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Ge, Zerui, Dumitrel Loghin, Beng Chin Ooi, Pingcheng Ruan, and Tianwen Wang. "Hybrid blockchain database systems." Proceedings of the VLDB Endowment 15, no. 5 (January 2022): 1092–104. http://dx.doi.org/10.14778/3510397.3510406.
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With the emergence of hybrid blockchain database systems, we aim to provide an in-depth analysis of the performance and trade-offs among a few representative systems. To achieve this goal, we implement Veritas and BlockchainDB from scratch. For Veritas, we provide two flavors to target the crash fault-tolerant (CFT) and Byzantine fault-tolerant (BFT) application scenarios. Specifically, we implement Veritas with Apache Kafka to target CFT application scenarios, and Veritas with Tendermint to target BFT application scenarios. We compare these three systems with the existing open-source implementation of BigchainDB. BigchainDB uses Tender-mint for consensus and provides two flavors: a default implementation with blockchain pipelining and an optimized version that includes blockchain pipelining and parallel transaction validation. Our experimental analysis confirms that CFT designs, which are typically used by distributed databases, exhibit much higher performance than BFT designs, which are specific to blockchains. On the other hand, our extensive analysis highlights the variety of design choices faced by the developers and sheds some light on the trade-offs that need to be done when designing a hybrid blockchain database system.
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Zheng, Xiaoying, Yongxin Zhu, and Xueming Si. "A Survey on Challenges and Progresses in Blockchain Technologies: A Performance and Security Perspective." Applied Sciences 9, no. 22 (November 6, 2019): 4731. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/app9224731.
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Blockchain naturally fits multiple industry sectors due its characteristics of decentralization, enhanced security, tamper-proof, improved traceability and transparency. However, there is a significant concern of blockchain’s performance, since blockchain trades off its performance for a completely distributed feature, which enhances its security. In this paper, we investigate the state-of-the-art progress of blockchain, mainly from a performance and security perspective. We extracted 42 primary papers from major scientific databases and 34 online technical articles. The objective is to understand the current research trends, challenges and future directions. We briefly introduce the key technologies of blockchain including distributed ledger, cryptography, consensus, smart contracts and benchmarks. We next summarize the performance and security concerns raised in the investigation. We discuss the architectural choices, performance metrics, database management enhancements, and hybrid blockchains, and try to identify the effort that the state-of-the-art has made to balance between the performance and security. We also make experiments on Ethereum and survey other popular blockchain platforms on the scalability feature of blockchain. We later discuss the potential applications and present the lessons learned. Finally, we attempt to identify the open issues and possible research directions.
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Siddesh G. M., S. R. Mani Sekhar, Vighnesh S., Nikhila Sai, Deepthi Sai, and Sanjana D. "Distributed Database Management With Integration of Blockchain and Long Short-Term Memory." International Journal of Information Retrieval Research 11, no. 3 (July 2021): 18–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.4018/ijirr.2021070102.
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Supply chain management is the broad range of activities required to plan, control, and execute the flow of a product. As a less corruptible and more automated alternative to traditional databases, blockchains are well suited to the complicated record-keeping. However distributed database management system is a centralized software system; the blockchain technology can overcome the problem of synchronization between multiple databases; it also ensures that integrity problems are solved. In the proposed model, Ethereum blockchain is used to solve a few major supply chain problems to manage a distributed database. The model has incorporated techniques to predict the rise and fall of the demand for the medicine in the market by using machine learning algorithms such as linear regression and LSTM; also, the trend predicted by both the models has been compared. The result shows that while using linear regression the predicted trend is not very accurate and cannot trace the actual trend closely whereas BLSTM has performed well in predicting the trends of time series data.
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Jagdish, Mukta, Neetu Anand, Kumar Gaurav, Sameer Bashir, Abdullah Alqahtani, and V. Saravanan. "Multihoming Big Data Network Using Blockchain-Based Query Optimization Scheme." Wireless Communications and Mobile Computing 2022 (August 21, 2022): 1–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2022/7768169.
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In this paper, we have proposed the intimate environment of multiblockchain optimization algorithm using big data inquiry to mend the effectiveness of association query handling among numerous multihoming blockchains by implementing the big data system. This technique adds semantic evidences to the old-styled multiblockchain prototype and constructs a semantic model of multiblockchain that delivers a foundation for linking queries among the various blockchain multihoming system in big data. On the base of this model, distributed databases have index arrangement, and a linking index arrangement is proposed among the numerous blockchains, with several attributes linked to these blockchains employed to improve the efficacy of linking calculation. Besides, the communication cost is d for data communication. On this foundation, a multichain linking enquiry algorithm based on optimization is anticipated to progress the productivity of multiblockchain connection queries. To conclude, two genuine big data community sets of data are used to conduct experiments on. The associating index arrangement among blockchains is unchanging and is equated with the old-styled direct linking inquiry operation. The multiblockchain linking query method of optimization shortens the probe processing procedure. It acquires the query outcomes directly by retrieving the linking index, sinking the local calculating ability, system overhead, and illuminating query efficacy.
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Al-Rawy, Mahmoud, and Atilla Elci. "Secure i-Voting Scheme with Blockchain Technology and Blind Signature." Journal of Digital Science, no. 1 (December 22, 2019): 3–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.33847/2686-8296.1.1_1.
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In the last four years, blockchain technology affected largely all aspects of our lives. Blockchain started to launch a new technological revolution of storing digital transactions over the Internet, verifying the authenticity, licensing and providing the highest degree of security and encryption. Blockchain usage started with digital currency then its implementation extended to many industries such as voting, health records, copywriters, real estates and so on. However, it is time to upgrade the election scenario from practicing paper-based elections to use modern technologies in order to facilitate our lives. The fact that the blockchain technology has demonstrated almost infinite immutability and high resistance against hacking, lends credit to employ it in securing election data from fraud by saving every single piece of data, record or transaction with unchangeable history. In this paper, we propose and test implement a robust online voting system based on blockchain in order to prevent election forgery and ease the voting process for citizens. The essence of our research lies in abandoning alterable traditional databases and replacing them with two private blockchains that use the peer-to-peer network. Along with the blockchains, we utilized blind signature to maintain vote/voter privacy in order to safeguard voter eligibility validation against manipulation and forgery. Lastly, we discuss a threat model, and suggest solutions overcome it; we also suggest a solution to identity impersonation and vote-selling problems.
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Queiroz, Maciel M., Renato Telles, and Silvia H. Bonilla. "Blockchain and supply chain management integration: a systematic review of the literature." Supply Chain Management: An International Journal 25, no. 2 (August 22, 2019): 241–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/scm-03-2018-0143.
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Purpose This paper aims to identify, analyse and organise the literature about blockchains in supply chain management (SCM) context (blockchain–SCM integration) and proposes an agenda for future research. This study aims to shed light on what the main current blockchain applications in SCM are, what the main disruptions and challenges are in SCM because of blockchain adoption and what the future of blockchains holds in SCM. Design/methodology/approach This study followed the systematic review approach to analyse and synthesise the extant literature on blockchain–SCM integration. The review analysed 27 papers between 2008 and 2018 in peer-reviewed journals. Findings Blockchain–SCM integration is still in its infancy. Scholars and practitioners are not fully aware of the potential of blockchain technology to disrupt traditional business models. However, the electric power industry seems to have a relatively mature understanding of blockchain–SCM integration, demonstrated by the use of smart contracts. Additionally, the disintermediation provided by blockchain applications has the potential to disrupt traditional industries (e.g. health care, transportation and retail). Research limitations/implications The limitations of this study are represented mainly by the scarcity of studies on blockchain–SCM integration in leading journals and databases. Practical implications This study highlights examples of blockchain–SCM integration, emphasising the need to rethink business models to incorporate blockchain technology. Originality/value This study is the first attempt to synthesise existing publications about the blockchain–SCM integration, shedding light on the disruption caused by, and the necessity of, the SCM reconfigurations.
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Popova, O. S. "Use of blockchain technology in veterinary practice." Legal regulation in veterinary medicine, no. 4 (January 8, 2023): 107–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.52419/issn2782-6252.2022.4.107.
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The article discusses the use of blockchains in various areas of veterinary medicine, including veterinary education. So, in the Russian Federation, as early as 2019, a departmental project "Digital Agriculture" was created, which includes three stages: the creation and integration of databases, the introduction of the "Agricultural Solutions" module of the national platform, and the final one - the creation of a system for continuous training of specialists of agricultural enterprises in order to form of them competencies in the field of digital economy.The polythematic abstract-bibliographic base is analyzed. The main attention was paid to such scientometric databases as: Web of Science Core Collection, Medline, PubMed, RSCI, as well as data from the eLIBRARY.ru portal. An assessment of the statistical data and publication activity of the authors regarding the request and use of blockchain technology was made.The aim of the study was to analyze the publication activity of the authors and relevant data search from 2019-2023, regarding the use of blockchain technologies in veterinary medicine.If in 2019, at the request of "blockchain in veterinary medicine", the system issued 7 publications, for 2020 - 15 articles, 2021 - 16 articles, then in 2022. already 25 articles. As of November 2022, in 2023, there are already 4 preprints. All these data indicate that this technology is rapidly gaining momentum in the scientific field, and many scientists and entrepreneurs see great prospects in it.According to the studies conducted in scientometric databases, and their distribution by relevance, showed the relevance of introducing this technology, big database technology, blockchain technologies not only in veterinary practice, but also in veterinary education.
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Wu, Chenyuan, Mohammad Javad Amiri, Haoyun Qin, Bhavana Mehta, Ryan Marcus, and Boon Thau Loo. "Towards Full Stack Adaptivity in Permissioned Blockchains." Proceedings of the VLDB Endowment 17, no. 5 (January 2024): 1073–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.14778/3641204.3641216.
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This paper articulates our vision for a learning-based untrustworthy distributed database. We focus on permissioned blockchain systems as an emerging instance of untrustworthy distributed databases and argue that as novel smart contracts, modern hardware, and new cloud platforms arise, future-proof permissioned blockchain systems need to be designed with full-stack adaptivity in mind. At the application level, a future-proof system must adaptively learn the best-performing transaction processing paradigm and quickly adapt to new hardware and unanticipated workload changes on the fly. Likewise, the Byzantine consensus layer must dynamically adjust itself to the workloads, faulty conditions, and network configuration while maintaining compatibility with the transaction processing paradigm. At the infrastructure level, cloud providers must enable cross-layer adaptation, which identifies performance bottlenecks and possible attacks, and determines at runtime the degree of resource disaggregation that best meets application requirements. Within this vision of the future, our paper outlines several research challenges together with some preliminary approaches.
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Shinde, Rucha, Shruti Patil, Ketan Kotecha, and Kirti Ruikar. "Blockchain for Securing AI Applications and Open Innovations." Journal of Open Innovation: Technology, Market, and Complexity 7, no. 3 (August 14, 2021): 189. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/joitmc7030189.
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Nowadays, open innovations such as intelligent automation and digitalization are being adopted by every industry with the help of powerful technology such as Artificial Intelligence (AI). This evolution drives systematic running processes, involves less overhead of managerial activities and increased production rate. However, it also gave birth to different kinds of attacks and security issues at the data storage level and process level. The real-life implementation of such AI-enabled intelligent systems is currently plagued by the lack of security and trust levels in system predictions. Blockchain is a prevailing technology that can help to alleviate the security risks of AI applications. These two technologies are complementing each other as Blockchain can mitigate vulnerabilities in AI, and AI can improve the performance of Blockchain. Many studies are currently being conducted on the applicability of Blockchains for securing intelligent applications in various crucial domains such as healthcare, finance, energy, government, and defense. However, this domain lacks a systematic study that can offer an overarching view of research activities currently going on in applying Blockchains for securing AI-based systems and improving their robustness. This paper presents a bibliometric and literature analysis of how Blockchain provides a security blanket to AI-based systems. Two well-known research databases (Scopus and Web of Science) have been examined for this analytical study and review. The research uncovered that idea proposals in conferences and some articles published in journals make a major contribution. However, there is still a lot of research work to be done to implement real and stable Blockchain-based AI systems.
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Lawlor, Bonnie. "Blockchain Technology." Chemistry International 42, no. 3 (July 1, 2020): 8–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/ci-2020-0304.
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AbstractI first heard of blockchain technology at a conference in 2017 when Christopher Wilmer, Assistant Professor at the University of Pittsburgh and Managing Editor of Ledger, [1] gave a presentation on the technology. While he did mention Bitcoin and other cryptocurrencies with which the technology was originally associated, Wilmer’s talk explained how his journal uses blockchain for proof-of-publication. He commented that as a data-storage mechanism, “blockchains are well-suited to be used in scholarly publishing because they are extremely resilient, tamper-proof, practically indestructible databases; there is no single point of failure or cost of operation; and there is an incontrovertible proof-of-publication date, even across countries and institutions whose incentives are not aligned (which is sometimes a point of contention for scientists racing to discover cure/new theorem/etc.)” [2].
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Hong, Zicong, Song Guo, Enyuan Zhou, Wuhui Chen, Huawei Huang, and Albert Zomaya. "GriDB: Scaling Blockchain Database via Sharding and Off-Chain Cross-Shard Mechanism." Proceedings of the VLDB Endowment 16, no. 7 (March 2023): 1685–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.14778/3587136.3587143.
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Blockchain databases have attracted widespread attention but suffer from poor scalability due to underlying non-scalable blockchains. While blockchain sharding is necessary for a scalable blockchain database, it poses a new challenge named on-chain cross-shard database services. Each cross-shard database service (e.g., cross-shard queries or inter-shard load balancing) involves massive cross-shard data exchanges, while the existing cross-shard mechanisms need to process each cross-shard data exchange via the consensus of all nodes in the related shards (i.e., on-chain) to resist a Byzantine environment of blockchain, which eliminates sharding benefits. To tackle the challenge, this paper presents GriDB, the first scalable blockchain database, by designing a novel off-chain cross-shard mechanism for efficient cross-shard database services. Borrowing the idea of off-chain payments, GriDB delegates massive cross-shard data exchange to a few nodes, each of which is randomly picked from a different shard. Considering the Byzantine environment, the untrusted delegates cooperate to generate succinct proof for cross-shard data exchanges, while the consensus is only responsible for the low-cost proof verification. However, different from payments, the database services' verification has more requirements (e.g., completeness, correctness, freshness, and availability); thus, we introduce several new authenticated data structures (ADS). Particularly, we utilize consensus to extend the threat model and reduce the complexity of traditional accumulator-based ADS for verifiable cross-shard queries with a rich set of relational operators. Moreover, we study the necessity of inter-shard load balancing for a scalable blockchain database and design an off-chain and live approach for both efficiency and availability during balancing. An evaluation of our prototype shows the performance of GriDB in terms of scalability in workloads with queries and updates.
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Allen, Darcy W. E., Chris Berg, and Mikayla Novak. "Blockchain: an entangled political economy approach." Journal of Public Finance and Public Choice 33, no. 2 (October 31, 2018): 105–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.1332/251569118x15282111163993.
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This paper incorporates blockchain activities into the broader remit of entangled political economy theory, emphasising economic and other social phenomena as the emergent by-product of human interactions. Blockchains are a digital technology combining peer-to-peer network computing and cryptography to create an immutable decentralised public ledger. The blockchain contrasts vintage ledger technologies, either paper-based or maintained by in-house databases, largely reliant upon hierarchical, third-party trust mechanisms for their maintenance and security. Recent contributions to the blockchain studies literature suggest that the blockchain itself poses as an institutional technology that could challenge existing forms of coordination and governance organised on the basis of vintage ledgers. This proposition has significant implications for the relevance of existing entangled relationships in the economic, social and political domains. Blockchain enables non-territorial 'crypto-secession', not only reducing the costs associated with maintaining ledgers, but radically revising and deconcentrating data-conditioned networks to fundamentally challenge the economic positions of legacy firms and governments. These insights are further illuminated with reference to finance, property and identity cases. Entangled political economy provides a compelling lens through which we can discern the impact of blockchain technology on some of our most important relationships.
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Yang, Xinying, Ruide Zhang, Cong Yue, Yang Liu, Beng Chin Ooi, Qun Gao, Yuan Zhang, and Hao Yang. "VeDB: A Software and Hardware Enabled Trusted Relational Database." Proceedings of the ACM on Management of Data 1, no. 2 (June 13, 2023): 1–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.1145/3589774.
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Blockchain-like ledger databases emerge in recent years as a more efficient alternative to permissioned blockchains. Conventional ledger databases mostly rely on authenticated structures such as the Merkle tree and transparency logs for supporting auditability, and hence they suffer from the performance problem. As opposed to conventional ledger DBMSes, we design VeDB - a high-performance verifiable software (Ve-S) and hardware (Ve-H) enabled DBMS with rigorous auditability for better user options and broad applications. In Ve-S, we devise a novel verifiable Shrubs array (VSA) with two-layer ordinals (serial numbers) which outperforms conventional Merkle tree-based models due to lower CPU and I/O cost. It enables rigorous auditability through its efficient credible timestamp range authentication method, and fine-grained data verification at the client side, which are lacking in state-of-the-art relational ledger databases. In Ve-H, we devise a non-intrusive trusted affiliation by TEE leveraging digest signing, monotonic counters, and trusted timestamps in VeDB, which supports both data notarization and lineage applications. The experimental results show that VeDB-VSA outperforms Merkle tree-based authenticated data structures (ADS) up to 70× and 3.7× for insertion and verification; and VeDB Ve-H data lineage verification is 8.5× faster than Ve-S.
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Tahir Yinka, Olaosebikan, Su-Cheng Haw, Timothy Tzen Vun Yap, and Samini Subramaniam. "Improving the data access control using blockchain for healthcare domain." F1000Research 10 (November 19, 2021): 901. http://dx.doi.org/10.12688/f1000research.72890.3.
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Introduction: Unauthorized access to data is one of the most significant privacy issues that hinder most industries from adopting big data technologies. Even though specific processes and structures have been put in place to deal with access authorization and identity management for large databases nonetheless, the scalability criteria are far beyond the capabilities of traditional databases. Hence, most researchers are looking into other solutions, such as big data management. Methods: In this paper, we firstly study the strengths and weaknesses of implementing cryptography and blockchain for identity management and authorization control in big data, focusing on the healthcare domain. Subsequently, we propose a decentralized data access and sharing system that preserves privacy to ensure adequate data access management under the blockchain. In addition, we designed a blockchain framework to resolve the decentralized data access and sharing system privacy issues, by implementing a public key infrastructure model, which utilizes a signature cryptography algorithm (elliptic curve and signcryption). Lastly, we compared the proposed blockchain model to previous techniques to see how well it performed. Results: We evaluated the blockchain on four performance metrics which include throughput, latency, scalability, and security. The proposed blockchain model was tested using a sample of 5000 patients and 500,000 observations. The performance evaluation results further showed that the proposed model achieves higher throughput and lower latency compared to existing approaches when the workload varies up to 10,000 transactions. Discussion: This research reviews the importance of blockchains as they provide infinite possibilities to individuals, companies, and governments.
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Tahir Yinka, Olaosebikan, Su-Cheng Haw, Timothy Tzen Vun Yap, and Samini Subramaniam. "Improving the data access control using blockchain for healthcare domain." F1000Research 10 (October 27, 2021): 901. http://dx.doi.org/10.12688/f1000research.72890.2.
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Introduction: Unauthorized access to data is one of the most significant privacy issues that hinder most industries from adopting big data technologies. Even though specific processes and structures have been put in place to deal with access authorization and identity management for large databases nonetheless, the scalability criteria are far beyond the capabilities of traditional databases. Hence, most researchers are looking into other solutions, such as big data management. Methods: In this paper, we firstly study the strengths and weaknesses of implementing cryptography and blockchain for identity management and authorization control in big data, focusing on the healthcare domain. Subsequently, we propose a decentralized data access and sharing system that preserves privacy to ensure adequate data access management under the blockchain. In addition, we designed a blockchain framework to resolve the decentralized data access and sharing system privacy issues, by implementing a public key infrastructure model, which utilizes a signature cryptography algorithm (elliptic curve and signcryption). Lastly, we compared the proposed blockchain model to previous techniques to see how well it performed. Results: We evaluated the blockchain on four performance metrics which include throughput, latency, scalability, and security. The proposed blockchain model was tested using a sample of 5000 patients and 500,000 observations. The performance evaluation results further showed that the proposed model achieves higher throughput and lower latency compared to existing approaches when the workload varies up to 10,000 transactions. Discussion: This research reviews the importance of blockchains as they provide infinite possibilities to individuals, companies, and governments.
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Tahir Yinka, Olaosebikan, Su-Cheng Haw, Timothy Tzen Vun Yap, and Samini Subramaniam. "Improving the data access control using blockchain for healthcare domain." F1000Research 10 (September 8, 2021): 901. http://dx.doi.org/10.12688/f1000research.72890.1.
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Introduction Unauthorized access to data is one of the most significant privacy issues that hinder most industries from adopting big data technologies. Even though specific processes and structures have been put in place to deal with access authorization and identity management for large databases nonetheless, the scalability criteria are far beyond the capabilities of traditional databases. Hence, most researchers are looking into other solutions, such as big data management. Methods In this paper, we firstly study the strengths and weaknesses of implementing cryptography and blockchain for identity management and authorization control in big data, focusing on the healthcare domain. Subsequently, we propose a decentralized data access and sharing system that preserves privacy to ensure adequate data access management under the blockchain. In addition, we designed a blockchain framework to resolve the decentralized data access and sharing system privacy issues, by implementing a public key infrastructure model, which utilizes a signature cryptography algorithm (elliptic curve and signcryption). Lastly, we compared the proposed blockchain model to previous techniques to see how well it performed. Results We evaluated the blockchain on four performance metrics which include throughput, latency, scalability, and security. The proposed blockchain model was tested using a sample of 5000 patients and 500,000 observations. The performance evaluation results further showed that the proposed model achieves higher throughput and lower latency compared to existing approaches when the workload varies up to 10,000 transactions. Discussion This research reviews the importance of blockchains as they provide infinite possibilities to individuals, companies, and governments.
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Hisseine, Mahamat Ali, Deji Chen, and Xiao Yang. "The Application of Blockchain in Social Media: A Systematic Literature Review." Applied Sciences 12, no. 13 (June 28, 2022): 6567. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/app12136567.
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Social media has transformed the mode of communication globally by providing an extensive system for exchanging ideas, initiating business contracts, and proposing new professional ideas. However, there are many limitations to the use of social media, such as misinformation, lack of effective content moderation, digital piracy, data breaches, identity fraud, and fake news. In order to address these limitations, several studies have introduced the application of Blockchain technology in social media. Blockchains can provides transparency, traceability, tamper-proofing, confidentiality, security, information control, and supervision. This paper is a systematic literature review of papers covering the application of Blockchain technology in social media. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first systematic literature review that elucidates the combination of Blockchain and social media. Using several electronic databases, 42 related papers were reviewed. Our findings show that previous studies on the applications of Blockchain in social media are focused mainly on blocking fake news and enhancing data privacy. Research in this domain began in 2017. This review additionally discusses several challenges in applying Blockchain technologies in social media contexts, and proposes alternative ideas for future implementation and research.
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Yue, Cong, Tien Tuan Anh Dinh, Zhongle Xie, Meihui Zhang, Gang Chen, Beng Chin Ooi, and Xiaokui Xiao. "GlassDB: An Efficient Verifiable Ledger Database System Through Transparency." Proceedings of the VLDB Endowment 16, no. 6 (February 2023): 1359–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.14778/3583140.3583152.
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Verifiable ledger databases protect data history against malicious tampering. Existing systems, such as blockchains and certificate transparency, are based on transparency logs --- a simple abstraction allowing users to verify that a log maintained by an untrusted server is append-only. They expose a simple key-value interface without transactions. Building a practical database from transparency logs, on the other hand, remains a challenge. In this paper, we explore the design space of verifiable ledger databases along three dimensions: abstraction, threat model, and performance. We survey existing systems and identify their two limitations, namely, the lack of transaction support and the inferior efficiency. We then present GlassDB, a distributed database system that addresses these limitations under a practical threat model. GlassDB inherits the verifiability of transparency logs, but supports transactions and offers high performance. It extends a ledgerlike key-value store with a data structure for efficient proofs, and adds a concurrency control mechanism for transactions. GlassDB batches independent operations from concurrent transactions when updating the core data structures. In addition, we design a new benchmark for evaluating verifiable ledger databases, by extending YCSB and TPC-C benchmarks. Using this benchmark, we compare GlassDB against four baselines: reimplemented versions of three verifiable databases, and a verifiable map backed by a transparency log. Experimental results demonstrate that GlassDB is an efficient, transactional, and verifiable ledger database system.
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Szabó, László, Norbert Forman, and Mihály Szilárd Avornicului. "Blockchain in Practice?" International Journal of Advanced Natural Sciences and Engineering Researches 7, no. 4 (May 19, 2023): 265–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.59287/ijanser.714.
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The digital future has reached a new milestone and brought major changes to industries. Blockchain technology has taken centre stage in recent years. The range of blockchain and distributed ledger technologies (DLT) has great potential to create an infrastructure for reliable, decentralised and unmediated services beyond the financial sector. In logistics, blockchain-centric solutions are being sought to perform infocommunications activities with distributed databases. Business users expect a leap in efficiency and speed in the execution of their daily processes. Blockchains can be used to take digitisation and monitoring to a higher level. However, the question is how this can be used in everyday life. How to acquire the right digital competences, how to make complex systems. We can see that ICT is also making progress in the field of education. It is important to build and develop digital competences. The European Union has also recognised the importance of this area and has launched a testing system. In this paper, we briefly describe the functioning of the blockchain. We will show that it can be used in many areas of the economy. We will also touch upon education in the ICT field with a special focus on digital education. Finally, the future expectations of the European Union are outlined.
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Jayasuriya, D. Dulani, and Alexandra Sims. "From the abacus to enterprise resource planning: is blockchain the next big accounting tool?" Accounting, Auditing & Accountability Journal 36, no. 1 (May 6, 2022): 24–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/aaaj-08-2020-4718.
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PurposeThis study conducts a systematic review using 452 academic and industry articles from an initial set of 60,899 records obtained by 3 databases from 2012 to 2020. The authors compare and contrast blockchains with existing legacy systems. The authors identify existing regulation, accounting standards, guidelines and potential amendments in under-explored areas such as taxation, accounting treatment of crypto-assets/liabilities and detailed auditing procedures. The study aims to highlight the trends, differences and gaps between academic and industry literature. The authors provide a behavioral, social, cultural, organizational, regulatory, ethical, accountability and managerial perspectives of blockchain adoption in accounting. Finally, the study develops two adoption frameworks.Design/methodology/approachThe authors' study follows (Moher et al., 2009) and (Briner and Denyer, 2012) methodology to conduct the systematic review and the steps are mentioned below. The authors construct a final sample of 452 from a preliminary search of three multi-disciplinary databases from 2012 to 2020. First, the authors motivate the review and formulate the research questions. Second, the authors aggregate relevant literature from both industry and academia and implement quality assessments. Third, the authors analyze the literature and construct the final sample of articles. Fourth, the authors conducted textual analysis, keyword frequencies and identify gaps, trends and similarities between academic and industry literature and develop the authors' frameworksFindingsThe authors identify 3 (ABDC, B and A* ranked) journals as publishing top article numbers with the highest article count for 2017 with 96 articles in academia and 2019 for the industry with 21 articles. Second-highest publications for academia occur in 2018 with 77 followed by, whereas in the industry, publications occur in the year 2016 with 16 articles. Two co-authors appear most popular with 103 articles. Word clouds, a mind map and article theme counts are used to identify nine key research clusters: data management, financial applications, sustainability, accounting and auditing, business and industrial, education, governance, privacy/security and disruptive technology.Research limitations/implicationsSystematic reviews can have selection biases mainly due to search and selection criteria distortions when constructing the final sample of articles. The authors address selection bias by refining our search keyword combinations by using different permutations and using keywords from articles already collected. The authors employ three databases and review the reference list of articles collected to add more articles that may have been missed into our sample. In addition, to avoid inconsistent coding of domains/themes and interpretations, the authors carefully review our domain identifications and all our analysis twice independently using two research assistants to obtain the same conclusions.Practical implicationsThe authors' unique contributions include reviewing additional papers, differentiating between industry, academic articles, common trends and gaps in much scattered prior literature. The authors identify existing accounting standards, guidelines, limitations and possible amendments required in future for blockchain adoption in accounting in taxation, accounting treatment of crypto-assets/liabilities and detailed audit procedures. Blockchains are compared with legacy accounting technologies and two frameworks for adoption developed. The authors' results could impact the understanding of existing regulation, accounting standards, future amendments, areas requiring clarity and future collaborative research between academia and industry across multi-disciplines. Practical implications to academics, professional bodies, regulators and industry practitioners exist.Social implicationsThe authors' study identifies significant implications on organizations, environment, culture and society in general. The authors identify that social engagement projects may be easily initiated and implemented with decentralized accounting information systems. Transparency and efficiency would change organization culture, ways accountants and even employees interact with each other and community. Anonymity in blockchains can be used for criminal activities. Coding of negative social dynamics to smart contracts may persist. Transparency of personally identifiable information may place individuals at risk. Regulation and standards would need to identify equity, ethics in blockchains which notwithstanding energy consumption, and could enable environmental protection increasing societal sustainability.Originality/valueTo the authors' knowledge, this is the first study that compares academic and industry literature of 452 articles to identify gaps and similarities from 2012 to 2020 using three multi-disciplinary databases. The authors' study is the first study to in detail existing accounting standards, unclear areas, future amendments for International Financial Reporting Standards (IFRS) standards on taxation, financial reporting and all aspects of auditing procedures. The authors further categorize prior literature into these key areas and develop two frameworks (DAERPS and DAIS) that are linked to our review results and prior literature. The authors identify the impact of blockchain adoption on key stakeholders, regulation, society, culture, organization, accountability and ethics.
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Koshechkin, Konstantin, Georgy Lebedev, George Radzievsky, Ralf Seepold, and Natividad Madrid Martinez. "Blockchain Technology Projects to Provide Telemedical Services: Systematic Review." Journal of Medical Internet Research 23, no. 8 (August 18, 2021): e17475. http://dx.doi.org/10.2196/17475.
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Background One of the most promising health care development areas is introducing telemedicine services and creating solutions based on blockchain technology. The study of systems combining both these domains indicates the ongoing expansion of digital technologies in this market segment. Objective This paper aims to review the feasibility of blockchain technology for telemedicine. Methods The authors identified relevant studies via systematic searches of databases including PubMed, Scopus, Web of Science, IEEE Xplore, and Google Scholar. The suitability of each for inclusion in this review was assessed independently. Owing to the lack of publications, available blockchain-based tokens were discovered via conventional web search engines (Google, Yahoo, and Yandex). Results Of the 40 discovered projects, only 18 met the selection criteria. The 5 most prevalent features of the available solutions (N=18) were medical data access (14/18, 78%), medical service processing (14/18, 78%), diagnostic support (10/18, 56%), payment transactions (10/18, 56%), and fundraising for telemedical instrument development (5/18, 28%). Conclusions These different features (eg, medical data access, medical service processing, epidemiology reporting, diagnostic support, and treatment support) allow us to discuss the possibilities for integration of blockchain technology into telemedicine and health care on different levels. In this area, a wide range of tasks can be identified that could be accomplished based on digital technologies using blockchains.
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Karani, Mohamed, and Samwel Dick Mwapwele. "The state of and prospects for the application of blockchain technology in e-commerce." International Journal of Research in Business and Social Science (2147- 4478) 12, no. 7 (October 28, 2023): 153–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.20525/ijrbs.v12i7.2929.
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Whilst e-commerce continues to grow, it has met privacy, trust, and security challenges. Blockchain technology is among the solutions that e-commerce can use to address these challenges. Blockchain technology poses benefits but comes with its challenges. The purpose of this study was to systematically review literature that focused on the state and prospects of blockchain technology in e-commerce. Specifically, the research question is what is the state of the application of blockchain technology in e-commerce? The study conducted searches using four databases (EbscoHost, Science Direct, IEEE Explore, and Jstor) as well as Google Scholar. Exclusion and inclusion criteria were applied in the searches to answer the research question. In total, 25 articles were used for this research and were thematically analysed. The results showed that while there are many benefits in implementing blockchain technologies in e-commerce, there are also challenges. The benefits include an increase in privacy, enhanced security, and minimized costs of transactions. The challenges are tax evasion, black market transactions, and lack of regulation. Results also showed blockchains are used to track product movement and originality. The study's novel contribution is to theory by developing a model for the application, benefits, and challenges of the blockchain technology ecosystem in e-commerce. The study contributes to policy by focusing on sustainable development goals 7 and 9. The research also contributes to the body of knowledge on the application of blockchain. Businesses, scholars, government officials, and other stakeholders can use this study to understand the application, challenges, and benefits of blockchain in e-commerce.
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Fang, Hao Sen Andrew, Teng Hwee Tan, Yan Fang Cheryl Tan, and Chun Jin Marcus Tan. "Blockchain Personal Health Records: Systematic Review." Journal of Medical Internet Research 23, no. 4 (April 13, 2021): e25094. http://dx.doi.org/10.2196/25094.
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Background Blockchain technology has the potential to enable more secure, transparent, and equitable data management. In the health care domain, it has been applied most frequently to electronic health records. In addition to securely managing data, blockchain has significant advantages in distributing data access, control, and ownership to end users. Due to this attribute, among others, the use of blockchain to power personal health records (PHRs) is especially appealing. Objective This review aims to examine the current landscape, design choices, limitations, and future directions of blockchain-based PHRs. Methods Adopting the PRISMA (Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-analyses) guidelines, a cross-disciplinary systematic review was performed in July 2020 on all eligible articles, including gray literature, from the following 8 databases: ACM, IEEE Xplore, MEDLINE, ScienceDirect, Scopus, SpringerLink, Web of Science, and Google Scholar. Three reviewers independently performed a full-text review and data abstraction using a standardized data collection form. Results A total of 58 articles met the inclusion criteria. In the review, we found that the blockchain PHR space has matured over the past 5 years, from purely conceptual ideas initially to an increasing trend of publications describing prototypes and even implementations. Although the eventual application of blockchain in PHRs is intended for the health care industry, the majority of the articles were found in engineering or computer science publications. Among the blockchain PHRs described, permissioned blockchains and off-chain storage were the most common design choices. Although 18 articles described a tethered blockchain PHR, all of them were at the conceptual stage. Conclusions This review revealed that although research interest in blockchain PHRs is increasing and that the space is maturing, this technology is still largely in the conceptual stage. Being the first systematic review on blockchain PHRs, this review should serve as a basis for future reviews to track the development of the space.
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Vivekanadam B. "Analysis of Recent Trend and Applications in Block Chain Technology." December 2020 2, no. 4 (October 6, 2020): 200–206. http://dx.doi.org/10.36548/jismac.2020.4.003.
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Blockchain is a digital ledger in which each record known as blocks and that are combined in a single list known as a chain. It is regarded as Bitcoin’s backbone technology. It is also regarded as cohesive collections of digital wallets. Blockchains are primarily used by cryptocurrencies such as Bitcoin and other applications to record these transactions. A blockchain is commonly referred to as a collection of distributed databases that consists of all public transactions, records and digital events then that information is shared among the participants. Every transaction is verified and it cannot be removed. The main features of this technology are reliable, efficient operation, fault tolerance and scalability. Some of the applications are manufacturing, government and finance when the three properties met together (i.e., Efficiency, Scalability and Security). By using several computers, each transaction that is applied to a blockchain is validated. A peer-to-peer network is developed by these systems that are used to validate these forms of blockchain transactions. They work together to ensure that any transaction is legitimate until it is added to the blockchain, and invalid blocks cannot be added to the chain by these systems. When a new block is added, it can be connected to a previous block using a cryptographic hash and the chain cannot be broken and each block is recorded permanently. Blockchain can be used for an exchanging the transaction securely without an intermediate. It enables customer relationship and agile chain values and thereby integrating with IoT and Cloud technology. The functionality of distributed ledger is combined with blockchain security to solve the financial and non-financial industry problems. This paper proposes the blockchain technology with devices and creates a common platform and secure data communication.
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Albalwy, Faisal, Andrew Brass, and Angela Davies. "A Blockchain-Based Dynamic Consent Architecture to Support Clinical Genomic Data Sharing (ConsentChain): Proof-of-Concept Study." JMIR Medical Informatics 9, no. 11 (November 3, 2021): e27816. http://dx.doi.org/10.2196/27816.
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Background In clinical genomics, sharing of rare genetic disease information between genetic databases and laboratories is essential to determine the pathogenic significance of variants to enable the diagnosis of rare genetic diseases. Significant concerns regarding data governance and security have reduced this sharing in practice. Blockchain could provide a secure method for sharing genomic data between involved parties and thus help overcome some of these issues. Objective This study aims to contribute to the growing knowledge of the potential role of blockchain technology in supporting the sharing of clinical genomic data by describing blockchain-based dynamic consent architecture to support clinical genomic data sharing and provide a proof-of-concept implementation, called ConsentChain, for the architecture to explore its performance. Methods The ConsentChain requirements were captured from a patient forum to identify security and consent concerns. The ConsentChain was developed on the Ethereum platform, in which smart contracts were used to model the actions of patients, who may provide or withdraw consent to share their data; the data creator, who collects and stores patient data; and the data requester, who needs to query and access the patient data. A detailed analysis was undertaken of the ConsentChain performance as a function of the number of transactions processed by the system. Results We describe ConsentChain, a blockchain-based system that provides a web portal interface to support clinical genomic sharing. ConsentChain allows patients to grant or withdraw data requester access and allows data requesters to query and submit access to data stored in a secure off-chain database. We also developed an ontology model to represent patient consent elements into machine-readable codes to automate the consent and data access processes. Conclusions Blockchains and smart contracts can provide an efficient and scalable mechanism to support dynamic consent functionality and address some of the barriers that inhibit genomic data sharing. However, they are not a complete answer, and a number of issues still need to be addressed before such systems can be deployed in practice, particularly in relation to verifying user credentials.
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Deng, Yangshen, Muxi Yan, and Bo Tang. "Accelerating Merkle Patricia Trie with GPU." Proceedings of the VLDB Endowment 17, no. 8 (April 2024): 1856–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.14778/3659437.3659443.
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Merkle Patricia Trie (MPT) is a type of trie structure that offers efficient lookup and insert operators for immutable data systems that require multi-version access and tamper-evident controls, such as blockchains and verifiable databases. The performance of these systems is critically dependent on the throughput of the underlying index structure MPT. In this paper, we present a novel approach to accelerate MPT by leveraging the massive parallelism of GPU. However, achieving it is challenging as (i) lock-free data structures are difficult to implement and (ii) traditional fine-grained locking does not scale on GPU. To address them, we first analyze the technical challenges of accelerating MPT via GPU, including node splitting conflicts and hash computing conflicts caused by parallel insert operations. We then propose a lock-free algorithm PhaseNU and a lock-based algorithm LockNU on GPU to resolve the node splitting conflict. We also devise a decision model for users to choose the proper one for different workloads. We next propose a GPU-based hash-compute algorithm PhaseHC to avoid hash computing conflicts. Last, we demonstrate the effectiveness of our proposed techniques by: (i) integrating them into both the real-world blockchain system Geth and verifiable database LedgerDB, and demonstrating its superiority with corresponding workloads; and (ii) conducting extensive experimental studies on two real-world datasets and one synthetic dataset. Our proposed solutions significantly outperform the deployed MPT solution in Geth in all datasets.
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Konashevych, Oleksii. "General Concept of Real Estate Tokenization on Blockchain." European Property Law Journal 9, no. 1 (September 11, 2020): 21–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/eplj-2020-0003.
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AbstractThis paper presents a concept of real estate tokenization, which includes legal, technological, and organizational aspects. The research introduces a theory of a Title Token – a digital record of ownership on the blockchain. It is discussed the principle of technological neutrality, where the traditional land registry is not necessarily abandoned in favor of blockchains, but instead, people gain the right to choose. Nowadays, public administrations use central-server databases, giving no alternatives for citizens. Recognition of the right of citizens to choose which technology to apply for managing their property rights creates a basis for free competition and the development of new technologies for better public services. Decentralized distributed ledgers are the key to decentralization. They enable more secure automation of legal procedures. On the contrary, centralization is a source of many issues in governance: abuse of power, corruption, inefficient governance, and high costs, slowness and complexity of bureaucratic procedures. With automation and reduction of intermediaries, the role of the government does not decrease but significantly changes, i.e. land cadaster bodies should not be monopolistic providers on the market. The paper introduces a theoretical basis for developing a new type of property registries.
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Khan, Dodo, Low Tang Jung, and Manzoor Ahmed Hashmani. "Systematic Literature Review of Challenges in Blockchain Scalability." Applied Sciences 11, no. 20 (October 9, 2021): 9372. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/app11209372.
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Blockchain technology is fast becoming the most transformative technology of recent times and has created hype and optimism, gaining much attention from the public and private sectors. It has been widely deployed in decentralized crypto currencies such as Bitcoin and Ethereum. Bitcoin is the success story of a public blockchain application that propelled intense research and development into blockchain technology. However, scalability remains a crucial challenge. Both Bitcoin and Ethereum are encountering low-efficiency issues with low throughput, high transaction latency, and huge energy consumption. The scalability issue in public Blockchains is hindering the provision of optimal solutions to businesses and industries. This paper presents a systematic literature review (SLR) on the public blockchain scalability issue and challenges. The scope of this SLR includes an in-depth investigation into the scalability problem of public blockchain, associated fundamental factors, and state-of-art solutions. This project managed to extract 121 primary papers from major scientific databases such as Scopus, IEEE explores, Science Direct, and Web of Science. The synthesis of these 121 articles revealed that scalability in public blockchain is not a singular term. A variety of factors are allied to it, with transaction throughput being the most discussed factor. In addition, other interdependent vita factors include storages, block size, number of nodes, energy consumption, latency, and cost. Generally, each term is somehow directly or indirectly reliant on the consensus model embraced by the blockchain nodes. It is also noticed that the contemporary available consensus models are not efficient in scalability and thus often fail to provide good QoS (throughput and latency) for practical industrial applications. Our findings exemplify that the Internet of Things (IoT) would be the leading application of blockchain in industries such as energy, finance, resource management, healthcare, education, and agriculture. These applications are, however, yet to achieve much-desired outcomes due to scalability issues. Moreover, Onchain and offchain are the two major categories of scalability solutions. Sagwit, block size expansion, sharding, and consensus mechanisms are examples of onchain solutions. Offchain, on the other hand, is a lighting network.
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Fekete, Dénes László, and Attila Kiss. "A Survey of Ledger Technology-Based Databases." Future Internet 13, no. 8 (July 31, 2021): 197. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/fi13080197.
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The spread of crypto-currencies globally has led to blockchain technology receiving greater attention in recent times. This paper focuses more broadly on the uses of ledger databases as a traditional database manager. Ledger databases will be examined within the parameters of two categories. The first of these are Centralized Ledger Databases (CLD)-based Centralised Ledger Technology (CLT), of which LedgerDB will be discussed. The second of these are Permissioned Blockchain Technology-based Decentralised Ledger Technology (DLT) where Hyperledger Fabric, FalconDB, BlockchainDB, ChainifyDB, BigchainDB, and Blockchain Relational Database will be examined. The strengths and weaknesses of the reviewed technologies will be discussed, alongside a comparison of the mentioned technologies.
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Jeong, Yoon-Su. "Blockchain Processing Technique Based on Multiple Hash Chains for Minimizing Integrity Errors of IoT Data in Cloud Environments." Sensors 21, no. 14 (July 8, 2021): 4679. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/s21144679.
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As IoT (Internet of Things) devices are diversified in the fields of use (manufacturing, health, medical, energy, home, automobile, transportation, etc.), it is becoming important to analyze and process data sent and received from IoT devices connected to the Internet. Data collected from IoT devices is highly dependent on secure storage in databases located in cloud environments. However, storing directly in a database located in a cloud environment makes it not only difficult to directly control IoT data, but also does not guarantee the integrity of IoT data due to a number of hazards (error and error handling, security attacks, etc.) that can arise from natural disasters and management neglect. In this paper, we propose an optimized hash processing technique that enables hierarchical distributed processing with an n-bit-size blockchain to minimize the loss of data generated from IoT devices deployed in distributed cloud environments. The proposed technique minimizes IoT data integrity errors as well as strengthening the role of intermediate media acting as gateways by interactively authenticating blockchains of n bits into n + 1 and n − 1 layers to normally validate IoT data sent and received from IoT data integrity errors. In particular, the proposed technique ensures the reliability of IoT information by validating hash values of IoT data in the process of storing index information of IoT data distributed in different locations in a blockchain in order to maintain the integrity of the data. Furthermore, the proposed technique ensures the linkage of IoT data by allowing minimal errors in the collected IoT data while simultaneously grouping their linkage information, thus optimizing the load balance after hash processing. In performance evaluation, the proposed technique reduced IoT data processing time by an average of 2.54 times. Blockchain generation time improved on average by 17.3% when linking IoT data. The asymmetric storage efficiency of IoT data according to hash code length is improved by 6.9% on average over existing techniques. Asymmetric storage speed according to the hash code length of the IoT data block was shown to be 10.3% faster on average than existing techniques. Integrity accuracy of IoT data is improved by 18.3% on average over existing techniques.
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Mastilović, Jasna, Dragan Kukolj, Žarko Kevrešan, Gordana Ostojić, Renata Kovač, Marina Đerić, and Dragana Ubiparip Samek. "Emerging Perspectives of Blockchains in Food Supply Chain Traceability Based on Patent Analysis." Foods 12, no. 5 (February 28, 2023): 1036. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/foods12051036.
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In the field of blockchain (BC) technology application in the food supply chain (FSC), a patent portfolio is collected, described, and analyzed using Latent Dirichlet Allocation (LDA) modeling, with the aim of obtaining insight into technology trends in this emerging and promising field. A patent portfolio consisting of 82 documents was extracted from patent databases using PatSnap software. The analysis of latent topics using LDA indicates that inventions related to the application of BCs in FSCs are patented in four key areas: (A) BC-supported tracing and tracking in FSCs; (B) devices and methods supporting application of BCs in FSCs; (C) combining BCs and other ICT technologies in FSC; and (D) BC-supported trading in FSCs. Patenting of BC technology applications in FSCs started during the second decade of the 21st century. Consequently, patent forward citation has been relatively low, while the family size confirms that application of BCs in FSCs is not yet widely accepted. A significant increase in the number of patent applications was registered after 2019, indicating that the number of potential users in FSCs is expected to grow over time. The largest numbers of patents originate from China, India, and the US.
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Yatsenko, V., B. Kovalov, O. Kubatko, M. Kharchenko, Yu Mazin, and V. Piven. "SMART CONTRACT IN BANKING FOR UKRAINE’S ECONOMY DIGITALIZATION." Vìsnik Sumsʹkogo deržavnogo unìversitetu 2022, no. 2 (2022): 92–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.21272/1817-9215.2022.2-10.
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Smart contracts are one of the digital technologies that have the potential to significantly alter the way market participants interact. It is emphasized in the research that a smart contract is a specialized computer protocol that allows negotiating parties to exchange assets between themselves: stocks, money, or property without involving a third party as an intermediary. It should be noted that smart contracts also have a wide area for use not only in the financial sector, but also in other sectors of the economy, and the global trend towards digitalization is one of the fundamental drivers of the development of this tool. The most recognizable technology for the operation of smart contracts today is blockchain. It is mentioned that blockchain guarantees the reliability and security of the concluded contracts in terms of their confidentiality, immutability, and permanence. Four basic stages of a blockchain-based smart contract were revealed. It is stated in the article that one of the most promising applications for smart contracts is the automation of the provision of banking services, such as supply chain financing, mortgage lending and small business lending. The automatic implementation of the full lending process, from application to credit risk assessment, mortgage renewals, title transfer, and mortgage servicing and securitization, can be facilitated by sharing borrower information and digital versions of multiple registries and title documents.It is emphasized that smart contracts have a number of advantages over traditional paper-based contracts. It's important to remember that no matter how advanced technology gets, there's always the risk of IT-system vulnerabilities. The future of smart contracts in banking was forecasted. Many banking processes and legal agreements will be substituted by blockchain-based finance solutions in the future; however the shift will be slow. Incumbent banking institutions are unlikely to completely relinquish control of their databases from unknown third parties. Most likely, groups of banking institutions will use authorized blockchains, and customers will only interact with trusted nodes, and not directly with the ledger.
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Kyrychenko, I. V., О. S. Nazarov, I. V. Gruzdo, and N. Kozel. "SECURITY IN DECENTRALIZED DATABASES." Bionics of Intelligence 1, no. 92 (June 2, 2019): 59–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.30837/bi.2019.1(92).10.
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Blockchain is a distributed network that records digital transactions on a publicly accessible ledger. This paper explores whether blockchain technology is a suitable platform for the preservation of digital signatures and public/ private key pairs. Conventional infrastructures use digital certificates, issued by certification authorities, to declare the authentication of key pairs and digital signatures. This paper suggests that the blockchain’s hash functions offer a better strategy for signature preservation than digital certificates. Compared to digital certificates, hashing provides better privacy and security. It is a form of authentication that does not require trust in a third-party authority, and the distributed nature of the blockchain network removes the problem of a single point of failure.
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Kh-Madhloom, Jamal. "Dynamic Cryptography Integrated Secured Decentralized Applications with Blockchain Programming." Wasit Journal of Computer and Mathematics Science 1, no. 2 (August 1, 2022): 21–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.31185/wjcm.vol1.iss2.41.
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Blocks and chains are the building blocks of the blockchain, which is a community network. Blocks and chains are two terms used to describe collections of data information. The most fundamental need for a blockchain is that these postings be connected by cryptography, which is the case here. Cryptography. the entries in each block are added to as the list grows. Although the concept of blockchain cryptography is difficult, we have made it easier for you to understand. Asymmetric-key cryptography and hash functions are used in blockchains. Hash functions provide participants with a complete image of the internet. The SHA-256 hashing algorithm is often used in blockchains. In Bitcoin, where addresses are tracked by public-private key pairs, blockchains are often used. The public key in blockchain cryptography is a person's address. All participants have access to the participant's public key. The private key is used to get access to the address database and to authorise activities using the address. To ensure the integrity of the blockchain ledger, encryption plays a key role. Each event on the blockchain is recorded using encrypted data. As long as each user has access to their cryptographic keys, they may buy or trade cryptocurrencies. The root hashes of all transactions are stored in blockchains via cryptographic hashing. If somebody attempts to tamper with any data upon that blockchain, the main hash will have a completely new hash. Root hash comparisons may be performed on any other system to check whether the data is safe.
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Konashevych, Oleksii. "Cross-blockchain protocol for public registries." International Journal of Web Information Systems 16, no. 5 (November 2, 2020): 571–610. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/ijwis-07-2020-0045.
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Purpose The purpose of this paper is to present a concept of the protocol for public registries based on blockchain. New database protocol aims to use the benefits of blockchain technologies and ensure their interoperability. Design/methodology/approach This paper is framed with design science research (DSR). The primary method is exaptation, i.e. adoption of solutions from other fields. The research is looking into existing technologies which are applied here as elements of the protocol: Name-Value Storage (NVS), Berkley DB, RAID protocol, among others. The choice of NVS as a reference technology for creating a database over blockchain is based on the analysis and comparison with two other similar technologies Bigchain and Amazon QLDB. Findings The proposed mechanism allows creating a standard database over a bundle of distributed ledgers. It ensures a blockchain agnostic approach and uses the benefits of various blockchain technologies in one ecosystem. In this scheme, blockchains play the role of journal storages (immutable log), whereas the overlaid database is the indexed storage. The distinctive feature of such a system is that in blockchain, users can perform peer-to-peer transactions directly in the ledger using blockchain native mechanism of user access management with public-key cryptography (blockchain does not require to administrate its database). Originality/value This paper presents a new method of creating a public peer-to-peer database across a bundle of distributed ledgers.
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Kaur, Navneet, and Devesh Saini. "Recent Advancement in Blockchain: A study." CGC International Journal of Contemporary Technology and Research 6, no. 1 (April 10, 2024): 373–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.46860/cgcijctr.2024.04.10.373.
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With technological innovation occurring at an ever-increasing rate, block chain has become one of the hottest new Internet trends. Because it is a distributed and decentralised database, blockchain has restored the definition of trust—providing security through cryptography and consensus mechanism without needing any third party. Hence the aim of this study is to provide an overview on the concept of blockchains, historical development, and application of Block chain in real life. In addition, the working of interlinked blockchains (blockmesh), their merits and applications are discussed. This will be useful to clarify the uses and usage of blockmesh in our daily lives. Finally, a slight peek in the past of the block chain would also be discussed to show the exponential growth in the blockchain technology.
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Hellings, Jelle, and Mohammad Sadoghi. "ByShard." Proceedings of the VLDB Endowment 14, no. 11 (July 2021): 2230–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.14778/3476249.3476275.
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The emergence of blockchains has fueled the development of resilient systems that can deal with Byzantine failures due to crashes, bugs, or even malicious behavior. Recently, we have also seen the exploration of sharding in these resilient systems, this to provide the scalability required by very large data-based applications. Unfortunately, current sharded resilient systems all use system-specific specialized approaches toward sharding that do not provide the flexibility of traditional sharded data management systems. To improve on this situation, we fundamentally look at the design of sharded resilient systems. We do so by introducing BYSHARD, a unifying framework for the study of sharded resilient systems. Within this framework, we show how two-phase commit and two-phase locking ---two techniques central to providing atomicity and isolation in traditional sharded databases---can be implemented efficiently in a Byzantine environment, this with a minimal usage of costly Byzantine resilient primitives. Based on these techniques, we propose eighteen multi-shard transaction processing protocols. Finally, we practically evaluate these protocols and show that each protocol supports high transaction throughput and provides scalability while each striking its own trade-off between throughput, isolation level, latency , and abort rate. As such, our work provides a strong foundation for the development of ACID-compliant general-purpose and flexible sharded resilient data management systems.
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Doszhanov, B. A. "BLOCKCHAIN TECHNOLOGY AND BITCOIN CRYPTOCURRENCY: HOW IT WORKS AND FEATURES." BULLETIN Series of Physics & Mathematical Sciences 69, no. 1 (March 10, 2020): 314–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.51889/2020-1.1728-7901.55.
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Along with the socio-economic sphere, interest in Internet technologies in public-private partnerships, companies and institutions, organizations allows you to integrate blockchains into large infrastructure. This result can be achieved by giving the user access and changing internal database storage algorithms. The main feature of blockchain technology is that it is based on decentralization. In the case of using any means of protection, if it is possible to crack the database located on the server, then such a malfunction is not allowed in the blockchain. The article discusses the concepts of cryptocurrency, blockchain, and bitcoin, as well as the principles of their operation. Prospects for their development and large-scale impact on financial activities carried out via the Internet are presented. It also describes cryptocurrencies and the technologies and algorithms used in them.
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Yu, Bofan. "Fintech Application: Artificial Intelligence and Blockchain." Advances in Economics, Management and Political Sciences 15, no. 1 (September 13, 2023): 240–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.54254/2754-1169/15/20230920.
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From academia to manufacture, artificial intelligence has a wide application and influence. on financial market. Finance is one of the earliest industries have a great connection with artificial intelligence. Through accurate profiling, neural networks and a series of artificial intelligence technology apply to finance. The traditional financial products, service way, credit finance invest decisions, risk control, etc. will have an innovation. Analysis of base, impact mechanism, development directions, risks on combination between artificial intelligence and finance has great theoretical value and practical significance to promote further combination between artificial intelligence and finance. Blockchain, originated from the concept of digital currency, has an extensive application in series of industries. Governments, financial companies, technology enterprise all over the world show great interest in blockchains. Blockchain, a rising distributed database protocol, apply cryptography technology, time-stamped chain data structures and distributed consensus mechanisms, have achieved decentralization, immutability, easy traceability and many advantages. Blockchains have solved the problem, high cost and insecurity of traditional centralized system, which has broad application prospects. This article focuses on two representative technologies apply in finance, artificial intelligence and blockchains. Start with the definitions of artificial intelligence and blockchains. The significance part is analysis on application of these two technologies. It compares different charge of robo-advisor platform and analyze non-performing loans rate to show the advantage of intelligence risk control. It also introduces five types and characteristic of blockchains, and uses ripple as example to show application of blockchains in cross-broader payments.
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Q.H., Hasan, Ali A. Yassin, and Oğuz ATA. "Electronic Health Records System Using Blockchain Technology." Webology 18, SI05 (October 30, 2021): 580–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.14704/web/v18si05/web18248.
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Blockchain technology is one of the most important and disruptive technologies in the world. Nowadays the healthcare center needs to share patient databases over all departments of the healthcare centers. Although, electronic healthcare records overcome several problems compared with manual records, but still suffer from many issues such as security, the privacy of patient data overall as we should transfer over a database from a central database to a decentralized database. In this paper, we proposed a good security system to manage the data of patients based on blockchain technology and a decentralized database. Depending on decentralized database and blockchain. Our proposed system provides the secure exchange of patient data, reliability, and high efficiency in sharing data during transaction data network equivalence checking to perform this validation of patient information in the blockchain and healthcare centers.
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Denis González, Camilo, Daniel Frias Mena, Alexi Massó Muñoz, Omar Rojas, and Guillermo Sosa-Gómez. "Electronic Voting System Using an Enterprise Blockchain." Applied Sciences 12, no. 2 (January 6, 2022): 531. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/app12020531.
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Conventional electronic voting systems use a centralized scheme. A central administration of these systems manages the entire voting process and has partial or total control over the database and the system itself. This creates some problems, accidental or intentional, such as possible manipulation of the database and double voting. Many of these problems have been solved thanks to permissionless blockchain technologies in new voting systems; however, the classic consensus method of such blockchains requires specific computing power during each voting operation. This has a significant impact on power consumption, compromises the efficiency and increases the system latency. However, using a permissioned blockchain improves efficiency and reduces system energy consumption, mainly due to the elimination of the typical consensus protocols used by public blockchains. The use of smart contracts provides a secure mechanism to guarantee the accuracy of the voting result and make the counting procedure public and protected against fraudulent actions, and contributes to preserving the anonymity of the votes. Its adoption in electronic voting systems can help mitigate part of these problems. Therefore, this paper proposes a system that ensures high reliability by applying enterprise blockchain technology to electronic voting, securing the secret ballot. In addition, a flexible network configuration is presented, discussing how the solution addresses some of the security and reliability issues commonly faced by electronic voting system solutions.
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Marak, Trealindora, Labianglang Sohkhlet, and Upasana Das. "BLOCKCHAIN-BASED HEALTHCARE RECORD MANAGEMENT SYSTEM." International Journal of Engineering Applied Sciences and Technology 6, no. 9 (January 1, 2022): 288–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.33564/ijeast.2022.v06i09.042.
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Blockchain is an engrossing research field area to introduce in the healthcare sector due to its security, privacy, confidentiality and decentralization. In Blockchain-based systems, data and authority can be distributed, and transparent and reliable transaction ledgers created. Privacy-enabling approaches for Blockchain have been introduced, such as private blockchains, and methods for enabling parties to act pseudonymously. We explore a set of proposed uses of Blockchain within cyber security and consider their requirements for privacy. We compare these requirements with the privacy provision of Blockchain and explore the trade-off between security and privacy, reflecting on the effect of using privacy-enabling approaches on the security advantages that Blockchain can offer. In this research, we present a framework that will help to reduce the inconsistencies that we have to risk in our everyday lives. The aim of this framework is to implement blockchain on storing healthcare records in a pre-assigned database.
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Taherdoost, Hamed. "Blockchain Integration and Its Impact on Renewable Energy." Computers 13, no. 4 (April 22, 2024): 107. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/computers13040107.
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This paper investigates the evolving landscape of blockchain technology in renewable energy. The study, based on a Scopus database search on 21 February 2024, reveals a growing trend in scholarly output, predominantly in engineering, energy, and computer science. The diverse range of source types and global contributions, led by China, reflects the interdisciplinary nature of this field. This comprehensive review delves into 33 research papers, examining the integration of blockchain in renewable energy systems, encompassing decentralized power dispatching, certificate trading, alternative energy selection, and management in applications like intelligent transportation systems and microgrids. The papers employ theoretical concepts such as decentralized power dispatching models and permissioned blockchains, utilizing methodologies involving advanced algorithms, consensus mechanisms, and smart contracts to enhance efficiency, security, and transparency. The findings suggest that blockchain integration can reduce costs, increase renewable source utilization, and optimize energy management. Despite these advantages, challenges including uncertainties, privacy concerns, scalability issues, and energy consumption are identified, alongside legal and regulatory compliance and market acceptance hurdles. Overcoming resistance to change and building trust in blockchain-based systems are crucial for successful adoption, emphasizing the need for collaborative efforts among industry stakeholders, regulators, and technology developers to unlock the full potential of blockchains in renewable energy integration.
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Rudytsia, Yehor, and Nataliia Bogdanova. "UML MODEL OF THE PROPERTY RIGHT DISTRIBUTION MODULE USING NFT FRACTIONALIZATION BASED ON BLOCKCHAIN TECHNOLOGY." International Science Journal of Engineering & Agriculture 1, no. 3 (August 1, 2022): 98–109. http://dx.doi.org/10.46299/j.isjea.20220103.8.
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The article proposes UML diagrams of the property right distribution module using NFT fractalization based on blockchain technology, which allow to develop software for the implementation of the modern way of fractions generation according to the ERC-1155 standard. A blockchain is a distributed database that is shared among the nodes of a computer network. As a database, a blockchain stores information electronically in digital format. Blockchains are best known for their crucial role in cryptocurrency systems, such as Bitcoin, for maintaining a secure and decentralized record of transactions. The innovation with a blockchain is that it guarantees the fidelity and security of a record of data and generates trust without the need for a trusted third party. This standard was chosen for the impossibility of offering fractions for sale on other platforms, ensuring the uniqueness of the proposed decentralized application. The main reason for the development is to create a module located on the network blockchain, ensuring the security of functionality with cryptographic algorithms from one of the most secure blockchain — Ethereum. The task of development is to implement functionality that ensures the fulfillment of all functional requirements, the most important of which are the creation of a unique NFT to the user’s property, its Fractionalization and the sale of fractions to other users.
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Adeola Olusola Ajayi-Nifise, Titilola Falaiye, Odeyemi Olubusola, Andrew Ifesinachi Daraojimba, and Noluthando Zamanjomane Mhlongo. "BLOCKCHAIN IN U.S. ACCOUNTING: A REVIEW: ASSESSING ITS TRANSFORMATIVE POTENTIAL FOR ENHANCING TRANSPARENCY AND INTEGRITY." Finance & Accounting Research Journal 6, no. 2 (February 14, 2024): 159–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.51594/farj.v6i2.786.
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This study critically examines the transformative potential of blockchain technology in enhancing transparency ansd integrity within U.S. accounting practices. Employing a systematic literature review and content analysis methodology, the research draws on a range of peer-reviewed articles, industry reports, and authoritative databases. The study's objectives include understanding the evolution of blockchain in accounting, assessing its impact on transparency and integrity, identifying challenges in adoption, and exploring future trends and stakeholder implications. Key findings reveal that blockchain acts as a catalyst for transparency and integrity in accounting, offering a decentralized and immutable record-keeping system that significantly reduces the likelihood of fraud and errors. The technology's integration into accounting practices is evolving, indicating a future of automated, real-time auditing processes and enhanced financial reporting. However, challenges such as regulatory ambiguity, technical complexities, and scalability issues persist, necessitating strategic solutions. The study recommends that industry leaders and policymakers proactively embrace blockchain technology through education, regulatory framework development, and collaboration between technology developers and the accounting industry. Standard-setting bodies are also encouraged to update accounting standards in light of blockchain's implications. Future research directions include exploring the long-term impact of blockchain on various accounting aspects, empirical assessments of its real-world impact, and strategies to overcome adoption barriers. In conclusion, the study highlights blockchain's significant role in revolutionizing accounting practices, emphasizing the need for continued exploration and strategic integration of this technology in the accounting sector.
Keywords: Blockchain Technology, Accounting Transparency, Regulatory Frameworks, Financial Integrity.
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Kim, Horim, Jaeyoung Kim, Kyungmyung Jang, and Jaemin Han. "Are the Blockchain-Based Patents Sustainable for Increasing Firm Value?" Sustainability 12, no. 5 (February 26, 2020): 1739. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su12051739.
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Blockchain technology is changing conventional online transaction systems by eliminating payment gateway firms. The blockchain technology is highly attractive and has earned a lot of attention from investors and firms. To protect blockchain technology, firms acquire a patent of blockchain for enhancing the value of their blockchain technology. However, the sustainable value for a patent of blockchain has not been clearly explored. For this reason, our research attempted to explore the relationship between a patent of blockchain and firm value. We used a real options theory and built robust empirical tests based on United State Patents and Trademark Office (USPTO) data. We collected the patents of blockchains from 2014 to 2018 and matched financial data from the Compustat database. In total, we found 153 panel observations. Our results suggest that a firm’s patent of blockchain originality and t-1 lagged effects for a firm’s patent of blockchain generality are positively associated with firm value in general. In addition, the sustainable value for the patent of blockchain affects firms differently based on their industry. We found that the sustainable value for the patent of blockchain originality was positively and exclusively associated with the software industry, while the sustainable value for the patent of blockchain generality was positively and exclusively associated with the hardware industry.
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P.J, Sankaranarayanan, and Geogen George. "Blockchain Based Aadhaar Security." International Journal of Engineering & Technology 7, no. 4.6 (September 25, 2018): 398. http://dx.doi.org/10.14419/ijet.v7i4.6.28450.
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A blockchain is a decentralized, disseminated and digital ledger that can’t be altered retroactively without modifying every single blocks and the consensus of the network. Blockchain can be used in smart contracts, Banks, IoT devices, Database management, etc., Due to recent times flaws and leakage of Aadhaar information (Aadhaar which is the largest government databases of the Indian citizens) in Internet the security and privacy of Aadhaar became questionable. In order to ensure the security of Aadhaar, Blockchain has the potential to overcome security and privacy challenges in Aadhaar. In this project we are going to create a Blockchain for Aadhaar database and implement light weight algorithm for efficiency, optimization and scalability along with the Blockchain securing algorithm.
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Hammoodi Neamah Al-Mutar, Firas, Ahmed Ali Talib Al-Khazaali, and Baqar Assam Hataf. "Scalability of blockchain: Review of cross-sharding with high communication overhead." BIO Web of Conferences 97 (2024): 00075. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/bioconf/20249700075.
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Sharding method is separates the network into smaller groups to reduce latency and enhance blockchain speed. To reduce storage cost, divide the network into separate segments, and allow nodes to maintain track of a portion of the blockchain's data ledger, it was initially employed in databases. This technology is an excellent choice for enhancing blockchain performance because of its practical requirements and the speed at which blockchain applications are developing. It has garnered a lot of interest. There are a number of unresolved issues regarding the review and analysis of sharding. In this paper, we examine current state-of-the-art sharding schemes by categorizing them according to blockchain type and sharding technique—more specifically, cross-sharding with low communication overhead and systematically and thoroughly analyzing the benefits and drawbacks of each. Sharding lowers communication overhead since the performance of blockchain apps that use it has significantly improved over the method that should be studied for reducing the communication cost of block consensus. We present various open addresses after doing a comprehensive review and analysis of the communication overhead.
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Jayasuriya Daluwathumullagamage, Dulani, and Alexandra Sims. "Blockchain-Enabled Corporate Governance and Regulation." International Journal of Financial Studies 8, no. 2 (June 18, 2020): 36. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijfs8020036.
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There is considerable hype about blockchain in almost every industry, including finance, with significant investments globally. We conduct a systematic review of 851 records and construct a final article sample of 183 for the sample period 2012 to 2020 to identify relevant factors for blockchain adoption in corporate governance. We conduct textual and empirical analysis to develop a decentralized autonomous governance framework and link traditional corporate governance theories to blockchain adoption. Furthermore, we explore present and future use cases and implications of blockchains in corporate governance. Using our systematic review and textual analysis, we further identify gaps and common trends between prior academic and industry literature. Moreover, for our empirical analysis, we compile a unique database of blockchain investments to forecast future investments. In addition, we explore blockchain potential in corporate governance during and post COVID-19. We find prior academic articles to mostly focus on regulation (49 studies) and Initial Coin Offerings (ICOs) (46 studies), while industry articles tend to concentrate on exchanges (10 studies) and cryptocurrencies (9 articles). A significant growth in literature is observed for 2017 and 2018. Finally, we provide behavioural, regulatory, ethical and managerial perspectives of blockchain adoption in corporate governance.
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Laishevskiy, Ivan, Artem Barger, and Vladimir Gorgadze. "A Journey Towards the Most Efficient State Database For Hyperledger Fabric." Advances in Artificial Intelligence and Machine Learning 03, no. 04 (2023): 1526–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.54364/aaiml.2023.1188.
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Hyperledger Fabric is a leading permissioned blockchain platform known for its flexibility and customization. A crucial yet often overlooked component is its state database, which records the current state of blockchain applications. While the platform currently supports LevelDB and CouchDB, this study argues that there is an unmet need for exploring alternative databases to enhance performance and scalability. We evaluate RocksDB, Boltdb, and BadgerDB under various workloads, focusing on memory and CPU utilization. Our findings reveal that each alternative outperforms the existing options: RocksDB excels in throughput and latency, Boltdb minimizes CPU usage, and BadgerDB is most memory-efficient. This research not only provides a roadmap for integrating new state databases into Hyperledger Fabric but also offers critical insights for those aiming to optimize enterprise blockchain systems. The study underscores the significant gains in scalability and performance that can be achieved by reconsidering the choice of state database.