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1

Andıç, Neslihan. "Practical Solutions for Problems in Blood Grouping and Crossmatching." Turkish Journal of Hematology 39, no. 1 (February 24, 2022): 55–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.4274/tjh.galenos.2021.2021.0544.

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2

Shulman, Ira A., Lieta M. Maffei, and Katharine A. Downes. "North American Pretransfusion Testing Practices, 2001–2004: Results From the College of American Pathologists Interlaboratory Comparison Program Survey Data, 2001–2004." Archives of Pathology & Laboratory Medicine 129, no. 8 (August 1, 2005): 984–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.5858/2005-129-984-naptpr.

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Abstract Context.—Pretransfusion testing of whole blood and red blood cell recipients is regulated by the federal government under the authority of the Clinical Laboratory Improvement Amendments of 1988. Regulated tests include determination of ABO group, Rh D type, antibody detection, antibody identification, and crossmatching. A wide variety of methods and reagents are available for these regulated tests. During 2001–2004, the College of American Pathologists (CAP) Interlaboratory Comparison Program (Proficiency Testing) J-Survey collected data from more than 4000 laboratories regarding their pretransfusion testing practices. Those data are presented in this report. Objective.—To assess current testing practices for ABO grouping, Rh D typing, antibody detection, and crossmatching in North America. Design.—Data collected for the CAP Interlaboratory Comparison Program (Proficiency Testing) J-Survey were analyzed for trends in laboratory testing practice during 2001– 2004. The data were grouped for analysis by peer group (testing method used) for ABO grouping, Rh D typing, antibody detection, and crossmatching and then analyzed. Setting, Patients, or Other Participants.—Subscribers to the CAP Interlaboratory Comparison Program Transfusion Medicine J-Series. Results.—The most common testing schemes used in North America during 2001–2004 are as follows: ABO grouping (most laboratories perform tube testing: 97.6% in 2000 and 91.1% in 2004); Rh D typing (most laboratories perform tube testing: 97.7% in 2001 and 91.1% in 2004); antibody detection (most laboratories perform tube testing: 69.7% in 2001 and 55% in 2004, most frequently with the low ionic strength solution anti-human globulin [AHG] method, 48.3% in 2001 and 39.9% in 2004; as of 2004 slightly more laboratories use the gel AHG method [42%] than the low ionic strength solution AHG tube method); crossmatching for alloimmunized patients (most laboratories perform tube testing using a low ionic strength solution AHG method; 55.8% in 2001 and 47.6% in 2004); and crossmatching for nonalloimmunized patients (tube testing using an immediate spin method; 42% in 2001 and 40.4% in 2004). Conclusions.—Most North American laboratories currently favor tube methods when performing ABO grouping, Rh typing, antibody screening, and crossmatching. However, there has been a significant increase in the use of gel-based methods in recent years, especially for antibody detection and crossmatching. Data collection and data analysis of CAP Interlaboratory Comparison Program Survey results allow for assessment of laboratory proficiency and provide insights into current North American practice trends in pretransfusion compatibility testing.
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3

Bhagwat, Swarupa Nikhil, Jayashree H. Sharma, Julie Jose, and Charusmita J. Modi. "Comparison Between Conventional and Automated Techniques for Blood Grouping and Crossmatching: Experience from a Tertiary Care Centre." Journal of Laboratory Physicians 7, no. 02 (July 2015): 096–102. http://dx.doi.org/10.4103/0974-2727.163130.

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ABSTRACT Context: The routine immunohematological tests can be performed by automated as well as manual techniques. These techniques have advantages and disadvantages inherent to them. Aims:The present study aims to compare the results of manual and automated techniques for blood grouping and crossmatching so as to validate the automated system effectively. Materials and Methods: A total of 1000 samples were subjected to blood grouping by the conventional tube technique (CTT) and the automated microplate LYRA system on Techno TwinStation. A total of 269 samples (multitransfused patients and multigravida females) were compared for 927 crossmatches by the CTT in indirect antiglobulin phase against the column agglutination technique (CAT) performed on Techno TwinStation. Results: For blood grouping, the study showed a concordance in results for 942/1000 samples (94.2%), discordance for 4/1000 (0.4%) samples and uninterpretable result for 54/1000 samples (5.4%). On resolution, the uninterpretable results reduced to 49/1000 samples (4.9%) with 951/1000 samples (95.1%) showing concordant results. For crossmatching, the automated CAT showed concordant results in 887/927 (95.6%) and discordant results in 3/927 (0.32%) crossmatches as compared to the CTT. Total 37/927 (3.9%) crossmatches were not interpretable by the automated technique. Conclusion: The automated system shows a high concordance of results with CTT and hence can be brought into routine use. However, the high proportion of uninterpretable results emphasizes on the fact that proper training and standardization are needed prior to its use.
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Hazra, Subhajit, Pauline Ara Parveen, Banduriap Lyngdoh, Pratima Moi, Sunita Bagdi, Sulekha Ghosh, and Tapan Kumar Ghosh. "Importance of screening and identification of alloantibodies in multi-transfused patients of thalassemia major." International Journal of Human and Health Sciences (IJHHS) 5, no. 2 (October 4, 2020): 230. http://dx.doi.org/10.31344/ijhhs.v5i2.265.

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Introduction: Thalassemia is a form of inherited autosomal recessive blood disorders characterized by abnormal formation of hemoglobin. These patientsneed blood transfusion on regular basis to maintain the hemoglobin level in the body.The frequent transfusions received by thalassemia major patients, expose them to the risk of contracting infectious diseases, and development of complication such as iron overload and alloimmunization. The production of antibodies against such alloimmunization induces further hemolysis.Subject and methodology: The main objective of the study was to find out clinically significant antibodies in multi-transfused thalassemiamajor patients to prevent hemolysis and to reduce frequency of blood transfusion there by reducing morbidity and mortality. A prospective and observational study comprising of total 205 thalassemic patients were included in the study (females 99 and males 106) in the age ranging from3to 43 years who had received more than 10 units of blood within one year. Majority of them were β thalassemia major followed by Eβ and sickle cell disease.Apart from ABO and Rh grouping and issuing of blood by proper crossmatching the alloantibodies were detected by using 3 cell and 11 cell panel by gel technique.Alloantibodies against Rh phenotypes were more than 90%.Discussion and conclusion:Findingof unexpected antibodies must be a part of all pretransfusion testing procedure which will help to accomplish more effective and uneventful blood transfusionof multi-transfused thalassemia patient. Production of alloantibodiesinmulti-transfused thalassemia patients can be prevented by screening for minor blood groups from beginning in addition to ABO and Rh grouping.International Journal of Human and Health Sciences Vol. 05 No. 02 April’21 Page: 230-234
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5

Cohen, Robert IS, Ana Lima, Alioska Escorcia, Farzana Tasmin, Yulia Lin, Lani Lieberman, Jacob Pendergrast, Jeannie Callum, and Christine M. Cserti-Gazdewich. "Transfusion Reaction Serology: Results of Applied Practices." Blood 132, Supplement 1 (November 29, 2018): 1262. http://dx.doi.org/10.1182/blood-2018-99-110186.

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Abstract Introduction: Serologic testing of post-transfusion reaction specimens aims to ascertain potentially accountable immune hemolytic incompatibility. With the exception of low-risk fevers or uncomplicated allergic reactions (ie- reactions with a likelihood of incompatibility that is deemed too low to justify testing), all transfusion reactions undergo serologic investigation as a matter of local institutional policy. However, compliance with guidelines, and the yields of testing according to reaction types, remain unknown. These measures may indicate the quality of applied practice, and provide evidence for maintaining (or changing) investigation algorithms. Study Design and Methods: Interrogation of two hemovigilance databases identified all possible-to-definite transfusion reactions over a 4-year period (2013-2016) at four academic hospitals (with 1493 adult-care beds). The performance and outcome of reaction-oriented serology were assessed by site, year, reaction type, implicated product, and patient location. Serologic testing of transfusion reaction samples entailed the performance (and pre-transfusion comparison) of grouping (ABO, RHD type) and red cell antibody screening (indirect antiglobulin testing [IAT]), with a post-transfusion Coomb's/direct antiglobulin test [DAT]. Appropriate reflex tests (elutions, panel investigations, or IAT re-crossmatching) proceeded from pertinent positives. Allergic reactions were "complicated" if significant vital sign changes occurred, while fevers were "high-risk" (HRF) if symptomatic or if the Tmax rose to ≥39⁰C. Cardiorespiratory reactions (CRR) involved symptomatic and/or objective disturbances in heart/lung function, while unclassifiable presentations (changes in sensorium or non-precordial pain) were placed in an atypical/"other" category for analysis. Results: Sites received 338-367 reaction referrals per year. By referral proportions (and with overlaps), fevers accounted for 47% of events, allergic disturbances for 40%, and CRR events for 37%, with unclassifiable reactions in 7% (Table). Serologic examination occurred in 773 (55%) of 1412 referrals (of which 1346 were deemed to be transfusion-attributable disturbances, among 1119 unique recipients). The majority of cases (1153 or 82%) were compliant with guidelines. Similar proportions deviated to over-testing (85/550 [15%]) as to under-testing (174/862 [20%]). Overall, 34 (4.4%) of 773 cases yielded a new finding, with 6 (0.8%) reflecting (new or recrudescent) host-derived anti-erythrocyte antibodies, for a number-needed-to-test (NNT) of 129. Serologic yields occurred in all categories where testing was mandated, with most yields (62% or 26/42) owing to HRF and CRR events. Whereas these were often non-ABO (minor antigen-targeting) antibodies (76% or 25/33) and followed reactions to red blood cell transfusions (RBC), the yields from complicated allergic reactions and "other" reactions were entirely due to passively acquired isoagglutinins (11/11). The former non-ABO antibodies were revealed by IAT (with no additional gains from elution studies), while ABO isoagglutinins were revealed by DAT alone (and type-specific eluates), and followed plasma (antibody-) containing products. IVIG-associated reactions exhibited the highest serologic yields (in 48% of cases, or in 70% of non-O type recipients), with 60% experiencing some degree of hemolysis. Conclusion: A fifth of reactions were either over-tested or under-tested. Analysis of the performance and contextual yields of serologic tests revealed that certain products and presentations merit greater attention while others merit less. The IAT is a greater priority than the DAT in HRF and CRR following RBC, while the DAT alone is informative in isoagglutinin-risk cases, irrespective of presentation type, and with predictable eluate specificities. A re-evaluation of traditional serologic testing reflexes may reduce costs and allow re-investment in other more informative reaction-specific assays. Table Table. Disclosures No relevant conflicts of interest to declare.
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6

Downes, Katharine A., and Ira A. Shulman. "Pretransfusion Testing Practices in North America, 2005–2010: An Analysis of the College of American Pathologists Interlaboratory Comparison Program J-Survey Data, 2005–2010." Archives of Pathology & Laboratory Medicine 136, no. 3 (March 1, 2012): 294–300. http://dx.doi.org/10.5858/2011-0127-cpr.1.

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Context.—Data collection and analysis of the College of American Pathologists (CAP) Interlaboratory Comparison Program (Proficiency Testing) J-Survey results provide insights into North American pretransfusion compatibility testing practices and trends. Objectives.—To assess current North American manual testing practices for ABO grouping, rhesus (Rh) typing, antibody screening, and crossmatching using CAP proficiency testing data. Design.—Analysis of the CAP Interlaboratory Comparison Program J-Survey data (2005–2010) to identify laboratory methods used for ABO grouping, Rh typing, antibody screening, and crossmatching. Data were analyzed by test method using Microsoft (Redmond, Washington) Excel software. Results.—The method used most often in ABO grouping and Rh typing was tube testing. Many laboratories also used tube testing for antibody detection and crossmatching, but during the study period, the proportion of laboratories using gel-based methodologies increased considerably. Conclusions.—Most North American CAP laboratories continue to use tube methods for ABO/Rh testing. Use of gel-based methodologies increased during the past 5 years for antibody screening and crossmatching.
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7

Ruwiyanti, Eni. "Profile of Incompatible Crossmatching Examination Results in Patients With Gel Test Method." Jaringan Laboratorium Medis 2, no. 1 (July 2, 2021): 42–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.31983/jlm.v2i1.6983.

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Laboratory examiners before giving blood transfusions (PretransfusionTesting) is a vital part of the transfusion activity. Incompatible Crossmatching blood tests on patients is consistent if we had to crossmatching one or more of the one or all of the positive so that blood is stated compatible with the patient. The gel test method has many advantages compared to the tubulating method other than the halting factor time. The gel test procedures have also been simpler, more practical, and easier results reading done. The goal of this study to identify the output of crossmatching receipts on the geltest method of 2019 in Indonesian Redcross of Klaten, this research method using a descriptive design with a sectional cross approach. And data retrieval using secondary data. The results shows the number of inconsistencies in patients of 116 cases. As many as 57% (66) incompatible crossmatching major minor and autocontrol of 43%(50) found a type of compatible major. The conclution are that in Indonesian Redcross of Klaten found most frequently in the diagnosis of anemia 59% (69) patients. The result of incompatible minor and positive autocontrol 57% more than compatible major 43%. Incompatible crossmatching receipts per month in the high Indonesian Redcross of Klaten is in April of 27 patients or 23%.
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8

Musk, Gabrielle C., Murray J. Adams, Haruo Usuda, Matthew W. Kemp, and Claire R. Sharp. "Crossmatching Maternal and Fetal Blood in Sheep." Comparative Medicine 68, no. 4 (August 1, 2018): 294–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.30802/aalas-cm-17-000126.

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9

Musk, Gabrielle C., Haruo Usuda, Helen Kershaw, Matthew W. Kemp, and Claire R. Sharp. "Maternal-fetal Blood Major Crossmatching in Merino Sheep." Comparative Medicine 70, no. 4 (August 1, 2020): 355–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.30802/aalas-cm-19-000115.

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To determine the incidence of ex vivo incompatibility between ovine maternal RBCs and fetal plasma, we performed cross-matching of blood samples from ewes and from lambs delivered by cesarean section. Twenty-one date-mated singleton pregnant Merino ewes were anesthetized for cesarean delivery of the fetus. At the time of delivery, paired maternal and fetal blood samples were collected and subsequently separated for storage as packed red blood cells and fresh frozen plasma. Gel column major cross matching was performed within 2 wk. All fetus-dam crossmatches were major crossmatches, combining fetal (recipient) plasma with dam (donor) RBCs. 172 individual dam-dam cross matches were performed. Two of these tests were incompatible (1.2%). In addition, 19 fetal blood samples collected immediately after cesarean delivery were crossmatched with 21 maternal samples to generate 174 maternal-fetal individual cross matches. No maternal-fetal incompatibility reactions were observed. The results of this study demonstrate that all maternal donors and fetal recipients were compatible. In addition, the incidence of an incompatible crossmatch between adult ewes was 1.2%. These data suggest that lambs may not be born with antibodies against other blood types, but rather may acquire such antibodies at some time during early life. In addition, these data suggest the risk of incompatibility reactions between ewes of a similar breed and from a single farm of origin is very low.
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10

Finning, Kirstin, and Geoff Daniels. "Molecular blood grouping." Transfusion and Apheresis Science 50, no. 2 (April 2014): 146–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.transci.2014.02.010.

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11

Schlaf, G., K. Stöhr, A. Rothhoff, and W. Altermann. "ELISA-Based Crossmatching Allowing the Detection of Emerging Donor-Specific Anti-HLA Antibodies through the Use of Stored Donors’ Cell Lysates." Case Reports in Transplantation 2015 (2015): 1–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2015/763157.

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About forty years ago the complement-dependent crossmatch assay (CDC-CM) was developed as standard procedure in order to select recipients without donor-specific antibodies directed against human leukocyte antigens of their given donors since the negative outcome of pretransplant crossmatching represents one of the most important requirements for a successful kidney graft survival. However, as a functional assay the CDC-CM strongly depends on the availability of donors’ isolated lymphocytes and in particular on their vitality highly limiting its applicability for recipients treated with special drugs and therapeutic antibodies or suffering from underlying autoimmune diseases. In the great majority of these cases ELISA-based crossmatching has been demonstrated to be an adequate alternative procedure nevertheless leading to valid results. With these case reports we show for the first time that ELISA-based crossmatching is suitable to demonstrate the upcoming donor-specific anti-HLA antibodies as a consequence of allografting using deep-frozen deceased donor’s material such as blood or spleen detergent lysate. Thus, this ELISA-based procedure first provides the option to routinely perform crossmatching using stored material of deceased donors in order to substitute or at least to complement virtual crossmatching, that is, the comparison of the recipients’ anti-HLA antibody specificities with the donors’ historically identified HLA types.
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12

Harris, M., R. Nolen-Walston, W. Ashton, M. May, K. Jackson, and R. Boston. "Effect of Sample Storage on Blood Crossmatching in Horses." Journal of Veterinary Internal Medicine 26, no. 3 (March 28, 2012): 662–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1939-1676.2012.00913.x.

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13

Hooker, Edmond A., Frank B. Miller, Jayne L. Hollander, and Elaine M. Bukowski. "Do all trauma patients need early crossmatching for blood?" Journal of Emergency Medicine 12, no. 4 (July 1994): 447–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0736-4679(94)90338-7.

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14

S., Lewis. "Blood grouping and epistaxis." Clinical Otolaryngology 32, no. 4 (August 2007): 297. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2273.2007.01456.x.

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15

Daniels, G. "ES05.02 Molecular blood grouping." Vox Sanguinis 87, s1 (June 2004): 63–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1741-6892.2004.00432.x.

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16

Baraka, A., T. Juma, S. K. Asfar, and H. Al-Sayer. "Conserving Blood in Preparation for Elective Surgery." Journal of the Royal Society of Medicine 84, no. 10 (October 1991): 600–601. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/014107689108401010.

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A prospective study was carried out for a period of 6 months (September 1987 to 28 February 1988) to evaluate the possible misuse of blood transfusion service in the department of surgery, Amiri Teaching Hospital, Kuwait. There was a monthly wastage of 45 ±13 units of blood. Five hundred and eleven units of blood were crossmatched but never transfused. The time taken by the blood bank technicians in crossmatching blood which was never used amounted to 54.4% of the normal working hours. An annual loss of about US$25000.00 was calculated to have occurred.
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17

Daniels, G. "Blood grouping by molecular genetics." ISBT Science Series 6, no. 2 (October 20, 2011): 257–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1751-2824.2011.01497.x.

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18

St-Louis, Maryse. "Molecular blood grouping of donors." Transfusion and Apheresis Science 50, no. 2 (April 2014): 175–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.transci.2014.02.012.

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19

Cheung, Douglas, Luke Reynolds, Melin Peng, Jason Lee, Robert Stewart, Kenneth Pace, R. John D’Arcy Honey, and Michael Ordon. "Assessing the Necessity of Routine Crossmatching for Blood Transfusion in Renal Transplantation." Progress in Transplantation 30, no. 4 (September 23, 2020): 360–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1526924820958117.

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Introduction: Routine crossmatch of packed red blood cells (pRBCs) is completed preoperatively at many centers despite conflicting evidence on the incidence of blood transfusions with renal transplantation. In the current economic climate, resource adjudication should be judicious and medically appropriate. The objective of this study was to determine the incidence, timing, and predictors of early postoperative pRBC transfusion in patients undergoing renal transplantation. Methods: A retrospective review of all patients undergoing renal transplantation at our institution from January 2013 to May 2016 was performed. Demographic, biochemical, and clinical parameters were recorded. The primary outcome was early postoperative transfusion, defined as an intraoperative transfusion or within 2 days of surgery. Multivariable logistic regression was performed to identify associations with early postoperative transfusion. Results: We identified 428 patients during the study period (average age 55 years, 60% male, 30% obese, 67% deceased donor, and 43% preoperative antithrombotic use). Forty (9.3%) patients required early postoperative transfusion (mean: 2.8 pRBCs/transfusion) and most did not require blood urgently. Only 20 (4.7%) patients required a transfusion intraoperatively or on the same day of surgery. Lower preoperative hemoglobin (per g/L unit: odds ratio [OR]: 0.943), female gender (OR: 2.752), and preoperative antithrombotic use (OR 2.369) were associated with a need for early postoperative transfusion. Conclusion: Transfusion in the early postoperative period following renal transplantation was less than 10%, suggesting that routine crossmatch may not be necessary for all patients. Preoperative hemoglobin, female gender, and preoperative antithrombotic use were associated with increased risk and may be useful to risk-stratify patients who require crossmatch.
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20

Kadner, Alexander, Raymond H. Chen, Richard N. Mitchell, and David H. Adams. "Homograft crossmatching is unnecessary due to the absence of blood group antigens." Annals of Thoracic Surgery 71, no. 5 (May 2001): S349—S352. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0003-4975(01)02500-0.

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21

Grupp-Phelan, Jacqueline. "How Rational Is the Crossmatching of Blood in a Pediatric Emergency Department?" Archives of Pediatrics & Adolescent Medicine 150, no. 11 (November 1, 1996): 1140. http://dx.doi.org/10.1001/archpedi.1996.02170360030004.

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22

Shash, Hwazen, Rana Alabdulqader, Lama Alshehri, Norah Alkathery, Rozanna Al-Abdulrahman, Shatha Alahmed, Dalal Bubshait, Suzan AlKhater, and Awatif Al-Nafie. "Blood utilization and quality indicators at a university hospital in the Eastern Province of Saudi Arabia." PLOS ONE 17, no. 4 (April 22, 2022): e0267449. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0267449.

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Background Blood transfusion is a common, essential procedure when treating many different medical and surgical conditions. Efficient utilization of blood bank facilities by frequent auditing is crucial; however, few studies have examined blood utilization in Saudi Arabia. We aimed to review the blood ordering patterns and transfusion practices, and blood bank audit effectiveness at a single center in Saudi Arabia and compare our results with those of a similar study performed in the same center 20 years ago. Materials and methods This study was a retrospective descriptive chart review of all healthy blood donors and recipients from January 1, 2016, to December 31, 2020. We evaluated the crossmatching-to-transfusion ratio (C/T) as an indicator of blood bank utilization and compared the findings with those of the previous study. We also evaluated changes in blood bank utilization during the coronavirus disease 2019 pandemic. Results Findings from 27,414 donors (men, 94.9%; mean age, 32.2 + 9.6 years) showed a 71% increase in blood donations compared to that of 2000. The donations gradually increased over the years, peaking just before COVID-19 pandemic started in March 2020. For 3,836 patients, 13,324 units of blood were crossmatched (average, 3.47 crossmatch/patient), with 23% of the crossmatch requests from surgical departments. The average C/T ratio, transfusion index, and transfusion probability (T%) were 1.37, 2.55, and 73.2%, respectively. The C/T ratio decreased by 54% between 2000 and 2020. During the pandemic, crossmatching decreased by 26% between 2019 and 2020, but with comparable C/T ratio in 2019 (1.45) and 2020 (1.39). Conclusion Our hospital blood bank utilization improved over the past 20 years, showing increased donations, reduced C/T ratio, and increased T%. This improvement emphasizes the importance of blood donation campaigns, blood bank auditing, restrictive transfusion guidelines, and physician education.
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23

Beck, Malcolm L. "Monoclonal antibodies as blood grouping reagents." Immunohematology 15, no. 1 (2020): 10–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.21307/immunohematology-2019-607.

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24

Xingzhi, Xu, Liao Ji, Fang Hao, Li Ming, and Liu Zhuyao. "ABO Blood Grouping on Dental Tissue." Journal of Forensic Sciences 38, no. 4 (July 1, 1993): 13494J. http://dx.doi.org/10.1520/jfs13494j.

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SALMON, C. "Monoclonal antibodies in ABO blood grouping." Revue Francaise de Transfusion et Immuno-hématologie 30, no. 5 (December 1987): 709–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0338-4535(87)80139-3.

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26

Sharma, Dharmesh Chandra, Sunita Rai, Sachin Singhal, Prakriti Gupta, and Shailendra Sharma. "Para-Bombay B phenotype: a rare ABH blood group variant at tertiary care hospital, Gwalior India." Journal of Research in Clinical Medicine 9, no. 1 (May 14, 2021): 21. http://dx.doi.org/10.34172/jrcm.2021.021.

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Background: The H antigen is the precursor substance for A and B antigens formation on red blood cells of an individual and absence of it is termed as H deficient phenotype. If H antigen is absent on both RBCs and secretions, and then the resulting blood group is a Classical Bombay phenotype with anti-H antibodies in their serum. If H antigen are absent on RBCs and present in secretions and plasma, the resulting blood group is Para-Bombay phenotype. Genetically Para-Bombay’s lack an active H gene (genotype is hh) but carry at least one Se gene (Secretor gene). Para-Bombay or red blood cell (RBC) H negative secretor individuals may or may not have anti-H in their serum. In both cases routine blood grouping is O. Case Report: Blood sample of 24-year-old female is submitting in blood bank, resulting her routine grouping O RhD positive. Complete blood grouping by Gel technology revels her forward grouping is Oh and reverse grouping B. Patient is secretor for B and H antigens. Absorption and elusion test is negative. Family grouping was also done to find out compatible blood and her family genesis. Conclusion: Patient blood group is Para-Bombay B. Complete blood grouping (Forward and reverse) as well as saliva grouping and absorption /elusion test is advisable when there is a discrepancy in ABH grouping.
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Moncharmont, P., C. Giannoli, V. Chirat, and T. Chalard. "Weak rhesus D (RH1) grouping on the Olympus PK7100 blood grouping system." Transfusion Medicine 7, no. 1 (March 1997): 66–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.1046/j.1365-3148.1997.d01-6.x.

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28

Renton, M. C., D. BL McClelland, and C. J. Sinclair. "Use of blood products in cardiac surgery." Perfusion 12, no. 3 (May 1997): 157–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/026765919701200302.

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The quantity of blood products used perioperatively during cardiac surgery is known to vary widely between institutions. This study looked at the amount of blood products used perioperatively in 74 consecutive elective cardiac operations in one institution. The results are compared with those from other European centres and a cost analysis carried out. On average 2.33 ± 0.74 (95% confidence interval 1.93-2.77) units of red cell concentrate were transfused perioperatively per patient. Six (8%) patients received no blood products. In addition a number of preoperative factors were studied in an attempt to identify predictors of transfusion requirements. Age, preoperative haemoglobin, female sex and red cell mass were all found to have some predictive value. In the face of increasing demands on a limited supply of blood products we question the need for crossmatching more than four units of red cell concentrate in elective cardiac surgery.
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Ural, Kelly, Jay Trusheim, Yamah Amiri, and Mariella Gastañaduy. "Improved Cost-Effectiveness and Blood Product Utilization From Instituting a Blood Ordering Algorithm for Cardiac Surgical Cases." Seminars in Cardiothoracic and Vascular Anesthesia 22, no. 4 (May 23, 2018): 353–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1089253218778602.

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Background. Results of a previous study revealed an over-ordering of blood products for cardiac surgery and led to the creation of a new blood ordering algorithm. This follow-up study has been conducted to evaluate improvement in ordering practices. Methods. Retrospective data were collected for 171 patients who underwent coronary artery bypass grafting or valve surgery from March 2015 to March 2016 to determine the crossmatch-to-transfusion ratio (C:tx) and potential cost savings. Results were compared with pre-algorithm values and considered statistically significant if the 95% confidence interval did not include zero. Results. Prior to the algorithm, 100% of patients undergoing cardiac surgery were crossmatched. After instituting the algorithm, this decreased to 15%. The overall C:tx decreased from 7.97 to 2.14. Cost savings were calculated as $114.79 (coronary artery bypass grafting) and $129.05 (valve surgery) per patient. Conclusions. The creation of a new algorithm to guide ordering practices has significantly improved the C:tx, reduced unnecessary crossmatching, and lowered costs.
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Basu, Debapriya, Sabita Basu, Mahua Reddy, Kaushik Gupta, and Joydeep Roy. "Fibrin in blood samples interferes with blood grouping by automation." Transfusion 58, no. 8 (August 2018): 1831–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/trf.14593.

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31

Fasano, Ross M., Harold Cliff Sullivan, Robert A. Bray, Howard M. Gebel, Erin K. Meyer, Annie M. Winkler, Cassandra D. Josephson, Sean R. Stowell, Alexander (Sandy) Duncan, and John D. Roback. "Genotyping Applications for Transplantation and Transfusion Management: The Emory Experience." Archives of Pathology & Laboratory Medicine 141, no. 3 (March 1, 2017): 329–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.5858/arpa.2016-0277-sa.

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Current genotyping methodologies for transplantation and transfusion management employ multiplex systems that allow for simultaneous detection of multiple HLA antigens, human platelet antigens, and red blood cell (RBC) antigens. The development of high-resolution, molecular HLA typing has led to improved outcomes in unrelated hematopoietic stem cell transplants by better identifying compatible alleles of the HLA-A, B, C, DRB1, and DQB1 antigens. In solid organ transplantation, the combination of high-resolution HLA typing with solid-phase antibody identification has proven of value for highly sensitized patients and has significantly reduced incompatible crossmatches at the time of organ allocation. This database-driven, combined HLA antigen/antibody testing has enabled routine implementation of “virtual crossmatching” and may even obviate the need for physical crossmatching. In addition, DNA-based testing for RBC antigens provides an alternative typing method that mitigates many of the limitations of hemagglutination-based phenotyping. Although RBC genotyping has utility in various transfusion settings, it has arguably been most useful for minimizing alloimmunization in the management of transfusion-dependent patients with sickle cell disease or thalassemia. The availability of high-throughput RBC genotyping for both individuals and large populations of donors, along with coordinated informatics systems to compare patients' antigen profiles with available antigen-negative and/or rare blood-typed donors, holds promise for improving the efficiency, reliability, and extent of RBC matching for this population.
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32

Drew, Peter J., Jacopo Ciampolini, and William A. Dickson. "Blood crossmatching for burn surgery: potential for reduced wastage using a modified Dye formula." Burns 25, no. 7 (November 1999): 651–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0305-4179(99)00046-7.

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33

McAlack, Robert F., David Lee, Daniela Milam, and Kathy M. Sacks. "33-P: Pretyping and crossmatching deceased donors: Peripheral blood – a suitable and reliable specimen." Human Immunology 68, no. 1 (October 2007): S32. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.humimm.2007.08.056.

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34

Imran Qadir, Muhammad, and Fatima Sattar Bhutta. "Association of rasgulla likeness with blood Grouping." Hematology & Transfusion International Journal 7, no. 1 (February 15, 2019): 8–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.15406/htij.2019.07.00196.

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Objective of the present study was to correlate the Rasgulla likeness with Blood Grouping. It was the beneficial survey taken by the subject from different peoples and it provides the information to the subject about the recent research of Rasgulla likeness with the Blood Grouping. So these researches are the actual recent researches done by the subject.
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35

Robb, J. S., D. J. Roy, P. Ghazal, J. Allan, and J. Petrik. "Development of non-agglutination microarray blood grouping." Transfusion Medicine 16, no. 2 (April 2006): 119–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-3148.2005.00628.x.

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36

Fletcher, A., C. Harbour, M. Matthews, R. de Zwart, and D. Ford. "BLOOD GROUPING WITH MONOCLONAL ANTI-N ANTIBODIES." Australian Journal of Experimental Biology and Medical Science 64, no. 3 (June 1986): 215–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/icb.1986.23.

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37

Voak, Douglas. "1 Monoclonal antibodies as blood grouping reagents." Baillière's Clinical Haematology 3, no. 2 (April 1990): 219–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0950-3536(05)80048-4.

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38

Moulds, J. J. "Blood grouping using a galvanic immunoelectrode sensor." Transfusion Clinique et Biologique 1, no. 2 (January 1994): 129–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s1246-7820(94)80008-1.

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39

Daniels, Geoff, Kirstin Finning, and Pete Martin. "Noninvasive Fetal Blood Grouping: Present and Future." Clinics in Laboratory Medicine 30, no. 2 (June 2010): 431–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.cll.2010.02.006.

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40

St-Louis, Maryse, Josée Perreault, and Réal Lemieux. "Extended blood grouping of blood donors with automatable PCR-ELISA genotyping." Transfusion 43, no. 8 (July 22, 2003): 1126–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.1046/j.1537-2995.2003.00474.x.

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41

Arslan, O. "Donors' blood group declaration before donation can be used as a tool for electronic crossmatching." Transfusion Medicine 15, no. 6 (December 2005): 487–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-3148.2005.00630.x.

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42

Wardall, G. J., V. A. Clark, H. Graham, and E. M. McGrady. "An audit cycle of blood ordering practice in a district maternity unit reduces unnecessary crossmatching." International Journal of Obstetric Anesthesia 5, no. 2 (April 1996): 92–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0959-289x(96)80004-5.

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43

Vermehren, Dilki, and Suchitra Sumitran-Holgersson. "Isolation of precursor endothelial cells from peripheral blood for donor-specific crossmatching before organ transplantation." Transplantation 74, no. 11 (December 2002): 1479–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/00007890-200212150-00001.

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44

Sinha, RR, and V Patil. "INCIDENCE OF ABSENCE OF H ANTIGEN IN AN INDIVIDUAL IN CENTRAL INSTITUTE OF INDIA." International Journal of Medical Laboratory Research 07, no. 03 (2022): 33–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.35503/ijmlr.2022.7305.

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Bombay blood group is a rare blood group in which there is the absence of H antigen and presence of anti-H antibodies. At the time of blood grouping, this blood group mimics O blood group due to the absence of H antigen, but it shows incompatibility with O group blood during cross matching. Serum grouping or reverse grouping are essential for confirmation of the diagnosis. Patients carrying this blood group can receive blood only from a person with this blood group. Reported cases of General surgery department with Bombay blood group. The transfusion support of such cases is still a challenge in the country like India where prevalence of Bombay blood group is extremely rare and due to which individual having this Bombay group faces difficulty at times of need.
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45

Zhang, Hong, Ruining Liu, Qingmei Li, Xiaolin Hu, Lixiang Wu, Ye Zhou, Guangchao Qing, et al. "Flipped Quick-Response Code Enables Reliable Blood Grouping." ACS Nano 15, no. 4 (April 19, 2021): 7649–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/acsnano.1c01215.

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46

Chacko, MaryP, D. Daniel, and A. Mathan. "Para-Bombay: A blind spot in blood grouping?" Asian Journal of Transfusion Science 5, no. 2 (2011): 182. http://dx.doi.org/10.4103/0973-6247.83258.

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47

Daniels, G. "Red cell blood grouping in the molecular era." ISBT Science Series 2, no. 2 (November 2007): 53–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1751-2824.2007.00112.x.

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48

REISS, R. F., V. MALAVADE, C. L. JOHNSON, E. HENDRICKS, B. I. RABIN, and W. L. MARSH. "Blood grouping with the Olympus PK7100 testing system." Clinical & Laboratory Haematology 10, no. 4 (December 1988): 385–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2257.1988.tb01185.x.

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49

Jain, Ashish, Sachin Garg, Neelam Marwaha, and Ratti Ram Sharma. "ABO blood grouping discrepancies in the donor population." ISBT Science Series 15, no. 2 (March 24, 2020): 281–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/voxs.12550.

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50

Bunai, Yasuo, Isao Nakamura, Atsushi Nagai, Sadao Yamada, Yoshihisa Watanabe, Tomohiro Takayama, and Isao Ohya. "Blood Grouping of Mixed Bloodstains Using Immunocytochemical Methods." Journal of Forensic Sciences 44, no. 1 (January 1, 1999): 14418J. http://dx.doi.org/10.1520/jfs14418j.

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