 2017.<br>Cataloged from PDF version of thesis.<br>Includes bibliographical references.<br>As cities become increasingly dense in the coming decades, they must turn to novel technologies and frameworks to address the imminent environmental, mobility, and public health issues that will arise with this population shift. The overwhelming use of single occupancy vehicles in the United States - they account for 76% of all trips - is a major contributor to pollution, traffic, and sedentary lifestyles. However, 50% of trips in the U.S. are less than 3 miles, and could likely be replaced by a more sustainable and space-efficient mode of transportation, such as bicycling, if effective policies and incentives were implemented. This thesis presents a blockchain-based financial incentives system where cyclists can leverage their activity and location data to receive financial compensation from organizations that would like to sponsor cycling activity. For example, an insurance company may want to reward its customers with lower premiums for partaking in healthy commuting behavior. A city government may wish to encourage cycling activity to mitigate urban congestion and pollution. A local business may sponsor bicycling activity in its vicinity to increase sales. The system presented in this thesis allows these organizations to internalize the positive externalities of cycling that have not historically been recognized or rewarded. This incentives system uses GPS data from sensors affixed to bicycles frames and powered by the cyclists themselves. The use of blockchain technology makes transactions in the marketplace secure, seamless, trustworthy, and transparent. Users are able to reveal "just enough" information about themselves to participate in the decentralized marketplace, instead of exposing their entire profile to a central entity. This market-driven system facilitates better matching between individuals and incentives, and delivers those incentives in a more timely, effective manner than current incentives programs. This thesis also envisions expanding this platform to include additional bicycle-based sensors that cyclists can leverage to collect and sell data, monetizing their commuting habits, and contributing to a scalable and stable solution for increasing the use of sustainable transportation in cities.<br>by Caroline Adair Jaffe.<br>S.M.
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Collini, Alex. "Blockchain: modello generale e tassonomia delle componenti chiave." Master's thesis, Alma Mater Studiorum - Università di Bologna, 2018. http://amslaurea.unibo.it/15566/.
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Recentemente, l’attenzione dei media e di molte industrie e compagnie si è rivolta a una particolare nuova tecnologia: la blockchain. Questa tecnologia è diventata famosa grazie alla sua applicazione più comune, ossia viene utilizzata principalmente come base per la creazione e gestione di criptomonete. Anche molti "privati" sono entrati nel mondo delle criptomonete, per lo più spinti dal guadagno offerto dall’ormai famoso "mining". Ma cosa si intende per "mining"? Ma un quesito più importante è: "Questa tecnologia è unicamente applicabile al mondo delle criptomonete, oppure è possibile applicarla in diversi campi?". La risposta è: "Sì, è possibile applicarla in diversi campi".
Questa tesi vuole fare ordine per quanto riguarda l'ambiente delle blockchain e separare il concetto di blockchain da quello di "implementazione", andando a creare un modello generale nel quale collocare gli elementi base che compongono ogni qualsivoglia blockchain. Questo perché ogni implementazione ha sì caratteristiche proprie, ma condivide con le altre implementazione una serie di componenti comuni. Viene inoltre analizzato il funzionamento di base che regola questi sistemi. Un altro importante elemento introdotto da alcune implementazioni di questo sistema è il cosiddetto smart contract, la cui analisi dal punto di vista computazionale trova ampiamente spazio in questa tesi. Questi sistemi, inoltre, non sono esenti da problemi dal punto di vista della sicurezza e, essendo sistemi distribuiti, soprattutto per quanto riguarda la comunicazione e la coordinazione tra entità che fanno parte del sistema. Le soluzioni a questi problemi incontrati dalle blockchain vengono analizzate in dettaglio in questa tesi.
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Michalak, Robert, and Filip Micklin. "The Potential of Blockchain in Supply Chain Logistics." Thesis, Linköpings universitet, Institutionen för ekonomisk och industriell utveckling, 2019. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:liu:diva-158702.
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Today, it is important to understand how logistic systems can become more efficient and effective through increased digitalization and information sharing, as the exponential development in technological advancements during the recent decade has opened up new opportunities for digitalization of businesses. Blockchain is considered to be one of the most disruptive technologies of modern times. (Dinh & Thai, 2018) Information generation and information sharing are important for integration of partners in a supply chain, and for the logistics in a supply chain to function efficiently. To understand how blockchain can impact information sharing through supply chains and logistics, the purpose is to explore the potential of blockchain in supply chain logistics. The thesis focuses on explaining blockchain to make it approachable and easy to understand. The thesis is divided into two parts, the technological part, with comparisons to other digital technologies in order to pinpoint how blockchain relates to other technologies, and the information sharing part of the supply chain. With that foundation, the analyses look into the contributions blockchain can provide, how it compares to traditional IT-systems for information sharing and what to consider before and during an implementation of a blockchain protocol in a supply chain. To categorize information sharing, important aspects were chosen from literature and validated through a survey sent to supply chain managers from companies operating at different parts of supply chains and different industries. In order to evaluate the actual potential of blockchain, interviews with four highly experienced blockchain experts were conducted. The research resulted in the conclusion of how important it is to conduct an investigation of what blockchain is intended for, and what value it adds to all parties involved, before starting the technical implementation. Furthermore, this research concluded that the possibility to use blockchain both independently and in combination with other technologies in a chain to provide fully automated processes of disseminating and storing information provides a greater potential for further use. Through the characteristics the technology possesses, such as, consensus, traceability (provenance), immutability, finality, decentralisation and persistency, blockchain can have a big impact on information handling in many industries. Companies should however consider whether a blockchain solution is necessary, since its complicated, demands involvement from multiple parties and comes at a substantial cost. A supply chain aims to maximise added value, which correlates well with the opportunity blockchain presents of eliminating the need for unnecessary intermediaries, streamlining the information flow, while simultaneously building trust.
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Huang, Shun, and Jacob Carlsson. "Blockchain Technology in the Swedish Fund Market : A Study on the Trust Relationships Between Actors in a Blockchain-Based Fund Market." Thesis, KTH, Skolan för datavetenskap och kommunikation (CSC), 2016. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-195609.
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Blockchain is a new type of shared ledger for distributing and keeping consensus on what constitutes a true state of a system. The implications of the technology, i.e. enabling almost trustless transactions between market participants, is a revolutionary idea, especially to financial markets. The Swedish fund market, being a fragmented and in some cases inefficient system of intermediating actors, is a potential use case for the new technology of blockchain. This report reviews and presents the technology underlying the new blockchain phenomenon, and its potential application to the Swedish fund market with a specific focus on the possible new trust dynamics in such a market. Blockchain could, by removing some of the inter-participant risks, disintermediate the communication between market actors in the Swedish fund market, possibly enabling a cost reduction related to fund unit administration and order handling.<br>Blockkedje-teknologi är en ny typ av distribuerad databas som med hjälp av kryptologi tillåter ett system av självständiga och icke-tillitande aktörer att gemensamt dela en databas. Implikationerna för teknologin, tillåtandet av näratillitslösa transaktioner mellan marknadsdeltagare, är revolutionära, speciellt finansmarknaderna. Den svenska fondmarknaden, som karaktäriseras av fragmenterade och i vissa fall ineffektiva system, är ett potentiellt appliceringsområde för den nya teknologin. Den här rapporten går över och presenterar den underliggande tecknologin för blockkedjor, och dess potentiella applikation på den svenska fondmarknaden, med ett specifikt fokus på hur appliceringen skulle förändra tillits-förhållandena på marknaden. Det konstateras att blockkedjor skulle b.la. kunna avveckla vissa mellanliggande aktörer på marknaden, och därmed möjliggöra kostnadsbesparingar kopplade till fondadminstration och orderhantering.
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Sandor, Alexander. "Security of dynamic authorisation for IoT through Blockchain technology." Thesis, KTH, Skolan för elektroteknik och datavetenskap (EECS), 2018. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-231868.
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The use of Internet of Things devices is an integral part of our modern society. Communication with internet of things devices is secured with asymmetric key encryption that is handled by the centralized certificate authority infrastructure. The emerging Blockchain technology now provides a safe way to change ownership of digital resources through a decentralized system that challenges the traditional centralized view of trust in digital systems. This project studies the security of building public key infrastructures and access communication protocols on Blockchain technology for IoT devices. An informal cryptographic analysis that used proof by contradiction showed that it is cryptographically safe to build Blockchain based Public Key Infrastructures. The analysed Blockchain based public key infrastructure was implemented with smart contracts and tested on the Ethereum platform along with a dynamic access control protocol ensuring dynamic authentication and distributed logging. The project also concluded that advancements in the software clients of nodes are required before Blockchain can be used in Internet of Things devices. This is due to the high storage demands required by currently available nodes.<br>Användandet av "Internet of Things"-enheter är en integral del av vårt moderna samhälle. Kommunikation med "Internet of Things"-enheter är säkras genom asymmetrisk nyckelkryptering som hanteras i ett centraliserat system administrerat av certifieringsmyndigheter. Den banbrytande Blockchain-tekniken erbjuder nu ett säkert sätt att byta ägandeskap av digitala resurser i ett decentraliserat system, och utmanar den traditionella synen på tillit i digitala system. Det här projektet studerar säkerheten i att bygga en infrastruktur för publik nyckeldistribuering samt protokoll för accesskontrollering med hjälp av Blockchain-teknik för "Internet of Things"-enheter. Genom en informell kryptografisk analys och metoden motsägelsebevis visades det att det är kryptografiskt säkert att bygga infrastrukturer för publik nyckeldistribuering på Blockchain-teknik. En Blockchain-baserad infrastruktur för public nyckeldistribuering implementerades med smarta kontrakt och testades på Ethereum-plattformen tillsammans med ett protokoll för dynamisk accesskontroll som säkerställde dynamisk autentisering och distribuerad loggning. Projektet kom även fram till att ny mjukvara för noder behövs för att tekniken ska bli applicerbar i "Internet of Things"-enheter. Detta eftersom nuvarande noder behöver stort datautrymme för att fungera.
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Ekblaw, Ariel C. (Ariel Caitlyn). "MedRec : blockchain for medical data access, permission management and trend analysis." Thesis, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 2017. http://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/109658.
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Thesis: S.M., Massachusetts Institute of Technology, School of Architecture and Planning, Program in Media Arts and Sciences, 2017.<br>Cataloged from PDF version of thesis.<br>Includes bibliographical references (pages 93-97).<br>Years of heavy regulation and a long-standing focus on compliance have co-opted the ability of the healthcare industry to implement novel data sharing approaches. We now face a critical need for such innovation, as personalization and data science prompt patients to engage in the details of their healthcare and restore agency over their medical data. This thesis proposes MedRec: a novel, decentralized record management system to handle EHRs (Electronic Health Records), using blockchain technology. The system design gives patients a comprehensive, immutable log and access to their medical information across providers and treatment sites. Leveraging unique blockchain properties, MedRec manages authentication, data retrieval, update tracking for existing records, data entry (both for patients and providers) and data sharing. MedRec accomplishes record management without creating any centralized data repositories; a modular system design integrates with providers' existing, local data storage solutions, facilitating interoperable data exchange between data sources and the patients. We incentivize healthcare industry stakeholders (government-funded researchers, public health authorities, etc.) to participate in the network as blockchain "miners". This provides them with access to aggregate, anonymized data as mining rewards, in return for sustaining and securing the MedRec network via Proof of Work. We emphasize the flexibility and extensibility of our system components to other dimensions of the healthcare industry and to applications beyond healthcare as well. This thesis describes the MedRec technical design and early-stage prototype, our pilot with Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center (BIDMC), and an analysis of MedRec's contribution in the context of national healthcare priorities. This work is supported by the MIT Media Lab Consortium.<br>by Ariel C. Ekblaw.<br>S.M.
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Comstedt, Erik. "Increasing the trust between automotive actors using a Hyperledger Fabric blockchain." Thesis, KTH, Skolan för elektroteknik och datavetenskap (EECS), 2019. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-263100.
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It is a well-established phenomenon that blockchain technology can be applied to reach a consensus between entities which do not trust one another. Moreover, blockchain technology also allows these trustless entities to reach an agreement on a shared ledger. Through its trustless consensus and shared ledger properties, the blockchain technology can provide trust between trustless parties. The present-day automotive industry suffers from several trust issues between the involved parties during a vehicle’s life cycle. In this thesis, it is evaluated whether a blockchain-based solution can be applied to address the trust issues between involved parties in the automotive industry. A proof of concept is implemented using Hyperledger Fabric. In order to evaluate whether the proposed solution can improve trust, in addition to the proposed solution, a centralized database approach is implemented as the baseline which is considered as the traditional solution. A comparison between the two solutions is then carried out. The evaluated aspects in the comparison are security, performance, and usefulness, where security is considered as the most vital aspect. The experiments show that the blockchain-based solution achieves a higher degree of both security and usefulness, whereas the baseline solution (i.e., the database solution) achieves better performance. The overall conclusion of our experiments implies that the blockchain-based solution is significantly more trustworthy than the traditional database implementation. The conclusion is motivated by the fact that the blockchain-based solution is superior in terms of both security and usefulness.<br>Det är ett välkänt faktum att blockkedjeteknik kan utnyttjas för att komma fram till en överenskommelse mellan medlemmar i ett nätverk som nödvändigtvis inte litar på varandra. Utöver detta faktum, har blockkedjetekniken möjliggjort att förtroendelösa medlemmar kan komma till samtycke om en gemensam informationslog. Genom dess förtroendelösa överenskommelseprocess och gemensamma informationslogsegenskaper, kan blockkedjetekniken skapa förtroende mellan förtroendelösa medlemmar. I dagens fordonsindustri finns flera förtroenderelaterade problem mellan olika aktörer under ett fordons livscykel. Den här rapporten utvärderar om en blockkedjebaserad lösning kan appliceras för att lösa de förtroenderelaterade problem som existerar mellan diverse involverade parter under ett fordons livscykel. En implementation för att påvisa konceptet skapas med hjälp av blockkedjeramverket Hyperledger Fabric. För att utvärdera om den föreslagna lösningen kan förbättra förtroende skapas även en alternativ lösning baserad kring en centraliserad databas. En jämförelse mellan de två lösningarna utförs sedan. Då den alternativa lösningen anses vara den traditionella metoden för att lösa problem av denna karaktär, används den alternativa lösningen som en ursprungspunkt för jämförelsen. Jämförelsen utvärderar aspekterna säkerhet, prestanda och användbarhet, där säkerhet anses vara den viktigaste aspekten. Jämförelsen visar att den blockkedjebaserade lösningen uppnår en högre grad av både säkerhet och användbarhet. Medan ursprungslösningen, det vill säga den databasbaserade lösningen, uppnår bättre prestanda. Slutsatsen av våra experiment antyder att den blockkedjebaserade lösningen är betydligt mer förtroendefull än den traditionella databasbaserade lösningen. Slutsatsen motiveras av att den blockkedjebaserade lösningen uppnådde bättre resultat gällande både säkerhet och användbarhet.