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Kitamura, Yuto, Hisayo Yamane, Akira Yukimori, Hiroyoshi Shimo, Koji Numaguchi, and Ryutaro Tao. "Blooming Date Predictions Based on Japanese Apricot ‘Nanko’ Flower Bud Responses to Temperatures during Dormancy." HortScience 52, no. 3 (2017): 366–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.21273/hortsci11253-16.
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Flower bud development and the timing of blooming are mainly affected by genotype-dependent chilling requirements (CRs) during endodormancy and subsequent heat requirements (HRs) during ecodormancy. However, little information is available regarding the responses of flower buds to temperatures during endodormancy and ecodormancy in japanese apricot. We exposed japanese apricot ‘Nanko’ trees to various temperatures to estimate the CRs and HRs using development index (DVI) models specific for the endodormant (DVIendo) and ecodormant (DVIeco) stages. These models were based on the experimentally determined development rate (DVR). The DVRendo value was calculated as the reciprocal of the chilling time required to break endodormancy. The relationship between the DVRendo value and temperature was estimated using a three-dimensional curve. Our results indicated that 5–6 °C was the most effective temperature for breaking endodormancy in ‘Nanko’ flower buds. Additionally, exposure to −3 °C negatively affected endodormancy release, whereas 15 °C had no effect. We also determined that the DVReco values for temperatures between 5 and 20 °C were the reciprocal values of the time required for blooming after endodormancy release. The values outside this range were estimated using linear functions. The DVI was defined as the sum of the DVR values ranging from 0 to 1. Models for predicting the blooming date were constructed using the functions of sequentially combined DVIendo and DVIeco models. The accuracy of each model was assessed by comparing the predicted and actual blooming dates. The prediction of the model in which DVIeco = 1 corresponded to a 40% blooming level and DVIeco = 0 was set to DVIendo = 0.5 had the lowest root mean square error (RMSE) value (i.e., 3.11) for trees in commercial orchards exposed to different climates. Our results suggest that the developed model may have practical applications.
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Alonso, J. M., J. M. Ansón, M. T. Espiau, and R. Socias i. Company. "Determination of Endodormancy Break in Almond Flower Buds by a Correlation Model Using the Average Temperature of Different Day Intervals and its Application to the Estimation of Chill and Heat Requirements and Blooming Date." Journal of the American Society for Horticultural Science 130, no. 3 (2005): 308–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.21273/jashs.130.3.308.
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Almond (Prunus amygdalus Batsch.) blooming date is determined by the temperatures during the dormancy period, from the onset of endodormancy to just before blooming. In this work we have developed a model, based on several years data, to estimate the mean transition date from endodormancy to ecodormancy in 44 almond cultivars covering the whole range of almond bloom, through the significance of correlation coefficients between the temperatures occurring during dormancy and the date of full bloom. The estimation of this date for each cultivar has allowed the calculation of its chill and heat requirements. It was found that most cultivars have chilling requirements between 400 and 600 chill units, whereas the span of heat requirements was wider, from 5500 to 9300 growing degree hours Celsius. Some cultivars show high chilling requirements and low heat requirements whereas others show opposite requirements. These differences confirm the wide almond adaptability to different climatic conditions and offer the possibility of being utilized in breeding programs. The good fit shown by the application of this model in the prediction of bloom time may sustain its application in chilling and heat requirement estimation in other fruit species if blooming dates and climatic data for several years are available.
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Cardina, John, Catherine P. Herms, Daniel A. Herms, and Frank Forcella. "Evaluating Phenological Indicators for Predicting Giant Foxtail (Setaria faberi) Emergence." Weed Science 55, no. 5 (2007): 455–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.1614/ws-07-005.1.
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We evaluated the use of ornamental plants as phenological indicators for predicting giant foxtail emergence and compared their performance with predictions based upon Julian day, cumulative growing degree–days (GDD), and the WeedCast program. From 1997 to 2001, we monitored giant foxtail emergence in a field experiment with and without fall and spring tillage to estimate the dates of 25, 50, and 80% emergence; we also recorded dates of first and full bloom of 23 ornamental plant species. Dates of weed emergence and ornamental blooming for 1997 to 2000 were compiled in a phenological calendar consisting of 54 phenological events for each year, and events were ordered by average (1997 to 2000) cumulative GDD (January 1 start date, 10 C base temperature). Bloom events occurring just before the giant foxtail emergence events were chosen as the phenological indicators for 2001. The Julian day method used the average (1997 to 2000) dates of foxtail emergence to predict 2001 emergence. The GDD model (October 1 start date, 0 C base temperature) was chosen by determining the combination of start date and base temperature that provided the lowest coefficient of variation for the 1997 to 2000 data. The WeedCast prediction was generated using local soil and environmental data from 2001. The rank order of the 54 phenological events in 2001 showed little deviation from the 4-yr (1997 to 2000) average rank order (R2= 0.96). The phenological calendar indicated that, on average, 25% of giant foxtail seedlings had emerged when red chokeberry was in first bloom, and 80% of seedlings had emerged around the time multiflora rose was in full bloom. We compared the phenological calendar predictions for 25, 50, and 80% emergence with those based on Julian day, cumulative GDD, and WeedCast. The average deviation in predictions ranged from 4.4 d for the phenological calendar to 11.4 d for GDD. In addition to being generally more accurate, the phenological calendar approach also offers the advantage of providing information on the order of phenological events, thus helping to anticipate the progress of emergence and to plan and implement management strategies.
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Cardina, John, Catherine P. Herms, and Daniel A. Herms. "Phenological Indicators for Emergence of Large and Smooth Crabgrass (Digitaria sanguinalisandD. ischaemum)." Weed Technology 25, no. 1 (2011): 141–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.1614/wt-d-10-00034.1.
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We studied the emergence phenology of large and smooth crabgrass in lawn and bare soil environments and identified ornamental plants as phenological indicators that predict the progress of emergence. From 2002 to 2004, we monitored emergence of large and smooth crabgrass in field plots to estimate the dates of first emergence, and 25, 50 and 80% emergence. Each year, we monitored 74 taxa of ornamental plants to determine dates of first and full bloom. We compiled dates of weed emergence and ornamental blooming to create a biological calendar of phenological events for each year, ordered by average cumulative degree days (DD) (January 1 start date, 10 C base temperature). Ornamental plant flowering events that occurred in a regular sequence before crabgrass emergence events were identified as the phenological indicators. We also evaluated DD and rule-based models for predicting crabgrass emergence and optimum time of PRE herbicide application. In general, smooth crabgrass reached each emergence stage earlier than large crabgrass. Differences in emergence between environments were not consistent over years for the two species. There was no consistent pattern in parameters for DD models predicting emergence events for either crabgrass species or environment. For published DD models, the deviation between observed and predicted emergence events ranged from 0 to > 60 d. Published rule-based predictions, though accurate in some cases, were sometimes difficult to implement. The order of ornamental plant blooming and crabgrass emergence events was generally consistent over years (R2= 0.977). The biological calendar provided useful crabgrass emergence predictions using real-time field-based indicators of sequential biological events that can help managers plan and optimize management strategies.
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Yun, Seok Kyu, Kyeong Ho Chung, Ik Koo Yoon, et al. "Developmental Rate Equations for Predicting Blooming Date of 'Yumyeong' (Prunus persica) Peach Trees." Korean Journal of Agricultural and Forest Meteorology 14, no. 4 (2012): 189–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.5532/kjafm.2012.14.4.189.
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Kim, Jin-Hee, Eun-Jung Lee, and Jin I. Yun. "Prediction of Blooming Dates of Spring Flowers by Using Digital Temperature Forecasts and Phenology Models." Korean Journal of Agricultural and Forest Meteorology 15, no. 1 (2013): 40–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.5532/kjafm.2013.15.1.040.
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Chun, Jong Ahn, Kwangmin Kang, Daeha Kim, Hyun-Hee Han, and In-Chang Son. "Prediction of full blooming dates of five peach cultivars ( Prunus persica ) using temperature-based models." Scientia Horticulturae 220 (June 2017): 250–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.scienta.2017.04.007.
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Muthurajan, Vinothkumar, and Balaji Narayanasamy. "An Elliptic Curve Based Schnorr Cloud Security Model in Distributed Environment." Scientific World Journal 2016 (2016): 1–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2016/4913015.
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Cloud computing requires the security upgrade in data transmission approaches. In general, key-based encryption/decryption (symmetric and asymmetric) mechanisms ensure the secure data transfer between the devices. The symmetric key mechanisms (pseudorandom function) provide minimum protection level compared to asymmetric key (RSA, AES, and ECC) schemes. The presence of expired content and the irrelevant resources cause unauthorized data access adversely. This paper investigates how the integrity and secure data transfer are improved based on the Elliptic Curve based Schnorr scheme. This paper proposes a virtual machine based cloud model with Hybrid Cloud Security Algorithm (HCSA) to remove the expired content. The HCSA-based auditing improves the malicious activity prediction during the data transfer. The duplication in the cloud server degrades the performance of EC-Schnorr based encryption schemes. This paper utilizes the blooming filter concept to avoid the cloud server duplication. The combination of EC-Schnorr and blooming filter efficiently improves the security performance. The comparative analysis between proposed HCSA and the existing Distributed Hash Table (DHT) regarding execution time, computational overhead, and auditing time with auditing requests and servers confirms the effectiveness of HCSA in the cloud security model creation.
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Jenni, Sylvie, Katrine A. Stewart, Gaétan Bourgeois, and Daniel C. Cloutier. "Predicting Yield and Time to Maturity of Muskmelons from Weather and Crop Observations." Journal of the American Society for Horticultural Science 123, no. 2 (1998): 195–201. http://dx.doi.org/10.21273/jashs.123.2.195.
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A simple method to predict time from anthesis of perfect flowers to fruit maturity (full slip) and yield is presented here for muskmelon (Cucumis melo L.) grown in a northern climate. Developmental time for individual muskmelons from anthesis to full slip could be predicted from several heat unit formulas, depending on the temperature data set used. When temperature at 7.5 cm above soil level was used, the heat unit formula resulting in the lowest coefficient of variation (cv=6.9%) accumulated daily average temperatures with a base temperature of 11 °C and an upper threshold of 25 °C. With temperatures recorded at a meteorological station located 2 km from the experimental field, the method showing the lowest cv (8.9%) accumulated daily maximum temperatures with a base temperature of 15 °C. This latter method was improved by including a 60-degree-day lag for second cycle fruit. The proportion of fruit volume at full slip of 22 fruit from the first cycle could be described by a common Richards function (R2=0.99). Although 65% of the plants produced two fruit cycles, fruit from the first cycle represented 72% of total yield in terms of number and mass. The blooming period of productive flowers lasted 34 days, each cycle overlapping and covering an equal period of 19 days. Counting the number of developing fruit >4 cm after 225 degree days from the start of anthesis (when 90% of the plants have at least one blooming perfect flower) could rapidly estimate the number of fruit that will reach maturity.
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Liping, Wang, and Zheng Binghui. "Prediction of chlorophyll-a in the Daning River of Three Gorges Reservoir by principal component scores in multiple linear regression models." Water Science and Technology 67, no. 5 (2013): 1150–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.2013.679.
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After the impoundment of the Three Gorges Reservoir (TGR) since 2003, eutrophication has occurred and has become severe in Daning River. To predict chlorophyll-a (Chl-a) levels, the relationships between Chl-a and 11/13 routine monitoring data on water quality and hydrodynamics in Daning River were studied by principal component scores in the multiple linear regression model (principal component regression (PCR) model). In order to determine the hydrodynamic effect on simulated accuracy, two 0-day ahead prediction models were established: model A without hydrodynamic factors as variables, and model B with hydrodynamic factors (surface water velocity and water residence time) as variables. Based on the results of correlation analysis, score 1 and 2 with significant loads of phosphorus and nitrogen nutrients were omitted in developing model A (R2 = 0.355); while score 2 with significant loads of nitrogen was omitted in developing model B (R2 = 0.777). The results of validation using a new dataset showed that model B achieved a better fitted relationship between the predicted and observed values of Chl-a. It indicated hydrodynamics play an important role in limiting algal growth. The results suggested that a PCR model incorporating hydrodynamics processes has been suitable for the Chl-a concentration simulation and algal blooming prediction in Daning River of TGR.
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Morris, M. D., and A. G. Thomas. "Solubility of Sulfur and Dithiocarbamates in Natural Rubber." Rubber Chemistry and Technology 68, no. 5 (1995): 794–803. http://dx.doi.org/10.5254/1.3538775.
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Abstract Knowledge of equilibrium solubilities of sulfur and accelerators in rubbers at various temperatures allows prediction of whether blooming is possible in particular compounds or products. Reliable data of this nature for natural rubber appeared not to exist in the literature. Immersion of 1 mm thick sheets of peroxide-vulcanized natural rubber in both liquid and, more surprisingly, powdered solid curatives was found to be an adequate method for measuring solubilities. The same experimental method also enabled some diffusion data to be obtained. Solubilities of sulfur, zinc diethyldithiocarbamate (ZDEC) and zinc di-n-butyl dithiocarbamate (ZDBC) were determined at various temperatures between 23° and 135°C. The experimental results did not agree well with the theory which had previously been found to describe the solubility of waxes in natural rubber. This theory, which is a combination of the Flory-Huggins Equation with an expression for the latent heat of fusion, was modified to take into account the dependence of the interaction parameter on temperature and on degree of swelling. The new expression gave much better agreement with the experimental results for all three substances.
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Nada, I. Made, I. Wayan Redana, I. G. B. Sila Dharma, and A. A. Gde Agung Yana. "Terasering Mekar Erosion Control Model in Batur Lake Zone." International Journal of Contemporary Research and Review 10, no. 01 (2019): 20254–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.15520/ijcrr.v10i01.642.
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Erosion control in Lake Batur area is community-based directed to maintain lake balance. The aims of this research is; (1) to obtain a community-based erosion control model, (2) to analyze the role of communities in the application of land management models. (3) Analyzing other plant species in collaboration with the arrangement model . (4) Analyzing the impact of terraces blooming against sedimentation. This research is field experiments and surveys, and the sampling was conducted by purposive sampling with 64 samples. The socio-economic support data of the community was determined by 180 respondents by cluster sampling. Interviews and questionnaires were conducted through closed questions on a conventional scale. The characteristics of the lake were analyzed statistically and descriptively by using the SPSS tool. Land mapping was conducted by GPS method with GIS device. Prediction of erosion was by using USLE Model, while sedimentation was measured by the Stanford Sediment model. The analysis shows that the increase of settlement is averagely of 115,85%, plantation is 245,50% and the sedimentation level is 1,017,93 m3 / year. Conclusions and outcomes were in the form of community-based terracing model that collaborate with elephant grass and vetiveria plants.
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Nada, I. Made, I. Wayan Redana, IG B. Sila Dharma, and A. A. Gde Agung Yana. "Community-based erosion control model in Batur Lake zone." MATEC Web of Conferences 276 (2019): 04008. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/matecconf/201927604008.
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Erosion control in Lake Batur area is community-based directed to maintain lake balance. The aims of this research is: 1) to obtain a community-based erosion control model, 2) to analyze the role of communities in the application of land management models, 3) to analyze other plant species in collaboration with the arrangement model, and 4) to analyze the impact of terraces blooming against sedimentation. This research is field experiments and surveys, and the sampling was conducted by purposive sampling with 64 samples. The socio-economic support data of the community was determined by 180 respondents by cluster sampling. Interviews and questionnaires were conducted through closed questions on a conventional scale. The characteristics of the lake were analyzed statistically and descriptively by using the SPSS tool. Land mapping was conducted by GPS method with GIS device. Prediction of erosion was by using USLE Model, while sedimentation was measured by the Stanford Sediment model. The analysis shows that the increase of settlement is averagely of 115.85%, plantation is 245.50% and the sedimentation level is 1,017,93 m3/year. Conclusions and outcomes were in the form of community-based terracing model that collaborate with elephant grass and vetiveria plants.
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Costa, Guglielmo, Luca Corelli Grappadelli, and Fabrizio Bucchi. "181 Studies on Fruit Thinning and Growth in Apple Cultivars." HortScience 35, no. 3 (2000): 421F—421. http://dx.doi.org/10.21273/hortsci.35.3.421f.
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Experiments were carried out for 3 years on `Gala' and `Fuji' apple cultivars. The efficacy of the compounds applied during blooming (ATS, Armothin) and at 10 mm king fruit diameter (BA, CPPU, and NAA) was studied. Results showed a poor efficacy of the chemicals applied during bloom, while compounds applied at fruit set showed interesting results. Among the new chemicals, citokinins were the most effective, although their effects were related to the cultivar: BA performs better than CPPU on `Fuji' while vice versa on `Gala'. In addition, both chemicals induced a slightly higher °Brix content, and acidity level showed the tendency to increase L/D ratio of the fruits as compared to controls. Fruit thinning and the strategies to enhance fruit size are applied early in the season and the problem remains, to assess their effectiveness as early as possible in order to adapt the management techniques (e.g., further thinning, if applicable, or fine-tuning of nutrition and irrigation, etc.) to enable the fruit to reach their maximum potential development. A modelling approach proposed by Lakso et al. (1995) postulates that apples grow in weight according to an equation termed “expolinear” (Goudriaan and Monteith, 1990) because after an initial phase of exponential growth (cell division), the apple enters a phase of linear growth (cell expansion) lasting up to harvest. The effectiveness of a thinning agent can therefore be evaluated-and explained-in terms either of the number of cells of the cortex tissue, or of their volume, or both. In addition, assessing the slope of the linear phase as early as possible might provide a prediction tool to evaluate size at harvest. This paper presents data from apple thinning trials on several cultivars. The effectiveness of these applications has been evaluated via an analysis of the cell parameters (number, volume and intercellular spaces) of the fruit's parenchyma cortex tissue. Also, fruit growth data have been used to test the possibility to predict fruit size at harvest once the fruit reaches the phase of linear growth.
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Ladányi, M., Sz Persely, T. Szabó, Z. Szabó, M. Soltész, and J. Nyéki. "Climatic indicator analysis of blooming time for sour cherries." International Journal of Horticultural Science 16, no. 1 (2010). http://dx.doi.org/10.31421/ijhs/16/1/855.
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County Szabolcs-Szatmár-Bereg produces more than the half of the total sour cherry grown in Hungary. Successful production, i.e. yield, depends largely on weather conditions. Most attention should be paid to the weather during the blooming period, being most decisive from the points of view of quality as well as quantity. In order to predict yields expected, the characterisation of the most important weather parameters is necessary. For that purpose, the database of the Institute of Research and Extension Service for Fruit Growing at Újfehértó Ltd. has been utilised. Records of weather conditions were collected throughout the period 1984-2005, i.e. daily minimum, maximum and mean temperatures (°C), precipitation (mm), and phonological diary of sour cherry varieties ’Újfehértói fürtös’, ’Kántorjánosi’ and ’Debreceni bôtermô’. Data of 7 indicators have been traced: number of frosty days, the absolute minimum temperatures, means of minimum temperatures, number of days when daily means were above 10°C, means of maximum temperatures, number of days without precipitation, and number of days when precipitation was more than 5 mm. On the one hand, we surveyed the changes; on the other hand, estimates have been attempted for the future changes expected during the following decades. The indicators being associated with certain risky events may serve for the prediction of the future recommendations to prevent damages.
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Hjerne, Olle, Susanna Hajdu, Ulf Larsson, Andrea S. Downing, and Monika Winder. "Climate Driven Changes in Timing, Composition and Magnitude of the Baltic Sea Phytoplankton Spring Bloom." Frontiers in Marine Science 6 (August 2, 2019). http://dx.doi.org/10.3389/fmars.2019.00482.
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Spring phytoplankton blooms contribute a substantial part to annual production, support pelagic and benthic secondary production and influence biogeochemical cycles in many temperate aquatic systems. Understanding environmental effects on spring bloom dynamics is important for predicting future climate responses and for managing aquatic systems. We analyzed long-term phytoplankton data from one coastal and one offshore station in the Baltic Sea to uncover trends in timing, composition and size of the spring bloom and its correlations to environmental variables. There was a general trend of earlier phytoplankton blooms by 1–2 weeks over the last 20 years, associated with more sunshine and less windy conditions. High water temperatures were associated with earlier blooms of diatoms and dinoflagellates that dominate the spring bloom, and decreased diatom bloom magnitude. Overall bloom timing, however, was buffered by a temperature and ice related shift in composition from early blooming diatoms to later blooming dinoflagellates and the autotrophic ciliate Mesodinium rubrum. Such counteracting responses to climate change highlight the importance of both general and taxon-specific investigations. We hypothesize that the predicted earlier blooms of diatoms and dinoflagellates as a response to the expected temperature increase in the Baltic Sea might also be counteracted by more clouds and stronger winds. A shift from early blooming and fast sedimenting diatoms to later blooming groups of dinoflagellates and M. rubrum at higher temperatures during the spring period is expected to increase energy transfers to pelagic secondary production and decrease spring bloom inputs to the benthic system, resulting in lower benthic production and reduced oxygen consumption.
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Yan, Shenqiang, and Min Lou. "Abstract W P43: Extent of “Blooming Effect” Predicts Middle Cerebral Artery Recanalization After Intravenous Thrombolysis." Stroke 46, suppl_1 (2015). http://dx.doi.org/10.1161/str.46.suppl_1.wp43.
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Background and Purpose: Hemosiderin was shown to have a stronger T2 shortening effect than deoxyhemoglobin. Therefore, the extent of “blooming effect” of susceptibility vessel sign (SVS) might represent composition of different iron forms. We aimed to investigate the relationship between extent of overestimation of thrombus burden and middle cerebral artery (MCA) recanalization. Methods: We retrospectively examined clinical and imaging data from consecutive acute ischemic stroke patients with MCA occlusion who underwent MRI before and 24 hours after IV thrombolysis in our hospital. A delayed phase contrast enhanced T1-WI was used to measure the true size of thrombus. We then examined the association of MCA recanalization and extent of overestimation of thrombus burden. Results: We observed the presence of MCA SVS in 44 patients on initial gradient-recalled echo (GRE) scans and MCA recanalization in 21 (47.7%) patients 24 hours after treatment. The extent of overestimation of thrombus width on GRE was an acceptable predictor for MCA recanalization (odds ratio 1.584 per 10%; 95% CI: 1.090 to 2.310; p=0.016), with a receiver-operator characteristic of 0.884 (95% CI: 0.780 to 0.988; p < 0.001). The optimal cut-off point for predicting recanalization was identified at 1.7814, and this yielded a sensitivity of 87.0% and a specificity of 85.7%. Conclusions: Overestimation of thrombus burden on GRE might reflect the content of hemosiderin. A larger overestimation might indicate aged thrombus, which were resistant to thrombolysis.
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Narayan, Jai Prakash. "Exploratory Studies on Occurrence and Potential Benefits of High Fruit Yielding Reproductive Phenophasic Variants of Pithecellobium dulce in Augmenting Fruit Based Semi-arid Agro Forestry Systems." European Journal of Medicinal Plants, July 10, 2019, 1–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.9734/ejmp/2019/v28i230132.
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Background: Pithecellobium dulce is a multipurpose legume tree species of high ecological significance. Several reports indicate existence of huge genetic diversity within the natural population of the species. Various morphological parameters have been used to assess intra species genetic diversity, however, there is no report available so far on diversities in reproductive phenology of P. dulce of semi-arid or arid climate.
 Methods: The present paper is based on assessment of diversity in flowering phenophases through construction of phenological calendar incorporating temporally observable morpho-phenotypic descriptors for reproductive behaviour of individual trees comprising natural population of the species at designated study sites during a period of three years. The study was carried out during September, 2015 and March, 2019 at Ajmer, Rajasthan, India. Data were periodically obtained and statistically analyzed.
 Results: Majority of trees of flowering stage (89.94%) exhibited normal or winter blooms in which flowering was initiated in almost synchronized manner during December; 10.05% of normal blooming trees inconsistently showed additional early or autumn blooms during either September or October or November; 2.58% of trees exhibited early blooms in which flowering was consistently initiated in the month of September in addition to normal blooms. The overall production and availability of fresh fruits in early-cum-normal episodic blooming trees were greater as compared to only normal blooming trees. Though, the numerical fruit productivity in winter blooms was superior to autumn, the pomometric characteristics were inferior in former in early-cum-normal episodic blooming trees.
 Conclusion: The methodology is a novel experimental approach to assess diversities in reproductive phenology of seed raised population of high value fruit bearing economically important tree species. The present work explores agronomically valuable variants of P. dulce and also reports causes of appearance of persistent fruits and sporadic in-situ germination of seeds. Based on above findings, the paper also makes evolutionary predictions that how a shift in flowering phenology of P. dulce as exhibited by the elite variants could have long-term implications for reshaping of future landscapes of semi-arid or arid climate. Conclusively, Winter to autumn phenophasic shift in flowering in P. dulce is economically productive, evolutionarily progressive, and environmentally well cued partial retrieval under semi-arid conditions. Moreover, the phenophasic variants could serve as candidate plus trees that deserve out of the season floral management and clonal propagation, thereby the species may get a fillip to status up gradation from minor fruits to major fruit category.
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Wang, Shuo, Min Lou, Tian Liu, xiaomei chen, and Yi Wang. "Abstract WP292: Quantitative Susceptibility Mapping for Reliably Measuring Hematoma Volume in Magnetic Resonance Imaging." Stroke 44, suppl_1 (2013). http://dx.doi.org/10.1161/str.44.suppl_1.awp292.
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Introduction T2* weighted gradient echo MRI has been increasingly recognized as a sensitive tool in detecting intracerebral hemorrhage. However, its blooming artifacts is highly dependent on imaging parameters including TE, field strength and voxel size, making it difficult to reliably estimate the hematoma volume, a key predictor of morbidity and mortality of hemorrhage. Recently, a novel quantitative susceptibility mapping (QSM) technology has been developed for processing gradient echo MRI data to map tissue susceptibility property without blooming artifacts and dependence on imaging parameters. Hypothesis We assessed the hypothesis that hematoma volume measurement on QSM is independent of imaging parameters, eliminating its TE dependence on gradient echo MRI. Method A retrospective image analysis of MRI was approved by our IRB with HIPPA compliance. We randomly selected 16 patients who underwent intracerebral hemorrhage MRI including a 3D multiecho T2*w sequence: 8-11 echoes with first echo TE/ echo spacing/ TR= 5/5/50 msec. Postprocessed images of gradient echo MRI included susceptibility weighted imaging (SWI), R2* (quantitative 1/T2* mapping), and QSM at various TEs. Hematoma volumes were measured from all these images. Results Linear regression of hematoma volume vs TE over all subjects showed substantial slopes for gradient echo magnitude (0.45±0.31 L/s), SWI (0.52±0.46) and R2* (0.39±0.30) but nearly zero slope for QSM (0.01±0.05). At TE=20 msec, hematoma volume on QSM was 0.80x that on gradient echo magnitude image (R2=0.99), and hematoma volume on CT is also 0.8x that on gradient echo magnitude image according to literature (Stroke 2008;39:2017-2020). Conclusion In conclusion, quantitative susceptibility mapping can provide reliable measurement of hematoma volume, independent echo time and similar to CT.