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1
Prior, Kimberley F., Benita Middleton, Alíz T. Y. Owolabi, Mary L. Westwood, Jacob Holland, Aidan J. O'Donnell, Michael J. Blackman, Debra J. Skene, and Sarah E. Reece. "Synchrony between daily rhythms of malaria parasites and hosts is driven by an essential amino acid." Wellcome Open Research 6 (July 22, 2021): 186. http://dx.doi.org/10.12688/wellcomeopenres.16894.1.
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Background: Rapid asexual replication of blood stage malaria parasites is responsible for the severity of disease symptoms and fuels the production of transmission forms. Here, we demonstrate that the Plasmodium chabaudi’s schedule for asexual replication can be orchestrated by isoleucine, a metabolite provided to the parasite in periodic manner due to the host’s rhythmic intake of food. Methods: We infect female C57BL/6 and Per1/2-null TTFL clock-disrupted mice with 1×105 red blood cells containing P. chabaudi (DK genotype). We perturb the timing of rhythms in asexual replication and host feeding-fasting cycles to identify nutrients with rhythms that match all combinations of host and parasite rhythms. We then test whether perturbing the availability of the best candidate nutrient in vitro elicits changes their schedule for asexual development. Results: Our large-scale metabolomics experiment and follow up experiments reveal that only one metabolite - the amino acid isoleucine – fits criteria for a time-of-day cue used by parasites to set the schedule for replication. The response to isoleucine is a parasite strategy rather than solely the consequences of a constraint imposed by host rhythms, because unlike when parasites are deprived of other essential nutrients, they suffer no apparent costs from isoleucine withdrawal. Conclusions: Overall, our data suggest parasites can use the daily rhythmicity of blood-isoleucine concentration to synchronise asexual development with the availability of isoleucine, and potentially other resources, that arrive in the blood in a periodic manner due to the host’s daily feeding-fasting cycle. Identifying both how and why parasites keep time opens avenues for interventions; interfering with the parasite’s time-keeping mechanism may stall replication, increasing the efficacy of drugs and immune responses, and could also prevent parasites from entering dormancy to tolerate drugs.
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Prior, Kimberley F., Benita Middleton, Alíz T. Y. Owolabi, Mary L. Westwood, Jacob Holland, Aidan J. O'Donnell, Michael J. Blackman, Debra J. Skene, and Sarah E. Reece. "Synchrony between daily rhythms of malaria parasites and hosts is driven by an essential amino acid." Wellcome Open Research 6 (October 20, 2021): 186. http://dx.doi.org/10.12688/wellcomeopenres.16894.2.
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Background: Rapid asexual replication of blood stage malaria parasites is responsible for the severity of disease symptoms and fuels the production of transmission forms. Here, we demonstrate that a Plasmodium chabaudi’s schedule for asexual replication can be orchestrated by isoleucine, a metabolite provided to the parasite in a periodic manner due to the host’s rhythmic intake of food. Methods: We infect female C57BL/6 and Per1/2-null mice which have a disrupted canonical (transcription translation feedback loop, TTFL) clock with 1×105 red blood cells containing P. chabaudi (DK genotype). We perturb the timing of rhythms in asexual replication and host feeding-fasting cycles to identify nutrients with rhythms that match all combinations of host and parasite rhythms. We then test whether perturbing the availability of the best candidate nutrient in vitro changes the schedule for asexual development. Results: Our large-scale metabolomics experiment and follow up experiments reveal that only one metabolite - the amino acid isoleucine – fits criteria for a time-of-day cue used by parasites to set the schedule for replication. The response to isoleucine is a parasite strategy rather than solely the consequences of a constraint imposed by host rhythms, because unlike when parasites are deprived of other essential nutrients, they suffer no apparent costs from isoleucine withdrawal. Conclusions: Overall, our data suggest parasites can use the daily rhythmicity of blood-isoleucine concentration to synchronise asexual development with the availability of isoleucine, and potentially other resources, that arrive in the blood in a periodic manner due to the host’s daily feeding-fasting cycle. Identifying both how and why parasites keep time opens avenues for interventions; interfering with the parasite’s time-keeping mechanism may stall replication, increasing the efficacy of drugs and immune responses, and could also prevent parasites from entering dormancy to tolerate drugs.
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Uc-Cetina, Víctor, Carlos Brito-Loeza, and Hugo Ruiz-Piña. "Chagas Parasite Detection in Blood Images Using AdaBoost." Computational and Mathematical Methods in Medicine 2015 (2015): 1–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2015/139681.
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The Chagas disease is a potentially life-threatening illness caused by the protozoan parasite,Trypanosoma cruzi.Visual detection of such parasite through microscopic inspection is a tedious and time-consuming task. In this paper, we provide an AdaBoost learning solution to the task of Chagas parasite detection in blood images. We give details of the algorithm and our experimental setup. With this method, we get 100% and 93.25% of sensitivity and specificity, respectively. A ROC comparison with the method most commonly used for the detection of malaria parasites based on support vector machines (SVM) is also provided. Our experimental work shows mainly two things: (1) Chagas parasites can be detected automatically using machine learning methods with high accuracy and (2) AdaBoost + SVM provides better overall detection performance than AdaBoost or SVMs alone. Such results are the best ones known so far for the problem of automatic detection of Chagas parasites through the use of machine learning, computer vision, and image processing methods.
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Severins, Maite, Don Klinkenberg, and Hans Heesterbeek. "How selection forces dictate the variant surface antigens used by malaria parasites." Journal of The Royal Society Interface 9, no. 67 (July 6, 2011): 246–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rsif.2011.0239.
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Red blood cells infected by the malaria parasite Plasmodium falciparum express variant surface antigens (VSAs) that evade host immunity and allow the parasites to persist in the human population. There exist many different VSAs and the differential expression of these VSAs is associated with the virulence (damage to the host) of the parasites. The aim of this study is to unravel the differences in the effect key selection forces have on parasites expressing different VSAs such that we can better understand how VSAs enable the parasites to adapt to changes in their environment (like control measures) and how this may impact the virulence of the circulating parasites. To this end, we have built an individual-based model that captures the main selective forces on malaria parasites, namely parasite competition, host immunity, host death and mosquito abundance at both the within- and between-host levels. VSAs are defined by the net growth rates they infer to the parasites and the model keeps track of the expression of, and antibody build-up against, each VSA in all hosts. Our results show an ordered acquisition of VSA-specific antibodies with host age, which causes a dichotomy between the more virulent VSAs that reach high parasitaemias but are restricted to young relatively non-immune hosts, and less virulent VSAs that do not reach such high parasitaemias but can infect a wider range of hosts. The outcome of a change in the parasite's environment in terms of parasite virulence depends on the exact balance between the selection forces, which sets the limiting factor for parasite survival. Parasites will evolve towards expressing more virulent VSAs when the limiting factor for parasite survival is the within-host parasite growth and the parasites are able to minimize this limitation by expressing more virulent VSAs.
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Peletiri, Iseimokumo Christopher. "Validation of automated malaria parasite diagnostic machines based on first principle: A pre-requisite for acceptable results and treatment monitoring in resource limited settings." Annals of Medical Laboratory Science 2, no. 1 (March 30, 2022): 35–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.51374/annalsmls.2022.2.1.0056.
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Background: Following the very recent introduction of automated malaria parasite diagnostic machines; the need to validate these high technology machines based on the first principle protocol in malaria parasite density determination for acceptable results and treatment monitoring cannot be over-emphasized. The aim of this review is to update Medical Laboratory Scientists, Medical Laboratory Technicians, and researchers alike on the first principle in the diagnosis of malaria using Giemsa stained thick and thin blood films and to build their capacity on how to validate any automated malaria parasite diagnostic machine. Methods: The first principle protocol in malaria parasite density determination was used. With 8 µL of blood spread within 18 mm diameter of circle (thick film), the volume of blood in one thick film field (0.002 µL) is obtained; which when multiplied by a factor (500) gives 1 µL. The number of parasites seen per 100 thick film fields or average number per each thick film field multiplied by 500 gives the number of parasites / µL of blood. Results: Malaria parasites counts of 5 – 50 parasites (1+), 50 – 500 parasites (2+), 500 – 5000 parasites (3+), and (4+) > 5000 parasites / µL of blood, and with the results obtained from the automated machine which when entered into a 2 x 2 table reveal the performance evaluation of automated machine. Conclusion: With several results obtained, any automated malaria diagnostic machine can be validated for its ability to detect disease (sensitivity, specificity, positive and negative predictive values). Commencement of the use of automated malaria parasites diagnostic machines in parasitology laboratory should not lead to discontinuity in the use of thick and thin blood films in malaria diagnosis as it remains the gold standard in resource limited settings.
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Ramey, A. M., J. A. Reed, J. A. Schmutz, T. F. Fondell, B. W. Meixell, J. W. Hupp, D. H. Ward, J. Terenzi, and C. R. Ely. "Prevalence, transmission, and genetic diversity of blood parasites infecting tundra-nesting geese in Alaska." Canadian Journal of Zoology 92, no. 8 (August 2014): 699–706. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/cjz-2014-0041.
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A total of 842 blood samples collected from five species of tundra-nesting geese in Alaska was screened for haemosporidian parasites using molecular techniques. Parasites of the genera Leucocytozoon Danilewsky, 1890, Haemoproteus Kruse, 1890, and Plasmodium Marchiafava and Celli, 1885 were detected in 169 (20%), 3 (<1%), and 0 (0%) samples, respectively. Occupancy modeling was used to estimate prevalence of Leucocytozoon parasites and assess variation relative to species, age, sex, geographic area, year, and decade. Species, age, and decade were identified as important in explaining differences in prevalence of Leucocytozoon parasites. Leucocytozoon parasites were detected in goslings sampled along the Arctic Coastal Plain using both historic and contemporary samples, which provided support for transmission in the North American Arctic. In contrast, lack of detection of Haemoproteus and Plasmodium parasites in goslings (n = 238) provided evidence to suggest that the transmission of parasites of these genera may not occur among waterfowl using tundra habitats in Alaska, or alternatively, may only occur at low levels. Five haemosporidian genetic lineages shared among different species of geese sampled from two geographic areas were indicative of interspecies parasite transmission and supported broad parasite or vector distributions. However, identical Leucocytozoon and Haemoproteus lineages on public databases were limited to waterfowl hosts suggesting constraints in the range of parasite hosts.
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Crilly, Nathan P., and Monica R. Mugnier. "Thinking outside the blood: Perspectives on tissue-resident Trypanosoma brucei." PLOS Pathogens 17, no. 9 (September 16, 2021): e1009866. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.ppat.1009866.
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Trypanosoma brucei is a protozoan parasite that causes human and animal African trypanosomiases (HAT and AAT). In the mammalian host, the parasite lives entirely extracellularly, in both the blood and interstitial spaces in tissues. Although most T. brucei research has focused on the biology of blood- and central nervous system (CNS)-resident parasites, a number of recent studies have highlighted parasite reservoirs in the dermis and adipose tissue, leading to a renewed interest in tissue-resident parasite populations. In light of this renewed interest, work describing tissue-resident parasites can serve as a valuable resource to inform future investigations of tissue-resident T. brucei. Here, we review this body of literature, which describes infections in humans, natural hosts, and experimental animal models, providing a wealth of information on the distribution and biology of extravascular parasites, the corresponding immune response in each tissue, and resulting host pathology. We discuss the implications of these studies and future questions in the study of extravascular T. brucei.
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Mirzaei, Farzaneh, Abolghasem Siyadatpanah, Roghayeh Norouzi, Soheila Pournasir, Veeranoot Nissapatorn, and Maria de Lourdes Pereira. "Blood Parasites in Domestic Birds in Central Iran." Veterinary Sciences 7, no. 3 (September 4, 2020): 126. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/vetsci7030126.
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Parasites may affect the dynamics of bird populations. Plasmodium, Leucocytozoon and Haemoproteus are well-known avian haematozoa that can trigger decreased productivity and high mortality in domesticated birds. In this study, we evaluated the prevalence of avian blood parasites (Plasmodium, Leucocytozoon and Haemoproteus) against 335 birds of 8 species in the Yazd province in central Iran. To detect blood parasites, Giemsa-stained blood smears were prepared. Of the birds, 11.64% (39/335) were infected with at least one parasite genus, particularly Haemoproteus (32.6%; 23/335). The total prevalence values for Plasmodium, Haemoproteus and Leucocytozoon were 1.7, 6.8 and 2.9%, respectively. Plasmodium had lower prevalence rates of 1.7% (6/335). Among birds, pigeons, hens and ducks have the highest prevalence of Haemoproteus, Leucocytozoon and Plasmodium parasites at 1.7%, 6.8% and 2.9%, respectively. Results from this research extend our knowledge on the incidence of avian blood parasites in domesticated birds living in central Iran. The overall low incidence of avian blood parasites in birds was found in the Yazd province, Iran.
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MARZAL, ALFONSO, ALEJANDRO IBÁÑEZ, MANUEL GONZÁLEZ-BLÁZQUEZ, PILAR LÓPEZ, and JOSÉ MARTÍN. "Prevalence and genetic diversity of blood parasite mixed infections in Spanish terrapins, Mauremys leprosa." Parasitology 144, no. 11 (June 23, 2017): 1449–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0031182017000889.
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SUMMARYBlood parasites such as haemogregarines and haemosporidians have been identified in almost all groups of vertebrates and may cause serious damages to their hosts. However, very little is known about biodiversity of these parasites and their effects on some groups of reptiles such as terrapins. Moreover, the information on virulence from blood parasites mixed infection is largely unknown in reptiles. With this aim, we investigated for the first time the prevalence and genetic diversity of blood parasites from one genus of haemoparasitic aplicomplexan (Hepatozoon) in two populations of Spanish terrapins (Mauremys leprosa), a semi-aquatic turtle from southwestern Europe with a vulnerable conservation status. We also examined the association between mixed blood parasite infection and indicators of health of terrapins (body condition, haematocrit values and immune response). Blood parasite infection with Hepatozoon spp was detected in 46·4% of 140 examined terrapins. The prevalence of blood parasites infection differed between populations. We found two different lineages of blood parasite, which have not been found in previous studies. Of the turtles with infection, 5·7% harboured mixed infection by the two lineages. There was no difference in body condition between uninfected, single-infected and mixed-infected turtles, but mixed-infected individuals had the lowest values of haematocrit, thus revealing the negative effects of blood parasite mixed infections. Immune response varied among terrapins with different infection status, where mixed infected individuals had higher immune response than uninfected or single-infected terrapins.
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Tewari, Rita, Solabomi A. Ogun, Ruwani S. Gunaratne, Andrea Crisanti, and Anthony A. Holder. "Disruption of Plasmodium berghei merozoite surface protein 7 gene modulates parasite growth in vivo." Blood 105, no. 1 (January 1, 2005): 394–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.1182/blood-2004-06-2106.
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Abstract Merozoite invasion of red blood cells is crucial to the development of the parasite that causes malaria. Merozoite surface proteins (MSPs) mediate the first interaction between parasite and erythrocyte. In Plasmodium falciparum, they include a complex of products from at least 3 genes (msp1, msp6, and msp7), one of which, msp7, is part of a gene family containing 3 and 6 adjacent members in Plasmodium yoelii and Plasmodium falciparum, respectively. We have identified and disrupted msp7 in the Plasmodium berghei gene family. The protein is expressed in schizonts and colocalizes with MSP1. The synthesis and processing of MSP1 was unaffected in the parasite with the disrupted gene (MSP7ko). Disruption of msp7 was not lethal but affected blood-stage parasite growth. MSP7ko parasites initially grew more slowly than wild-type parasites. However, when reticulocytes were prevalent, the rate of increase in parasitemia was similar, suggesting that MSP7ko parasites prefer to invade and grow within reticulocytes. (Blood. 2005;105:394-396)
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Slavic, Ksenija, Michael J. Delves, Miguel Prudêncio, Arthur M. Talman, Ursula Straschil, Elvira T. Derbyshire, Zhengyao Xu, et al. "Use of a Selective Inhibitor To Define the Chemotherapeutic Potential of the Plasmodial Hexose Transporter in Different Stages of the Parasite's Life Cycle." Antimicrobial Agents and Chemotherapy 55, no. 6 (March 14, 2011): 2824–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/aac.01739-10.
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ABSTRACTDuring blood infection, malarial parasites used-glucose as their main energy source. ThePlasmodium falciparumhexose transporter (PfHT), which mediates the uptake ofd-glucose into parasites, is essential for survival of asexual blood-stage parasites. Recently, genetic studies in the rodent malaria model,Plasmodium berghei, found that the orthologous hexose transporter (PbHT) is expressed throughout the parasite's development within the mosquito vector, in addition to being essential during intraerythrocytic development. Here, using ad-glucose-derived specific inhibitor of plasmodial hexose transporters, compound 3361, we have investigated the importance ofd-glucose uptake during liver and transmission stages ofP. berghei. Initially, we confirmed the expression of PbHT during liver stage development, using a green fluorescent protein (GFP) tagging strategy. Compound 3361 inhibited liver-stage parasite development, with a 50% inhibitory concentration (IC50) of 11 μM. This process was insensitive to the externald-glucose concentration. In addition, compound 3361 inhibited ookinete development and microgametogenesis, with IC50s in the region of 250 μM (the latter in ad-glucose-sensitive manner). Consistent with our findings for the effect of compound 3361 on vector parasite stages, 1 mM compound 3361 demonstrated transmission blocking activity. These data indicate that novel chemotherapeutic interventions that target PfHT may be active against liver and, to a lesser extent, transmission stages, in addition to blood stages.
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MARTÍN, JOSÉ, MARIO GARRIDO, JESÚS ORTEGA, ROBERTO GARCÍA-ROA, ALEJANDRO IBÁÑEZ, and ALFONSO MARZAL. "Absence of haemoparasite infection in the fossorial amphisbaenian Trogonophis wiegmanni." Parasitology 143, no. 11 (May 25, 2016): 1433–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0031182016000950.
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SUMMARYBlood parasites such as haemogregarines and haemosporidians have been identified in almost all groups of vertebrates. However, very little is known about biodiversity of these parasites and their effects on some major groups of reptiles such as amphisbaenians, a distinctive group with many morphological and ecological adaptations to fossorial life. Conditions of the fossorial environment might also affect host–parasite relationships. We investigated the presence and the potential prevalence of three genera of haemoparasitic aplicomplexan blood parasites (Hepatozoon, Plasmodium and Haemoproteus) in the amphisbaenian Trogonophis wiegmanni, a fossorial worm lizard species from North West Africa. Blood parasite infection was not detected in T. wiegmanni, both in visual surveys of blood smears and using molecular methods to detect DNA of such parasites in the blood of the potential amphisbaenian hosts. We discuss how conditions of the fossorial environment might affect blood parasitaemias in amphisbaenians as well as in other fossorial reptiles.
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Enslow, Chelsea, Rachel Vallender, Emily Rondel, and Nicola Koper. "Host dispersal and landscape conversion are associated with the composition of haemosporidian parasites of the golden-winged warbler." Parasitology 147, no. 1 (September 18, 2019): 96–107. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0031182019001240.
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AbstractUnderstanding factors that influence the spatial and temporal distributions of blood parasites is important to help predict how host species and their parasites may respond to global change. Factors that may influence parasite distributions are land cover and host dispersal patterns, which may result in exposure of a host to novel parasites, or escape from parasites of their origin. We screened golden-winged warblers from across the United States and Canada for blood parasites, and investigated whether land-use patterns or host dispersal affected the prevalence and composition of haemosporidian assemblages. Parasite prevalence varied strongly with study area, and areas with high agricultural cover had a significantly higher prevalence of Leucocytozoon and Parahaemoproteus parasites. Lineages of Parahaemoproteus and Leucocytozoon were genetically differentiated among study areas, and prevalence and composition of parasite assemblages indicated an increase in parasite prevalence and accumulation of unique parasite lineages from the southeast to the northwest. This matches the historical range expansion and natal dispersal patterns of golden-winged warblers, and suggests that golden-winged warblers may have been sensitive to novel parasites as they dispersed. The high prevalence and diversity of parasite lineages in the north-west extent of their breeding range (Manitoba) indicates that this population may face unique pressures.
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Silva, MAML, A. Ronconi, N. Cordeiro, DEP Bossi, HG Bergallo, MCC Costa, JCC Balieiro, and FLSB Varzim. "Blood parasites, total plasma protein and packed cell volume of small wild mammals trapped in three mountain ranges of the Atlantic Forest in Southeastern Brazil." Brazilian Journal of Biology 67, no. 3 (August 2007): 531–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/s1519-69842007000300019.
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A study of blood parasites in small wild non-flying mammals was undertaken in three areas of the Atlantic Forest in Southeastern Brazil: Serra de Itatiaia, RJ, Serra da Bocaina, SP and Serra da Fartura, SP, from June 1999 to May 2001. A total of 450 animals (15 species) were captured in traps and it was observed in 15.5% of the blood smears the presence of Haemobartonella sp. and Babesia sp. in red blood cells. There was no statistically significant difference between parasited and non-parasited specimens regarding total plasma protein, packed cell volume and body weight, which strongly suggests that these specimens might be parasite reservoirs.
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Margos, Gabriele, Sandra Navarette, Geoff Butcher, Alex Davies, Christine Willers, Robert E. Sinden, and Peter J. Lachmann. "Interaction between Host Complement and Mosquito-Midgut-Stage Plasmodium berghei." Infection and Immunity 69, no. 8 (August 1, 2001): 5064–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/iai.69.8.5064-5071.2001.
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ABSTRACT After ingestion by mosquitoes, gametocytes of malaria parasites become activated and form extracellular gametes that are no longer protected by the red blood cell membrane against immune effectors of host blood. We have studied the action of complement onPlasmodium developmental stages in the mosquito blood meal using the rodent malaria parasite Plasmodium berghei and rat complement as a model. We have shown that in the mosquito midgut, rat complement components necessary to initiate the alternative pathway (factor B, factor D, and C3) as well as C5 are present for several hours following ingestion of P. berghei-infected rat blood. In culture, 30 to 50% of mosquito midgut stages of P. berghei survived complement exposure during the first 3 h of development. Subsequently, parasites became increasingly sensitive to complement lysis. To investigate the mechanisms involved in their protection, we tested for C3 deposition on parasite surfaces and whether host CD59 (a potent inhibitor of the complement membrane attack complex present on red blood cells) was taken up by gametes while emerging from the host cell. Between 0.5 and 22 h, 90% of Pbs21-positive parasites were positive for C3. While rat red and white blood cells stained positive for CD59, Pbs21-positive parasites were negative for CD59. In addition, exposure of parasites to rat complement in the presence of anti-rat CD59 antibodies did not increase lysis. These data suggest that parasite or host molecules other than CD59 are responsible for the protection of malaria parasites against complement-mediated lysis. Ongoing research aims to identify these molecules.
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Ritonga, Mudhita Z., Andhika Putra, Agun Prastia, Firdaus Nasution, and Risdawati Br Ginting. "Detection Of Blood Parasites In Cattle In Kutalimbaru Subdistrict, Deli Serdang Regency, North Sumatera." E3S Web of Conferences 151 (2020): 01040. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/e3sconf/202015101040.
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The aim of this research was to identify and to find out the prevalence of blood parasites in cattle in Kutalimbaru Subdistrict, Deli Serdang Regency. This research was conducted in Kutalimbaru Subdistrict, Deli Serdang Regency from December 2018 to February 2019. Normal/healthy cattle of different breeds were randomly selected from five locations, namely Sei Mencirim village, Sawit Rejo village, Silebo-lebo village, Sampe Cita village and Pasar X village. A total of 150 blood samples were collected for blood smears. Diagnostic techniques were tested using Giemsa's staining technique. The blood parasites were then identified and their prevalence was determined. The results showed that one species of blood parasite was successfully identified, all belonging to the blood parasite, namely, Theileria sp. with a prevalence of 33%. In addition, there were no species of blood parasite from the Anaplasma, Trypanosoma, and Babesia. This study suggests that theileriosis is spreading to even the other region in North Sumatera. To reduce the infection, follow up surveys of the blood parasites of the livestock, assess their distribution and infection rates of possible vectors are recommended and plans control measures against should be focused on reducing transmission to highly susceptible animal species.
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Rucksaken, Rucksak, Cherdsak Maneeruttanarungroj, Thanaporn Maswanna, Metita Sussadee, and Pithai Kanbutra. "Comparison of conventional polymerase chain reaction and routine blood smear for the detection of Babesia canis, Hepatozoon canis, Ehrlichia canis, and Anaplasma platys in Buriram Province, Thailand." Veterinary World 12, no. 5 (May 2019): 700–705. http://dx.doi.org/10.14202/vetworld.2019.700-705.
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Background and Aim: Dog blood parasites are important tick-borne diseases causing morbidity and mortality in dogs worldwide. Four dog blood parasites species are commonly found in Thailand: Babesia canis, Hepatozoon canis, Ehrlichia canis, and Anaplasma platys. They are transmitted easily by tick species. However, there is little prevalence data available in Thailand. Diseases presentation of blood parasites infection is similar, but the treatment of each species is different. Current diagnosis mainly relies on microscopic examination of a stained blood smear, which has low sensitivity. Therefore, accurate diagnosis is important. This study aims to evaluate the efficacy of the conventional polymerase chain reaction (PCR) method and routine blood smears in the detection of four blood parasites species in dogs from Buriram Province, Thailand. Materials and Methods: In total, 49 EDTA-blood samples were collected from dogs in Buriram Province, Thailand. Blood parasite infection was compared using the Giemsa-stained blood smear technique to identify the parasite under a 100× oil immersion with PCR amplification of the 18S rDNA gene of B. canis and H. canis and the 16S rDNA gene of E. canis and A. platys. Results: Only one dog out of 49 was positive for H. canis based on microscopic examination whereas the PCR results showed that 2.04% (1/49), 4.08% (2/49), 36.73% (18/49), and 30.61% (15/49) of dogs were positive for B. canis, H. canis, E. canis, and A. platys, respectively. Moreover, coinfection was found in 16.33% (8/49) of dogs. Conclusion: This study is the first report to demonstrate the molecular prevalence of blood parasites in domestic dogs in Buriram Province. The results indicated that the PCR method exhibited much higher sensitivity and reliability for blood parasites diagnosis in dogs. Therefore, our data support serious concern regarding the diagnostic technique used in routine blood testing and also provide prevalence data for the management and control of blood parasites in this area.
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Sebaio, Fabiane, Érika Martins Braga, Felipe Branquinho, Alan Fecchio, and Miguel Ângelo Marini. "Blood parasites in passerine birds from the Brazilian Atlantic Forest." Revista Brasileira de Parasitologia Veterinária 21, no. 1 (March 2012): 7–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/s1984-29612012000100003.
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Parasites may lead bird species to extinction, affect host temporal and spatial population dynamics, alter community structure and alter individuals’ social status. We evaluated blood parasite prevalence and intensity according to bird families and species, among 925 birds that were caught in 2000 and 2001, in the Atlantic Forest in the State of Minas Gerais, Brazil. We applied Giemsa staining to thin blood smears, to detect blood parasites. The birds (n = 15.8%) in 11 families, were infected by at least one parasite genus, especially Muscicapidae (28.3%) and Conopophagidae (25%). Among the 146 infected birds, Plasmodium was detected in all bird families and had the highest prevalence (54.8%). Trypanosoma, Haemoproteus and microfilaria had lower prevalence rates (23.3, 23.3 and 2.1%, respectively). Birds caught during the rainy season were more infected than birds caught during the dry season. The overall low prevalence of blood parasites in birds is similar to the patterns found elsewhere in the Neotropical region.
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Quillfeldt, Petra, Tanja Romeike, Juan F. Masello, Gerald Reiner, Hermann Willems, and Yuliana Bedolla-Guzmán. "Molecular survey of coccidian infections of the side-blotched lizard Uta stansburiana on San Benito Oeste Island, Mexico." Parasite 25 (2018): 43. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/parasite/2018043.
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Blood parasites are found in many vertebrates, but the research on blood parasites of lizards is still at its onset. We analyzed blood samples from side-blotched lizards Uta stansburiana from San Benito Oeste Island, Mexico, to test for the presence of hemoparasites. We found a high prevalence (23 out of 27 samples) of a blood parasite of the genus Lankesterella (Coccidia, Eimeriorina, Lankesterellidae) according to phylogenetic analyses of the parasite 18S rRNA gene. Similar parasites (97–99% similarity) have recently been described for Uta stansburiana from California. The parasite 18S rRNA gene showed high variability, both within San Benito and compared to California. The next closest matches of the parasite DNA with 97–98% similarity included a range of different genera (Lankesterella, Schellackia, Eimeria, Isospora and Caryospora). A high uncertainty in the deeper branches of the phylogenetic trees, and many missing links in genetic network analysis, were in line with previous suggestions that the coccidians are an understudied group with large knowledge gaps in terms of their diversity and taxonomy. Further studies are needed to resolve the evolutionary relationships within the Eimeriorina.
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Ozwara, Hastings, Jan A. M. Langermans, Clemens H. M. Kocken, Annemarie van der Wel, Peter H. van der Meide, Richard A. W. Vervenne, Jason M. Mwenda, and Alan W. Thomas. "Transfected Plasmodium knowlesi Produces Bioactive Host Gamma Interferon: a New Perspective for Modulating Immune Responses to Malaria Parasites." Infection and Immunity 71, no. 8 (August 2003): 4375–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/iai.71.8.4375-4381.2003.
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ABSTRACT Transgenic pathogenic microorganisms expressing host cytokines such as gamma interferon (IFN-γ) have been shown to manipulate host-pathogen interaction, leading to immunomodulation and enhanced protection. Expression of host cytokines in malaria parasites offers the opportunity to investigate the potential of an immunomodulatory approach by generating immunopotentiated parasites. Using the primate malaria parasite Plasmodium knowlesi, we explored the conditions for expressing host cytokines in malaria parasites. P. knowlesi parasites transfected with DNA constructs for expressing rhesus monkey (Macaca mulatta) IFN-γ under the control of the heterologous P. berghei apical membrane antigen 1 promoter, produced bioactive IFN-γ in a developmentally regulated manner. IFN-γ expression had no marked effect on in vitro parasite development. Bioactivity of the parasite-produced IFN-γ was shown through inhibition of virus cytopathic effect and confirmed by using M. mulatta peripheral blood cells in vitro. These data indicate for the first time that it is feasible to generate malaria parasites expressing bioactive host immunomodulatory cytokines. Furthermore, cytokine-expressing malaria parasites offer the opportunity to analyze cytokine-mediated modulation of malaria during the blood and liver stages of the infection.
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Legowo, Djoko, Syifa Husnul Khotimah, and Lucia Tri Suwanti. "Blood Parasite Infection Prevalence in Kampong Chicken Breeder’s Group in Garut." KnE Life Sciences 3, no. 6 (December 3, 2017): 308. http://dx.doi.org/10.18502/kls.v3i6.1139.
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The Aim of this research was to determine the blood parasite infection prevalence in Garut District. The research was conducted in November-December 2016. 160 samples of blood were obtained from eight subdistrict at Kampong Chicken Breeder’s Group (KEPAK) in Garut District smeared with 3% Giemsa solution and examined under a microscope with 1000x magnification. The merozoite and gametocyte that was discovered recorded. The data that obtained was analyzed descriptively. A parasites were found in 11 blood samples (6.88%). The genus of blood parasites is Leucocytozoon sp., while Plasmodium sp., Haemoproteus sp., and Trypanosoma avium sp. are not found in this research (0%). All of blood infected parasite only found at Tarogong Kidul subdistrict and seven other subdistricts showed negative results. Keyword: Blood parasite, Leucocytozoon, KEPAK, Kampong Chicken
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Blythe, Jane E., Xue Yan Yam, Claudia Kuss, Zbynek Bozdech, Anthony A. Holder, Kevin Marsh, Jean Langhorne, and Peter R. Preiser. "Plasmodium falciparum STEVOR Proteins Are Highly Expressed in Patient Isolates and Located in the Surface Membranes of Infected Red Blood Cells and the Apical Tips of Merozoites." Infection and Immunity 76, no. 7 (May 12, 2008): 3329–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/iai.01460-07.
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ABSTRACT The human parasite Plasmodium falciparum has the potential to express a vast repertoire of variant proteins on the surface of the infected red blood cell (iRBC). Variation in the expression pattern of these proteins is linked to antigenic variation and thereby evasion of host antibody-mediated immunity. The genes in the stevor multigene family code for small variant antigens that are expressed in blood-stage parasites where they can be detected in membranous structures called Maurer's clefts (MC). Some studies have indicated that STEVOR protein may also be trafficked to the iRBC membrane. To address the location of STEVOR protein in more detail, we have analyzed expression in several cultured parasite lines and in parasites obtained directly from patients. We detected STEVOR expression in a higher proportion of parasites recently isolated from patients than in cultured parasite lines and show that STEVOR is trafficked in schizont-stage parasites from the MC to the RBC cytosol and the iRBC membrane. Furthermore, STEVOR protein is also detected at the apical end of merozoites. Importantly, we show that culture-adapted parasites do not require STEVOR for survival. These findings provide new insights into the role of the stevor multigene family during both the schizont and merozoite stages of the parasite and highlight the importance of studying freshly isolated parasites, rather than parasite lines maintained in culture, when investigating potential mediators of host-parasite interactions.
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Miller, Jessica L., Anke Harupa, Stefan H. I. Kappe, and Sebastian A. Mikolajczak. "Plasmodium yoelii Macrophage Migration Inhibitory Factor Is Necessary for Efficient Liver-Stage Development." Infection and Immunity 80, no. 4 (January 17, 2012): 1399–407. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/iai.05861-11.
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ABSTRACTMammalian macrophage migration inhibitory factor (MIF) is a multifaceted cytokine involved in both extracellular and intracellular functions. Malaria parasites express a MIF homologue that might modulate host immune responses against blood-stage parasites, but the potential importance of MIF against other life cycle stages remains unstudied. In this study, we characterized the MIF homologue ofPlasmodium yoeliithroughout the life cycle, with emphasis on preerythrocytic stages.P. yoeliiMIF (Py-MIF) was expressed in blood-stage parasites and detected at low levels in mosquito salivary gland sporozoites. MIF expression was strong throughout liver-stage development and localized to the cytoplasm of the parasite, with no evidence of release into the host hepatocyte. To examine the importance of Py-MIF for liver-stage development, we generated a Py-mifknockout parasite (P. yoeliiΔmif).P. yoeliiΔmifparasites grew normally as asexual erythrocytic-stage parasites and showed normal infection of mosquitoes. In contrast, theP. yoeliiΔmifstrain was attenuated during the liver stage. Mice infected withP. yoeliiΔmifsporozoites either did not develop blood-stage parasitemia or exhibited a delay in the onset of blood-stage patency. Furthermore,P. yoeliiΔmifparasites exhibited growth retardationin vivo. Combined, the data indicate thatPlasmodiumMIF is important for liver-stage development ofP. yoelii, during which it is likely to play an intrinsic role in parasite development rather than modulating host immune responses to infection.
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Schetters. "Mechanisms Involved in the Persistence of Babesia canis Infection in Dogs." Pathogens 8, no. 3 (June 29, 2019): 94. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/pathogens8030094.
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Dogs that are infected with Babesia canis parasites usually show severe clinical signs, yet often very few parasites are detectable in the blood circulation. The results showed that large numbers of B. canis-infected red blood cells accumulate in the microvasculature of infected subjects. The initial process leading to the attachment of infected erythrocytes to the endothelial cells of small capillaries (sequestration) appears to involve the interaction of parasite molecules at the erythrocyte surface with ligands on the endothelial cells. Since parasites continue to develop in the sequestered erythrocyte, it would be expected that the infected erythrocyte is destroyed when the mature parasites escape the host cell, which would make it hard to explain accumulation of infected erythrocytes at the initial site of attachment. Apparently, additional processes are triggered that lead to consolidation of parasite sequestration. One possible explanation is that after initial attachment of an infected erythrocyte to the wall of a blood capillary, the coagulation system is involved in the trapping of infected and uninfected erythrocytes. The data further suggest that newly formed parasites subsequently infect normal red blood cells that are also trapped in the capillary, which finally leads to capillaries that appear to be loaded with infected erythrocytes.
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Jarra, William, and Georges Snounou. "Only Viable Parasites Are Detected by PCR following Clearance of Rodent Malarial Infections by Drug Treatment or Immune Responses." Infection and Immunity 66, no. 8 (August 1, 1998): 3783–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/iai.66.8.3783-3787.1998.
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ABSTRACT Detection and analysis of pathogens by PCR plays an important role in infectious disease research. The value of these studies would be diminished if nuclear material from dead parasites were found to remain in circulation for extended periods and thus result in positive amplification. This possibility was tested in experimental rodent malaria infections. Blood samples were obtained from infected mice during and following drug or immune clearance of Plasmodium chabaudi chabaudi parasitemias. Detection of parasite DNA by a sensitive Plasmodium-specific PCR amplification assay was associated with the presence of viable parasites, as detected by subinoculation. No parasite DNA could be detected by PCR 48 h after the injection of killed parasites into mice. Nuclear material from parasites removed by drug or immune responses is rapidly cleared from the circulation and does not contribute significantly to amplification. Thus, results from PCR analysis of malaria-infected blood accurately reflect the presence of live parasites.
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Bennett, Gordon F., Vernon D. Stotts, and Myrtle C. Bateman. "Blood parasites of black ducks and other anatids from Labrador and insular Newfoundland." Canadian Journal of Zoology 69, no. 5 (May 1, 1991): 1405–7. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/z91-198.
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A total of 510 ducks of seven species from Labrador was examined for blood parasites; 76% of the birds were parasitized by one or more haematozoa. Leucocytozoon simondi occurred in 91% whereas haemoproteids occurred in only 11% of the infected ducks. Green-winged teal and black ducks were the most heavily parasitized of the anatid species, with a prevalence of infection higher than that of either pintails or mallards. Only 49% of the same species of ducks from western Newfoundland were infected with blood parasites; haemoproteids, rather than leucocytozoids, were the most commonly encountered blood parasite. Ducks from the eastern side of Newfoundland are still blood parasite free.
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Stjernman, M., L. Råberg, and J. Å. Nilsson. "Long-term effects of nestling condition on blood parasite resistance in blue tits (Cyanistes caeruleus)." Canadian Journal of Zoology 86, no. 9 (September 2008): 937–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/z08-071.
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Little is know about whether the conditions experienced during ontogeny affect resistance to parasites later in life in wild animals. Here, we used a population of blue tits ( Cyanistes caeruleus (L., 1758)) to investigate to what extent conditions experienced during the nestling stage could explain the ability to control blood parasite ( Haemoproteus majoris (Laveran, 1902)) infections 1 year later. Although short-term effects may be expected based on the well-known sensitivity of the immune system to current conditions, it is less known whether this translates into a permanent alteration of parasite resistance. By relating nestling condition (measured as body mass or size-corrected body mass) at the beginning and end of the nestling stage to parasite intensity of individual recruiting birds 1 year later, we indeed found significant positive effects of both early and late nestling condition on the long-term ability to control parasites. These results indicate that parasites may be important as a mechanistic explanation for the trade-off between number and quality of offspring. It further points to the potential relevance for maternal effects in host–parasite interactions.
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SOARES, LETÍCIA, VINCENZO A. ELLIS, and ROBERT E. RICKLEFS. "Co-infections of haemosporidian and trypanosome parasites in a North American songbird." Parasitology 143, no. 14 (September 20, 2016): 1930–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0031182016001384.
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SUMMARYHosts frequently harbour multiple parasite infections, yet patterns of parasite co-occurrence are poorly documented in nature. In this study, we asked whether two common avian blood parasites, one haemosporidian and one trypanosome, affect each other's occurrence in individuals of a single host species. We used molecular genotyping to survey protozoan parasites in the peripheral blood of yellow-breasted chats (Aves: Passeriformes [Parulidae]:Icteria virens) from the Ozarks of Southern Missouri. We also determined whether single and co-infections differently influence white blood cell and polychromatic erythrocyte counts, the latter being a measure of regenerative anaemia. We found a positive association between the haemosporidian and trypanosome parasites, such that infection by one increases the probability that an individual host is infected by the other. Adult individuals were more likely than juveniles to exhibit haemosporidian infection, but co-infections and single trypanosome infections were not age-related. We found evidence of pathogenicity of trypanosomes in that infected individuals exhibited similar levels of regenerative anaemia as birds infected with haemosporidian parasites of the genusPlasmodium. Counts of white blood cells did not differ with respect to infection status.
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Ellis, Vincenzo A., Michael D. Collins, Matthew C. I. Medeiros, Eloisa H. R. Sari, Elyse D. Coffey, Rebecca C. Dickerson, Camile Lugarini, et al. "Local host specialization, host-switching, and dispersal shape the regional distributions of avian haemosporidian parasites." Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 112, no. 36 (August 24, 2015): 11294–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1515309112.
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The drivers of regional parasite distributions are poorly understood, especially in comparison with those of free-living species. For vector-transmitted parasites, in particular, distributions might be influenced by host-switching and by parasite dispersal with primary hosts and vectors. We surveyed haemosporidian blood parasites (Plasmodium and Haemoproteus) of small land birds in eastern North America to characterize a regional parasite community. Distributions of parasite populations generally reflected distributions of their hosts across the region. However, when the interdependence between hosts and parasites was controlled statistically, local host assemblages were related to regional climatic gradients, but parasite assemblages were not. Moreover, because parasite assemblage similarity does not decrease with distance when controlling for host assemblages and climate, parasites evidently disperse readily within the distributions of their hosts. The degree of specialization on hosts varied in some parasite lineages over short periods and small geographic distances independently of the diversity of available hosts and potentially competing parasite lineages. Nonrandom spatial turnover was apparent in parasite lineages infecting one host species that was well-sampled within a single year across its range, plausibly reflecting localized adaptations of hosts and parasites. Overall, populations of avian hosts generally determine the geographic distributions of haemosporidian parasites. However, parasites are not dispersal-limited within their host distributions, and they may switch hosts readily.
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Pacheco, M. Andreína, M. Alexandra García-Amado, Jaime Manzano, Nubia E. Matta, and Ananias A. Escalante. "Blood parasites infecting the Hoatzin (Opisthocomus hoazin), a unique neotropical folivorous bird." PeerJ 7 (February 5, 2019): e6361. http://dx.doi.org/10.7717/peerj.6361.
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The Hoatzin (Opisthocomus hoazin) is the only extant member of the order Opisthocomiformes. This unique South American bird lives in the riparian lowland vegetation characteristic of the Amazon and Orinoco basins. Hoatzins nest in communal social units close to water bodies; they are strictly folivores being the only bird with pregastric fermentation in the crop. Because of the complex logistics involved in capturing this bird, there is a knowledge gap on its parasites. This study documents two distant lineages of haemosporidian parasites (Plasmodium spp.) in a juvenile and two adults sampled in the Cojedes state, Venezuela. Although negative by microscopy, the parasite identification was possible by using molecular methods. We estimated the phylogenetic relationships on the parasite cytochrome b (cytb, 480 bp) gene and the mitochondrial DNA. We found one of the parasites lineages in two individuals (nestling and adult), and the corresponding fragment of cytb was identical to a one found in Wood Stork (Mycteria americana) from Brazil. The other lineage, found in an adult, has an identity of 469 out of 478 bp (98%) with Plasmodium sp. GAL-2012 (isolate THAMB08) from Brazil. Although a morphological description of these parasites was not possible, this is the first molecular study focusing on Hoatzin haemosporidian parasites and the first documentation of Plasmodium infections in the Hoatzin from Venezuela. Furthermore, we reported microfilaria in two adults as well as hematological parameters for six individuals. Information on hematological parameters could contribute to establishing the necessary baseline to detect underlying conditions, such as infections, in this bird species.
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Parija, SubhashChandra. "Plasmodium knowlesiand other blood parasites." Tropical Parasitology 4, no. 1 (2014): 1. http://dx.doi.org/10.4103/2229-5070.129139.
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Garcia, Lynne. "Blood parasites other than malaria." Pathology 45 (2013): S39—S40. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/01.pat.0000426822.03398.ca.
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Garcia, Lynne. "Blood parasites other than malaria." Pathology 45 (2013): S52. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/01.pat.0000426848.10060.96.
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Carbayo, J., J. Martín, and E. Civantos. "Habitat type influences parasite load in Algerian Psammodromus (Psammodromus algirus) lizards." Canadian Journal of Zoology 97, no. 2 (February 2019): 172–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/cjz-2018-0145.
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Understanding how habitat type and deterioration may affect parasitism is important in assessing the effects of human-induced environmental change on host–parasite dynamics. In this study, we examined inter-population differences in parasite load in the Mediterranean lizard Psammodromus algirus (Linnaeus, 1758). We analyzed prevalence and intensity of infection by blood parasites and ectoparasites in two populations separated by a 400 m elevational gradient and with different habitat types that also differed in the degree of human alteration. We also compared data obtained from the same populations 10 years later to assess whether there have been temporary changes in parasite loads. Results showed that prevalence and intensity of blood parasites were higher in the deteriorated lowland holm oak forest population than in the well-preserved upland oak forest. In contrast, the prevalence and intensity of infection by Ixodes Latreille, 1795 ticks was higher in the upland oak forest population. Individuals from the lowland population were in poorer condition. Intensities of infection by blood parasites and ectoparasites have decreased significantly from 2005–2006 to 2016 in both populations. Our results suggest that inter-population differences in parasite load may be explained by differences in habitat characteristics. This study contributes to the identification of ecosystems and habitats that are most sensitive to prevalence and intensity of infection by parasites.
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Journal, Baghdad Science. "Clinico – Hemato and Biochemical Study of Anemia in Cachectic Cattle in Baghdad." Baghdad Science Journal 8, no. 4 (December 4, 2011): 877–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.21123/bsj.8.4.877-886.
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The study was carried out in order to evaluate clinically and laboratory cachectic animals suffering from anemia. Animal examined were 50 cow and calf. The study include clinical, hemato and biochemical test for accurate diagnosis of cachexia in cows and calves . Blood smears were conducted for detection of blood parasites , fecal examination for gastrointestinal parasites and Different parameters were applied for classification of cachexia , depending on bony projection specially ribs and pelvic and generalized muscular atrophy. However , The study revealed an incidence of cachexia and anemia of blood parasites was including Theileria, Anaplasma, gastrointestinal parasites, ten cases were shown foreign body syndrome while other tens were diagnosed as other clinical cases. A significant decrease ( P < 0.05) of RBCS, Hb, PCV and WBC count in debility animals were observed . However , a significant lymphocytosis were seen in blood parasites infection and other clinical cases , Neutrophilia in foreign body syndrome and other clinical cases , Esenophilia in gastrointestinal parasites infestation ,Monocytosis in all clinical cases were detected . Different parameters were applied for classification of anemia mainly morphological classification including macrocytic hypochromic anemia mainly recorded in blood parasites infection and other clinical cases while Normocytic hypochromic anemia appeared in gastrointestinal parasites infestation, and foreign body Syndrome.Fecal examination of cachectic animal indicate the identification of (7) species of gastrointestinal parasites including: Cooperia onchophora, Haemonchus contortus, Bunostomum phlebtomum, Ostertagia spp., Oesophagostomum radiatum, Trichostrongylus axei and Strongyloides papillosus. However , a mixed infestation parasite was dominant and recorded in Animal.Biochemical changes revealed a. Hypoprotenemia appears in all cachectic animal except in foreign body syndrome cases .
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Webb, S. E., R. E. Fowler, C. O'Shaughnessy, J. C. Pinder, A. R. Dluzewski, W. B. Gratzer, L. H. Bannister, and G. H. Mitchell. "Contractile protein system in the asexual stages of the malaria parasite Plasmodium falciparum." Parasitology 112, no. 5 (May 1996): 451–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0031182000076915.
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SUMMARYF-actin was detected in asexual-stage Plasmodium falciparum parasites by fluorescence microscopy of blood films stained with fluorescent phalloidin derivatives. F-actin was present at all stages of development and appeared diffusely distributed in trophic parasites, but merozoites stained strongly at the poles and peripheries. No filament bundles could be discerned. A similar distribution was obtained by immunofluorescence with 2 polyclonal anti-actin antibodies, one of which was directed against a peptide sequence present only in parasite actin (as inferred from the DNA sequence of the gene). A monoclonal anti-actin antibody stained very mature or rupturing schizonts but not immature parasites. Myosin was identified in immunoblots of parasite protein extracts by several monoclonal anti-skeletal muscle myosin antibodies, as well as by a polyclonal antiserum directed against a consensus conserved myosin sequence (IQ motif). The identity of the polypeptides recognized by these antibodies was confirmed by overlaying blots with biotinylated F-actin. The antiserum and one of the monoclonal antibodies were used in immunofluorescence studies and were found to stain all blood-stage parasites, with maximal intensity towards the poles of merozoites. Our results are consistent with the presence of an actomyosin motor system in the blood-stage malaria parasite.
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Damas-Moreira, Isabel, João P. Maia, Beatriz Tomé, Daniele Salvi, Ana Perera, and D. James Harris. "Blood parasites in sympatric lizards: what is their impact on hosts’ immune system?" Amphibia-Reptilia 43, no. 1 (January 5, 2022): 37–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/15685381-bja10078.
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Abstract Assessment of parasites and their pathogenicity is essential for studying the ecology of populations and understanding their dynamics. In this study, we investigate the prevalence and intensity of infection of haemogregarines (phylum Apicomplexa) in two sympatric lizard species, Podarcis vaucheri and Scelarcis perspicillata, across three localities in Morocco, and their effect on host immune response. We used the Phytohaemagglutinin (PHA) skin testing technique to relate the level of immune response with parasite infection. Prevalence and intensity levels were estimated with microscopy, and 18S rRNA gene sequences were used to confirm parasite identity. All parasites belong to the haemogregarine lineage found in other North African reptiles. There were differences in prevalence between localities and sexes. Overall, infected lizards were larger than uninfected ones, although we did not detect differences in parasitaemia across species, sex or locality. The swelling response was not related to the presence or number of haemogregarines, or to host body size, body condition, sex or species. We found no evidence of impact for these parasites on the circulating blood cells or the hosts’ immune system, but more data is needed to assess the potential impact of mixed infections, and the possibility of cryptic parasite species.
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Smith, Clare M., Ante Jerkovic, Hervé Puy, Ingrid Winship, Jean-Charles Deybach, Laurent Gouya, Giel van Dooren, et al. "Red cells from ferrochelatase-deficient erythropoietic protoporphyria patients are resistant to growth of malarial parasites." Blood 125, no. 3 (January 15, 2015): 534–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.1182/blood-2014-04-567149.
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Key PointsMalarial parasite growth is impeded in erythropoietic protoporphyric erythrocytes because of decreased host cell ferrochelatase activity. A ferrochelatase competitive inhibitor prevents the growth of malarial parasites in normal red cells.
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Dellibovi-Ragheb, Teegan A., Hugo Jhun, Christopher D. Goodman, Maroya S. Walters, Daniel R. T. Ragheb, Krista A. Matthews, Krithika Rajaram, et al. "Host biotin is required for liver stage development in malaria parasites." Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 115, no. 11 (February 26, 2018): E2604—E2613. http://dx.doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1800717115.
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Acetyl-CoA carboxylase (ACC) is a biotin-dependent enzyme that is the target of several classes of herbicides. Malaria parasites contain a plant-like ACC, and this is the only protein predicted to be biotinylated in the parasite. We found that ACC is expressed in the apicoplast organelle in liver- and blood-stage malaria parasites; however, it is activated through biotinylation only in the liver stages. Consistent with this observation, deletion of the biotin ligase responsible for ACC biotinylation does not impede blood-stage growth, but results in late liver-stage developmental defects. Biotin depletion increases the severity of the developmental defects, demonstrating that parasite and host biotin metabolism are required for normal liver-stage progression. This finding may link the development of liver-stage malaria parasites to the nutritional status of the host, as neither the parasite nor the human host can synthesize biotin.
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González, Leydy P., Carolina M. Vargas-León, Gustavo Andrés Fuentes-Rodríguez, Martha L. Calderón-Espinosa, and Nubia E. Matta. "Do blood parasites increase immature erythrocytes and mitosis in amphibians?" Revista de Biología Tropical 69, no. 2 (May 4, 2021): 615–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.15517/rbt.v69i2.45459.
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Introduction: In amphibians, blood may act as a hematopoietic tissue. However, the knowledge concerning hematological features is scarce, there is not much information that allows an analysis about the possible explanations of this physiological feature. Objective: This study aimed to evaluate the relationship between immature red blood cells (RBCs) mitosis and the presence of blood parasites in amphibians. Methods: We sampled 116 amphibians (31 species) in six Colombian localities. Blood was taken by cardiac puncture or maxillary vein puncture. Smears were prepared, fixed, and Giemsa stained for microscopical analysis. The variables analyzed were the percentage of immature RBCs, mitotic cells in peripheral blood, and blood parasite infection. Data were analyzed using Wilcoxon's rank test and exact Fisher statistical tests. Results: Sixty-two individuals showed mitosis in peripheral blood, and these mitotic RBCs shared morphological features with immature RBCs. Overall, parasite prevalence was 30.1 %, distributed as follows: Trypanosoma (24.1 %), Hepatozoon-like (6 %), Dactylosoma (4.3 %), Karyolysus-like (0.9 %), and Filarioidea (2.6 %). A positive association between the percentage of immature RBCs and the presence of mitotic RBCs was found, and also between the blood parasite infection and the percentage of immature RBCs. Conclusions: In this study, we found that the presence of blood parasites, immature RBCs, and RBCs mitosis are frequent events in amphibians' peripheral blood, and our analysis suggests an association between those features. Thus, the release of immature RBCs and the mitosis of those cells in peripheral blood may be a physiological response to blood parasite infection. Further studies characterizing hematology in amphibians and wildlife, in general, are desirable.
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Neveu, Gaëlle, Cyrielle Richard, Florian Dupuy, Prativa Behera, Fiona Volpe, Pradeep Annamalai Subramani, Benjamin Marcel-Zerrougui, et al. "Plasmodium falciparum sexual parasites develop in human erythroblasts and affect erythropoiesis." Blood 136, no. 12 (September 17, 2020): 1381–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.1182/blood.2019004746.
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Abstract Plasmodium falciparum gametocytes, the sexual stage responsible for malaria parasite transmission from humans to mosquitoes, are key targets for malaria elimination. Immature gametocytes develop in the human bone marrow parenchyma, where they accumulate around erythroblastic islands. Notably though, the interactions between gametocytes and this hematopoietic niche have not been investigated. Here, we identify late erythroblasts as a new host cell for P falciparum sexual stages and show that gametocytes can fully develop inside these nucleated cells in vitro and in vivo, leading to infectious mature gametocytes within reticulocytes. Strikingly, we found that infection of erythroblasts by gametocytes and parasite-derived extracellular vesicles delay erythroid differentiation, thereby allowing gametocyte maturation to coincide with the release of their host cell from the bone marrow. Taken together, our findings highlight new mechanisms that are pivotal for the maintenance of immature gametocytes in the bone marrow and provide further insights on how Plasmodium parasites interfere with erythropoiesis and contribute to anemia in malaria patients.
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Oyono, Martin Gael, Leopold Gustave Lehman, Samuel Fosso, and Charles Félix Bilong Bilong. "Multiparasitism among Schoolchildren of Akonolinga, Nyong et Mfoumou Division, Centre Region of Cameroon." Journal of Biology and Life Science 10, no. 2 (July 23, 2019): 90. http://dx.doi.org/10.5296/jbls.v10i2.14898.
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In general, school-age children are the most vulnerable to parasitic infections and are particularly exposed to multi-parasitism and its potential consequences. This study aimed at determining the intensity of multi-parasitism in Nyong et Mfoumou Division. A cross-sectional study took place from September 2017 to July 2018 among pupils of five (05) government schools from the Nyong et Mfoumou Division. Stool samples were collected from each child and examined for protozoan cysts, helminth eggs and larva while blood samples were collected for detection of Plasmodium sp. and filarial blood stages. In addition, socio-demographic information were documented. In total, 416 schoolchildren were recruited; out of which 309 (74.28%) were infected by at least one parasite species. 13 parasite species were found: 03 blood parasites and 10 intestinal parasites. Plasmodium falciparum was the main blood parasite (37.26%). Amongst intestinal parasites, Entamoeba coli were the most common among protozoa (29.33%) and Ascaris lumbricoides among helminths (21.39%). The frequency of multi-parasitism was 44.47% and the average species reach was 1.43 ± 0.01 per individual. Four types of multi-parasitism were found (bi-parasitism, tri-parasitism, quadri-parasitism and penta-parasitism); the bi-parasitism (26.68%) was the most common. Significantly statistic associations were found between parasite species such as: Entamoeba coli, Entamoeba histolytica/dispar, Ascaris lumbricoides, Trichuris trichiura can be explained by the same means of transmission. Association between Ascaris lumbricoides and Mansonella perstans could be a synergic interaction between these parasites. We conclude that the intensity of multiparasitism among schoolchildren in Nyong et Mfoumou Division is high with predominance in rural areas.
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Snyman, Albert, Ralph Eric Thijl Vanstreels, Chandré Nell, Adam M. Schaefer, Thomas Stracke, Nola J. Parsons, Katrin Ludynia, and Pierre A. Pistorius. "Determinants of external and blood parasite load in African penguins (Spheniscus demersus) admitted for rehabilitation." Parasitology 147, no. 5 (January 29, 2020): 577–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0031182020000141.
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AbstractWe investigate the factors associated with the occurrence and abundance of external and blood parasites in African penguins (Spheniscus demersus), an endangered seabird that breeds exclusively on the coasts of Namibia and South Africa. External parasites were collected using the dust-ruffling method from 171 African Penguins admitted at a rehabilitation facility in the Western Cape, South Africa. Additionally, blood smears were obtained upon admission and weekly during rehabilitation and examined for blood parasites. Fleas Parapsyllus longicornis humboldti, ticks Ornithodoros capensis and lice Austrogoniodes demersus were recovered from 93, 63 and 40%, respectively, of the penguins upon admission to the centre. Rescue location and age group were identified as significant determinants of flea abundance, whereas month of admission was a significant determinant of tick abundance. Blood parasites were also common on admission, with Babesia being the most frequent (46% prevalence) whereas Borrelia was recorded sporadically (1.2%) and Plasmodium was recorded once. The prevalence and abundance of ticks on admission was positively associated with Babesia infection on admission. Our findings demonstrate the variability and contributing factor of parasite infections in an endangered species of penguin, and highlight the need for additional research on the parasite–host dynamics involving these potential disease vectors.
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Al-Quraishy, Saleh, Fathy Abdel-Ghaffar, Mohamed A. Dkhil, and Rewaida Abdel-Gaber. "Haemogregarines and Criteria for Identification." Animals 11, no. 1 (January 12, 2021): 170. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ani11010170.
Full textAbstract:
Apicomplexa is a phylum that includes all parasitic protozoa sharing unique ultrastructural features. Haemogregarines are sophisticated apicomplexan blood parasites with an obligatory heteroxenous life cycle and haplohomophasic alternation of generations. Haemogregarines are common blood parasites of fish, amphibians, lizards, snakes, turtles, tortoises, crocodilians, birds, and mammals. Haemogregarine ultrastructure has been so far examined only for stages from the vertebrate host. PCR-based assays and the sequencing of the 18S rRNA gene are helpful methods to further characterize this parasite group. The proper classification for the haemogregarine complex is available with the criteria of generic and unique diagnosis of these parasites.
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Phuyal, S., V. C. Jha, and M. Subedi. "Prevalence of Blood Parasites in Dogs of Kathmandu Valley." Nepalese Veterinary Journal 34 (December 21, 2017): 107–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.3126/nvj.v34i0.22909.
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Study in blood parasitic diseases in dog was carried out from August 2014 to November 2014 to find out the prevalence of haemoparasites in clinical cases of hyperthermia in dogs. Blood sample from 50 cases of hyperthermia were collected and examined for any blood parasites by the smear method. The haematological parameter (RBC, WBC, PCV, Hb, & DLC) of each sample was also assessed and analyzed. Data was analyzed to determine prevalence of various species of blood parasites to establish the correlation of the infections with age, sex and breed. Out of 50 samples examined, blood parasites were determined in 12 percent samples of which 2(4%) were positive for Babesia canis and 4 (8%) were positive for Ehrlichia spp. The percentage of infection was greater in female 4(16.67%) than male 2(7.14%). The prevalence of blood parasite was higher in German shepherd. The prevalence of blood parasite was higher in 2-4 years of dogs. To determine significant difference between the hematological parameter of infected and non-infected cases, t-test was need (R, version 3.0.3). The confidence level for the analysis was set at 95percent with significance level assessed at p< 0.05. The study between the infected and non-infected host revealed statistically significant difference in PCV, Neutrophil and Eosinophil. Whereas other parameters did not have any significant difference. The mean PCV was significantly low (P <0.05) in infected dog than in non-infected dog. Mean Neutrophil was significantly decreased whereas Eosinophil was increased in infected dogs than in non-infected dogs.
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Adams, Dayvion R., Andrew J. Golnar, Sarah A. Hamer, Michel A. Slotman, and Gabriel L. Hamer. "Culex quinquefasciatus (Diptera: Culicidae) survivorship following the ingestion of bird blood infected with Haemoproteus sp. parasites." Parasitology Research 120, no. 7 (June 10, 2021): 2343–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00436-021-07196-7.
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AbstractArthropod vectors are frequently exposed to a diverse assemblage of parasites, but the consequence of these infections on their biology and behavior are poorly understood. We experimentally evaluated whether the ingestion of a common protozoan parasite of avian hosts (Haemoproteus spp.; Haemosporida: Haemoproteidae) impacted the survivorship of Culex quinquefasciatus (Say) (Diptera: Culicidae). Blood was collected from wild northern cardinals (Cardinalis cardinalis) in College Station, Texas, and screened for the presence of Haemoproteus spp. parasites using microscopic and molecular methods. Experimental groups of Cx. quinquefasciatus mosquitoes were offered Haemoproteus-positive cardinal blood through an artificial feeding apparatus, while control groups received Haemoproteus-negative cardinal blood or domestic canary (Serinus canaria domestica) blood. Culex quinquefasciatus mosquitoes exposed to Haemoproteus infected cardinal blood survived significantly fewer days than mosquitoes that ingested Haemoproteus-negative cardinal blood. The survival of mosquitoes fed on positive cardinal blood had a median survival time of 18 days post-exposure and the survival of mosquitoes fed on negative cardinal blood exceeded 50% across the 30 day observation period. Additionally, mosquitoes that fed on canary controls survived significantly fewer days than cardinal negative controls, with canary control mosquitoes having a median survival time of 17 days. This study further supports prior observations that Haemoproteus parasites can be pathogenic to bird-biting mosquitoes, and suggests that Haemoproteus parasites may indirectly suppress the transmission of co-circulating vector-borne pathogens by modulating vector survivorship. Our results also suggest that even in the absence of parasite infection, bloodmeals from different bird species can influence mosquito survivorship.
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Alimam, Hussam M. S., Dhiyaa A. Moosa, Eva A. Ajaj, Mohammad O. Dahl, Israa A. Al-Robaiee, Semaa F. Hasab Allah, Zahraa M. Al-Jumaa, and Eman D. Hadi. "Proportion and seasonality of blood parasites in animals in Mosul using the Veterinary Teaching Hospital Lab data." PLOS ONE 17, no. 2 (February 22, 2022): e0264121. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0264121.
Full textAbstract:
Several local studies have examined evidence of blood parasites in different animals in Mosul; however, information about the most prevalent parasite and the seasonality of the infection remains limited. The objective of the study conducted here was to investigate the proportion and seasonality of blood parasites in animals in Mosul using the Veterinary Teaching Hospital Lab data. Laboratory records for a period of 25 months were used for data retrieval. In all included animals, Giemsa-stained blood smears were examined by an attending clinical pathologist for the presence of parasites. Seasons were assigned on a basis of examination date, and the seasonality was quantified by estimating season-to-season ratio. The results indicated that 61.77% of examined animals were tested positive for blood parasites. The most evident parasites were Trypanosoma spp., Theileria spp., Babesia spp., and then Anaplasma spp., with evidence of mixed infection. The odds of the infection did not significantly vary in different age groups. There was a marked linear pattern in the seasonality of the infection with Trypanosoma spp. and Anaplasma spp. An increase of the infection during spring and autumn with Theileria spp. and Babesia spp. was also evident. In conclusion, infection with blood parasites in different animals in Mosul is common with substantial burden, the effect of age-related infection is negligible, and the seasonality of the infection is evident.
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Thorat, Swati, Thomas M. Daly, Lawrence W. Bergman, and James M. Burns. "Elevated Levels of the Plasmodium yoelii Homologue of Macrophage Migration Inhibitory Factor Attenuate Blood-Stage Malaria." Infection and Immunity 78, no. 12 (September 13, 2010): 5151–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/iai.00277-10.
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ABSTRACT The excessive production of proinflammatory cytokines plays a significant role in the pathogenesis of severe malaria. Mammalian macrophage migration inhibitory factor (MIF) (mMIF) is an immune mediator that promotes a sustained proinflammatory response by inhibiting the glucocorticoid-mediated downregulation of inflammation. In addition, Plasmodium parasites also encode a homologue of mammalian MIF that is expressed in asexual-stage parasites. We used the Plasmodium yoelii murine model to study the potential role of parasite-encoded MIF in the pathogenesis of malaria. Antibodies raised against purified, non-epitope-tagged P. yoelii MIF (PyMIF) were used to localize expression in trophozoite- and schizont-stage parasites and demonstrate extracellular release. In vitro, recombinant PyMIF was shown to actively induce the chemotaxis of macrophages but did not induce or enhance tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-α) production from peritoneal macrophages. To examine the role of parasite-derived PyMIF in vivo, two transgenic parasite lines that constitutively overexpress PyMIF were generated, one in a nonlethal P. yoelii 17X background [Py17X-MIF(+)] and the other in a lethal P. yoelii 17XL background [Py17XL-MIF(+)]. Challenge studies with transgenic parasites in mice showed that the increased expression of PyMIF resulted in a reduction in disease severity. Mice infected with Py17X-MIF(+) developed lower peak parasitemia levels than controls, while malaria-associated anemia was unaltered. Infection with Py17XL-MIF(+) resulted in a prolonged course of infection and a reduction in the overall mortality rate. Combined, the data indicate that parasite-derived MIF does not contribute significantly to immunopathology but, through its chemotactic ability toward macrophages, may attenuate disease and prolong infection of highly virulent parasite isolates.
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Angus, Brian J., Kesinee Chotivanich, Rachanee Udomsangpetch, and Nicholas J. White. "In Vivo Removal of Malaria Parasites From Red Blood Cells Without Their Destruction in Acute Falciparum Malaria." Blood 90, no. 5 (September 1, 1997): 2037–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.1182/blood.v90.5.2037.
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Abstract During acute falciparum malaria infection, red blood cells (RBC) containing abundant ring-infected erythrocyte surface antigen (Pf 155 or RESA), but no intracellular parasites, are present in the circulation. These RESA-positive parasite negative RBC are not seen in parasite cultures in vitro. This indicates that in acute falciparum malaria there is active removal of intraerythrocytic parasites by a host mechanism in vivo (probably the spleen) without destruction of the parasitized RBC. This may explain the observed disparity between the drop in hematocrit and decrease in parasite count in some hyperparasitemic patients. The fate of these “once-parasitized” RBC in vivo is not known.
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Hall, Martin J. R., Debashis Ghosh, Daniel Martín-Vega, Brett Clark, Innes Clatworthy, Robert A. Cheke, and Matthew E. Rogers. "Micro-CT visualization of a promastigote secretory gel (PSG) and parasite plug in the digestive tract of the sand fly Lutzomyia longipalpis infected with Leishmania mexicana." PLOS Neglected Tropical Diseases 15, no. 8 (August 27, 2021): e0009682. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pntd.0009682.
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Leishmaniasis is a debilitating disease of the tropics, subtropics and southern Europe caused by Leishmania parasites that are transmitted during blood feeding by phlebotomine sand flies (Diptera: Psychodidae). Using non-invasive micro-computed tomography, we were able to visualize the impact of the laboratory model infection of Lutzomyia longipalpis with Leishmania mexicana and its response to a second blood meal. For the first time we were able to show in 3D the plug of promastigote secretory gel (PSG) and parasites in the distended midgut of whole infected sand flies and measure its volume in relation to that of the midgut. We were also able to measure the degree of opening of the stomodeal valve and demonstrate the extension of the PSG and parasites into the pharynx. Although our pilot study could only examine a few flies, it supports the hypothesis that a second, non-infected, blood meal enhances parasite transmission as we showed that the thoracic PSG-parasite plug in infected flies after a second blood meal was, on average, more than twice the volume of the plug in infected flies that did not have a second blood meal.