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Relevant bibliographies by topics / Blood Grouping and Crossmatching

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Academic literature on the topic 'Blood Grouping and Crossmatching'

Author: Grafiati

Published: 4 June 2021

Last updated: 28 February 2023

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Journal articles on the topic "Blood Grouping and Crossmatching"

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Andıç, Neslihan. "Practical Solutions for Problems in Blood Grouping and Crossmatching." Turkish Journal of Hematology 39, no. 1 (February 24, 2022): 55–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.4274/tjh.galenos.2021.2021.0544.

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Shulman, Ira A., Lieta M. Maffei, and Katharine A. Downes. "North American Pretransfusion Testing Practices, 2001–2004: Results From the College of American Pathologists Interlaboratory Comparison Program Survey Data, 2001–2004." Archives of Pathology & Laboratory Medicine 129, no. 8 (August 1, 2005): 984–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.5858/2005-129-984-naptpr.

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Abstract Context.—Pretransfusion testing of whole blood and red blood cell recipients is regulated by the federal government under the authority of the Clinical Laboratory Improvement Amendments of 1988. Regulated tests include determination of ABO group, Rh D type, antibody detection, antibody identification, and crossmatching. A wide variety of methods and reagents are available for these regulated tests. During 2001–2004, the College of American Pathologists (CAP) Interlaboratory Comparison Program (Proficiency Testing) J-Survey collected data from more than 4000 laboratories regarding their pretransfusion testing practices. Those data are presented in this report. Objective.—To assess current testing practices for ABO grouping, Rh D typing, antibody detection, and crossmatching in North America. Design.—Data collected for the CAP Interlaboratory Comparison Program (Proficiency Testing) J-Survey were analyzed for trends in laboratory testing practice during 2001– 2004. The data were grouped for analysis by peer group (testing method used) for ABO grouping, Rh D typing, antibody detection, and crossmatching and then analyzed. Setting, Patients, or Other Participants.—Subscribers to the CAP Interlaboratory Comparison Program Transfusion Medicine J-Series. Results.—The most common testing schemes used in North America during 2001–2004 are as follows: ABO grouping (most laboratories perform tube testing: 97.6% in 2000 and 91.1% in 2004); Rh D typing (most laboratories perform tube testing: 97.7% in 2001 and 91.1% in 2004); antibody detection (most laboratories perform tube testing: 69.7% in 2001 and 55% in 2004, most frequently with the low ionic strength solution anti-human globulin [AHG] method, 48.3% in 2001 and 39.9% in 2004; as of 2004 slightly more laboratories use the gel AHG method [42%] than the low ionic strength solution AHG tube method); crossmatching for alloimmunized patients (most laboratories perform tube testing using a low ionic strength solution AHG method; 55.8% in 2001 and 47.6% in 2004); and crossmatching for nonalloimmunized patients (tube testing using an immediate spin method; 42% in 2001 and 40.4% in 2004). Conclusions.—Most North American laboratories currently favor tube methods when performing ABO grouping, Rh typing, antibody screening, and crossmatching. However, there has been a significant increase in the use of gel-based methods in recent years, especially for antibody detection and crossmatching. Data collection and data analysis of CAP Interlaboratory Comparison Program Survey results allow for assessment of laboratory proficiency and provide insights into current North American practice trends in pretransfusion compatibility testing.

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Bhagwat, Swarupa Nikhil, Jayashree H. Sharma, Julie Jose, and Charusmita J. Modi. "Comparison Between Conventional and Automated Techniques for Blood Grouping and Crossmatching: Experience from a Tertiary Care Centre." Journal of Laboratory Physicians 7, no. 02 (July 2015): 096–102. http://dx.doi.org/10.4103/0974-2727.163130.

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ABSTRACT Context: The routine immunohematological tests can be performed by automated as well as manual techniques. These techniques have advantages and disadvantages inherent to them. Aims:The present study aims to compare the results of manual and automated techniques for blood grouping and crossmatching so as to validate the automated system effectively. Materials and Methods: A total of 1000 samples were subjected to blood grouping by the conventional tube technique (CTT) and the automated microplate LYRA system on Techno TwinStation. A total of 269 samples (multitransfused patients and multigravida females) were compared for 927 crossmatches by the CTT in indirect antiglobulin phase against the column agglutination technique (CAT) performed on Techno TwinStation. Results: For blood grouping, the study showed a concordance in results for 942/1000 samples (94.2%), discordance for 4/1000 (0.4%) samples and uninterpretable result for 54/1000 samples (5.4%). On resolution, the uninterpretable results reduced to 49/1000 samples (4.9%) with 951/1000 samples (95.1%) showing concordant results. For crossmatching, the automated CAT showed concordant results in 887/927 (95.6%) and discordant results in 3/927 (0.32%) crossmatches as compared to the CTT. Total 37/927 (3.9%) crossmatches were not interpretable by the automated technique. Conclusion: The automated system shows a high concordance of results with CTT and hence can be brought into routine use. However, the high proportion of uninterpretable results emphasizes on the fact that proper training and standardization are needed prior to its use.

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Hazra, Subhajit, Pauline Ara Parveen, Banduriap Lyngdoh, Pratima Moi, Sunita Bagdi, Sulekha Ghosh, and Tapan Kumar Ghosh. "Importance of screening and identification of alloantibodies in multi-transfused patients of thalassemia major." International Journal of Human and Health Sciences (IJHHS) 5, no. 2 (October 4, 2020): 230. http://dx.doi.org/10.31344/ijhhs.v5i2.265.

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Introduction: Thalassemia is a form of inherited autosomal recessive blood disorders characterized by abnormal formation of hemoglobin. These patientsneed blood transfusion on regular basis to maintain the hemoglobin level in the body.The frequent transfusions received by thalassemia major patients, expose them to the risk of contracting infectious diseases, and development of complication such as iron overload and alloimmunization. The production of antibodies against such alloimmunization induces further hemolysis.Subject and methodology: The main objective of the study was to find out clinically significant antibodies in multi-transfused thalassemiamajor patients to prevent hemolysis and to reduce frequency of blood transfusion there by reducing morbidity and mortality. A prospective and observational study comprising of total 205 thalassemic patients were included in the study (females 99 and males 106) in the age ranging from3to 43 years who had received more than 10 units of blood within one year. Majority of them were β thalassemia major followed by Eβ and sickle cell disease.Apart from ABO and Rh grouping and issuing of blood by proper crossmatching the alloantibodies were detected by using 3 cell and 11 cell panel by gel technique.Alloantibodies against Rh phenotypes were more than 90%.Discussion and conclusion:Findingof unexpected antibodies must be a part of all pretransfusion testing procedure which will help to accomplish more effective and uneventful blood transfusionof multi-transfused thalassemia patient. Production of alloantibodiesinmulti-transfused thalassemia patients can be prevented by screening for minor blood groups from beginning in addition to ABO and Rh grouping.International Journal of Human and Health Sciences Vol. 05 No. 02 April’21 Page: 230-234

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Cohen, Robert IS, Ana Lima, Alioska Escorcia, Farzana Tasmin, Yulia Lin, Lani Lieberman, Jacob Pendergrast, Jeannie Callum, and Christine M. Cserti-Gazdewich. "Transfusion Reaction Serology: Results of Applied Practices." Blood 132, Supplement 1 (November 29, 2018): 1262. http://dx.doi.org/10.1182/blood-2018-99-110186.

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Abstract Introduction: Serologic testing of post-transfusion reaction specimens aims to ascertain potentially accountable immune hemolytic incompatibility. With the exception of low-risk fevers or uncomplicated allergic reactions (ie- reactions with a likelihood of incompatibility that is deemed too low to justify testing), all transfusion reactions undergo serologic investigation as a matter of local institutional policy. However, compliance with guidelines, and the yields of testing according to reaction types, remain unknown. These measures may indicate the quality of applied practice, and provide evidence for maintaining (or changing) investigation algorithms. Study Design and Methods: Interrogation of two hemovigilance databases identified all possible-to-definite transfusion reactions over a 4-year period (2013-2016) at four academic hospitals (with 1493 adult-care beds). The performance and outcome of reaction-oriented serology were assessed by site, year, reaction type, implicated product, and patient location. Serologic testing of transfusion reaction samples entailed the performance (and pre-transfusion comparison) of grouping (ABO, RHD type) and red cell antibody screening (indirect antiglobulin testing [IAT]), with a post-transfusion Coomb's/direct antiglobulin test [DAT]. Appropriate reflex tests (elutions, panel investigations, or IAT re-crossmatching) proceeded from pertinent positives. Allergic reactions were "complicated" if significant vital sign changes occurred, while fevers were "high-risk" (HRF) if symptomatic or if the Tmax rose to ≥39⁰C. Cardiorespiratory reactions (CRR) involved symptomatic and/or objective disturbances in heart/lung function, while unclassifiable presentations (changes in sensorium or non-precordial pain) were placed in an atypical/"other" category for analysis. Results: Sites received 338-367 reaction referrals per year. By referral proportions (and with overlaps), fevers accounted for 47% of events, allergic disturbances for 40%, and CRR events for 37%, with unclassifiable reactions in 7% (Table). Serologic examination occurred in 773 (55%) of 1412 referrals (of which 1346 were deemed to be transfusion-attributable disturbances, among 1119 unique recipients). The majority of cases (1153 or 82%) were compliant with guidelines. Similar proportions deviated to over-testing (85/550 [15%]) as to under-testing (174/862 [20%]). Overall, 34 (4.4%) of 773 cases yielded a new finding, with 6 (0.8%) reflecting (new or recrudescent) host-derived anti-erythrocyte antibodies, for a number-needed-to-test (NNT) of 129. Serologic yields occurred in all categories where testing was mandated, with most yields (62% or 26/42) owing to HRF and CRR events. Whereas these were often non-ABO (minor antigen-targeting) antibodies (76% or 25/33) and followed reactions to red blood cell transfusions (RBC), the yields from complicated allergic reactions and "other" reactions were entirely due to passively acquired isoagglutinins (11/11). The former non-ABO antibodies were revealed by IAT (with no additional gains from elution studies), while ABO isoagglutinins were revealed by DAT alone (and type-specific eluates), and followed plasma (antibody-) containing products. IVIG-associated reactions exhibited the highest serologic yields (in 48% of cases, or in 70% of non-O type recipients), with 60% experiencing some degree of hemolysis. Conclusion: A fifth of reactions were either over-tested or under-tested. Analysis of the performance and contextual yields of serologic tests revealed that certain products and presentations merit greater attention while others merit less. The IAT is a greater priority than the DAT in HRF and CRR following RBC, while the DAT alone is informative in isoagglutinin-risk cases, irrespective of presentation type, and with predictable eluate specificities. A re-evaluation of traditional serologic testing reflexes may reduce costs and allow re-investment in other more informative reaction-specific assays. Table Table. Disclosures No relevant conflicts of interest to declare.

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Downes, Katharine A., and Ira A. Shulman. "Pretransfusion Testing Practices in North America, 2005–2010: An Analysis of the College of American Pathologists Interlaboratory Comparison Program J-Survey Data, 2005–2010." Archives of Pathology & Laboratory Medicine 136, no. 3 (March 1, 2012): 294–300. http://dx.doi.org/10.5858/2011-0127-cpr.1.

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Context.—Data collection and analysis of the College of American Pathologists (CAP) Interlaboratory Comparison Program (Proficiency Testing) J-Survey results provide insights into North American pretransfusion compatibility testing practices and trends. Objectives.—To assess current North American manual testing practices for ABO grouping, rhesus (Rh) typing, antibody screening, and crossmatching using CAP proficiency testing data. Design.—Analysis of the CAP Interlaboratory Comparison Program J-Survey data (2005–2010) to identify laboratory methods used for ABO grouping, Rh typing, antibody screening, and crossmatching. Data were analyzed by test method using Microsoft (Redmond, Washington) Excel software. Results.—The method used most often in ABO grouping and Rh typing was tube testing. Many laboratories also used tube testing for antibody detection and crossmatching, but during the study period, the proportion of laboratories using gel-based methodologies increased considerably. Conclusions.—Most North American CAP laboratories continue to use tube methods for ABO/Rh testing. Use of gel-based methodologies increased during the past 5 years for antibody screening and crossmatching.

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Ruwiyanti, Eni. "Profile of Incompatible Crossmatching Examination Results in Patients With Gel Test Method." Jaringan Laboratorium Medis 2, no. 1 (July 2, 2021): 42–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.31983/jlm.v2i1.6983.

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Laboratory examiners before giving blood transfusions (PretransfusionTesting) is a vital part of the transfusion activity. Incompatible Crossmatching blood tests on patients is consistent if we had to crossmatching one or more of the one or all of the positive so that blood is stated compatible with the patient. The gel test method has many advantages compared to the tubulating method other than the halting factor time. The gel test procedures have also been simpler, more practical, and easier results reading done. The goal of this study to identify the output of crossmatching receipts on the geltest method of 2019 in Indonesian Redcross of Klaten, this research method using a descriptive design with a sectional cross approach. And data retrieval using secondary data. The results shows the number of inconsistencies in patients of 116 cases. As many as 57% (66) incompatible crossmatching major minor and autocontrol of 43%(50) found a type of compatible major. The conclution are that in Indonesian Redcross of Klaten found most frequently in the diagnosis of anemia 59% (69) patients. The result of incompatible minor and positive autocontrol 57% more than compatible major 43%. Incompatible crossmatching receipts per month in the high Indonesian Redcross of Klaten is in April of 27 patients or 23%.

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Musk, Gabrielle C., Murray J. Adams, Haruo Usuda, Matthew W. Kemp, and Claire R. Sharp. "Crossmatching Maternal and Fetal Blood in Sheep." Comparative Medicine 68, no. 4 (August 1, 2018): 294–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.30802/aalas-cm-17-000126.

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Musk, Gabrielle C., Haruo Usuda, Helen Kershaw, Matthew W. Kemp, and Claire R. Sharp. "Maternal-fetal Blood Major Crossmatching in Merino Sheep." Comparative Medicine 70, no. 4 (August 1, 2020): 355–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.30802/aalas-cm-19-000115.

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To determine the incidence of ex vivo incompatibility between ovine maternal RBCs and fetal plasma, we performed cross-matching of blood samples from ewes and from lambs delivered by cesarean section. Twenty-one date-mated singleton pregnant Merino ewes were anesthetized for cesarean delivery of the fetus. At the time of delivery, paired maternal and fetal blood samples were collected and subsequently separated for storage as packed red blood cells and fresh frozen plasma. Gel column major cross matching was performed within 2 wk. All fetus-dam crossmatches were major crossmatches, combining fetal (recipient) plasma with dam (donor) RBCs. 172 individual dam-dam cross matches were performed. Two of these tests were incompatible (1.2%). In addition, 19 fetal blood samples collected immediately after cesarean delivery were crossmatched with 21 maternal samples to generate 174 maternal-fetal individual cross matches. No maternal-fetal incompatibility reactions were observed. The results of this study demonstrate that all maternal donors and fetal recipients were compatible. In addition, the incidence of an incompatible crossmatch between adult ewes was 1.2%. These data suggest that lambs may not be born with antibodies against other blood types, but rather may acquire such antibodies at some time during early life. In addition, these data suggest the risk of incompatibility reactions between ewes of a similar breed and from a single farm of origin is very low.

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Finning, Kirstin, and Geoff Daniels. "Molecular blood grouping." Transfusion and Apheresis Science 50, no. 2 (April 2014): 146–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.transci.2014.02.010.

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Dissertations / Theses on the topic "Blood Grouping and Crossmatching"

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Irving, Gordon. "A survey of blood and blood component usage amongst South African anaesthetists in teaching hospital practice." Thesis, University of Cape Town, 1990. http://hdl.handle.net/11427/26279.

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Rund, Robin Lindsay. "Study of elective surgical blood usage at Groote Schuur Hospital." Thesis, University of Cape Town, 1992. http://hdl.handle.net/11427/25796.

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Leader, K. A. "Preparation of monoclonal anti-D antibodies from EBV-transformed lymphoblastoid cell lines and their in vitro functional activity." Thesis, University of the West of England, Bristol, 1990. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.278929.

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Fiddes, Jane L. Sutton Biotechnology &amp Biomolecular Sciences Faculty of Science UNSW. "Development of recombinant human monoclonal antibodies suitable for blood grouping using antibody engineering techniques." Awarded by:University of New South Wales. Biotechnology & Biomolecular Sciences, 2007. http://handle.unsw.edu.au/1959.4/40503.

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Transfusion medicine is an important part of modern health care and the provision of reliably phenotyped red blood cells (RBC) is essential for safe and effective blood transfusions. For identification of many RBC antigens, monoclonal antibodies of either murine or human origin are available for use in agglutination assays, in which they perform as well as or better than the human polyclonal antibody preparations which they have replaced. However, the detection of some blood groups is still reliant on the use of human polyclonal antisera, which is a less reliable reagent source with respect to availability, batch to batch variation and bio-safety. The use of recombinant antibody and phage display technology for the discovery of new monoclonal antibodies with specificity for some of these RBC antigens has the potential to deliver an economical, unlimited supply of specific antibody reagents suitable for use in RBC phenotyping. Samples of human B cells from donors producing useful phenotyping antibodies were identified and transformed using Epstein Barr virus into lymphocyte cell lines. Antibody genes were obtained from the cell lines in the form ofRNA which was reverse transcribed, amplified by PCR and cloned into a phagemid vector system to generate several combinatorial antibody libraries. These antibody libraries were displayed on the surface of phage particles and subjected to antigen-driven selection by several rounds of phage display biopanning using soluble and cell based RBC antigens. In addition a large naIve library was biopanned against the same antigens in an attempt to isolate a wide range of antibodies suitable for blood typing. Several high quality combinatorial antibody libraries with respect to size (> 107 clones) and diversity were generated. Biopanning of recombinant libraries resulted in enrichment of phage antibodies specific for RBC antigens, and several clones were isolated which were shown to be specific for Duffy a antigen. The isolated antibodies would be ideal candidates for re-engineering into multivalent antibody molecules capable of direct agglutination of RBC and as such, have the potential to replace human polyclonal sera in the identification of Duffy a RBC antigen phenotyping.

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Sheehan, C. P. "The application of the enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) to ABH grouping in forensic science." Thesis, University of Surrey, 1988. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.381661.

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Books on the topic "Blood Grouping and Crossmatching"

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Denise, Harmening, ed. Modern blood banking and transfusion practices. 4th ed. Philadelphia: F.A. Davis, 1999.

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Modern blood banking & transfusion practices. 6th ed. Philadelphia: F.A. Davis, 2012.

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V, Rudmann Sally, ed. Serologic problem-solving: A systematic approach for improved practices. Bethesda, Md: AABB Press, 2005.

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V, Rudman Sally, ed. Textbook of blood banking and transfusion medicine. Philadelphia: Saunders, 1995.

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Whitlock, Sheryl. Immunohematology. Albany: Delmar Publishers, 1997.

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Denise, Harmening, ed. Modern blood banking and transfusion practices. 3rd ed. Philadelphia: F.A. Davis, 1994.

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R, Pierce Steven, Wilson Janet Kay, American Association of Blood Banks., and Approaches to Serological Problems in the Hospital Transfusion Service Technical Workshop (1985 : Miami, Fla.), eds. Approaches to serological problems in the hospital transfusion service. Arlington, Va: American Association of Blood Banks, 1985.

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Petrides, Marian. Practical guide to transfusion medicine. 2nd ed. Bethesda, Md: AABB Press, 2007.

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E, Silberstein Leslie, ed. Molecular and functional aspects of blood group antigens. Bethesda, Md: American Association of Blood Banks, 1995.

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1931-, Rossi Ennio Claudio, and Simon Toby L, eds. Rossi's principles of transfusion medicine. 4th ed. Chichester, West Sussex, UK: Blackwell, 2009.

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Book chapters on the topic "Blood Grouping and Crossmatching"

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Beelen, J. M. "HLA-Matching and Crossmatching in Platelet Transfusion." In White cells and platelets in blood transfusion, 243–47. Boston, MA: Springer US, 1987. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4613-2089-0_22.

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Sintnicolaas, K., W. Sizoo, and R. L. H. Bolhuis. "The Predictive Value of Elisa Platelet Crossmatching for the Selection of Platelet Donors for Alloimmunized Patients." In Coagulation and Blood Transfusion, 151–58. Boston, MA: Springer US, 1991. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4615-3900-1_14.

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Sell, Ana Maria, and Jeane Eliete Laguila Visentainer. "Blood Grouping Based on PCR Methods and Agarose Gel Electrophoresis." In Molecular Typing of Blood Cell Antigens, 37–49. New York, NY: Springer New York, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4939-2690-9_4.

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Eriksen, B., J. Dissing, M. Thymann, and O. Svensmark. "Comparison of DNA-Profiling and Classical Blood Grouping in Criminal Cases." In Advances in Forensic Haemogenetics, 84–86. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 1994. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-78782-9_14.

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Chen, Zeqi, Yan Tang, Haoran Lin, Zhiyuan Yin, Junyu Fang, and Tao Pan. "Grouping Modeling Strategy for Hematocrit Analysis with Blood Vis-NIR Spectroscopy." In Sense the Real Change: Proceedings of the 20th International Conference on Near Infrared Spectroscopy, 193–98. Singapore: Springer Nature Singapore, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-981-19-4884-8_20.

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Oakley, K., and Madeleine Smith. "Appendix: Memorandum on Blood Grouping: Requirements of British Museum (Natural History)." In Novartis Foundation Symposia, 246–47. Chichester, UK: John Wiley & Sons, Ltd., 2008. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/9780470715246.app1.

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Mannessier, L. "Patients’s ABO-D Blood Grouping and Phenotyping with Monoclonal Antibodies and Micromethods." In Neue Entwicklungen in der Transfusionsmedizin, 181. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 1992. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-77443-0_18.

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Kashiwade, H., B. Kagehara, T. Shoji, T. Takagi, M. Kajiwara, and Y. Sato. "ABO Blood Grouping of Old Blood Stains by Ultra Micro Reverse Agglutination with Monoclonal Anti-A, -B Antibodies." In Advances in Forensic Haemogenetics, 623–25. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 1994. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-78782-9_176.

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Hoste, Bernadette M. "Advantages of Enzyme Immuno Assay After Blotting in Blood Stain Grouping. Application to the Gc Subtypes." In Advances in Forensic Haemogenetics, 382–85. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 1986. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-71150-3_83.

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Kimura, A., T. Uda, S. Nakashima, M. Osawa, H. Ikeda, S. Yasuda, and T. Tsuji. "ABO Blood Grouping and Species Identification of Bloodstains by Sandwich ELISA Using Monoclonal Antibody Specific for Human Erythrocyte Band 3." In Advances in Forensic Haemogenetics, 437–39. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 1992. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-77324-2_132.

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Conference papers on the topic "Blood Grouping and Crossmatching"

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G, Rajesh, G. Vaidhik Reddy, B. Bharath Sai, T. Afrid, A. Naga Seshu, and S. Vamsi Krishna Reddy. "Blood Phenotyping and Grouping based on Plate Test using Image Processing Strategies." In 2022 International Conference on Computer Communication and Informatics (ICCCI). IEEE, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/iccci54379.2022.9741039.

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von dem Borne, A. E. G. Kr, and W. H. Ouwehand. "ALLOIMMUNIZATION TO PLATELET TRANSFUSIONS." In XIth International Congress on Thrombosis and Haemostasis. Schattauer GmbH, 1987. http://dx.doi.org/10.1055/s-0038-1643997.

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Alloimmunization against platelets is an important cause of refractioness to transfusion of this blood product.It may occur in up to 66% of patients, with malignant blood diseases or aplastic anaemia, whoreceive platelet transfusions for thrombocytopenia.The alloantibodies responsible for refractioness areoften anti-HLA-ABC antibodies, but in about 20% platelet specific allo- antibodies may (also) play a role.In recent years major progress has been made in the methodology of platelet antibody detection. Reliabletechniques to detect platelet antibodies and antigens have been developed, based on the antiglobulin principle. Platelet immunofluorescence is the standard and reference method, but platelet radio-immuno assays and enzyme-linked immuno-assay appear to be good alternatives. A problem is still the quality of the antiglobulin reagents applied, which appears to be often poor.A new development is the study of antibody binding at the level of platelet membrane glycoproteins, instead of intact platelets. This can be done in the immunoblot, but also with chemically purified glycoproteins, or glycoproteins specifically captured by monoclonal antibodies. It gives direct information aboutthe chemical structures involved in the alloimmune response. Most of these methods are still in the investigational stage, but the immunoblot has already found a place in the routine laboratory. A limitation of the immunoblot is that it is quite insensitive and often gives non-specific results.An important question in platelet serology is whether a positive platelet antibody test is due to HLA-antibodies or to platelet specific antibodies. To answer this question, combined tests on platelets and lymphocytes, obtained from the same donor, are usuallyperformed. Complicated studies on cell panels of typed donors, with absorptions and elutions, may often be necessary.However chloroquine treatment of the platelets, which leads to elution of HLA-antigens, isthan a very helpfull new technique, as are techniqueswhich use isolated glycoproteins.Platelet specific antibodies may be directed againsthidden or cryptic antigens of glycoprotein Ilb/IIIa, which are exposed upon alteration of the platelets, for instance by fixation or Na2EDTA.The recognition of such antibodies is important, because they are not responsible for increased platelet destruction and may cause 'falsely 'positive test results.Modern platelet antibody technology has made it possible to perform platelet crossmatching. In refractory patients an obvious first approach is the selection of platelets from cross-match negative random donors. In many patients satisfactory platelets increments can be obtained again in this way. Only in patients with multiple HLA antibodies in the blood, HLA-typing and the transfusion of HLA-compatible donor platelets is than necessary.HLA-alloimmunization occurs much more frequently on blood products that contain leukocytes. It has been postulated that mixed lymphocyte reactions, which take place between the lymphocytes of the donor and the patient in vivo, are an important stimulus for theimmunization to occur. Leukocyte depletion of blood products (red cells, platelets) is therefore advicedto prevent it. This can be done by differential centrifugation, but also by cotton wool filtration. However the best method is not yet know and controlled studies are badly needed.

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Saville, Kirsty, Julie Jeffery, and Katie McGoohan. "P57 An innovative way of working within the Covid 19 Pandemic trialling the use of the Eldon Blood Typing Kit for ABO and Rh blood grouping within the Living Donor Liver Transplant Program at Leeds Teaching Hospitals." In Abstracts of the British Association for the Study of the Liver Annual Meeting, 20–23 September 2022. BMJ Publishing Group Ltd and British Society of Gastroenterology, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/gutjnl-2022-basl.108.

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