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1
Trees, V. J. H., and D. M. Stam. "Blue, white, and red ocean planets." Astronomy & Astrophysics 626 (June 2019): A129. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/0004-6361/201935399.
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Context. An exoplanet’s habitability will depend strongly on the presence of liquid water. Flux and/or polarization measurements of starlight that is reflected by exoplanets could help to identify exo-oceans. Aims. We investigate which broadband spectral features in flux and polarization phase functions of reflected starlight uniquely identify exo-oceans. Methods. With an adding-doubling algorithm, we computed total fluxes F and polarized fluxes Q of starlight that is reflected by cloud-free and (partly) cloudy exoplanets, for wavelengths from 350 to 865 nm. The ocean surface has waves composed of Fresnel reflecting wave facets and whitecaps, and scattering within the water body is included. Results. Total flux F, polarized flux Q, and degree of polarization P of ocean planets change color from blue, through white, to red at phase angles α ranging from ~134° to ~108° for F, and from ~123° to ~157° for Q, with cloud coverage fraction fc increasing from 0.0 (cloud-free) to 1.0 (completely cloudy) for F, and to 0.98 for Q. The color change in P only occurs for fc ranging from 0.03 to 0.98, with the color crossing angle α ranging from ~88° to ~161°. The total flux F of a cloudy, zero surface albedo planet can also change color, and for fc = 0.0, an ocean planet’s F will not change color for surface pressures ps ≿ 8 bars. Polarized flux Q of a zero surface albedo planet does not change color for any fc. Conclusions. The color change of P of starlight reflected by an exoplanet, from blue, through white, to red with increasing α above 88°, appears to identify a (partly) cloudy exo-ocean. The color change of polarized flux Q with increasing α above 123° appears to uniquely identify an exo-ocean, independent of surface pressure or cloud fraction. At the color changing phase angle, the angular distance between a star and its planet is much larger than at the phase angle where the glint appears in reflected light. The color change in polarization thus offers better prospects for detecting an exo-ocean.
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Gündüz, Şafak. "Preventing blue ocean from turning into red ocean: A case study of a room escape game." Journal of Human Sciences 15, no. 1 (January 20, 2018): 1. http://dx.doi.org/10.14687/jhs.v15i1.5140.
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The weariness of competitive business environment has made it one of the hot topics of recent business management literature to find ways to escape from the intense Red Ocean by creating a Blue Ocean where there is no competition. Rene and Mauborgne’s Blue Ocean Strategy (2004) provides a reasonable solution for this issue. Blue Ocean Strategy studies demonstrate that every blue ocean will eventually turn red due to fast entries into the market and the literature leaves a gap in understanding how blue ocean could be turned into blue again after it becomes red. This study addresses this void specifically by exploring the practices of a room escape organization of a new-born entertainment sector showing how they could manage to create their second blue ocean after experiencing their blue ocean turning into red. It is aimed at contributing to Blue Ocean Strategy with a case study in which the process of creating a blue ocean is traced; its immediate turning into red and achieving to become blue again is analysed. This study illustrates the ease of application of Blue Ocean Strategy in practice with the case study of a room escape game organisation. This study aims to generate insights for future research for managers, academics, innovators, entrepreneurs and policy makers who are interested in creating their sustainable blue ocean with innovative moves by presenting a solid case analysis.
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Linda Kusnita, Kadek. "Blue Ocean Strategy di Industri Perhotelan." Jurnal Manajemen Bisnis 16, no. 3 (July 15, 2019): 122. http://dx.doi.org/10.38043/jmb.v16i3.2236.
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ABSTRACTThis research is intended to know the marketing carried out by Harper Kuta Hotel to get out of the Red Ocean Marketing carried out in the hospitality industry has implemented a red ocean zone which in all hotels uses the same marketing strategy, so marketing is offered in marketing. This study uses qualitative methods and uses four blue ocean frameworks that explain the strategies that must be corrected and corrected. Data collection uses interview techniques from each resource person. The final goal of this research is to learn the advantages possessed by Harper Kuta Hotel, so that they can choose the right strategy and have innovation.
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Unissa.A, Barkath, and Dr Kumudha. "Blue Ocean Marketing-A Promising Strategy." INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF MANAGEMENT & INFORMATION TECHNOLOGY 7, no. 1 (November 15, 2013): 974–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.24297/ijmit.v7i1.717.
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Companies have long engaged in head-to-head competition in search of sustained, profitable growth. They have fought for competitive advantage, battled over market share, and struggled for differentiation. Yet in todays overcrowded industries, competing head-on results in nothing but a bloody red ocean of rivals fighting over a shrinking profit pool. Tomorrows leading companies will succeed not by battling competitors, but by creating blue oceans of uncontested market space ripe for growth. Such strategic moves termed value innovation create powerful leaps in value for both the firm and its buyers rendering rivals obsolete and unleashing new demand.
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Leavy, Brian. "Value innovation and how to successfully incubate “blue ocean” initiatives." Strategy & Leadership 46, no. 3 (May 21, 2018): 10–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/sl-02-2018-0020.
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Purpose This masterclass examines the blue ocean value innovation process, how it works in practice and how it has evolved since the publication of Blue Ocean Strategy (2005) by W. Chan Kim and Renee Mauborgne as explored in their new book their new book Blue Ocean Shift (2017). Design/methodology/approach The main focus is the value innovation methodology that underlies blue ocean strategy. Findings Blue ocean strategy is a process of value innovation that uncovers new aggregations of demand by redefining the offering category. Practical implications Blue ocean strategy tends to focus on value innovation that uncovers new aggregations of demand by redefining the category while disruptive innovation tends to concentrate on new demand-creation that expands the current served market. Originality/value Blue ocean strategy sets out to reconfigure value propositions in compelling new ways that can deliver a quantum leap beyond the current red ocean value-cost frontier through raising buyer value and lowering company costs simultaneously. The emphasis on both value and innovation is essential to the creation of new “blue ocean” market spaces.
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Kulkarni, Bindu, and Vasant Sivaraman. "Making a Blue Ocean Shift: Tata Ace captures a new market." Journal of Business Strategy 41, no. 4 (July 4, 2019): 11–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/jbs-03-2019-0057.
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Purpose This paper aims to understand how organizations can apply the Blue Ocean Shift process to achieve profitable growth and make competition irrelevant. Design/methodology/approach This paper uses a case study approach. Based on interaction with the senior management of an organization and secondary sources, this paper presents an application of the Blue Ocean Shift process on a strategic move by an organization to achieve value innovation. Findings This paper presents a case of how Tata Motors Ltd. applied Blue Ocean Shift process to come up with the product Tata Ace, which achieved value innovation while making competition irrelevant. From assessing the current state of play to forming a motivated team, working with suppliers and fulfilling the needs of the non-customers and unhappy existing users, they were able to create a strong position for themselves. Practical implications Blue Ocean Strategy, through a process defined as Blue Ocean Shift, can be applied by organizations to achieve value innovation, change market boundaries and achieve profitable growth through their strategic offerings. It can help them get out of “red oceans” which may be a way to view the existing hypercompetitive world. Originality/value This paper contributes to the application of the Blue Ocean Shift process in the Indian context while studying a strategic move of an Indian firm. It showcases an example of how large Indian organizations can successfully apply the process to achieve value innovation.
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Lin Hong, 林宏, 王新民 Wang Xinmin, 卢金军 Lu Jinjun, and 李卫中 Li Weizhong. "Ocean Red Tide Monitoring Method Based on Blue-Green Lidar." Laser & Optoelectronics Progress 47, no. 12 (2010): 120101. http://dx.doi.org/10.3788/lop47.120101.
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Setiawan, Heri Cahyo Bagus, and Beni Dwi Komara. "THE ALTERNATIVE BLUE OCEAN STRATEGY: BAGAIMANA STRATEGI PERUSAHAAN INDUSTRI KOPI SANTRI DALAM MENGHADAPI PERSAINGAN BISNIS?" Jurnal Riset Entrepreneurship 3, no. 1 (February 29, 2020): 26. http://dx.doi.org/10.30587/jre.v3i1.1165.
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Companies that can survive in business competition, must use strategies that are oriented to innovative and efficient values by looking at the company resources and capabilities holistically. When the giant coffee industry companies use the red ocean strategy in the expansion of market competition, the small and medium coffee industry companies (MSMEs) such as The Coffee Santri Industry in this study take the alternative blue ocean strategy into a strategic choice. A choice of strategies that do focus differentiation. Formulating the use of the blue ocean strategy by forming a new concept, namely outlet treatment, coffee shop and manufacturing scrubs, aroma therapy and prayer coffee are essential for survival and expansion outside the Red Ocean arena.
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Chotimah, Chusnul. "INSTITUTIONAL IMPROVEMENT OF AN INDONESIAN ISLAMIC HIGHER EDUCATION." Epistemé: Jurnal Pengembangan Ilmu Keislaman 14, no. 1 (June 19, 2019): 83–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.21274/epis.2019.14.1.83-99.
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Scholarly discussions on institutional development could be divided into two categories; “Blue Ocean Strategy” and “Red Zone Strategy” approaches. Blue Ocean Strategy characterized by creating new innovation and market without locating institution to compete with other institution. Meanwhile, Red Zone Strategy emphasizes on initiating a different innovation in order to contest in the marketplace. This article examines the transformation of IAIN Tulungagung from STAIN to IAIN in 2013. This article employs qualitative approach and demonstrates that IAIN Tulungagung has created a creative innovation such as initiating Edu-fair event to attract new students, bulding a new brand, establishing the advance program to promote its institution, and developing the human capital. This strategy indicates that IAIN Tulungagung applies Blue Ocean Strategy in developing its institution such as Decrease-Delete-Create-Increase becomes Passive-Save-Create-Increase.
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Yardley, Josh. "Swimming in the blue ocean versus riding the choppy waves of the red ocean." Journal of Aesthetic Nursing 4, no. 7 (September 2, 2015): 354–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.12968/joan.2015.4.7.354.
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Hanifah, Hanifah, Aswanti Setyawati, and Reni Dian Octaviani. "THE IMPLEMENTATION OF BLUE OCEAN STRATEGY TO CREATE A MARKET NICHE." JURNAL MANAJEMEN TRANSPORTASI DAN LOGISTIK 2, no. 2 (July 25, 2017): 191. http://dx.doi.org/10.25292/j.mtl.v2i2.118.
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Business competition among companies has led to major changes. Thus, companies must be responsive to the business strategy implemented [by competitors] and create business opportunities that can generate profits. One way is to implement Blue Ocean Strategy that allows businesses to create a niche market to get out of the red ocean competition so that competition becomes irrelevant. This study is aimed at analyzing the condition of a company implementing the Blue Ocean strategy represented by PT Kintetsu World Express in the period of 2012-2013. By using the descriptive method and the theories in strategic management, it is clearly visible how the implementation of Blue Ocean Strategy by PT Kintetsu World Express Indonesia can make the company win the competition and becomes the “Market Leader”. Making the Internal Process Company (IPF - BOS) in order to optimize the implementation of Blue Ocean Strategy, making the value of the company and the products to be better in the consumer’s perspective.
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Gritsenko, Serhii. "Development Strategy for Environmentally-Oriented Transport and Logistics Clusters of the Blue Ocean." Herald of the Economic Sciences of Ukraine, no. 2(37) (December 23, 2019): 151–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.37405/1729-7206.2019.2(37).151-156.
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The general aspects of the business universe, which consists of two different types of space that have a strategy of red and blue oceans, are revealed. The theoretical basis of the formation of a strategy for the development of ecologically oriented transport and logistics clusters of the blue ocean is substantiated. The mutual influence of environmental aspects, transport and logistics clusters and intelligent transport systems is argued. The relevance of introducing intelligent transport systems to improve the quality of transport services has been proved and their feasibility has been determined. A business model of the development strategy of environmentally oriented transport and logistics clusters is proposed. Keywords strategy, competitive advantages, value, ecologization, intelligent transport systems, transport and logistics clusters.
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Amar, Siti Salama. "Strategi Pengembangan Berbasis Inovasi Nilai Produk Seafood Crispy Menggunakan Quality Fuction Deployment." JKBM (JURNAL KONSEP BISNIS DAN MANAJEMEN) 6, no. 1 (November 30, 2019): 94. http://dx.doi.org/10.31289/jkbm.v6i1.3049.
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<p>This research was conducted to design a business strategy of crispy seafood SMEs, especially in Pamekasan Madura, in order to improve product competitiveness. The product development strategy was analyzed using Quality Function Deployment (QFD) which was subsequently integrated with Blue Ocean Strategy (BOS) in a four-step analysis framework (ERRC Grip), in order to obtain highly competitive products and get out of red ocean competition. This study collected data with interview techniques on crispy seafood IKM and questionnaires involving 180 respondents. From the respondents' evaluation of 17 indicators of customer satisfaction, only 7 indicators exceeded customer expectations. Through the planning matrix, indicators of satisfaction (customer requirements) are identified into 9 technical requirements (responses) and result in an increase in product quality that must be considered and prioritized crispy seafood IKM outlined in the HoQ Matrix. The four biggest priorities for increasing the competitiveness of crispy sea seafood products are market reach, packaging design, quality of supporting materials and prices. All response techniques then analyzed using ERRC Grip, which can be used as a guideline for SMEs in conducting business and out of the competition for the red ocean to blue ocean</p>
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Wagner, T., S. Beirle, H. Sihler, and K. Mies. "A feasibility study for the retrieval of the total column precipitable water vapor from satellite observations in the blue spectral range." Atmospheric Measurement Techniques Discussions 6, no. 2 (April 12, 2013): 3643–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/amtd-6-3643-2013.
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Abstract. We present a new algorithm for satellite retrievals of the atmospheric water vapor column in the blue spectral range. The water vapor absorption cross section in the blue spectral range is much weaker than in the red spectral range. Thus the detection limit and the uncertainty of individual observations is systematically larger than for retrievals at longer wavelengths. Nevertheless, water vapor retrievals in the blue spectral range have also several advantages: since the surface albedo in the blue spectral range is similar over land and ocean, water vapor retrievals are more consistent than for longer wavelengths. Compared to retrievals at longer wavelengths, over ocean the sensitivity for atmospheric layers close to the surface is higher due to the (typically 2 to 3 times) higher ocean albedo in the blue. Water vapor retrievals in the blue spectral range are also possible for satellite sensors, which do not measure at longer wavelengths of the visible spectral range like the Ozone Monitoring instrument (OMI). We investigated details of the water vapor retrieval in the blue spectral range based on radiative transfer simulations and observations from the Global Ozone Monitoring Experiment 2 (GOME-2) and OMI. It is demonstrated that it is possible to retrieve the atmospheric water vapor column density in the blue spectral range over most parts of the globe. The findings of our study are of importance also for future satellite missions like e.g. Sentinel 4 and 5.
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Lubis, Asep Ridwan, and Sonny Rustiadi. "A Proposed Growth Business Strategy through New Value Creation at Education Consultant Service." 11th GLOBAL CONFERENCE ON BUSINESS AND SOCIAL SCIENCES 11, no. 1 (December 9, 2020): 68. http://dx.doi.org/10.35609/gcbssproceeding.2020.11(68).
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Education is a process of adding new values in self and human life. Education becomes one of the most important elements to develop society and make people understand the value, have value, and deliver the value for the others. People realize that getting a good education is the most important thing before starting a job or career. The forecast demand for educational service trigged business in education was getting more attractive and people have started the run the business in the same industry which relatively same business process and it causes red-ocean. In case, the new education company tried to enter the market full of uncertainty. The research problem is how the company created a new value proposition beyond competition through the blue ocean strategy for grew the business up. Keywords: new value creation, blue ocean strategy, business strategy
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Deniz, Irem, Zeliha Demirel, Esra Imamoglu, and Meltem Conk Dalay. "Enhanced Microalgal Lipid Production in Internally Illuminated Airlift Photobioreactor." Marine Technology Society Journal 53, no. 2 (March 1, 2019): 38–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.4031/mtsj.53.2.4.
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AbstractInternal illumination systems are being considered for use as an alternative light supply technique in microalgal products. The main goal of the study was to analyze the roles of different light wavelengths in internally illuminated airlift photobioreactors (PBRs) providing the light energy in an efficient way for the biomass production, lipid yield, and fatty acid composition of Amphora capitellata. The maximum chlorophyll-a concentration per unit biomass (2.62 ± 0.16 mg L−1) was obtained under red light, which was only 14% higher than under blue light in internally illuminated airlift PBR, whereas low chlorophyll-a content was found under white light. Maximum specific growth rate of 0.317 day−1, which corresponded to a doubling time of 2.185 days, was obtained under red light for A. capitellata. It was found that lipid content increased with decreasing growth rate for A. capitellata. Palmitic acid (C16:0) and palmitoleic acid (C16:1) were the principal fatty acids accounting for between 31%‐33% and 31%‐32% of total fatty acids, respectively. It is important to underline that red and blue light spectrum ranges contribute to improved biomass growth, whereas white light has the potential to support lipid content of diatoms.
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Smodila, Martina, and Marko Perić. "Strategic orientation of Croatian companies: Blue or red oceans?" Naucne publikacije Drzavnog univerziteta u Novom Pazaru. Serija B, Drustvene & humanisticke nauke 2, no. 1 (2019): 46–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.5937/npdunp1901047s.
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Szabó, Roland Z., and Borbála Szedmák. "The Value Innovation of Symphony Orchestras and the Triggering Effect of Coronavirus." Theory, Methodology, Practice 16, no. 2 (2020): 89–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.18096/tmp.2020.02.09.
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The current coronavirus situation both gives an opportunity to the organizations and forces them to change and rethink fundamentally their business models. The pandemic causes an extremely difficult situation for symphony orchestras, as they have to cancel their performances and redefine how to reach their audience. Either they follow a Red Ocean Strategy and lose significant revenue or develop a Blue Ocean Strategy and prosper. The Blue Ocean Strategy involves a value innovation that can be achieved by four actions (eliminate, reduce, raise, create) and taking advantage of the opportunities offered by digitalization. After briefly reviewing the concept of business model innovation, the article gives an overview of some novel aspirations, attempts and projects selected from international and Hungarian symphonic orchestral life to provide excellent examples of how the value proposition can be redefined and how the expectations of the 21st-century audience can be met.
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Limbacher, J. A., and R. A. Kahn. "MISR Research Aerosol Algorithm: refinements for dark water retrievals." Atmospheric Measurement Techniques Discussions 7, no. 7 (July 31, 2014): 7837–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/amtd-7-7837-2014.
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Abstract. We explore systematically the cumulative effect of many assumptions made in the MISR Research Aerosol retrieval algorithm, with the aim of quantifying the main sources of bias and uncertainty over ocean, and correcting them to the extent possible. 1132 coincident, surface-based sun photometer spectral aerosol optical depth (AOD) measurements are used for validation. Based on comparisons between these data and our baseline case (similar to the MISR Standard algorithm, but without the "modified linear mixing" approximation), for mid-visible AOD < 0.10, a high bias of 0.024 (0.032 for blue) is reduced by about half in the blue and green bands when (1) ocean surface under-light is included and the whitecap reflectance is increased for the red band, (2) physically based adjustments in particle microphysical properties and mixtures are made, (3) an adaptive pixel selection method is used, (4) spectral uncertainty is estimated from vicarious calibration, and (5) minor radiometric calibration changes are made for the red and NIR wavelengths. Applying (6) more stringent cloud screening (setting the maximum non-clear fraction to 0.50) brings all median spectral biases below 0.01. Large surface-modeling uncertainties preclude the use of both the blue and green MISR bands for over-ocean aerosol retrievals, even at mid-visible AOD higher than 0.2. When all adjustments are included (except more stringent cloud screening) and a modified acceptance criterion is used, the RMSE decreases for all wavelengths by 10–26% for the Research Algorithm itself, and 12–35% compared to the Version 22 MISR Standard Algorithm (SA). At mid-visible wavelengths, 86% of AOD data falls within 0.05 or 20% of validation values; 61% of blue band AOD data, and > 68% of green, red, and NIR values fall within 0.03 or 10%. For Ångström exponent (ANG): 68% of 1117 validation cases for AOD > 0.01 fall within 0.275 of the sun photometer values, compared to 49% for the SA. ANG RMSE decreases by 16% compared to the SA, and the median absolute error drops by 36%.
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Ortiz-Rey, Noemí, Nicoleta González-Cancelas, Beatriz Molina Serrano, Francisco Soler-Flores, and Alberto Camarero-Orive. "Use of the Blue Ocean Strategy to obtain ports 4.0." INGENIERÍA Y COMPETITIVIDAD 23, no. 1 (September 28, 2020): e9466. http://dx.doi.org/10.25100/iyc.v23i1.9466.
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The fourth industrial revolution is characterized by a high level of digitalization of systems and processes. This revolution has reached the Spanish ports. They have been investing for years in the implementation of new technologies, aimed at promoting sustainability and environmental quality, as well as seeking a more efficient and orderly logistics. Ports are moving towards their digital transformation, which is materialized in the well-known Ports 4.0. These intelligent ports, or Smart Ports, cover a multitude of aspects and variables. Automation, digitalization, technologies that allow interoperability, transparency, decentralization, and customer experience define the context of the application of the concept 'Ports 4.0' to the Spanish logistics-port sector. How to achieve a satisfactory digitization process that allows progress towards Port 4.0 in the Spanish port system is one of the questions being raised recently. The Spanish port world could be represented by a red ocean, since in a very generalist way it can be said that it is a marked described by a fierce competition lacking in differentiation. Therefore, with this proposal, the aim is to take the Spanish port system to a blue ocean, where a suitable strategy and innovation generate leaps in value that make competitors irrelevant because customers compare different products and services. To be able to respond to this, the Blue Ocean Strategy is planted, leaving aside the competition between ports and generating new demand. From the study carried out, it is concluded that Spanish ports still have a long way to go in terms of sustainability. It also concludes that a new management model would mean the innovation in value that is necessary for the process towards ports 4.0.
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Mason, Brooke, Andrew Tubbs, William Killgore, Fabian-Xosé Fernandez, and Michael Grandner. "257 How Much Blue Do Blue-Blockers Block if Blue-Blockers Do Block Blue?" Sleep 44, Supplement_2 (May 1, 2021): A103. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/sleep/zsab072.256.
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Abstract Introduction Short-wavelength light (440-530nm) can suppress endogenous melatonin secretion from the pineal gland. This has been observed in realworld settings when people use electronic media at night that emits light from this part of the visible spectrum. Blue-blocking glasses are a possible intervention to reduce blue light exposure. The present study evaluated the ability of commercially available blue-blockers to block blue light emitted by LEDs. Methods A calibrated spectroradiometer (Ocean Insight), cosine corrector, optic fiber, and software package were used to measure the absolute irradiance (uW/cm^2/nm) generated from a blue light source (Phillips Go Lite Blu) in an otherwise completely dark room. Thirty-one different commercially-available blue-blockers were individually placed between the cosine corrector and the light source at a standardized distance, and then intensity was measured and analyzed. Lenses were evaluated with regards to the amount of blue light they suppressed both individually and grouped by lens tint: red-tinted lenses (RTL), orange-tinted lenses (OTL), orange-tinted lenses with blue reflectivity (OBL), brown-tinted lenses (BTL), yellow-tinted lenses (YTL), and clear lenses with blue reflectivity (RBL). Results RTL blocked 100% of the short-wavelength light, while OTL and OBL blocked 99%, BTL blocked 66%, YTL blocked 38%, and RBL blocked 11% of it. This represented a statistically significant between-group difference (one-way ANOVA, < 0.0001). Within groups, there was variability in performance among individual lenses, though this variability was small compared to the between-group differences. Conclusion The RTL, OTL, and OBL block light best capable of suppressing melatonin secretion at night (440-530 nm); with slightly less efficacy, BTL and YTL also restricted much of the light exposure. Lastly, RBL were not effective at curtailing short-wavelength light. Those looking to optimize blue-blocking capabilities should use RTL, OTL, and OBL, rather than other lens types. Support (if any):
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Wagner, T., S. Beirle, H. Sihler, and K. Mies. "A feasibility study for the retrieval of the total column precipitable water vapour from satellite observations in the blue spectral range." Atmospheric Measurement Techniques 6, no. 10 (October 8, 2013): 2593–605. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/amt-6-2593-2013.
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Abstract. We present a new algorithm for satellite retrievals of the atmospheric water vapour column in the blue spectral range. The water vapour absorption cross section in the blue spectral range is much weaker than in the red spectral range. Thus the detection limit and the uncertainty of individual observations are systematically larger than for retrievals at longer wavelengths. Nevertheless, water vapour retrievals in the blue spectral range have also several advantages: since the surface albedo in the blue spectral range is similar over land and ocean, water vapour retrievals are more consistent than for longer wavelengths. Compared to retrievals at longer wavelengths, the sensitivity for atmospheric layers close to the surface is higher due to the (typically 2 to 3 times) higher ocean albedo in the blue. Water vapour retrievals in the blue spectral range are also possible for satellite sensors, which do not measure at longer wavelengths of the visible spectral range like the Ozone Monitoring Instrument (OMI). We investigated details of the water vapour retrieval in the blue spectral range based on radiative transfer simulations and observations from the Global Ozone Monitoring Experiment 2 (GOME-2) and OMI. It is demonstrated that it is possible to retrieve the atmospheric water vapour column density in the blue spectral range over most parts of the globe. The findings of our study are of importance also for future satellite missions (e.g. Sentinel 4 and 5).
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Sammy Boya, Kgaugelo. "Bus rapid transit projects involving the South African government and small operators (as SMMEs): is bus rapid transit a blue or red ocean strategy?" Problems and Perspectives in Management 14, no. 1 (April 11, 2016): 217–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.21511/ppm.14(1-1).2016.10.
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Transport forms the heartbeat of the economy, not only in South Africa but also globally. Over time the South African government has invested a great deal of resources in transport projects such as taxi recapitalization rail technology as well as bus rapid transit (BRT). The BRT project has been a point of discussion in terms of the value which it can bring to key stakeholders, particularly to commuters and the country’s economy at large. BRT is basically an urban public bus transport strategy which seeks to alleviate congestion, mostly in the Metropolitan areas. In this paper the significance of the BRT strategy is highlighted as this may guide future public transport project investment. As a strategic move, the decision for government to roll out BRT is evaluated in terms of blue ocean strategy (BOS) principles and red ocean strategy (ROS) elements. BOS strategy suggests that an organization operates in its own created market space where competition is rendered irrelevant, whereas with ROS organization relies on having a competitive edge in order to outsmart its rivals. The preliminary findings suggest that there are some elements of both BOS principles and ROS that are relevant to BRT projects. BRT is seen as a useful public transport investment particularly for countries with developing economies elements such as South Africa. However, stakeholder buy-in and cooperation should be promoted to preserve the strategic and social gains brought about by BRT and other integrated public transport projects
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Cui, Tingwei, Jing Ding, Fujuan Jia, Bing Mu, Rongjie Liu, Pengmei Xu, Jianqiang Liu, and Jie Zhang. "Out-of-Band Response for the Coastal Zone Imager (CZI) Onboard China’s Ocean Color Satellite HY-1C: Effect on the Observation Just above the Sea Surface." Sensors 18, no. 9 (September 12, 2018): 3067. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/s18093067.
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The out-of-band (OOB) response is one of the key specifications for satellite optical sensors, which has important influences on quantitative remote sensing retrieval. In this paper, the effect of OOB response on the radiometric measurements made just above the sea surface is evaluated for the three broad visible bands (i.e., blue, green, and red) of the Coastal Zone Imager (CZI) onboard China’s ocean satellite HY-1C to be launched in September 2018. For the turbid coastal (Case 2) waters whose optical properties are mainly dominated by suspended sediment and colored dissolved organic material, the OOB effect can be neglected (<2%) for all three CZI visible bands. For the phytoplankton-dominated (Case 1) waters which are mainly distributed in the clear open ocean, a significant (>2%) OOB effect was found in the green band over oligotrophic waters (chlorophyll a concentration ≤~0.1 mg/m3), and accordingly a model based on the CZI blue-green band ratio is proposed to correct this effect. The OOB influence on the CZI ocean color retrieval is discussed. This research highlights the importance of the comprehensive pre-launch radiometric characterization and the OOB effect correction for the broad band space-borne sensor, in order to achieve a high-quality quantitative ocean product.
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Lv, Yinghan. "The Business Model Study on Red Collar Group: Based on the Perspective of Blue Ocean Strategy." Chinese Studies 06, no. 02 (2017): 123–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.4236/chnstd.2017.62011.
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Peng, Yu Feng, Shao Ge Yang, Li Li Zhao, and Xin Yi Zhao. "Experimental Study on the Influence of Seawater Chemical Composition on the Laser Transmission Characteristics." Applied Mechanics and Materials 448-453 (October 2013): 3717–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.448-453.3717.
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Marine development activities have a great impact on the Marine environment. Laser transmission has been widely used in marine communications and imaging technology. Due to the different proportion of the chemical composition of seawater in each Ocean field, the laser transmission characteristic in seawater is also different. The transmittance has been measured and calculated in a constant transmission distance in this experiment, by four different wavelength lasers and different concentrations of the various chemical components of the seawater. Then the data were analyzed by transmission curve fitting. The conclusion of this experiment is: for relatively pure seawater, the transmission characteristics of blue - green laser is better than the purple or red laser, and green laser transmission characteristics is better than blue laser; for larger impurities seawater such as Tianjin seawater, the transmission characteristics of red laser is better than the other three wavelength laser.
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Jayadevan, Vijai T., Jeffrey J. Rodriguez, and Alexander D. Cronin. "A New Contrast-Enhancing Feature for Cloud Detection in Ground-Based Sky Images." Journal of Atmospheric and Oceanic Technology 32, no. 2 (February 2015): 209–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.1175/jtech-d-14-00053.1.
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AbstractFor this study a ground-based sky imaging system was developed that, unlike most other such systems, consists of a low-cost sun-tracking camera fitted with a fish-eye lens. The application of interest is short-term solar power forecasting, so cloud detection is an important step. The hybrid thresholding algorithm proposed by Li et al. for cloud detection is employed. Most cloud detection algorithms make use of the red and blue components in a color image. Though these features perform well for many images, they do not produce good results for the images in this study due to the insufficient contrast between cloud and sky pixels when using ratios between red and blue. To overcome this issue, a new feature, the normalized saturation/value (NSV) ratio, is proposed that is computed in the hue–saturation–value (HSV) color space. This study shows that the NSV ratio produces good contrast between cloud and sky pixels not only for the images in this study but also for general sky images acquired using different camera systems. The reasoning behind the choice of the new ratio is described, and quantitative and qualitative results are presented.
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Iskandar, Johan, Yunita Rahma, and Sindy Andiani. "Karakterisasi Sumber Cahaya Menggunakan Spektrofotometer Vis-Nir untuk Optimasi Optical Non-Contact Speedometer." Jurnal Ilmu Komputer 10, no. 1 (April 28, 2021): 69–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.33060/jik/2021/vol10.iss1.188.
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Characterization the light source has been carried out using a Vis-Nir spectrophotometer with the Ocean Optics DTmini-2 model. The purpose of this characteristic is to obtain the optimum wavelength as a light source in making a digital optical non-contact speedometer model. There are 5 light sources tested, namely blue, green, yellow, red and white light. From the characterization results, the wavelengths were blue (450 nm), green (540 nm), yellow (570 nm), red (640 nm) and white (550 nm). In making the digital optical non-contact speedometer model, a photodiode sensor is used which has an absorbance peak point at 479 nm, 680, and 900 nm. The working principle of the prototype is to detect changes in light intensity as a result of the reflectance by the wheel. The sensor reads every color changes on the wheel and the results will be sent to the microcontroller for further processing. The results obtained are that the red LED is excellent to this prototype because it has the highest ADC value compared to other light sources tested. This is consistent with the results of the sensor spectrophotometer characterization.
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Kelly, Richard O., Zhanao Deng, Brent K. Harbaugh, and Rick K. Schoellhorn. "Evaluation of Pansy Cultivars as Bedding Plants to Select the Best-of-class." HortTechnology 15, no. 3 (January 2005): 706–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.21273/horttech.15.3.0706.
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Florida is one of the top wholesale producers of bedding plants, and in 2003 was ranked fourth in annual bedding plant production and fifth in potted pansy/viola production. Evaluation of pansy cultivars is vital for continued growth of the industry. We evaluated 210 cultivars of pansy (Viola ×wittrockiana) (164 new cultivars) in replicated class tests at the University of Florida's Gulf Coast Research and Education Center at Bradenton, Fla., from 2000–04 to determine the best-of-class and use them in future trials to compare against new entries in the same class. In this report, we provide objective plant measurements of vegetative and floral characteristics as well as subjective performance ratings. Subjective ratings were on a 1 to 7 scale with the highest rating of 7 for excellent. In general, overall performance ratings (combined foliage, flower, arthropod, and disease ratings) ≥5.5 were considered outstanding. Pansy cultivars were grouped into classes based on flower color and pattern. Best-of-class selections that had an outstanding overall performance rating in one or more contested trials, never falling below 5.0 in other contested trials, were: (black class) `Accord/Banner Black Beauty', (blue shades/tints class) `Nature Blue', (blue with blotch class) `Nature Ocean', (mix class) `Panola Clear Mixture', (pink shades/tints with blotch class) `Nature Pink Shades', [purple (dark), blue-violet with white cap class] `Nature Beacon', [purple (dark), blue-violet/white face with blotch class] `Panola Purple With Face', (purple with light eye class) `Baby Bingo Lavender Blue', (white class) `Nature White', (yellow class) `Nature Yellow', (yellow with blotch and purple, blue-violet cap class) `Iona Purple & Yellow With Blotch', (yellow with blotch and red cap class) `Bingo Red & Yellow', (yellow with blotch and red cap class) `Panola Yellow With Blotch', (yellow with dark veins class) `Whiskers Yellow'. We believe these cultivars would perform well in the southern U.S. or areas of the world with similar heat and cold hardiness zones.
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Pouretedal, H. R., and S. Sabzevari. "Photodegradation study of congo red, methyl orange, methyl red and methylene blue under simulated solar irradiation catalyzed by ZnS/CdS nanocomposite." Desalination and Water Treatment 28, no. 1-3 (April 2011): 247–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.5004/dwt.2011.1853.
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Saito, Masanori, and Hironobu Iwabuchi. "Cloud Discrimination from Sky Images Using a Clear-Sky Index." Journal of Atmospheric and Oceanic Technology 33, no. 8 (August 2016): 1583–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.1175/jtech-d-15-0204.1.
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AbstractCloud fraction mainly affects the incoming solar irradiance at the surface and is measured with ground-based sky imagers. Although several methods enable cloud discrimination from digital sky images, cloud discrimination methods are still being developed to improve the classification accuracy. This study presents two methods for effective cloud discrimination from digital sky images using a newly defined clear-sky index (CSI). The CSI represents the degree of similarity of the spectral distribution to that expected for clear sky. In the advanced method (AM), the CSI is obtained from red–green–blue (RGB) signals in RAW format by linear transformation by taking into account the solar spectrum at the top of the atmosphere, the ozone transmittance, and the spectral response of the RGB channels. The simplified method (SM) uses digital signals in a JPEG format assuming prescribed color matching functions and atmospheric states. The AM can correctly classify broken gray clouds as cloud and aureole as clear sky in most cases, and it discriminates clear sky and clouds with a correct classification rate of 93.6% based on a comparison with the zenith-pointing lidar measurements. The SM demonstrates accurate cloud discrimination performance as well as the red-to-blue ratio method does. The use of RAW format data allows for more accurate image-based cloud discrimination.
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Seagren, Chad W., Donald P. Gaver, and Patricia A. Jacobs. "A stochastic air combat logistics decision model for Blue versus Red opposition." Naval Research Logistics (NRL) 66, no. 8 (November 6, 2019): 663–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/nav.21876.
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Sizemore, John M. "After 25 Years, Where Are We?" Journal of Ship Production 19, no. 03 (August 1, 2003): 141–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.5957/jsp.2003.19.3.141.
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In every human endeavor, it is wise to periodically disengage for a moment from the details of the task at hand, and from a wider perspective consider the whole. Just so, we propose a different sort of overview of robotics implementation in U.S. shipbuilding. Rather than produce yet another travelogue through the various red robots, the orange ones, the yellow ones, the green and the blue, we need to look at our present position compared with the whole journey. We also need to note some signs along the road.
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Coffey, William D., Jessica A. Nardone, Aparna Yarram, W. Christopher Long, Katherine M. Swiney, Robert J. Foy, and Gary H. Dickinson. "Ocean acidification leads to altered micromechanical properties of the mineralized cuticle in juvenile red and blue king crabs." Journal of Experimental Marine Biology and Ecology 495 (October 2017): 1–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jembe.2017.05.011.
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Sarioglu, Meltem, and Turgay Bisgin. "Decolorization of Basic Red 46 and Methylene Blue by anaerobic sludge: Biotic and abiotic processes." Desalination and Water Treatment 23, no. 1-3 (November 2010): 61–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.5004/dwt.2010.1951.
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Yang, Bing, Po Hu, and Yijun Hou. "Variation and Episodes of Near-Inertial Internal Waves on the Continental Slope of the Southeastern East China Sea." Journal of Marine Science and Engineering 9, no. 8 (August 23, 2021): 916. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/jmse9080916.
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Based on in situ observations, six episodes of near-inertial internal waves (NIWs) were detected on the East China Sea (ECS) continental slope, and the mechanisms and characteristics of them were examined. The generation mechanisms of the observed NIWs included typhoon, wind burst, lateral propagation, and energy transfer from low-frequency flow. The depth-integrated near-inertial kinetic energy (NIKE) showed no significant seasonal variation, and the annual mean NIKE and near-inertial currents were 400 J/m2 and 3.50 cm/s, respectively. Downward propagation of NIKE was evident in the small wavenumber band according to the rotary vertical wavenumber spectra. The NIKE was subsurface-intensified, and the near-inertial vertical shear reached 0.01 s−1. The vertical phase speeds of the NIWs ranged from 5 to 19 m/h. The frequencies of the NIWs were mostly red-shifted, however, blue-shift also existed. One episode had both blue- and red-shifted frequencies vertically, and had both upward and downward propagating vertical phase speeds. The e-folding times of the observed NIWs ranged from 4 to 11 days, which were influenced by successive wind bursts and background vorticity. On the left-hand side of Kuroshio, the background vorticity is usually positive; however, the NIWs were almost red-shifted, which resulted from the Doppler shift of the Kuroshio.
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Luan, Xin, Guojia Hou, Zhengyuan Sun, Yongfang Wang, Dalei Song, and Shuxin Wang. "Underwater Color Image Enhancement Using Combining Schemes." Marine Technology Society Journal 48, no. 3 (May 1, 2014): 57–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.4031/mtsj.48.3.8.
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AbstractUnderwater color image processing has received considerable attention in the last few decades for underwater image-based observation. In this article, a novel underwater image enhancement approach using combining schemes is presented. This study aims to improve color correction under nonuniform illumination conditions. The objective of this approach is threefold. First, to correct nonuniform illumination and enhance contrast in the image, homomorphic filtering is used. Second, the color contrast of an image is equalized by a contrast stretching algorithm in RGB (red, green and blue) color space. Finally, the noise amplified after the previous two steps is suppressed by using wavelet domain denoising based on threshold processing. The comparison of experimental results shows that the proposed approach of underwater image enhancement can correct the color imbalance and is especially suitable for processing underwater color images that have nonuniform lighting.
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Kim, Song-Kyoo (Amang). "Antagonistic One-To-N Stochastic Duel Game." Mathematics 8, no. 7 (July 6, 2020): 1114. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/math8071114.
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This paper is dealing with a multiple person game model under the antagonistic duel type setup. The unique multiple person duel game with the one-shooting-to-kill-all condition is analytically solved and the explicit formulas are obtained to determine the time dependent duel game model by using the first exceed theory. The model could be directly applied into real-world situations and an analogue of the theory in the paper is designed for solving the best shooting time for hitting all other players at once which optimizes the payoff function under random time conditions. It also mathematically explains to build the marketing strategies for the entry timing for both blue and red ocean markets.
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Duarte, Bernardo, Eduardo Feijão, Johannes W. Goessling, Isabel Caçador, and Ana Rita Matos. "Pigment and Fatty Acid Production under Different Light Qualities in the Diatom Phaeodactylum tricornutum." Applied Sciences 11, no. 6 (March 12, 2021): 2550. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/app11062550.
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Diatoms are microscopic biorefineries producing value-added molecules, including unique pigments, triglycerides (TAGs) and long-chain polyunsaturated fatty acids (LC-PUFAs), with potential implications in aquaculture feeding and the food or biofuel industries. These molecules are utilized in vivo for energy harvesting from sunlight to drive photosynthesis and as photosynthetic storage products, respectively. In the present paper, we evaluate the effect of narrow-band spectral illumination on carotenoid, LC-PUFAs and TAG contents in the model diatom Phaeodactylum tricornutum. Shorter wavelengths in the blue spectral range resulted in higher production of total fatty acids, namely saturated TAGs. Longer wavelengths in the red spectral range increased the cell’s content in Hexadecatrienoic acid (HTA) and Eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA). Red wavelengths induced higher production of photoprotective carotenoids, namely fucoxanthin. In combination, the results demonstrate how diatom value-added molecule production can be modulated by spectral light control during the growth. How diatoms could use such mechanisms to regulate efficient light absorption and cell buoyancy in the open ocean is discussed.
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Hooper, Brett A., Becky Van Pelt, J. Z. Williams, J. P. Dugan, M. Yi, C. C. Piotrowski, and C. Miskey. "Airborne Spectral Polarimeter for Ocean Wave Research." Journal of Atmospheric and Oceanic Technology 32, no. 4 (April 2015): 805–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.1175/jtech-d-14-00190.1.
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AbstractThe Airborne Remote Optical Spotlight System (AROSS) family of sensors consists of airborne imaging systems that provide passive, high-dynamic range, time series image data and has been used successfully to characterize currents and bathymetry of nearshore ocean, tidal flat, and riverine environments. AROSS–multispectral polarimeter (AROSS-MSP) is a 12-camera system that extends this time series capability to simultaneous color and polarization measurements for the full linear polarization of the imaged scene in red, green, and blue, and near-infrared (RGB–NIR) wavelength bands. Color and polarimetry provide unique information for retrieving dynamic environmental parameters over a larger area (square kilometers) than is possible with typical in situ measurements. This particular field of optical remote sensing is developing rapidly, and simultaneous color and polarimetric data are expected to enable the development of a number of additional important environmental data products, such as the improved ability to image the subsurface water column or maximizing wave contrast to improve oceanographic parameter retrievals of wave spectra and wave heights.One of the main obstacles to providing good-quality polarimetric image data from a multicamera system is the ability to accurately merge imagery from the cameras to a subpixel level. This study shows that the imagery from AROSS-MSP can be merged to an accuracy better than one-twentieth of a pixel, comparing two different automated algorithmic techniques. This paper describes the architecture of AROSS-MSP, the approach for providing simultaneous color and polarization imagery in space and time, an error analysis to characterize the measurements, and example color and polarization data products from ocean wave imagery.
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Mason, Brooke, Andrew Tubbs, Fabian-Xosé Fernandez, and Michael Grandner. "255 Spectrophotometric Properties of Commercial Blue-Blocking Lenses in Sunlight." Sleep 44, Supplement_2 (May 1, 2021): A102—A103. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/sleep/zsab072.254.
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Abstract Introduction Blue-blocking glasses are increasingly used as an intervention for jet-lag and other situations where an individual wishes to promote a “dark” signal despite the presence of ambient light. However, most studies on blue-blockers are done under controlled laboratory settings using emissions generated from electric light sources. The present study evaluated the performance of commercially available blue-blockers under daytime sunlight conditions. Methods A calibrated spectroradiometer (Ocean Insight), cosine corrector, optic fiber, and software package were used to measure the absolute irradiance (uW/cm^2/nm) available midday in a standardized location that received direct sunlight. Thirty-one commercially available blue-blockers were individually placed in front of the cosine corrector and intensity was measured and analyzed. Each lens was tested for its ability to block visible light, as well as light within the 440-530nm range. Lenses were evaluated individually and grouped by lens type: red-tinted lenses (RTL), orange-tinted lenses (ORL), orange-tinted lenses with blue reflectivity (OBL), brown-tinted lenses (BTL), yellow-tinted lenses (YTL), and clear lenses with blue reflectivity (RBL). Results Across the full spectrum, RTL blocked 66% of the light, OTL blocked 60%, OBL blocked 43%, BTL blocked 56%, YTL blocked 28%, and RBL blocked 20%. When the range was restricted to 440-530nm, RTL blocked 99%, OTL blocked 96%, OBL blocked 90%, BTL blocked 66%, YTL blocked 38%, and RBL blocked 17% of the light. Variation across lens types was significant for the full spectrum (one-way ANOVA, p < 0.0001) as well as the 440-530nm range (one-way ANOVA, p < 0.0001). Individual lenses showed variability in performance, though this variability was smaller than the between-group differences. Conclusion Under daylight conditions, red and orange lenses (RTL, OTL, and OBL) blocked at least 90% of the light in the 440-530nm range. Notably, RBL lenses restricted the most short-wavelength light as a proportion of the total light blocked. These data suggest that RTL, OTL, and OBL are effective at blocking the most circadian photosensitive components of daylight at the cost of reducing total illumination. Support (if any) R01MD011600, R01DA051321
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Kahn, Ralph, Wen-Hao Li, John V. Martonchik, Carol J. Bruegge, David J. Diner, Barbara J. Gaitley, Wedad Abdou, et al. "MISR Calibration and Implications for Low-Light-Level Aerosol Retrieval over Dark Water." Journal of the Atmospheric Sciences 62, no. 4 (April 1, 2005): 1032–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.1175/jas3390.1.
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Abstract Studying aerosols over ocean is one goal of the Multiangle Imaging Spectroradiometer (MISR) and other spaceborne imaging systems. But top-of-atmosphere equivalent reflectance typically falls in the range of 0.03 to 0.12 at midvisible wavelengths and can be below 0.01 in the near-infrared, when an optically thin aerosol layer is viewed over a dark ocean surface. Special attention must be given to radiometric calibration if aerosol optical thickness, and any information about particle microphysical properties, are to be reliably retrieved from such observations. MISR low-light-level vicarious calibration is performed in the vicinity of remote islands hosting Aerosol Robotic Network (AERONET) sun- and sky-scanning radiometers, under low aerosol loading, low wind speed, relatively cloud free conditions. MISR equivalent reflectance is compared with values calculated from a radiative transfer model constrained by coincident, AERONET-retrieved aerosol spectral optical thickness, size distribution, and single scattering albedo, along with in situ wind measurements. Where the nadir view is not in sun glint, MISR equivalent reflectance is also compared with Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer (MODIS) reflectance. The authors push the limits of the vicarious calibration method’s accuracy, aiming to assess absolute, camera-to-camera, and band-to-band radiometry. Patterns repeated over many well-constrained cases lend confidence to the results, at a few percent accuracy, as do additional vicarious calibration tests performed with multiplatform observations taken during the Chesapeake Lighthouse and Aircraft Measurements for Satellites (CLAMS) campaign. Conclusions are strongest in the red and green bands, but are too uncertain to accept for the near-infrared. MISR nadir-view and MODIS low-light-level absolute reflectances differ by about 4% in the blue and green bands, with MISR reporting higher values. In the red, MISR agrees with MODIS band 14 to better than 2%, whereas MODIS band 1 is significantly lower. Compared to the AERONET-constrained model, the MISR aft-viewing cameras report reflectances too high by several percent in the blue, green, and possibly the red. Better agreement is found in the nadir- and the forward-viewing cameras, especially in the blue and green. When implemented on a trial basis, calibration adjustments indicated by this work remove 40% of a 0.05 bias in retrieved midvisible aerosol optical depth over dark water scenes, produced by the early postlaunch MISR algorithm. A band-to-band correction has already been made to the MISR products, and the remaining calibration adjustments, totaling no more than a few percent, are planned.
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Li, Qingyong, Weitao Lu, and Jun Yang. "A Hybrid Thresholding Algorithm for Cloud Detection on Ground-Based Color Images." Journal of Atmospheric and Oceanic Technology 28, no. 10 (October 1, 2011): 1286–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.1175/jtech-d-11-00009.1.
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Abstract Cloud detection is the precondition for deriving other information (e.g., cloud cover) in ground-based sky imager applications. This paper puts forward an effective cloud detection approach, the Hybrid Thresholding Algorithm (HYTA) that fully exploits the benefits of the combination of fixed and adaptive thresholding methods. First, HYTA transforms an input color cloud image into a normalized blue/red channel ratio image that can keep a distinct contrast, even with noise and outliers. Then, HYTA identifies the ratio image as either unimodal or bimodal according to its standard deviation, and the unimodal and bimodal images are handled by fixed and minimum cross entropy (MCE) thresholding algorithms, respectively. The experimental results demonstrate that HYTA shows an accuracy of 88.53%, which is far higher than those of either fixed or MCE thresholding alone. Moreover, HYTA is also verified to outperform other state-of-the-art cloud detection approaches.
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Li, Linhai, Dariusz Stramski, and Mirosław Darecki. "Characterization of the Light Field and Apparent Optical Properties in the Ocean Euphotic Layer Based on Hyperspectral Measurements of Irradiance Quartet." Applied Sciences 8, no. 12 (December 19, 2018): 2677. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/app8122677.
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Although the light fields and apparent optical properties (AOPs) within the ocean euphotic layer have been studied for many decades through extensive measurements and theoretical modeling, there is virtually a lack of simultaneous high spectral resolution measurements of plane and scalar downwelling and upwelling irradiances (the so-called irradiance quartet). We describe a unique dataset of hyperspectral irradiance quartet, which was acquired under a broad range of environmental conditions within the water column from the near-surface depths to about 80 m in the Gulf of California. This dataset enabled the characterization of a comprehensive suite of AOPs for realistic non-uniform vertical distributions of seawater inherent optical properties (IOPs) and chlorophyll-a concentration (Chl) in the common presence of inelastic radiative processes within the water column, in particular Raman scattering by water molecules and chlorophyll-a fluorescence. In the blue and green spectral regions, the vertical patterns of AOPs are driven primarily by IOPs of seawater with weak or no discernible effects of inelastic processes. In the red, the light field and AOPs are strongly affected or totally dominated by inelastic processes of Raman scattering by water molecules, and additionally by chlorophyll-a fluorescence within the fluorescence emission band. The strongest effects occur in the chlorophyll-a fluorescence band within the chlorophyll-a maximum layer, where the average cosines of the light field approach the values of uniform light field, irradiance reflectance is exceptionally high approaching 1, and the diffuse attenuation coefficients for various irradiances are exceptionally low, including the negative values for the attenuation of upwelling plane and scalar irradiances. We established the empirical relationships describing the vertical patterns of some AOPs in the red spectral region as well as the relationships between some AOPs which can be useful in common experimental situations when only the downwelling plane irradiance measurements are available. We also demonstrated the applicability of irradiance quartet data in conjunction with Gershun’s equation for estimating the absorption coefficient of seawater in the blue-green spectral region, in which the effects of inelastic processes are weak or negligible.
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BERNAL, MOISÉS A., and LUIZ A. ROCHA. "Acanthurus tractus Poey, 1860, a valid western Atlantic species of surgeonfish (Teleostei, Acanthuridae), distinct from Acanthurus bahianus Castelnau, 1855." Zootaxa 2905, no. 1 (June 3, 2011): 63. http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.2905.1.5.
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The ocean surgeonfish, Acanthurus bahianus, has been historically recorded from Bermuda and Massachusetts to southern Brazil and the islands of the central Atlantic. We have found that individuals in the southwestern and central Atlantic consistently have a posterior bright yellow margin on the caudal fin and an orange/red margin on the dorsal fin. This coloration is different from the characteristic white/blue fin margins on individuals from the northwestern Atlantic. In addition, there is a clear genetic distinction (d= 2.4% mtDNA, CytB) between these two lineages. With the corroborating coloration and genetic differences, we suggest that these two lineages represent distinct species. The South Atlantic species retains the name of A. bahianus and we propose to resurrect A. tractus (Poey 1860) as the valid name for the northwestern Atlantic species.
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Yang, Jun, Weitao Lu, Ying Ma, and Wen Yao. "An Automated Cirrus Cloud Detection Method for a Ground-Based Cloud Image." Journal of Atmospheric and Oceanic Technology 29, no. 4 (April 1, 2012): 527–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.1175/jtech-d-11-00002.1.
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Abstract Cloud detection is a basic research for achieving cloud-cover state and other cloud characteristics. Because of the influence of sunlight, the brightness of sky background on the ground-based cloud image is usually nonuniform, which increases the difficulty for cirrus cloud detection, and few detection methods perform well for thin cirrus clouds. This paper presents an effective background estimation method to eliminate the influence of variable illumination conditions and proposes a background subtraction adaptive threshold method (BSAT) to detect cirrus clouds in visible images for the small field of view and mixed clear–cloud scenes. The BSAT algorithm consists of red-to-blue band operation, background subtraction, adaptive threshold selection, and binarization. The experimental results show that the BSAT algorithm is robust for all types of cirrus clouds, and the quantitative evaluation results demonstrate that the BSAT algorithm outperforms the fixed threshold (FT) and adaptive threshold (AT) methods in cirrus cloud detection.
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Sulaymon, Abbas H., and Waleed M. Abood. "Equilibrium and kinetic study of the adsorption of reactive blue, red, and yellow dyes onto activated carbon and barley husk." Desalination and Water Treatment 52, no. 28-30 (July 8, 2013): 5485–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/19443994.2013.814374.
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Białek, Agnieszka, Vincenzo Vellucci, Bernard Gentil, David Antoine, Javier Gorroño, Nigel Fox, and Craig Underwood. "Monte Carlo–Based Quantification of Uncertainties in Determining Ocean Remote Sensing Reflectance from Underwater Fixed-Depth Radiometry Measurements." Journal of Atmospheric and Oceanic Technology 37, no. 2 (February 2020): 177–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.1175/jtech-d-19-0049.1.
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AbstractA new framework that enables evaluation of the in situ ocean color radiometry measurement uncertainty is presented. The study was conducted on the multispectral data from a permanent mooring deployed in clear open ocean water. The uncertainty is evaluated for each component of the measurement equation and data processing step that leads to deriving the remote sensing reflectance. The Monte Carlo method was selected to handle the data complexity such as correlation and nonlinearity in an efficient manner. The results are presented for a prescreened dataset that is suitable for system vicarious calibration applications. The framework provides uncertainty value per measurement taking into consideration environmental conditions present during acquisition. A summary value is calculated from the statistics of the individual uncertainties per each spectral channel. This summary value is below 4% (k = 1) for the blue and green spectral range. For the red spectral channels, the summary uncertainty value increases to approximately 5%. The presented method helps to understand the significance of various uncertainty components and to provide a way of identifying major contributors. This can be used for efficient system performance improvement in the future.
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Philipson, Sarah. "Consumers and enterprises as actors on the market." Harvard Deusto Business Research 9, no. 2 (December 1, 2020): 168–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.48132/hdbr.302.
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This conceptual paper discusses the phenomenon of differentiation made possible through branding or innovation or a combination of the two. Differentiation is eventually the driving force for the development of its own negation, commoditization. When customers have endured a commoditized market long enough the opportunities open up for creative destruction, this concept of Schumpeter (1942), means that an entrepreneur invents a completely new way of satisfying the customers’ unsatisfied needs, making the industry that no longer bothered about their customers. Many researchers have tried to re/brand destructive innovation as their own, with concepts, such as of ”transilience”, and “blue ocean strategy’, as opposed to ‘red ocean strategy’.
The paper focuses on innovation as a differentiation strategy and on temporary monopoly rent as a driver of innovation. Increased competition and shortening and life cycles makes capitalism more volatile and the strategies to reduce the risks involved are discussed. These strategies lead to the real-world implementation of the concentration of capital forecasted by Marx and feared by Schumpeter.
The paper identifies the need to continuously monitor the concentration of capital and to understand individual markets by studying the firm’s profit.
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Marques, Mario Monteiro, Victor Lobo, A. Pedro Aguiar, J. Estrela Silva, J. Borges de Sousa, Maria de Fátima Nunes, Ricardo Adriano Ribeiro, Alexandre Bernardino, Gonçalo Cruz, and Jorge Salvador Marques. "An Unmanned Aircraft System for Maritime Operations: The Automatic Detection Subsystem." Marine Technology Society Journal 55, no. 1 (January 1, 2021): 38–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.4031/mtsj.55.1.4.
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AbstractThis paper addresses the development of an integrated system to support maritime situation awareness based on unmanned aerial vehicles (UAVs), emphasizing the role of the automatic detection subsystem. One of the main topics of research in the SEAGULL project was the automatic detection of sea vessels from sensors onboard the UAV, to help human operators in the generation of situational awareness of maritime events such as (a) detection and geo-referencing of oil spills or hazardous and noxious substances, (b) tracking systems (e.g., vessels, shipwrecks, lifeboats, debris), (c) recognizing behavioral patterns (e.g., vessels rendezvous, high-speed vessels, atypical patterns of navigation), and (d) monitoring environmental parameters and indicators. We describe a system composed of optical sensors, an embedded computer, communication systems, and a vessel detection algorithm that can run in real time in the embedded UAV hardware and provide to human operators vessel detections with low latency, high precision rates (about 99%), and suitable recalls (>50%), which is comparable to other more computationally intensive state-of-the-art approaches. Field test results, including the detection of lifesavers and multiple vessels in red-green-and-blue (RGB) and thermal images, are presented and discussed.