Journal articles: 'Blood analysis; Forensic science'

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Da Silva, Rafaela Rogiski, Bruna Carla Agustini, André Luís Lopes Da Silva, and Henrique Ravanhol Frigeri. "Luminol in the forensic science." Journal of Biotechnology and Biodiversity 3, no. 4 (November 17, 2012): 172–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.20873/jbb.uft.cemaf.v3n4.rogiskisilva.

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In a crime scene, the collection of evidence and a subsequent laboratory analysis compose the fundamental steps to allow the expert to reveal the truth for the final verdict in a jury and to bring back the comfort to the victim’s family. Bloodstains are usually found and sent to laboratories as a vestige to unravel the origin of the material. However, some scenes are modified in order to conceal the real culprit for the criminal act. For these cases, the luminol reagent can be useful. This test is very often used to visualize occult blood. Luminol is considered the most sensitive test once it can identify the blood presence in scale of nanograms. When this reagent comes into contact with blood,the light emission occurs through a phenomenon known as chemiluminescence. This luminescence can be produced by other interfering compounds, leading to a misinterpretation for the presence of blood. Despite this shortcoming, the present review article highlights the indispensability of the reagent luminol on a crime scene.

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Horton, Benjamin P. "Diatoms and Forensic Science." Paleontological Society Papers 13 (October 2007): 181–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1089332600001534.

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The application of diatom analysis in determining whether drowning was the cause of death has proved to be a valuable tool in forensic science. The basic principal of the “diatom test” in drowning is based on inference that diatoms are present in the medium where the possible drowning took place and that the inhalation of water causes penetration of diatoms into the alveolar system and blood stream, and thus, their deposition into the brain, kidneys, and other organs.I provide an informal assessment of “reliability” of the “diatom test” through correlations between control samples and samples from organs and clothing in two case studies. In studies, all organ and clothing samples except one had matching analogues in the modern diatom dataset from the body recovery sites, reinforcing drowning as the cause of death. The analogue matching provides further information on the precise site of drowning, in particular differentiating between drowning in a bathtub versus a naturally occurring body of water.

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Zou, Yun, Pan Xia, Feiyu Yang, Fangqi Cao, Ke Ma, Zhongliang Mi, Xiaochun Huang, et al. "Whole blood and semen identification using mid-infrared and Raman spectrum analysis for forensic applications." Analytical Methods 8, no. 18 (2016): 3763–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c5ay03337c.

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Somnay, Vishal, Thomas Duong, Ray-Young Tsao, and Joseph A. Prahlow. "Crime Scene Analysis Through DNA Testing of Canine Feces—A Case Report." Academic Forensic Pathology 10, no. 1 (March 2020): 56–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1925362120944743.

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Forensic DNA testing can play a critical role in homicide investigations. Selecting the appropriate evidence on which to perform DNA testing requires foresight and reasoning based on experience and science. Although successful DNA testing can occur using many substrates, including blood, hair, and sweat/epithelial cells, positive results can also result from testing various unorthodox samples. The authors report on a triple-murder investigation where DNA testing of dog feces at the crime scene matched DNA testing of feces found on the shoe of a suspect resulting in successful prosecution of the case.

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Cadd, Samuel, Bo Li, Peter Beveridge, William O'Hare, and Meez Islam. "Age Determination of Blood-Stained Fingerprints Using Visible Wavelength Reflectance Hyperspectral Imaging." Journal of Imaging 4, no. 12 (November 29, 2018): 141. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/jimaging4120141.

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The ability to establish the exact time a crime was committed is one of the fundamental aims of forensic science. The analysis of recovered evidence can provide information to assist in age determination, such as blood, which is one of the most commonly encountered types of biological evidence and the most common fingerprint contaminant. There are currently no accepted methods to establish the age of a blood-stained fingerprint, so progress in this area would be of considerable benefit for forensic investigations. A novel application of visible wavelength reflectance, hyperspectral imaging (HSI), is used for the detection and age determination of blood-stained fingerprints on white ceramic tiles. Both identification and age determination are based on the unique visible absorption spectrum of haemoglobin between 400 and 680 nm and the presence of the Soret peak at 415 nm. In this study, blood-stained fingerprints were aged over 30 days and analysed using HSI. False colour aging scales were produced from a 30-day scale and a 24 h scale, allowing for a clear visual method for age estimations for deposited blood-stained fingerprints. Nine blood-stained fingerprints of varying ages deposited on one white ceramic tile were easily distinguishable using the 30-day false colour scale.

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Ishaq, Nasreen, Arif Rasheed Malik, Zameer Ahmad, and Saad Ehsan Ullah. "Determination of Sex by Cheiloscopy as an Aid to Establish Personal Identity." Annals of King Edward Medical University 24, no. 1 (March 26, 2018): 581–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.21649/akemu.v24i1.2305.

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Background: Establishment of individuality is the basic concept of the humanity, which formulates personal identity. Forensic medicine is basically the science of identification and during last few decades multiple research work has been conducted for detection of different methods of identification to establish a baseline of identity e.g. dental data, fingerprinting, DNA analysis, anthropometry, identification of sex, assessment of age, determination of height and blood groups identification. Among these, DNA analysis and dental data provide easiest identifications, however, these techniques are expensive and not readily availablenecessitating additional techniques for identification. One of such novel approach is cheiloscopy i.e. study of lip print patterns. Methodology: In order to investigate the lip prints-based identification, a study was conducted in the Shaikh Khalifa Bin Zayed Al-Nahyan Medical College, Lahore. A total of 125 female and 125 male student subjects were selected from all years of MBBS students Session 2016. Results: After detailed study and evaluation of lip patterns of 250 subjects, 96 males and 105 females were correctly identified based upon lip prints. Conclusion: Lip prints can and should be included in the forensic sciences as a means of establishment of individuality especially for criminals.

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Proença, Paula, Carla Monteiro, Carla Mustra, Alda Claro, João Franco, and Francisco Corte-Real. "Identification and Quantification of Antipsychotics in Blood Samples by LC–MS-MS: Case Reports and Data from Three Years of Routine Analysis." Journal of Analytical Toxicology 44, no. 8 (August 11, 2020): 915–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/jat/bkaa100.

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Abstract Antipsychotic drugs (AP) are widely prescribed for the treatment of schizophrenia and psychosis. The pharmacological treatment of schizophrenia is often performed with the simultaneous use of two or more antipsychotic agents to achieve the desired control of psychotic symptoms Available AP include both conventional (typical) and new (atypical) antipsychotic medications. Atypical AP, such as quetiapine, now account for the vast majority of AP prescriptions. In forensic toxicology, AP are of considerable interest because of their potential abuse and their involvement in intoxications and suicides. The authors retrospectively examined AP positive cases detected in samples collected during autopsies performed in the Forensic Clinical and Pathology Service of National Institute of Legal Medicine and Forensic Sciences Centre Branch or in other autopsies carried out in the central region of Portugal, between January 2016 and December 2018. A quantitative liquid chromatography–tandem mass spectrometry assay was developed for the simultaneous determination of 16 AP (amisulpride, aripiprazole, chlorpromazine, clozapine, cyamemazine, fluphenazine, haloperidol, levomepromazine, melperone, olanzapine, paliperidone, promethazine, quetiapine, risperidone, sulpiride and ziprasidone) in blood samples of postmortem cases. The Laboratory of Forensic Chemistry and Toxicology received 3,588 requests for toxicological analysis: 1,413 cases were positive for drugs from which 351 (24.8%) cases were positive for AP, 60.1% from male individuals and 39.9% from female. Quetiapine was the most prevalent AP (36.5%) followed by olanzapine (20.8%). During this period, there were 25 postmortem cases with AP blood concentrations above therapeutic range, in which 36% of those are in agreement with the information received (psychological history or acute intoxication suspicion) and the manner of death was suicide. Our results point that antipsychotics are an increasingly prevalent class of drugs. AP must be measured not only in toxic concentrations but also in therapeutic levels in postmortem cases; therefore, it is important to come up with a sensitive method to cover the low therapeutic range in which AP are usually present.

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Ito, Asuka, Hiroshi Kinoshita, Mostofa Jamal, Naoko Tanaka, Tadayoshi Yamashita, and Kiyoshi Ameno. "Toxicological analysis of acetone in a forensic case for the diagnosis of fulminant type 1 diabetes mellitus." Bangladesh Journal of Medical Science 19, no. 3 (March 10, 2020): 414–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.3329/bjms.v19i3.45857.

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Background: A male in his thirties was found dead in his apartment. On the day before he found dead, he had multiple vague physical complaints, including abdominal pain, vomiting, mouth dryness, and chillness. On autopsy, his liver showed extensive fatty changes, but changes in the other organs were unremarkable. Method: Toxicological analysis showed high concentrations of acetone in his blood (1651 μmol/l) and urine (1913 μmol/l), without any measurable amounts of ethanol. Result: Biochemical analysis indicated high levels of 3-hydroxybutyric acid and acetoacetic acid in the plasma, low levels of plasma C-peptide, and normal levels of hemoglobin A1c. Tests for islet-related antibodies in the plasma yielded negative results. Immunohistological examination indicated selective destruction of the pancreatic islet β cells. Based on these findings, we concluded that the cause of death was fulminant type 1 diabetes mellitus associated with diabetic ketoacidosis. Conclusion: Thus, the toxicological analysis of acetone in the blood and urine is important for the diagnosis of death from fulminant type 1 diabetes mellitus. Bangladesh Journal of Medical Science Vol.19(3) 2020 p.414-419

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Naugler, Christopher, EmadA Mohammed, MostafaM A. Mohamed, and BehrouzH Far. "Peripheral blood smear image analysis: A comprehensive review." Journal of Pathology Informatics 5, no. 1 (2014): 9. http://dx.doi.org/10.4103/2153-3539.129442.

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Campbell, Rebecca, Hannah Feeney, Giannina Fehler-Cabral, Jessica Shaw, and Sheena Horsford. "The National Problem of Untested Sexual Assault Kits (SAKs): Scope, Causes, and Future Directions for Research, Policy, and Practice." Trauma, Violence, & Abuse 18, no. 4 (December 23, 2015): 363–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1524838015622436.

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Victims of sexual assault are often advised to have a medical forensic exam and sexual assault kit (SAK; also termed a “rape kit”) to preserve physical evidence (e.g., semen, blood, and/or saliva samples) to aid in the investigation and prosecution of the crime. Law enforcement are tasked with submitting the rape kit to a forensic laboratory for DNA (deoxyribonucleic acid) analysis, which can be instrumental in identifying offenders in previously unsolved crimes, confirming identify in known-offender assaults, discovering serial rapists, and exonerating individuals wrongly accused. However, a growing number of media stories, investigative advocacy projects, and social science studies indicate that police are not routinely submitting SAKs for forensic testing, and instead rape kits are placed in evidence storage, sometimes for decades. This review article examines the growing national problem of untested rape kits by summarizing current research on the number of untested SAKs in the United States and exploring the underlying reasons why police do not submit this evidence for DNA testing. Recommendations for future research that can guide policy and practice are discussed.

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Moral, Jackeline, Callan Hundl, Dayong Lee, Maddisen Neuman, Aimee Grimaldi, Maria Cuellar, and Peter Stout. "Implementation of a Blind Quality Control Program in Blood Alcohol Analysis." Journal of Analytical Toxicology 43, no. 8 (August 17, 2019): 630–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/jat/bkz059.

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Abstract Declared proficiency tests are limited in their use for testing the performance of the entire system, because analysts are aware that they are being tested. A blind quality control (BQC) is intended to appear as a real case to the analyst to remove any intentional or subconscious bias. A BQC program allows a real-time assessment of the laboratory’s policies and procedures and monitors reliability of casework. In September 2015, the Houston Forensic Science Center (HFSC) began a BQC program in blood alcohol analysis. Between September 2015 and July 2018, HFSC submitted 317 blind cases: 89 negative samples and 228 positive samples at five target concentrations (0.08, 0.15, 0.16, 0.20 and 0.25 g/100 mL; theoretical targets). These blood samples were analyzed by a headspace gas chromatograph interfaced with dual-flame ionization detectors (HS-GC-FID). All negative samples produced `no ethanol detected’ results. The mean (range) of reported blood alcohol concentrations (BACs) for the aforementioned target concentrations was 0.075 (0.073–0.078), 0.144 (0.140–0.148), 0.157 (0.155–0.160), 0.195 (0.192–0.200) and 0.249 (0.242–0.258) g/100 mL, respectively. The average BAC percent differences from the target for the positive blind cases ranged from −0.4 to −6.3%, within our uncertainty of measurement (8.95–9.18%). The rate of alcohol evaporation/degradation was determined negligible. A multiple linear regression analysis was performed to compare the % difference in BAC among five target concentrations, eight analysts, three HS-GC-FID instruments and two pipettes. The variables other than target concentrations showed no significant difference (P > 0.2). While the 0.08 g/100 mL target showed a significantly larger % difference than higher target concentrations (0.15–0.25 g/100 mL), the % differences among the higher targets were not concentration-dependent. Despite difficulties like gaining buy-in from stakeholders and mimicking evidence samples, the implementation of a BQC program has improved processes, shown methods are reliable and added confidence to staff’s testimony in court.

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Ahmad, Samir M., Oriana C. Gonçalves, Mariana N. Oliveira, Nuno R. Neng, and José M. F. Nogueira. "Application of Microextraction-Based Techniques for Screening-Controlled Drugs in Forensic Context—A Review." Molecules 26, no. 8 (April 9, 2021): 2168. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/molecules26082168.

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The analysis of controlled drugs in forensic matrices, i.e., urine, blood, plasma, saliva, and hair, is one of the current hot topics in the clinical and toxicological context. The use of microextraction-based approaches has gained considerable notoriety, mainly due to the great simplicity, cost-benefit, and environmental sustainability. For this reason, the application of these innovative techniques has become more relevant than ever in programs for monitoring priority substances such as the main illicit drugs, e.g., opioids, stimulants, cannabinoids, hallucinogens, dissociative drugs, and related compounds. The present contribution aims to make a comprehensive review on the state-of-the art advantages and future trends on the application of microextraction-based techniques for screening-controlled drugs in the forensic context.

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SHAH, ILTAF, and Syed Salman Ashraf. "undergraduate forensic biochemistry laboratory experiment to detect doping in animal hair using LCMS." International Journal for Innovation Education and Research 6, no. 1 (January 31, 2018): 133–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.31686/ijier.vol6.iss1.927.

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Doping using performance enhancing banned substances is a serious problem in almost every sport competition. Not surprisingly, the detection of these contra banned drugs is an area of active and continuous improvement and innovation by bioanalytical chemists. Additionally, most students working out in the gym and taking part in various sports need to be made aware of the doping and the health problems associated with it. Science or STEM students, in particular chemistry students, must not only be made aware of these issues, but also be taught that chemistry (and science) can provide solutions to such real-life issues. To this end, a newly developed forensic laboratory experiment is described that guides students to learn liquid chromatography mass spectrometry instrumentation (LC-MS) to detect four common doping drugs cortisol, dexamethasone, methyl prednisolone and flumethasone in camel hair samples. In addition, the project is also designed to reinforce the importance of hair analysis as an additional sample matrix, complementary to saliva, blood and urine tests, in doping applications. In addition to learning various aspects of sample preparation, extraction, and LC-MS principles, students will also learn how to validate this method according to Food and Drugs Administration guidelines for intra and inter day precision and accuracy, recovery, stability and linearity. This “applied forensic science” experiment was successfully implemented in a biochemistry undergraduate research course to enhance students' learning of doping issues as well as important bio-analytical and forensic biochemistry concepts. Student survey confirmed that this laboratory experiment was successful in achieving the objectives of raising awareness of doping control in students and illustrating the usefulness of chemistry in solving real-life problems. This experiment can be easily adopted in an advanced biochemistry laboratory course and taught as an inquiry-guided exercise. Such hands-on and engaging experiments should be part of undergraduate curriculum to foster deeper interest and innovation in STEM subjects to better prepare the next-generation workforce in science and technology.

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Castelló, Ana, Francesc Francés, and Fernando Verdú. "DNA Evidence Uncompromised by Active Oxygen." Scientific World JOURNAL 10 (2010): 387–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.1100/tsw.2010.47.

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Currently, forensic sciences can make use of the potential of instrumental analysis techniques to obtain information from the smallest, even invisible, samples. However, as laboratory techniques improve, so too should the procedures applied in the search for and initial testing of clues in order to be equally effective. This requires continuous revision so that those procedures may resolve the problems that samples present. As far as bloodstains are concerned, there are methods available that are recognized as being both highly sensitive and effective. Nevertheless, the marketing of new cleaning products, those that contain active oxygen, has raised doubts about the ability of those procedures to detect blood. It has been shown that stains washed with these detergents (and still visible) invalidated both the presumptive test (reduced phenolphthalein, luminol, and Bluestar®) and that applied for determining human hemoglobin. These findings have caused considerable concern both within the forensic and scientific community, and among the general public, so obliging us to seek solutions. In this work, the effect of these new cleaning products on DNA analyses is studied. The results, encouraging ones, show that these detergents, despite invalidating all other tests, do not hinder the extraction, or the subsequent analysis, of DNA.

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Książek, Kamil, Michał Romaszewski, Przemysław Głomb, Bartosz Grabowski, and Michał Cholewa. "Blood Stain Classification with Hyperspectral Imaging and Deep Neural Networks." Sensors 20, no. 22 (November 21, 2020): 6666. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/s20226666.

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In recent years, growing interest in deep learning neural networks has raised a question on how they can be used for effective processing of high-dimensional datasets produced by hyperspectral imaging (HSI). HSI, traditionally viewed as being within the scope of remote sensing, is used in non-invasive substance classification. One of the areas of potential application is forensic science, where substance classification on the scenes is important. An example problem from that area—blood stain classification—is a case study for the evaluation of methods that process hyperspectral data. To investigate the deep learning classification performance for this problem we have performed experiments on a dataset which has not been previously tested using this kind of model. This dataset consists of several images with blood and blood-like substances like ketchup, tomato concentrate, artificial blood, etc. To test both the classic approach to hyperspectral classification and a more realistic application-oriented scenario, we have prepared two different sets of experiments. In the first one, Hyperspectral Transductive Classification (HTC), both a training and a test set come from the same image. In the second one, Hyperspectral Inductive Classification (HIC), a test set is derived from a different image, which is more challenging for classifiers but more useful from the point of view of forensic investigators. We conducted the study using several architectures like 1D, 2D and 3D convolutional neural networks (CNN), a recurrent neural network (RNN) and a multilayer perceptron (MLP). The performance of the models was compared with baseline results of Support Vector Machine (SVM). We have also presented a model evaluation method based on t-SNE and confusion matrix analysis that allows us to detect and eliminate some cases of model undertraining. Our results show that in the transductive case, all models, including the MLP and the SVM, have comparative performance, with no clear advantage of deep learning models. The Overall Accuracy range across all models is 98–100% for the easier image set, and 74–94% for the more difficult one. However, in a more challenging inductive case, selected deep learning architectures offer a significant advantage; their best Overall Accuracy is in the range of 57–71%, improving the baseline set by the non-deep models by up to 9 percentage points. We have presented a detailed analysis of results and a discussion, including a summary of conclusions for each tested architecture. An analysis of per-class errors shows that the score for each class is highly model-dependent. Considering this and the fact that the best performing models come from two different architecture families (3D CNN and RNN), our results suggest that tailoring the deep neural network architecture to hyperspectral data is still an open problem.

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Ferreira, Elisa, Francisco Corte Real, Teresa Pinho e Melo, and Cláudia Margalho. "A Novel Bioanalytical Method for the Determination of Opioids in Blood and Pericardial Fluid." Journal of Analytical Toxicology 44, no. 8 (June 9, 2020): 754–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/jat/bkaa064.

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Abstract Opioids are the drugs most commonly detected in overdose deaths and the second most consumed worldwide. An analytical methodology has been optimized and fully validated for the determination of codeine, morphine, 6-acetylmorphine, 6-acetylcodeine, oxycodone, oxymorphone and fentanyl in whole blood and pericardial fluid. The internal standards used were codeine-d3, morphine-d3, 6-acetylmorphine-d3 and fentanyl-d5. Before solid-phase extraction, volumes of 250 μL of blood and pericardial fluid were subjected to a protein precipitation (with 750 μL of ice-cold acetonitrile) and a microwave-induced oximation was performed using a solution of 1% aqueous hydroxylamine hydrochloride in phosphate-buffered saline (1:2, v/v). Finally, the dried extracts were further derivatized with a solution of n-methyl-n-(trimethylsilyl) trifluoroacetamide + 5% trimethylchlorosilane under microwave irradiation. The chromatographic analysis was carried out using gas chromatography–mass spectrometry operating in electron impact and selected ion monitoring mode. For all analytes, the method was linear between 5 and 1,000 ng/mL with determination coefficients (r2) >0.99. Depending on the analyte and matrix, the limit of detection varies between 3 and 4 ng/mL. Intra- and intermediate precision (<20%) and bias (±20%) were acceptable for all analytes in both matrices. The stability of the substances in the studied matrices was guaranteed, at least, 24 h in the autosampler, 4 h at room temperature and 30 days after three freeze/thaw cycles. This methodology was applied to real samples from the Laboratory of Chemistry and Forensic Toxicology, Centre Branch, of the National Institute of Legal Medicine and Forensic Sciences, Portugal.

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Zulfiqar, Maheen, Muhammad Ahmad, Ahmed Sohaib, Manuel Mazzara, and Salvatore Distefano. "Hyperspectral Imaging for Bloodstain Identification." Sensors 21, no. 9 (April 27, 2021): 3045. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/s21093045.

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Blood is key evidence to reconstruct crime scenes in forensic sciences. Blood identification can help to confirm a suspect, and for that reason, several chemical methods are used to reconstruct the crime scene however, these methods can affect subsequent DNA analysis. Therefore, this study presents a non-destructive method for bloodstain identification using Hyperspectral Imaging (HSI, 397–1000 nm range). The proposed method is based on the visualization of heme-components bands in the 500–700 nm spectral range. For experimental and validation purposes, a total of 225 blood (different donors) and non-blood (protein-based ketchup, rust acrylic paint, red acrylic paint, brown acrylic paint, red nail polish, rust nail polish, fake blood, and red ink) samples (HSI cubes, each cube is of size 1000 × 512 × 224, in which 1000 × 512 are the spatial dimensions and 224 spectral bands) were deposited on three substrates (white cotton fabric, white tile, and PVC wall sheet). The samples are imaged for up to three days to include aging. Savitzky Golay filtering has been used to highlight the subtle bands of all samples, particularly the aged ones. Based on the derivative spectrum, important spectral bands were selected to train five different classifiers (SVM, ANN, KNN, Random Forest, and Decision Tree). The comparative analysis reveals that the proposed method outperformed several state-of-the-art methods.

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Rosato, Enrica, Martina Bonelli, Marcello Locatelli, Ugo de Grazia, Angela Tartaglia, Fabio Savini, and Cristian D'Ovidio. "Forensic Biochemical Markers to Evaluate the Agonal Period: A Literature Review." Molecules 26, no. 11 (May 28, 2021): 3259. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/molecules26113259.

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Currently, forensic research is multidisciplinary with new methods and parameters useful to define the cause and time of death as well as survival/agony times. The identification of biochemical markers able to estimate agonal period has been studied by many forensic researchers. It is known that the estimation of agonal time in different types of death is not always easy, hence our interest in literature’s data. The studies analyzed in this review confirm the important role of thanatobiochemistry for the estimation of survival times. Regardless of the death cause, the survival/agony time between the primary event and death influences markers concentrations in biological samples (e.g., blood, urine, cerebrospinal fluid). Different biomarkers can be used for qualitative evaluations in deaths with short and long agony (e.g., C-reactive protein, ferritin, GFAP, etc.). Instead, the quantitative interpretation showed limits due to the lack of reference cut-offs. Thanatobiochemistry is a useful tool to confirm what emerged from autopsies findings (macroscopic and histological analysis), but further studies are desirable to confirm the evidence emerging from our review of the literature.

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Memmolo, Walter. "Commentary on: Kelly P. Kearse “Unanticipated issues in serological analysis of blood species - The Shroud of Turin as a case example” Forensic Science International: Reports 2(2020) 100073." Forensic Science International: Reports 2 (December 2020): 100115. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.fsir.2020.100115.

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Brunda, Ganneru, Beedu Sashidhar Rao, and Rajendra Kumar Sarin. "Quantitation of Indian Krait (Bungarus caeruleus) Venom in Human Specimens of Forensic Origin by Indirect Competitive Inhibition Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay." Journal of AOAC INTERNATIONAL 89, no. 5 (September 1, 2006): 1360–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/jaoac/89.5.1360.

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Abstract An indirect competitive inhibition enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay was reported to detect krait venom in human specimens of forensic origin. Polyclonal anti-krait venom antibodies were characterized by indirect antibody capture assay. The calibration plot was constructed based on linear regression analysis (y = 72.85 12.29x, r2 = 0.98) with concentration ranges from 0.013 to 1000 ng/well of krait venom with a limit of detection of 0.2 ng/mL in the assay system. The IC50 (inhibitory concentration at 50% displacement) value of krait venom was observed to be 70 ng. Spiking studies indicated recoveries of 95100% and 94100% when various concentrations of krait venom were spiked to rat tissues (skin, liver, and kidneys) and pooled human serum, respectively. Polyclonal anti-krait venom antibodies showed no cross-reactivity with cobra and viper venom when tested in the assay system. The coefficient of variation of various concentrations of working range in intra-assay (n = 6) was <5%, whereas in interassay (n = 6) it was observed to be 7%. Further, the method was used to quantitate krait venom in human autopsy and biopsy specimens of forensic origin. Concentration of krait venom was found to be in the range of 4172 ng/100 mg skin or skin scrapings and 64378 ng/mL blood or serum. The methodology may find application in forensic laboratories to assess the cause of death in the cases of krait-bite victims.

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Zhu, Dong, Cai, and Huang. "Determination of Barbiturates in Biological Specimens by Flat Membrane-Based Liquid-Phase Microextraction and Liquid Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry." Molecules 24, no. 8 (April 16, 2019): 1494. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/molecules24081494.

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The wide abuse of barbiturates has aroused extensive public concern. Therefore, the determination of such drugs is becoming essential in therapeutic drug monitoring and forensic science. Herein, a simple, efficient, and inexpensive sample preparation technique, namely, flat membrane-based liquid-phase microextraction (FM-LPME) followed by liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry (LC-MS), was used to determine barbiturates in biological specimens. Factors that may influence the efficiency including organic extraction solvent, pH, and composition of donor and acceptor phases, extraction time, and salt addition to the sample (donor phase) were investigated and optimized. Under the optimized extraction conditions, the linear ranges of the proposed FM-LPME/LC-MS method (with correlation coefficient factors ≥ 0.99) were 7.5–750 ng mL−1 for whole blood, 5.0–500 ng mL−1 for urine, and 25–2500 ng g−1 for liver. Repeatability between 5.0 and 13.7% was obtained and the limit of detection (LOD) values ranged from 1.5 to 3.1 ng mL−1, from 0.6 to 3.6 ng mL−1, and from 5.2 to 10.0 ng g−1 for whole blood, urine, and liver samples, respectively. This method was successfully applied for the analysis of barbiturates in blood and liver from rats treated with these drugs, and excellent sample cleanup was achieved.

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Erkan, Çiler Fulya, and Gürsel Çetin. "Comparison of Diatoms Which Were Obtained from The External Surface of The Body and Internal Organs in the Corpses Pulled Out of Water Using Colloidal Silica Gradient Centrifuge Method." Bulletin of Legal Medicine 24, no. 2 (October 13, 2019): 83–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.17986/blm.2019252241.

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Objective: Diatom analysis is a valuable tool in forensic science and it is useful in diagnosis of drowning and determination of the drowning site. The basic principal of the “diatom test” in investigation of drowning is based on correlation between diatoms are present in the medium where the possible drowning took place and inhalation of water causes penetration of diatoms into the alveolar system and blood stream and consequently their deposition into brain, kidneys and other organs, like the bone marrow of large bones. There are various extraction methods that are used to isolate diatoms from water and tissues. Nitric acid digestion is a worlwide known method for the extraction of diatoms. In this study, instead of acid digestion method, colloidal silica gradient centrifuge method was used to extraction diatom and the advantages of this technique has been aimed to be discussed. Materials and Methods: Therefore, 30 visceral and body fluid samples that have been obtained from corpses which were removed from the water and brought to the Council of Forencic Medicine to perform autopsy, were examined and diatom were obtained from samples of 19 cases. Moreover, the diatoms that were obtained from the swab samples taken from the outer body surfaces and the diatoms obtained from the visceral organs were compared. Results: When the diatoms which were obtained from internal organs tissues and body fluids were evaluated numerically, it was seen that the diatoms that were obtained lungs were in high numbers and it was followed by pleural liquid...

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Pizarro, Juan Carlos, and Lori Stevens. "A New Method for Forensic DNA Analysis of the Blood Meal in Chagas Disease Vectors Demonstrated Using Triatoma infestans from Chuquisaca, Bolivia." PLoS ONE 3, no. 10 (October 30, 2008): e3585. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0003585.

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Yudianto, Ahmad, Yeti Eka Sispitasri, and Nola Margaret. "ANALYSIS OF EARPHONE SWAB MITOCHONDRIAL DNA AS AN ALTERNATIVE MATERIAL FOR IDENTIFICATION EXAMINATION." Folia Medica Indonesiana 52, no. 3 (August 14, 2017): 169. http://dx.doi.org/10.20473/fmi.v52i3.5446.

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Identification include fingerprint, property, medical, dental, serologic and exclusion methods. In the development, identification methods led to molecular forensics, a new field of science evolving since the 1980s, known as DNA fingerprinting. Specimens widely used in DNA assay for identification are blood spots/bloods, semen spots, vaginal swabs, buccal swabs and bones. In addition to these specimens, the last objects often used by the perpetrators/victims can be used, such as hearing aids (headsets/earphones). In its use, earphones are attached to the outer ear skin; thus, the earwax is suspected to adhere to the device. To date, in Indonesia personal identification is performed through swabs of earphones/headsets using the DNA profiling method. In particular, mitochondrial DNA has not been widely used for identification. The present study was of laboratory experimental. Earphones which have been used for 3 days were placed in room temperature for 1, 7, 14 and 20 days. Results showed that the environmental factor of exposure duration had an effect of a significant decrease in the levels of DNA from day 1 to day 20. Only 126-bp mtDNA (HVS II) was detected on the samples of day 1 and continued with sequencing. Mitochondrial DNA has better durability and relatively higher number of copies than those of nuclear DNA. This leads to greater possibility of success in amplification, given the higher number of mitochondrial DNA copies and the fact that mitochondrial DNA is a single locus that allows recombination.

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Ehrhardt, Christopher J., Vivian Chu, TeeCie Brown, Terrie L. Simmons, Brandon K. Swan, Jason Bannan, and James M. Robertson. "Use of Fatty Acid Methyl Ester Profiles for Discrimination of Bacillus cereus T-Strain Spores Grown on Different Media." Applied and Environmental Microbiology 76, no. 6 (January 22, 2010): 1902–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/aem.02443-09.

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ABSTRACT The goal of this study was to determine if cellular fatty acid methyl ester (FAME) profiling could be used to distinguish among spore samples from a single species (Bacillus cereus T strain) that were prepared on 10 different medium formulations. To analyze profile differences and identify FAME biomarkers diagnostic for the chemical constituents in each sporulation medium, a variety of statistical techniques were used, including nonmetric multidimensional scaling (nMDS), analysis of similarities (ANOSIM), and discriminant function analysis (DFA). The results showed that one FAME biomarker, oleic acid (18:1 ω9c), was exclusively associated with spores grown on Columbia agar supplemented with sheep blood and was indicative of blood supplements that were present in the sporulation medium. For spores grown in other formulations, multivariate comparisons across several FAME biomarkers were required to discern profile differences. Clustering patterns in nMDS plots and R values from ANOSIM revealed that dissimilarities among FAME profiles were most pronounced when spores grown with disparate sources of complex additives or protein supplements were compared (R > 0.8), although other factors also contributed to FAME differences. DFA indicated that differentiation could be maximized with a targeted subset of FAME variables, and the relative contributions of branched FAME biomarkers to group dissimilarities changed when different media were compared. When taken together, these analyses indicate that B. cereus spore samples grown in different media can be resolved with FAME profiling and that this may be a useful technique for providing intelligence about the production methods of Bacillus organisms in a forensic investigation.

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Castro, André L., Sónia Tarelho, Dina Almeida, Lara Sousa, João Miguel Franco, and Helena M. Teixeira. "MDMA Intoxication in a Potential Organ Donor with Cardiac Arrest." Journal of Analytical Toxicology 44, no. 8 (May 5, 2020): 923–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/jat/bkaa042.

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Abstract Amphetamine and its derivatives’ consumption is still an important public health issue, namely in terms of compounds variability and disposition to consumers. However, some of them, like 3,4-methylenedioxymethamphetamine (MDMA), still live in the illicit market, with continuous success. Nevertheless, there is always new information and data on MDMA intoxication, both in vivo and in postmortem context. The authors report an intoxication case with MDMA, in an 18-year-old male, considered a potential organ donor after a cardiac arrest. Whole blood samples were collected in vivo, at the emergency room (ER), and postmortem, at the National Institute of Legal Medicine and Forensic Sciences. After a general screening procedure, samples were extracted by solid phase extraction (OASIS® MCX), followed by gas chromatography–mass spectrometry analysis. The whole blood postmortem sample was positive for lidocaine (<500 ng/mL), compatible with the ER intervention, and positive for MDMA (2278 ng/mL) and methylenedioxyamphetamine (MDA) (49 ng/mL), while whole blood samples collected in vivo (during the maintenance of the individual under advanced life support), were positive for MDMA (504–1918 ng/mL) and MDA (20–89 ng/mL). Samples were negative for other substances, namely ethanol, other drugs of abuse and medicines. Results interpretation is pivotal to understand the behavior of the substance. Thus, in this case, MDMA postmortem behavior should be carefully evaluated, considering as possible influencers, in the specific context of the case, the time lapse between death verification, maintenance of the advanced life support and body manipulation for organ collection purposes. Also referred and discussed is the antemortem/postmortem ratio of MDMA obtained values, compared with literature references. There is no doubt that death was due to MDMA intoxication, but information from the analysis performed on the in vivo samples suggests that this type of sample should also be considered, in a complementary role, whenever possible.

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Noble, Carolina, Petur Weihe Dalsgaard, Sys Stybe Johansen, and Kristian Linnet. "Application of a screening method for fentanyl and its analogues using UHPLC-QTOF-MS with data-independent acquisition (DIA) in MSE mode and retrospective analysis of authentic forensic blood samples." Drug Testing and Analysis 10, no. 4 (October 27, 2017): 651–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/dta.2263.

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Olsen, Randall J., Zhouwen Tang, Daniel H. Farkas, David W. Bernard, Youli Zu, and Chung-Che Chang. "Detection of the JAK2V617F Mutation in Myeloproliferative Disorders by Melting Curve Analysis Using the LightCycler System." Archives of Pathology & Laboratory Medicine 130, no. 7 (July 1, 2006): 997–1003. http://dx.doi.org/10.5858/2006-130-997-dotjmi.

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Abstract Context.—A specific mutation, JAK2V617F, was recently recognized as having diagnostic value for myeloproliferative disorders. No practical assay is currently available for routine use in a clinical laboratory. Objective.—We report the development of a real-time polymerase chain reaction melting curve analysis assay that is appropriate for molecular diagnostics testing. Design.—Specific primers and fluorescence resonance energy transfer probes were designed, and patients with a previously diagnosed myeloproliferative disorder, de novo acute myeloid leukemia, or reactive condition were selected. The DNA was extracted from fresh and archived peripheral blood and bone marrow specimens, and real-time polymerase chain reaction melting curve analysis was performed on the LightCycler platform (Roche Applied Science, Indianapolis, Ind). Results.—The JAK2 region was successfully amplified, and wild-type amplicons were reproducibly discriminated from JAK2V617F amplicons. Titration studies using homozygous wild-type and mutant cell lines showed the relative areas under a melting curve were proportional to allele proportion, and the assay reliably detected one mutant in 20 total cells. JAK2V617F was identified in patients previously diagnosed with a myeloproliferative disorder or acute myeloid leukemia transformed from myeloproliferative disorder, whereas a wild-type genotype was identified in patients with reactive conditions or de novo acute myeloid leukemia. Conclusions.—These findings demonstrate the suitability of this assay for identifying JAK2V617F in a clinical laboratory setting. Furthermore, the semiquantitative detection of JAK2V617F in archived specimens provides a new tool for studying the prognostic significance of this mutation.

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Lee, ShirYing, CrystalM E. Chen, ElaineY P. Lim, Liang Shen, Aneesh Sathe, Aahan Singh, Jan Sauer, Kaveh Taghipour, and ChristinaY C. Yip. "Image Analysis Using Machine Learning for Automated Detection of Hemoglobin H Inclusions in Blood Smears - A Method for Morphologic Detection of Rare Cells." Journal of Pathology Informatics 12, no. 1 (2021): 18. http://dx.doi.org/10.4103/jpi.jpi_110_20.

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Tumusiime, Gerald, Gonzaga Gonza Kirum, and John Kukiriza. "The Number and Determinants of Nutrient foramina among dry human femur bones from the East African population: A Cross-section study." International Journal of Anatomy and Research 9, no. 3.3 (September 5, 2021): 8091–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.16965/ijar.2021.152.

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Background: Nutrient foramina form important landmarks on the femur and other bones as the portal of entry for nutrient arteries. Nutrient arteries are important sources of blood supply for growing bones; and their variations may be due to congenital or acquired causes. These variations are important in anatomical comparisons, orthopaedic surgical practice and forensic medicine. Aims: This study aimed at establishing the number and determinants of the nutrient foramina among dry human femur bones from the East African population. Materials and methods: This was a cross-section study of 333 dry femur bones from the East African population, at the Galloway osteological collection of Makerere University college of health sciences. The number of nutrient foramina on the shaft of each femur, the corresponding demographic, clinical and morphometric characteristics were documented. Data were entered in an Excel sheet and exported to STATA 14 for analysis. Univariate, bivariate and multivariable analyses were performed to obtain the summary statistics and the measures of association. At all levels of analysis, a p-value of less than 0.05 was considered statistically significant. Results: Of the 333 femurs, 291 (87.4%) were from males; and 137(50.15%) were right femurs. The age ranged from 20 to 75 years with a mean age of 35 (SD± 12) years. Nutrient foramina ranged from one to four; mean of 1.4 (SD±0.5) and median of 1 (IQR: 1 to 2). Of the 333 femurs, 199 (59.8%) had one foramen, 129 (38.7%) had two foramina, four femurs had three foramina and one femur had four foramina. There was a statistically significant association between the number of nutrient foramina and the femur’s: mid-shaft circumference (p=0.014; 95%CI: 0.003 to 0.028), nationality (p=0.016; 95%CI: -0.284 to -0.030) and sex (p=0.012; 96%CI: -0.405 to -0.050). Conclusion: Nutrient foramina among femurs from the East African population range from one to four per femur, with predominantly one foramen. The key determinants of the number of foramina are: mean mid-shaft circumference, nationality and sex. These findings are significant in anatomical comparisons; forensic and orthopaedic practices. KEY WORDS: Nutrient foramina, dry human femur, East African population, morphometric characteristics.

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Lee, Suji, Kavyasree Chintalapudi, and Abraham K. Badu-Tawiah. "Clinical Chemistry for Developing Countries: Mass Spectrometry." Annual Review of Analytical Chemistry 14, no. 1 (June 5, 2021): 437–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.1146/annurev-anchem-091520-085936.

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Early disease diagnosis is necessary to enable timely interventions. Implementation of this vital task in the developing world is challenging owing to limited resources. Diagnostic approaches developed for resource-limited settings have often involved colorimetric tests (based on immunoassays) due to their low cost. Unfortunately, the performance/sensitivity of such simplistic tests are often limited and significantly hinder opportunities for early disease detection. A new criterion for selecting diagnostic tests in low- and middle-income countries is proposed here that is based on performance-to-cost ratio. For example, modern mass spectrometry (MS) now involves analysis of the native sample in the open laboratory environment, enabling applications in many fields, including clinical research, forensic science, environmental analysis, and agriculture. In this critical review, we summarize recent developments in chemistry that enable MS to be applied effectively in developing countries. In particular, we argue that closed automated analytical systems may not offer the analytical flexibility needed in resource-limited settings. Alternative strategies proposed here have potential to be widely accepted in low- and middle-income countries through the utilization of the open-source ambient MS platform that enables microsampling techniques such as dried blood spot to be coupled with miniature mass spectrometers in a centralized analytical platform. Consequently, costs associated with sample handling and maintenance can be reduced by >50% of the total ownership cost, permitting analytical measurements to be operated at high performance-to-cost ratios in the developing world.

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Rotolo, Maria Concetta, Roberta Pacifici, Manuela Pellegrini, Stefano Cardullo, Luis J. Gómez Pérez, Diego Cuppone, Luigi Gallimberti, and Graziella Madeo. "Hair Testing for Classic Drugs of Abuse to Monitor Cocaine Use Disorder in Patients Following Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation Protocol Treatment." Biology 10, no. 5 (May 5, 2021): 403. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/biology10050403.

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In recent years, hair has become an alternative biological specimen for drug testing in the fields of forensic and clinical toxicology. The advantages of hair testing include larger detection windows (months/years), depending on the length of the hair shaft, compared to those of urine/blood (hours to 2–4 days for most drugs). Segmental hair analysis can disclose a month-to-month (considering 1 cm segment cuts) information of drug exposure (single or repeated) and potentially identify patterns of drug use/administration. Repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation (rTMS) was recently proposed as a valid tool for therapeutic purposes in addictions, including cocaine use disorder (CocUD). Here, we proposed hair testing analyses of classic drugs of abuse in a clinical setting to monitor the clinical changes in treatment-seeker CocUD patients undergoing protocol treatments with rTMS stimulating the left dorsolateral prefrontal cortex (l-DLPFC). We collected hair samples from nine CocUD patients at different stages from the beginning of treatments. Hair sample analyses revealed significant changes in the patterns of cocaine use, according to the negativity of urine screening tests and the clinical reductions of craving. These data, albeit preliminary, suggest that hair testing analysis of classic drugs of abuse could be extended to clinical settings to monitor the clinical efficacy of innovative therapeutic interventions, such as rTMS.

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Kumar, Munish, Durgesh Kumar, Alok Onkar Sahu, and Manoj Kumar Rastogi. "Comparison of clinical and CSF profiles in 62 Adults with tuberculous and pyogenic meningitis." International Journal of Research in Medical Sciences 5, no. 5 (April 26, 2017): 2168. http://dx.doi.org/10.18203/2320-6012.ijrms20171863.

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Background: Many a times differentiating tuberculous meningitis from pyogenic meningitis becomes very difficult. The diagnosis depends upon clinical manifestation and cytochemical analysis of cerebrospinal fluid (CSF). Many researchers found that the CSF glucose: protein ratio less than 0.5 and Adenosine deaminase levels (ADA) in cerebrospinal fluid are useful to differentiate tubercular disease from non-tubercular meningitis.Methods: Sixty-two patients admitted to our tertiary hospital with symptoms and signs of meningitis were selected and divided into two groups: tubercular (n=39) and pyogenic (n= 23), depending upon the accepted criteria. Clinical features and CSF parameters noted in each patient. Cut off value of ADA kept at or above 10 IU/L for tubercular meningitis.Results: The mean age of patients with tubercular meningitis was 39.07±16.67 years and that of pyogenic meningitis 34.35±16.73 years. Clinically fever was present in 60 (96.77%), headache in 49 (79.03%), and vomiting in 44 (70.96%) patients. Meningeal signs – neck rigidity in 46 (74.2%), Kernig’s sign in 37 (59.68%) and Brudzinski’s sign in 18 (29.03%) patients. On CSF cytological and biochemical analysis the mean total white blood cell count was 256.74±184.03 /cmm, mean protein 182.22±113.12 mg/dl and mean sugar 52.85±19.3mg/dl in TBM whereas in pyogenic meningitis 106.17±185.18 / cmm, 88.78±114.35 mg/ dl, and 63.47±19.48 mg/dl respectively. Out of 39 tuberculous patients, 33 patients were found to be having CSF ADA at or above the cutoff value of 10 IU/L while only one among pyogenic meningitis. On comparison between two groups, the CSF ADA level found to be statistically highly significant (P < 0.001) with overall accuracy of the test was 85.5 %.Conclusions: We found that the duration of illness, estimation of cerebrospinal fluid ADA with a cut off value of 10 IU/L and CSF glucose: protein ratio of 0.5 may useful in differentiating tuberculous from pyogenic meningitis. posterior cranial fossa surgeries. This work will also be useful to anthropologists, forensic science experts for determination of sex of the skull along with other parameters.

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Barros, Bela, Mariana Morais, Ana Luísa Teixeira, and Rui Medeiros. "Loss of Chromosome Y and Its Potential Applications as Biomarker in Health and Forensic Sciences." Cytogenetic and Genome Research 160, no. 5 (2020): 225–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.1159/000508564.

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Loss of chromosome Y (LOY) is a mosaic aneuploidy that can be detected mainly in blood samples of male individuals. Usually, LOY occurrence increases with chronological age in healthy men. Moreover, recently LOY has been reported in association with several diseases, such as cancer, where its frequency is even higher. The Y chromosome is one of the shortest chromosomes of the human karyotype, and it is crucial for correct male development. This chromosome has functions beyond the male reproductive system, and loss of its genes or even LOY can have consequences for the male body that are yet to be elucidated. Analyses of the Y chromosome are largely applied in forensic contexts such as paternity testing, ancestry studies, and sexual assault cases, among others. Thus, LOY can be a disadvantage, limiting laboratory methods and result interpretation. However, as an advantage, LOY detection could be used as a biological age biomarker due to its association with the aging process. The potential application of LOY as biomarker highlights the necessity to clarify the molecular mechanism behind its occurrence and its possible applications in both health and forensic studies.

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Harris, T. "Blood Alcohol Analysis." Journal of the Forensic Science Society 26, no. 5 (September 1986): 331. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0015-7368(86)72512-7.

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Forrest, A. R. W. "Blood Alcohol Analysis." Journal of the Forensic Science Society 26, no. 5 (September 1986): 332–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0015-7368(86)72513-9.

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Wójtowicz, Tomas, and Dariusz Bułka. "Ellipse Detection in Forensic Blood Stain Images Analysis." Computing and Informatics 37, no. 1 (2018): 213–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.4149/cai_2018_1_213.

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Peschel, O., S. N. Kunz, M. A. Rothschild, and E. Mützel. "Blood stain pattern analysis." Forensic Science, Medicine, and Pathology 7, no. 3 (November 11, 2010): 257–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s12024-010-9198-1.

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Kimura, K., T. Nagata, K. Hara, and M. Kageura. "Gasoline and Kerosene Components in Blood - A Forensic Analysis." Human Toxicology 7, no. 4 (July 1988): 299–305. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/096032718800700401.

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A reliable method to analyse small amounts of fuel components in biological materials, using two simultaneous procedures, head space and solvent extraction methods has been developed. Gas chromatography/mass spectrometry (GC/MS) was used for qualitative and quantitative determinations. The aliphatic hydrocarbons with carbon numbers of 5 to 8 and aromatics such as benzene, toluene and xylenes were detected in laboratory animals, following exposure to gasoline vapour, using the head space method. Aliphatic hydrocarbons with carbon numbers over 9 as well as the aromatics with carbon number 9 group including cumene, mesitylene, pseudocumene and 1,2,3-trimethylbenzene were determined by the solvent extraction method following exposure to kerosene vapour. The lower limits of detection were 0.01 μg and 50 pg in gasoline and kerosene components, respectively. The methods were found to be applicable in confirming the cause of human deaths.

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Gullberg, R. G. "Estimating the Measurement Uncertainty in Forensic Blood Alcohol Analysis." Journal of Analytical Toxicology 36, no. 3 (March 14, 2012): 153–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/jat/bks012.

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41

Helleman, P. W. "Quality control in blood cell analysis." Comparative Haematology International 1, no. 1 (February 1991): 21–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf00422689.

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Paterson, Sue, Sooyeun Lee, and Rosa Cordero. "Analysis of hair after contamination with blood containing cocaine and blood containing benzoylecgonine." Forensic Science International 194, no. 1-3 (January 2010): 94–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.forsciint.2009.10.018.

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Sato, Hajime. "DNA Analysis on Forensic Science." Japanese journal of science and technology for identification 2, no. 1 (1997): 1–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.3408/jasti.2.1.

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Moody, Mark D. "DNA Analysis in Forensic Science." BioScience 39, no. 1 (January 1989): 31–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/1310805.

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MIYAMOTO, NAOKI, YASUHIRO SAITO, and MASAHISA TAKATSU. "Fiber Analysis in Forensic Science." FIBER 64, no. 6 (2008): P.184—P.188. http://dx.doi.org/10.2115/fiber.64.p_184.

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Taroni, Franco, Silvia Bozza, and Colin Aitken. "Decision Analysis in Forensic Science." Journal of Forensic Sciences 50, no. 4 (2005): 1–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.1520/jfs2004443.

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Lombardi, Gianni. "Thermal analysis in forensic science." Thermochimica Acta 93 (September 1985): 313–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0040-6031(85)85080-2.

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Paterson, Sue, Sooyeun Lee, and Rosa Cordero. "Analysis of hair after contamination with blood containing 6-acetylmorphine and blood containing morphine." Forensic Science International 210, no. 1-3 (July 2011): 129–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.forsciint.2011.02.019.

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Gameiro, Rui, Suzel Costa, Mário Barroso, João Franco, and Suzana Fonseca. "Toxicological analysis of cocaine adulterants in blood samples." Forensic Science International 299 (June 2019): 95–102. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.forsciint.2019.03.005.

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Hurley, Ian P., Robert Cook, Christopher W. Laughton, Neil A. Pickles, H. Elyse Ireland, and John H. H. Williams. "Detection of human blood by immunoassay for applications in forensic analysis." Forensic Science International 190, no. 1-3 (September 2009): 91–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.forsciint.2009.05.018.

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Journal articles on the topic 'Blood analysis; Forensic science'

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