Relevant bibliographies by topics / Blood components

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  1. Journal articles
  2. Dissertations / Theses
  3. Books
  4. Book chapters
  5. Conference papers
  6. Reports

Academic literature on the topic 'Blood components'

Author: Grafiati
Published: 4 June 2021
Last updated: 30 May 2022

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Journal articles on the topic "Blood components"

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Farley, Alistair, Charles Hendry, and Ella McLafferty. "Blood components." Nursing Standard 27, no. 13 (November 28, 2012): 35–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.7748/ns2012.11.27.13.35.c9449.

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Farley, Alistair, Charles Hendry, and Ella McLafferty. "Blood components." Nursing Standard 27, no. 13 (November 28, 2012): 35–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.7748/ns.27.13.35.s53.

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Dr. Sreedevi SH, Dr Sreedevi SH, Dr Shashikala P. Dr. Shashikala P, and Dr Kavita GU Dr. Kavita GU. "An Audit of Utility of Blood and Blood Components in Obstetrics and Gynaecology." International Journal of Scientific Research 2, no. 5 (June 1, 2012): 476–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.15373/22778179/may2013/161.

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Wagner, Stephen J. "Illuminating blood components." Transfusion and Apheresis Science 41, no. 3 (December 2009): 205. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.transci.2009.09.016.

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Thomson, A. R. "Leukodepleted Blood Components." Anaesthesia and Intensive Care 21, no. 1 (February 1993): 39–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0310057x9302100111.

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The use of leukodepleted blood components may reduce some adverse effects of transfusion in certain clinical situations. This review outlines the recognised effects of contaminating passenger leucocytes, the value of leukodepleted components in preventing some of these complications, methods of leukodepletion and the current recommendations for use of these components.
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Oberman, Harold A., Kaaron Benson, Gerald Elfenbein, L. G. Dickson, Paul D. Mintz, Naomi L. C. Luban, and Mark A. Popovsky. "Irradiated Blood Components." American Journal of Clinical Pathology 107, no. 2 (February 1, 1997): 251.2–253. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/ajcp/107.2.251a.

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CARDIGAN, REBECCA, and SHEILA MACLENNAN. "Allogeneic blood components." Transfusion Alternatives in Transfusion Medicine 10, no. 3 (September 2008): 92–101. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1778-428x.2008.00117.x.

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Yadav K, Jayalaxmi, and Veena . "Blood Transfusion Services and Utility of Blood and its Components at Teritiary Care Center." Indian Journal of Pathology: Research and Practice 6, no. 4 (Part-2) (2017): 1041–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.21088/ijprp.2278.148x.6417.36.

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MD, MRCP, Abdul Wahid Bhatt MBBS,. "Resident Doctors Education on Appropriate Utility of Blood Components." Journal of Medical Science And clinical Research 04, no. 12 (December 10, 2016): 14490–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.18535/jmscr/v4i12.32.

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Vaid, Parul, Bhavuk Kapoor, Mayank Kapoor, and Bharat B. Kapoor. "Role of blood and blood components transfusion in obstetric emergencies." International Journal of Reproduction, Contraception, Obstetrics and Gynecology 9, no. 5 (April 28, 2020): 2029. http://dx.doi.org/10.18203/2320-1770.ijrcog20201504.

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Background: Common obstetric emergencies require blood and blood components transfusion. The use of blood and its components has become a lifesaving strategy in management of obstetric haemorrhage. This study was aimed to know the prevalence, indications and adverse reactions of blood and its components transfusion.Methods: A review of 405 patients of obstetric emergencies requiring blood and its component transfusion was done.Results: Prevalence of blood and blood components transfusion in obstetric emergencies in one-year period was 18.4%. Mostly women who received blood transfusions were multiparous (50.12%) and belonged to rural areas (62%). Anemia is a risk factor for obstetric emergencies and the mean pre transfusion hemoglobin ±SD was 8.04±1.38 (g/dl). Obstetric hemorrhage (68.6%) was the most common indication for transfusion and packed red cells were most commonly (54.07%) transfused. The overall percentage of adverse reactions seen during transfusion was 1.95%.Conclusions: The present study reinforces the importance of appropriate use of blood and its components in obstetric emergencies. Appropriate use of blood components avoids many of the hazards associated with use of whole blood. All blood components should be made available at peripheral hospitals as most of the patients require specific blood component and they are referred to tertiary care centre in emergencies which can be avoided.
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Dissertations / Theses on the topic "Blood components"

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Sloan, Daniela. "Effects Of Ozone On Blood Components." Scholar Commons, 2010. https://scholarcommons.usf.edu/etd/1772.

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Previous studies on the medical use of ozone therapies show a very diverse array of results, from ozone reducing the amount of HIV virus in the blood, to no effect, to causing the death of several patients due to pulmonary embolism and infections. However, ozone therapies are widely used in Europe and considered medically safe. In the U.S., doctors in 28 states use ozone therapies. The objectives of this study were to investigate the effects of medical grade ozone at varying concentrations used in ozone therapies. These were achieved by evaluating the C-reactive protein, erythrocyte sedimentation rate, total reduced and oxidized glutathione content of erythrocytes which were all markers used to determine ozone injury/inflammation. Despite the fact that ozone is a very strong oxidant, previous research indicates that depending on the dose and the health status of the biological system, sometimes ozone can act as an antioxidant. The medical exposure range for ozone is between 20-80 mg/ml with an average of 50 mg/ml. The concentrations used in this study were 20, 40, 80 and 160 mg/ml. Ozone was generated in the "Breath Lab" at USF from medical grade oxygen obtained through electrical corona arc discharge using an OL80C ozone generator. De-identified blood samples of 10 ml blood/sample containing EDTA as anticoagulant were obtained from the James A. Haley VA Hospital patients. Equal volumes of blood and ozone gas mixture were allowed to mix in ozone-resistant syringes prior to dividing each sample into three parts, one for each corresponding parameter to be studied. The C-reactive protein was analyzed through ELISA using the colorimetric method available from Helica Biosystems; erythrocyte sedimentation rate was measured in graduated sedimentation tubes; the total reduced glutathione (GSH) and oxidized glutathione (GSSG) content of erythrocytes was determined according to the colorimetric method developed by the Oxford Biomedical Research. Overall, the concentrations of ozone used did not have a statistically significant effect on the parameters investigated. However, a small percentage of the blood samples showed an improvement in the parameters studied, especially at the highest ozone concentration.
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Ljunggren, Lennart. "Biothermodynamic studies of blood components with special reference to biocompatibility." Lund : Dept. of Clinical Chemistry, University Hospital, 1994. http://catalog.hathitrust.org/api/volumes/oclc/39117042.html.

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Armstrong, F. H. "Tissue responses to perfluorochemical emulsion components in rats." Thesis, University of Nottingham, 1990. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.276220.

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Martins, Daniela Alexandra da Silva. "Clínica e cirurgia de animais de companhia." Master's thesis, Universidade de Évora, 2015. http://hdl.handle.net/10174/16868.

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O relatório aqui desenvolvido foca-se nos seis meses de estágio curricular realizado no Hospital Veterinário do Porto em clínica e cirurgia de animais de companhia. Este teve início a 1 de Agosto de 2014 e terminou a 31 de Janeiro de 2015, tendo-se realizado sob a orientação da Dra. Margarida Fragoso Costa e do Professor Dr Luís Lima Lobo, diretor clínico da instituição. O mesmo encontra-se dividido em duas partes, tendo a primeira a finalidade de descrever as atividades acompanhadas no hospital através de uma descrição estatística dos casos acompanhados pela autora. A segunda parte engloba uma revisão bibliográfica sobre o tema “Medicina transfusional felina” e a exposição e referente discussão de dois casos clínicos sobre o tema, observados no período de estágio; Abstract: Small animal medicine and surgery This report focuses on the six months of curricular internship that took place at Hospital Veterinário do Porto in general clinic duties and pet surgery. It began at August 1st 2014 and ended at January 31st 2015, under the guidance of Dr. Margarida Fragoso Costa as well as Dr. Luís Lima Lobo, the institution’s clinical director. The aforementioned is divided in two parts, having the first the objective of describing the activities accompanied by the author. The second part covers a bibliographical review on the theme "feline transfusional medicine" and the exposure and discussion of two clinical cases, related to the subject, which were observed during the internship.
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Jones, G. R. D. "The interaction of the blood clotting factors with cellular components." Thesis, University of Oxford, 1987. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.376932.

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Solberg, Robert Glen. "Extracorporeal Circulation: Effect of Long-Term (24-Hour) Circulation on Blood Components." Thesis, Virginia Tech, 2010. http://hdl.handle.net/10919/32157.

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Extracorporeal circulation damages blood and causes harmful side effects such as stroke and/or systemic inflammatory response in patients. Reactions of blood components to extracorporeal circulation include complement and inflammatory reactions, coagulation and thrombogenesis, frank hemolysis, and platelet activation and adhesion to the extracorporeal circuit. Non-physiologic pressure and flow produced by blood pumps contribute to blood injury. Two pump types, roller and centrifugal, are used for maintaining flow, with various models available from different manufacturers. This study compared the effects of these two pumps in identical, isolated, artificial circuits to a non-pumped control for a period of 24 hours on heparinized porcine blood. Hematology parameters were used to evaluate blood damage. Mean corpuscular volume, mean corpuscular hemoglobin, white blood cell count, platelet count, and mean platelet volume were affected by time of circulation. Mean corpuscular hemoglobin, platelet count, and red cell distribution width were different between circulated and non-circulated blood, however no differences were found between the pumping systems in any parameter. Red blood cell count, total hemoglobin, and hematocrit were not affected by time or treatment. The changes observed in this study have implications for the use of extracorporeal circulation in the clinical setting and in future use of blood as a potential organ perfusion medium.
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Ritchie, Helen. "Synthesis of components of the fibrinolytic system by human peripheral blood monocytes." Thesis, University of Aberdeen, 1995. http://digitool.abdn.ac.uk/R?func=search-advanced-go&find_code1=WSN&request1=AAIU078825.

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One feature of the atherosclerotic plaque is deposition of fibrin, suggesting an imbalance in the fibrinolytic system. Monocytes are the major infiltrating cell type during atherogenesis and can contribute to the balance of the fibrinolytic system by production of PAI-2, PAI-1, and u-PA. Production of these proteins by monocytes was investigated in this study. Monocytes synthesized PAI-2 in excess of PAI-1. PAI-2 expression was increased by thrombin. Upregulation of secreted and intracellular PAI-2 was maximal at a thrombin concentration of 1 U/ml. The increase in PAI-2 antigen was verified at the mRNA level. Thrombin upregulation of PAI-2 synthesis was comparable to LPS stimulation of PAI-2, although the dose effect of thrombin and LPS differed. Monocytes responded to native LDL, which is central to atherogenesis, by an upregulation in PAI-2 antigen and mRNA. The increase in PAI-2 was not dependent on modification of native LDL by monocytes, as assessed by incorporation of antioxidants. Stimulation of PAI-2 by monocytes following treatment with modified LDL was variable. Production of PAI-1, PAI-1 and u-PA from monocytes, macrophages and foam cells was compared. Macrophages and foam cells did not respond to thrombin or LPS by an upregulation in PAI-2 and all PAI-2 was intracellular. Intracellular PAI-2 in all cell types was not an active inhibitor of u-PA, unlike secreted PAI-2. Reduction or detergent treatment generated active PAI-2. The accumulation of intracellular PAI-2 was promoted by the presence of fetal calf serum in the culture medium. The upregulation in PAI-2 represents a potential imbalance in the fibrinolytic system, since no u-PA was detected. This may contribute to persistence of fibrin deposits in a local environment such as the atherosclerotic plaque.
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Abolarin, David. "Non-invasive Estimation of Blood Pressure using Harmonic Components of Oscillometric Pulses." Thesis, Université d'Ottawa / University of Ottawa, 2016. http://hdl.handle.net/10393/34114.

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This research presents a pulse-by-pulse analysis of Oscillometric blood pressure waveform at systolic, diastolic and mean arterial pressure points. Using a mathematical optimization technique, pulses are characterized into component harmonic by minimizing the least square error. The results at the important pressure points are analyzed and compared for different subject using different waveform extraction techniques. Blood pressure is estimated using the harmonic parameters. The approach studies changes in the parameters as oscillometric blood pressure recording is done. 8 harmonic parameters are obtained from the pulse characterization and are used to estimate Systolic arterial Blood Pressure, Mean arterial Blood Pressure, and Diastolic arterial Blood Pressure. The estimates are compared with our reference value to determine which has the best agreement. The proposed method is further compared with Maximum Amplitude Algorithm and Pulse Morphology Algorithm. The effect of oscillometric waveform extraction methods on the proposed method is observed. The experiment established the fact that the extraction technique can alter the shape of oscillometric pulses. The methods were compared and it was observed that the used extraction methods did not make any significant difference on the accuracy, using this technique.
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Lindoff, Claes. "Haemostasis during pregnancy and perimenopausal age studies of fibrinolytic components and coagulation factors involved in vascular disease /." Lund : Dept. of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Lund University, 1994. http://catalog.hathitrust.org/api/volumes/oclc/39750405.html.

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Анциферова, І. В., Владислав Вiкторович Любчак, Владислав Викторович Любчак, and Vladyslav Viktorovych Liubchak. "Виявлення критичних ланок в процесі підготовки компонентів крові до гемотрансфузії." Thesis, Сумський державний університет, 2016. http://essuir.sumdu.edu.ua/handle/123456789/47151.

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Згідно сучасних стандартів менеджменту та якості, якісна трансфузія можлива лише в разі забезпечення належного контролю на всіх етапах від донації до гемотрансфузії. Після еплементації угоди з ЄС, українські станції переливання крові почали переходити на європейські стандарти GMP. Однак, на сьогодні, в Україні не існує жодного нормативного документу, що регламентує належне розморожування та підігрів компонентів крові при ретрансфузії.
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Books on the topic "Blood components"

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H, Smit Sibinga Th. Blood transfusion and blood components. Alexandria, Egypt: World Health Organization, Regional Office for the Eastern Mediterranean, 1995.

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Hawker, Robert John. Studies on blood components. Birmingham: University of Birmingham, 2000.

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Norris, Jane. Regulation and licensure of whole blood, blood components, and source plasma. Bethesda, MD: AABB, 2009.

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Melanaphy, Raymond F. Automatic blood collection mixers: An evaluation of the resultant blood components. [S.l: The Author], 1994.

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Norris, Jane. Regulation and licensure of whole blood, blood components, and source plasma. Bethesda, MD: AABB, 2009.

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Constantinidou, Chrystala. Blood components that interact with serum-sensitive gonococci. Birmingham: University of Birmingham, 1993.

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WHO/ACP, U. B. T. S. Workshop (1991 Kampala Uganda). WHO/ACP U.B.T.S. Workshop: Blood components in Uganda and recommendations. [Kampala?: s.n., 1991.

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Richard, Roger, Connie M. Westhoff, Monique Mohammed, and Lynne Uhl. Guidelines for pneumatic tube delivery systems: Validation and use to transport blood components. Bethesda, Md: AABB, 2004.

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Beck, Sarah. Prestorage filtration of blood components for patients who are chronically transfusion dependent. Bristol: R&D Directorate, NHS Executive South and West, 1996.

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Bergamo Spring Conferences on Haematology (1st 1987). Cellular blood components in haemostasis and thrombosis: Implications from myeloproliferative disorders : proceedings of the Conference held in Bergamo on May 7-8, 1987. London: Libbey, 1988.

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Book chapters on the topic "Blood components"

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Martinez, Fernando, and Faysal Fedda. "Blood Components." In Oncologic Critical Care, 1–6. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-74698-2_201-1.

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Hensch, Lisa. "Blood Components." In Management of Bleeding Patients, 445–62. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-56338-7_43.

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Hensch, Lisa. "Blood Components." In Management of Bleeding Patients, 337–53. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-30726-8_35.

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Martinez, Fernando, and Faysal Fedda. "Blood Components." In Oncologic Critical Care, 1171–76. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-74588-6_201.

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Cardigan, Rebecca, and Sheila Maclennan. "Allogeneic Blood Components." In Alternatives to Blood Transfusion in Transfusion Medicine, 9–20. Oxford, UK: Wiley-Blackwell, 2010. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/9781444319583.ch2.

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Schumacher, Yorck Olaf. "Manipulation of blood and blood components." In Drugs in Sport, 210–18. Seventh edition. | Milton Park, Abingdon ; New York, NY : Routledge, 2018.: Routledge, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.4324/9781315222790-14.

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Olaf Schumacher, Yorck. "Manipulation of blood and blood components." In Drugs in Sport, 226–34. 8th ed. London: Routledge, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.4324/9781003096160-15.

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Kam, Peter, Ian Power, Michael J. Cousins, and Philip J. Siddal. "Cellular Components of Blood." In Principles of Physiology for the Anaesthetist, 299–311. Fourth edition. | Boca Raton : CRC Press, Taylor & Francis Group, 2020.: CRC Press, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1201/9780429288210-51.

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Sobot, Dunja, Simona Mura, and Patrick Couvreur. "Nanoparticles: Blood Components Interactions." In Encyclopedia of Polymeric Nanomaterials, 1352–60. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-29648-2_227.

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Vuk, Tomislav. "Preparation of Blood Components." In Hemovigilance, 36–51. Oxford, UK: Wiley-Blackwell, 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/9781118338179.ch5.

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Conference papers on the topic "Blood components"

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Haika, O. R., Bohdan M. Nitsovich, L. Y. Pidkamin, and P. M. Hryhoryshyn. "Influence of whole blood components on blood characteristics." In International Conference on Correlation Optics, edited by Oleg V. Angelsky. SPIE, 1999. http://dx.doi.org/10.1117/12.370469.

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Kraitl, Jens, Ulrich Timm, Hartmut Ewald, and Elfed Lewis. "Non-invasive measurement of blood components." In 2011 Fifth International Conference on Sensing Technology (ICST 2011). IEEE, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/icsenst.2011.6136976.

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Prasath, T. Arun, M. S. Shivani, S. Rajalakshmi, N. Kayathri, G. Vishnuvarthanan, and S. Sakthivel. "Device for Monitoring Blood Components Using Sensors." In 2021 Second International Conference on Electronics and Sustainable Communication Systems (ICESC). IEEE, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/icesc51422.2021.9533027.

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Amerov, Airat K., Tatyana V. Lisenko, Nicolai M. Pokrasion, Vladimir L. Strizshevskii, and Elena G. Sulima. "Determination of blood components by optical reflection spectra." In Holography, Correlation Optics, and Recording Materials, edited by Oleg V. Angelsky. SPIE, 1993. http://dx.doi.org/10.1117/12.165438.

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Kozakov, Oleg N. "Absorption of laser radiation by components of blood." In SPIE Proceedings, edited by Malgorzata Kujawinska and Oleg V. Angelsky. SPIE, 2008. http://dx.doi.org/10.1117/12.797379.

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Xue, Xiangdong, and Xueyong Wei. "Characteristics of blood flow in microchannels and relevant impact on modelling blood behaviour in biochip separators." In 2012 IEEE 62nd Electronic Components and Technology Conference (ECTC). IEEE, 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/ectc.2012.6249041.

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Müller, N., and U. Velten. "FIBRONECTIN CONTENTS AND LEVELS IN BLOOD COMPONENTS DURING STORAGE." In XIth International Congress on Thrombosis and Haemostasis. Schattauer GmbH, 1987. http://dx.doi.org/10.1055/s-0038-1644155.

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Fibronectin has been proposed to have an antithrombotic effect, protecting against platelet and fibrinogen consumption after injury. For the supply of platelets the possibility of extending platelet storage is important forthe management of platelet logistics. This study was designed to determine the effect of storage on the contents and levels of fibro-nectin (FN) in whole blood and components suchas packed RBCs, PRPs and platelet concentrates (PC) in two different plastics. For care of critically ill patients the FN present in components often used in large amounts could supplement the use of purified FN as a source of this opsonic protein. FN protein was assayed using an electroimmunoassay as well as a turbidimetric assay for quantitative determination at 2 day intervals during storage of CPDA-1 stabilized red cells at 4° C for 35 days and daily during end-over-end rotational storage of platelets at 22° C in conventional plastic containers (I) and trimellitate plasticised polyvinylchlo-ride bags (II) (F-763 Biotest). Moreover platelet functional tests, fibrinogen, F XIII and F VIII-complex were tested. FN levels in red cell componentsgradually decreased during storage until to 40% of the initial levels. Platelets maintained a concentrationof 404 ±70 ug/dl (I) and 378±66 ug/dl(II). There were no significant differences between the values determined in the two differentbags over the 8-days storage period. This study demonstrate the stabilityof FN protein during storage and formore effective use of limited donor resources the FN content of each of these products should be considered when determing the dose of FN for replacement therapy in critically ill patients with FN depletion following trauma and surgery.
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Xu, Shaofeng, Shang-Zhong Lin, and Rong Chen. "Absorption spectrum of blood components in human and rabbit." In 1997 Shanghai International Conference on Laser Medicine and Surgery, edited by Jing Zhu. SPIE, 1998. http://dx.doi.org/10.1117/12.330162.

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Cortes, Alvaro Daniel Cruz, Itzel M. Torres, and Luis A. Medina. "Imparted dose in blood components with a 137Cs irradiator." In PROCEEDINGS OF THE XVI MEXICAN SYMPOSIUM ON MEDICAL PHYSICS. AIP Publishing, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/5.0051502.

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Babikian, Sarkis, G. P. Li, and Mark Bachman. "Integrated bioflexible electronic device for electrochemical analysis of blood." In 2015 IEEE 65th Electronic Components and Technology Conference (ECTC). IEEE, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/ectc.2015.7159666.

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Reports on the topic "Blood components"

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Carlson, T. H. [Studies on the interaction of blood components with ultra-smooth polymer surfaces]. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), April 1989. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/10142230.

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McGuire, Mark A., Amichai Arieli, Israel Bruckental, and Dale E. Bauman. Increasing Mammary Protein Synthesis through Endocrine and Nutritional Signals. United States Department of Agriculture, January 2001. http://dx.doi.org/10.32747/2001.7574338.bard.

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Objectives To determine endocrine factors that regulate the partitioning of amino acids by the mammary gland. To evaluate dietary flow and supply of energy and amino acids and their effects on milk protein synthesis and endocrine status. To use primary cultures of cow mammary epithelial cells to examine the role of specific factors on the rates and pattern of milk protein synthesis. Milk protein is an increasingly valuable component of milk but little is known regarding the specific hormonal and nutritional factors controlling milk protein synthesis. The research conducted for this project has determined that milk protein synthesis has the potential to be enhanced much greater than previously believed. Increases of over 25% in milk protein percent and yield were detected in studies utilizing abomasal infusion of casein and a hyperinsulinemic-euglycemic clamp. Thus, it appears that insulin, either directly or indirectly, can elicit a substantial increase in milk protein synthesis if additional amino acids are supplied. For additional amino acids, casein provided the best response even though substantial decreases in branched chain amino acids occur when the insulin clamp is utilized. Branched chain amino acids alone are incapable of supporting the enhanced milk protein output. The mammary gland can vary both blood flow and extraction efficiency of amino acids to support protein synthesis. A mammary culture system was used to demonstrate specific endocrine effects on milk protein synthesis. Insulin-like growth factor-I when substituted for insulin was able to enhance casein and a-lactalbumin mRNA. This suggests that insulin is a indirect regulator of milk protein synthesis working through the IGF system to control mammary production of casein and a-lactalbumin. Principal component analysis determined that carbohydrate had the greatest effect on milk protein yield with protein supply only having minor effects. Work in cattle determined that the site of digestion of starch did not affect milk composition alone but the degradability of starch and protein in the rumen can interact to alter milk yield. Cows fed diets with a high degree of rumen undegradability failed to specifically enhance milk protein but produced greater milk yield with similar composition. The mammary gland has an amazing ability to produce protein of great value. Research conducted here has demonstrated the unprecedented potential of the metabolic machinery in the mammary gland. Insulin, probably signaling the mammary gland through the IGF system is a key regulator that must be combined with adequate nutrition in order for maximum response.
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3

Treadwell, Jonathan R., James T. Reston, Benjamin Rouse, Joann Fontanarosa, Neha Patel, and Nikhil K. Mull. Automated-Entry Patient-Generated Health Data for Chronic Conditions: The Evidence on Health Outcomes. Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality (AHRQ), March 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.23970/ahrqepctb38.

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Background. Automated-entry consumer devices that collect and transmit patient-generated health data (PGHD) are being evaluated as potential tools to aid in the management of chronic diseases. The need exists to evaluate the evidence regarding consumer PGHD technologies, particularly for devices that have not gone through Food and Drug Administration evaluation. Purpose. To summarize the research related to automated-entry consumer health technologies that provide PGHD for the prevention or management of 11 chronic diseases. Methods. The project scope was determined through discussions with Key Informants. We searched MEDLINE and EMBASE (via EMBASE.com), In-Process MEDLINE and PubMed unique content (via PubMed.gov), and the Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews for systematic reviews or controlled trials. We also searched ClinicalTrials.gov for ongoing studies. We assessed risk of bias and extracted data on health outcomes, surrogate outcomes, usability, sustainability, cost-effectiveness outcomes (quantifying the tradeoffs between health effects and cost), process outcomes, and other characteristics related to PGHD technologies. For isolated effects on health outcomes, we classified the results in one of four categories: (1) likely no effect, (2) unclear, (3) possible positive effect, or (4) likely positive effect. When we categorized the data as “unclear” based solely on health outcomes, we then examined and classified surrogate outcomes for that particular clinical condition. Findings. We identified 114 unique studies that met inclusion criteria. The largest number of studies addressed patients with hypertension (51 studies) and obesity (43 studies). Eighty-four trials used a single PGHD device, 23 used 2 PGHD devices, and the other 7 used 3 or more PGHD devices. Pedometers, blood pressure (BP) monitors, and scales were commonly used in the same studies. Overall, we found a “possible positive effect” of PGHD interventions on health outcomes for coronary artery disease, heart failure, and asthma. For obesity, we rated the health outcomes as unclear, and the surrogate outcomes (body mass index/weight) as likely no effect. For hypertension, we rated the health outcomes as unclear, and the surrogate outcomes (systolic BP/diastolic BP) as possible positive effect. For cardiac arrhythmias or conduction abnormalities we rated the health outcomes as unclear and the surrogate outcome (time to arrhythmia detection) as likely positive effect. The findings were “unclear” regarding PGHD interventions for diabetes prevention, sleep apnea, stroke, Parkinson’s disease, and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Most studies did not report harms related to PGHD interventions; the relatively few harms reported were minor and transient, with event rates usually comparable to harms in the control groups. Few studies reported cost-effectiveness analyses, and only for PGHD interventions for hypertension, coronary artery disease, and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease; the findings were variable across different chronic conditions and devices. Patient adherence to PGHD interventions was highly variable across studies, but patient acceptance/satisfaction and usability was generally fair to good. However, device engineers independently evaluated consumer wearable and handheld BP monitors and considered the user experience to be poor, while their assessment of smartphone-based electrocardiogram monitors found the user experience to be good. Student volunteers involved in device usability testing of the Weight Watchers Online app found it well-designed and relatively easy to use. Implications. Multiple randomized controlled trials (RCTs) have evaluated some PGHD technologies (e.g., pedometers, scales, BP monitors), particularly for obesity and hypertension, but health outcomes were generally underreported. We found evidence suggesting a possible positive effect of PGHD interventions on health outcomes for four chronic conditions. Lack of reporting of health outcomes and insufficient statistical power to assess these outcomes were the main reasons for “unclear” ratings. The majority of studies on PGHD technologies still focus on non-health-related outcomes. Future RCTs should focus on measurement of health outcomes. Furthermore, future RCTs should be designed to isolate the effect of the PGHD intervention from other components in a multicomponent intervention.
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Saltus, Christina, Molly Reif, and Richard Johansen. waterquality for ArcGIS Pro Toolbox. Engineer Research and Development Center (U.S.), October 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.21079/11681/42240.

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Monitoring water quality of small inland lakes and reservoirs is a critical component of USACE water quality management plans. However, limited resources for traditional field-based monitoring of numerous lakes and reservoirs that cover vast geographic areas often leads to reactional responses to harmful algal bloom (HAB) outbreaks. Satellite remote sensing methodologies using HAB indicators is a good low-cost option to traditional methods and has been proven to maximize and complement current field-based approaches while providing a synoptic view of water quality (Beck et al. 2016; Beck et al. 2017; Beck et al. 2019; Johansen et al. 2019; Mishra et al. 2019; Stumpf and Tomlinson 2007; Wang et al. 2020; Xu et al. 2019; Reif 2011). To assist USACE water quality management, we developed an ESRI ArcGIS Pro desktop software toolbox (waterquality for ArcGIS Pro) that was founded on the design and research established in the waterquality R software package (Johansen et al. 2019; Johansen 2020). The toolbox enables the detection, monitoring, and quantification of HAB indicators (chlorophyll-a, phycocyanin, and turbidity) using Sentinel-2 satellite imagery. Four tools are available 1) to automate the download of Sentinel-2 Level-2A imagery, 2) to create stacked image with options for cloud and non-water features masks, 3) to apply water quality algorithms to generate relative estimations of one to three water quality parameters (chlorophyll-a, phycocyanin, and turbidity), and 4) to create linear regression graphs and statistics comparing in situ data (from field-based water sampling) to relative estimation data. This document serves as a user's guide for the waterquality for ArcGIS Pro toolbox and includes instructions on toolbox installation and descriptions of each tool's inputs, outputs, and troubleshooting guidance.
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5

Brosh, Arieh, David Robertshaw, Yoav Aharoni, Zvi Holzer, Mario Gutman, and Amichai Arieli. Estimation of Energy Expenditure of Free Living and Growing Domesticated Ruminants by Heart Rate Measurement. United States Department of Agriculture, April 2002. http://dx.doi.org/10.32747/2002.7580685.bard.

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Research objectives were: 1) To study the effect of diet energy density, level of exercise, thermal conditions and reproductive state on cardiovascular function as it relates to oxygen (O2) mobilization. 2) To validate the use of heart rate (HR) to predict energy expenditure (EE) of ruminants, by measuring and calculating the energy balance components at different productive and reproductive states. 3) To validate the use of HR to identify changes in the metabolizable energy (ME) and ME intake (MEI) of grazing ruminants. Background: The development of an effective method for the measurement of EE is essential for understanding the management of both grazing and confined feedlot animals. The use of HR as a method of estimating EE in free-ranging large ruminants has been limited by the availability of suitable field monitoring equipment and by the absence of empirical understanding of the relationship between cardiac function and metabolic rate. Recent developments in microelectronics provide a good opportunity to use small HR devices to monitor free-range animals. The estimation of O2 uptake (VO2) of animals from their HR has to be based upon a consistent relationship between HR and VO2. The question as to whether, or to what extent, feeding level, environmental conditions and reproductive state affect such a relationship is still unanswered. Studies on the basic physiology of O2 mobilization (in USA) and field and feedlot-based investigations (in Israel) covered a , variety of conditions in order to investigate the possibilities of using HR to estimate EE. In USA the physiological studies conducted using animals with implanted flow probes, show that: I) although stroke volume decreases during intense exercise, VO2 per one heart beat per kgBW0.75 (O2 Pulse, O2P) actually increases and measurement of EE by HR and constant O2P may underestimate VO2unless the slope of the regression relating to heart rate and VO2 is also determined, 2) alterations in VO2 associated with the level of feeding and the effects of feeding itself have no effect on O2P, 3) both pregnancy and lactation may increase blood volume, especially lactation; but they have no effect on O2P, 4) ambient temperature in the range of 15 to 25°C in the resting animal has no effect on O2P, and 5) severe heat stress, induced by exercise, elevates body temperature to a sufficient extent that 14% of cardiac output may be required to dissipate the heat generated by exercise rather than for O2 transport. However, this is an unusual situation and its affect on EE estimation in a freely grazing animal, especially when heart rate is monitored over several days, is minor. In Israel three experiments were carried out in the hot summer to define changes in O2P attributable to changes in the time of day or In the heat load. The animals used were lambs and young calves in the growing phase and highly yielding dairy cows. In the growing animals the time of day, or the heat load, affected HR and VO2, but had no effect on O2P. On the other hand, the O2P measured in lactating cows was affected by the heat load; this is similar to the finding in the USA study of sheep. Energy balance trials were conducted to compare MEI recovery by the retained energy (RE) and by EE as measured by HR and O2P. The trial hypothesis was that if HR reliably estimated EE, the MEI proportion to (EE+RE) would not be significantly different from 1.0. Beef cows along a year of their reproductive cycle and growing lambs were used. The MEI recoveries of both trials were not significantly different from 1.0, 1.062+0.026 and 0.957+0.024 respectively. The cows' reproductive state did not affect the O2P, which is similar to the finding in the USA study. Pasture ME content and animal variables such as HR, VO2, O2P and EE of cows on grazing and in confinement were measured throughout three years under twenty-nine combinations of herbage quality and cows' reproductive state. In twelve grazing states, individual faecal output (FO) was measured and MEI was calculated. Regression analyses of the EE and RE dependent on MEI were highly significant (P<0.001). The predicted values of EE at zero intake (78 kcal/kgBW0.75), were similar to those estimated by NRC (1984). The EE at maintenance condition of the grazing cows (EE=MEI, 125 kcal/kgBW0.75) which are in the range of 96.1 to 125.5 as presented by NRC (1996 pp 6-7) for beef cows. Average daily HR and EE were significantly increased by lactation, P<0.001 and P<0.02 respectively. Grazing ME significantly increased HR and EE, P<0.001 and P<0.00l respectively. In contradiction to the finding in confined ewes and cows, the O2P of the grazing cows was significantly affected by the combined treatments (P<0.00l ); this effect was significantly related to the diet ME (P<0.00l ) and consequently to the MEI (P<0.03). Grazing significantly increased O2P compared to confinement. So, when EE of grazing animals during a certain season of the year is estimated using the HR method, the O2P must be re measured whenever grazing ME changes. A high correlation (R2>0.96) of group average EE and of HR dependency on MEI was also found in confined cows, which were fed six different diets and in growing lambs on three diets. In conclusion, the studies conducted in USA and in Israel investigated in depth the physiological mechanisms of cardiovascular and O2 mobilization, and went on to investigate a wide variety of ruminant species, ages, reproductive states, diets ME, time of intake and time of day, and compared these variables under grazing and confinement conditions. From these combined studies we can conclude that EE can be determined from HR measurements during several days, multiplied by O2P measured over a short period of time (10-15 min). The study showed that RE could be determined during the growing phase without slaughtering. In the near future the development microelectronic devices will enable wide use of the HR method to determine EE and energy balance. It will open new scopes of physiological and agricultural research with minimizes strain on animals. The method also has a high potential as a tool for herd management.
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