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Journal articles on the topic 'Blue-Green Water'

Author: Grafiati

Published: 3 June 2025

Last updated: 31 July 2025

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1

Khan, Tariq, Hamideh Nouri, Martijn Booij, Arjen Hoekstra, Hizbullah Khan, and Ihsan Ullah. "Water Footprint, Blue Water Scarcity, and Economic Water Productivity of Irrigated Crops in Peshawar Basin, Pakistan." Water 13, no. 9 (2021): 1249. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/w13091249.

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Pakistan possesses the fourth largest irrigation network in the world, serving 20.2 million hectares of cultivated land. With an increasing irrigated area, Pakistan is short of freshwater resources and faces severe water scarcity and food security challenges. This is the first comprehensive study on the water footprint (WF) of crop production in Peshawar Basin. WF is defined as the volume of freshwater required to produce goods and services. In this study, we assessed the blue and green water footprints (WFs) and annual blue and green water consumption of major crops (maize, rice, tobacco, whe

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2

Lazaro, Benson HM, Martine M. Hagai, and Rubhera RAM Mato. "Effects of Climate Change, Land Use and Land Cover Variability on Green and Blue Water in Wami/Ruvu Basin, Tanzania." Tanzania Journal of Science 49, no. 1 (2023): 250–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.4314/tjs.v49i1.22.

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Water basins are the primary food sources, giving green water and blue water worldwide. Despite the basins’ potential, information on the periodical variations in blue water and green water is sparse, particularly in developing countries. The study specifically evaluated the changes in land use and land cover variability (LULCV), effects of land use and land cover variability on green water and blue water variations, and effects of climatic changes on green water and blue water. The evaluation involved the Enhanced Thematic Mapper and Operational Land Imager satellite images of 1990, 2000, 201

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3

Gao, Xiaoxi, Depeng Zuo, Zongxue Xu, Siyang Cai, and Han Xianming. "Evaluation of blue and green water resources in the upper Yellow River basin of China." Proceedings of the International Association of Hydrological Sciences 379 (June 5, 2018): 159–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/piahs-379-159-2018.

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Abstract. The total amount of water resources severely affects socioeconomic development of a region or watershed, which means that accurate quantification of the total amount of water resources is vital for the area, especially for the arid and semi-arid regions. Traditional evaluation of water resources only focused on the qualification of blue water, while the importance of green water was not fully considered. As the second largest river in China, the Yellow River plays an important role in socioeconomic development of the Yellow River basin. Therefore, the blue and green water resources i

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4

Woo, Chang Yeon, Sang Leen Yun, Seog-ku Kim, and Wontae Lee. "Occurrence of Harmful Blue-green Algae at Algae Alert System and Water Quality Forecast System Sites in Daegu and Gyeongsangbuk-do between 2012 and 2019." Journal of Korean Society of Environmental Engineers 42, no. 12 (2020): 664–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.4491/ksee.2020.42.12.664.

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Objectives:We analyzed the occurrence of blue-green algae at Algae Alert System and Water Quality Forecast System sites in Daegu and Gyeonsangbuk-do between 2012 and 2019.Methods:Data from 17 sites in Daegu and Gyeonsangbuk-do were collected and reclassified to 8 Nakdong river (ND) sites and 9 water source (WS) sites. Influencing factors on the occurrence of blue-green algae were investigated.Results and Discussion:At the ND sites, blue-green algae were observed in the range of 0-495,360 cells/mL. Between 2012 and 2019, the average number of blue-green algae increased as the sites go downstrea

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5

Zang, Chuanfu, Junguo Liu, Dieter Gerten, and Luguang Jiang. "Influence of human activities and climate variability on green and blue water provision in the Heihe River Basin, NW China." Journal of Water and Climate Change 6, no. 4 (2015): 800–815. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wcc.2015.194.

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Human activities and climate simultaneously affect water cycling and provision. Here, we study the impacts of climate variability and human activities on green and blue water provision (or the flows of both green water and blue water) in the inland Heihe River Basin as simulated by the Soil and Water Assessment Tool (SWAT). The results show that total green and blue water flow varied significantly from 1980 to 2010. Direct human activities did not significantly change the sum of green and blue water flow volumes. However, land use change led to a transformation of 206 million m3/year in the en

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6

Zang, Chuanfu. "Spatial and temporal variability of blue/green water flows in typical meteorological years in an inland river basin in China." Journal of Water and Climate Change 8, no. 1 (2016): 165–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wcc.2016.036.

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Blue/green water closely links the water cycle and ecological processes. On the watershed scale, how blue/green water flows vary among different typical meteorological years (dry years, wet years, and normal years) remains poorly reported. To analyze the spatial and temporal variability of blue/green water in typical years in the Heihe River Basin, typical meteorological years were obtained by using the standardized precipitation index (SPI) and the precipitation anomaly index (H) and simulated blue/green water flows using the Soil and Water Assessment Tool (SWAT). The typical meteorological y

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7

Yuan, Zhe, Jijun Xu, Xianyong Meng, Yongqiang Wang, Bo Yan, and Xiaofeng Hong. "Impact of Climate Variability on Blue and Green Water Flows in the Erhai Lake Basin of Southwest China." Water 11, no. 3 (2019): 424. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/w11030424.

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The Erhai Lake Basin is a crucial water resource of the Dali prefecture. This research used the soil and water assessment tool (SWAT) and the China Meteorological Assimilation Driving Datasets for the SWAT model (CMADS) to estimate blue and green water flows. Then the spatial and temporal change of blue and green water flows was investigated. With the hypothetical climate change scenarios, the sensitivity of blue and green water flows to precipitation and temperature has also been analyzed. The results showed that: (1) The CMADS reanalysis dataset can capture the observed probability density f

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8

Tian, Pei, Shu Chen, Yue Yu, Yongyan Wu, and Wei Wang. "Spatiotemporal Dynamics and Attribution Analysis of Blue and Green Water Resources During 1980–2019 in the Hanjiang River Basin, China." Water 17, no. 7 (2025): 1008. https://doi.org/10.3390/w17071008.

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A SWAT (soil and water assessment tool) model was built to elucidate the spatiotemporal dynamic changes in blue/green water resources during 1980–2019 in the Hanjiang River Basin, China. Several scenarios were constructed to analyze the spatiotemporal differentiation between green and blue water resources in diverse climate and land utilization conditions. The results showed that (1) the mean blue water and green water resources were 392.24 and 410.48 mm/year; (2) the blue water resources showed a non-significant fluctuating decreasing trend, while the green water resources showed a non-signif

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9

Zhang, Xudong, Cong Jiang, Junzhe Huang, et al. "Spatiotemporal Evaluation of Blue and Green Water in Xinjiang River Basin Based on SWAT Model." Water 14, no. 15 (2022): 2429. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/w14152429.

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Poyang Lake is the largest freshwater lake in China. As an important tributary of Poyang Lake, Xinjiang River has an important influence on the water ecology and water resources of the Poyang Lake basin. Based on the hydrological simulation of the SWAT (Soil and Water Assessment Tool) model, the spatiotemporal distribution and evaluation of the blue and green water during the period (1982–2016) in the basin were explored by the Mann–Kendall test, precipitation anomaly percentage, and scenario simulation. It is found that the SWAT model presents a satisfactory performance in runoff simulation o

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10

Critchley, Michelle, Russell Taylor, and Roger O’Halloran. "Microbial Contribution to Blue Water Corrosion." Materials Performance 44, no. 6 (2005): 56–59. https://doi.org/10.5006/mp2005_44_6-56.

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Copper tubing is commonly used in drinking water systems. Blue water corrosion is caused by general corrosion of the copper that produces blue-green discoloration. This article describes research undertaken to investigate microbiological effects on blue water corrosion. The results showed rod-shaped bacteria and exopolysaccharides and blue-green corrosion products on the tube surfaces. Field tests of a proposed biocidal treatment are underway.

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11

Zang, C., J. Liu, L. Jiang, and D. Gerten. "Impacts of human activities and climate variability on green and blue water flows in the Heihe River Basin in Northwest China." Hydrology and Earth System Sciences Discussions 10, no. 7 (2013): 9477–504. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/hessd-10-9477-2013.

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Abstract. Human activities and climate factors both affect the availability of water resources and the sustainability of water management. Especially in already dry regions, water has become more and more scarce with increasing requirements from growing population, economic development and diet shifts. Although progress has been made in understanding variability of runoff, the impacts of climate variability and human activities on flows of both green water (actual evapotranspiration) and blue water (discharge accumulated in the river network) remain less well understood. We study the spatial p

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12

Zang, C. F., J. Liu, M. van der Velde, and F. Kraxner. "Assessment of spatial and temporal patterns of green and blue water flows in inland river basins in Northwest China." Hydrology and Earth System Sciences Discussions 9, no. 3 (2012): 3311–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/hessd-9-3311-2012.

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Abstract. In arid and semi-arid regions freshwater resources have become scarcer with increasing demands from socio-economic development and population growth. Until recently, water research and management in these has mainly focused on blue water but ignored green water. Here we report on spatial and temporal patterns of both blue and green water flows simulated by the Soil and Water Assessment Tool (SWAT) for the Heihe river basin, the second largest inland river basin in Northwest China. Calibration and validation at two hydrological stations show good performance of the SWAT model in model

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13

Coupe, Stephen, Dalrene James, Alan P. Newman, and Liz Trenchard. "Landscape and Horticultural Fertigation Using Roof-Derived Storm Water: The Potential Multiple Benefits of Blue Green Roof Installations." Sustainability 15, no. 17 (2023): 12735. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su151712735.

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A contribution to the sustainable management of storm water is the use of sustainable drainage (SuDS)-derived water as an unconventional source for irrigation. If storm-water runoff contains dissolved nutrients in excess of those found in conventional irrigation, reusing this water can contribute to the nutrient demands of horticulture or landscaping, which is known as “fertigation”. Green roofs are SuDS devices, and those with below-substrate water storage, blue green roofs, can be additional water sources. The nutrients released from a roof-substrate-growing medium could contribute to the gr

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14

Zhang, Yongfen, Chongjun Tang, Aizhong Ye, et al. "Impacts of Climate and Land-Use Change on Blue and Green Water: A Case Study of the Upper Ganjiang River Basin, China." Water 12, no. 10 (2020): 2661. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/w12102661.

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Quantitatively figuring out the effects of climate and land-use change on water resources and their components is essential for water resource management. This study investigates the effects of climate and land-use change on blue and green water and their components in the upper Ganjiang River basin from the 1980s to the 2010s by comparing the simulated changes in blue and green water resources by using a Soil and Water Assessment Tool (SWAT) model forced by five climate and land-use scenarios. The results suggest that the blue water flow (BWF) decreased by 86.03 mm year−1, while green water f

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15

Zang, Chuanfu, and Ganquan Mao. "A Spatial and Temporal Study of the Green and Blue Water Flow Distribution in Typical Ecosystems and its Ecosystem Services Function in an Arid Basin." Water 11, no. 1 (2019): 97. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/w11010097.

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Research on relationship between green and blue water flow and ecosystem service functions has great significance for improving water resources management and for ecological protection. In this study, the distribution patterns and service functions of green and blue water flow in different ecosystems were analysed by Soil and Water Assessment Tool (SWAT) model simulation and Correlational Analysis. In the entire basin, the amount of green and blue water flow in the grassland was greater than that in the cropland, and that in the cropland was larger than that in the forest. The corn yield per h

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16

Yulistyorini, Anie, Sanjaya Silvia, and Dian Ariestadi. "OVERHEAD OPERATIONAL WATER FOOTPRINT DAN KUALITAS AIR PADA GEDUNG BERTINGKAT (STUDI KASUS GRAHA REKTORAT UNIVERSITAS NEGERI MALANG)." Jurnal Teknik Sipil 17, no. 1 (2022): 1–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.24002/jts.v17i1.5145.

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Graha Rektorat Building at the State University of Malang (UM) significantly contributes to water usage. Water usage in the building must be managed and appropriately considered, so it can highly contribute to UM's ranking of UI Green Metric for water conservation indicators. Water usage can be calculated by analysis of overhead operational water footprint. This research aims to analyse green, blue, and grey water footprint, overhead operational water footprint, and the quality of green water on the Graha Rektorat building. The methods used in this research are the quantitative method. This re

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17

Waickowski, Sarah E., Shane DeGaetano, Andrew Anderson, Devendra M. Amatya, and William Hunt. "Plot Scale Evaluation of the Hydrologic and Water Quality Benefits of Blue Roofs Compared to Green and Conventional Roofs." Journal of Natural Resources and Agricultural Ecosystems 2, no. 3 (2024): 91–102. http://dx.doi.org/10.13031/jnrae.15887.

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Highlights There were no significant differences (a = 0.05) in rainfall retention between blue and green roofs. Blue roofs appear to be a viable option to green roofs when the priority is stormwater management. Blue and green roofs need to be studied on larger scales to gain more confidence in the treatment provided. Abstract. Impervious surfaces caused by urbanization alter hydrologic conditions. In ultra-urban areas (75% or more impervious), rooftop stormwater control measures (SCMs), such as green roofs, exploit underutilized rooftop space. Green roofs reliably attenuate rainwater, but asso

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18

Hoff, Holger. "The global water challenge – Modeling green and blue water." Journal of Hydrology 384, no. 3-4 (2010): 175–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jhydrol.2010.02.027.

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19

Hoekstra, Arjen Y. "Green-blue water accounting in a soil water balance." Advances in Water Resources 129 (July 2019): 112–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.advwatres.2019.05.012.

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20

Sánchez-Dávila, Jesús, Miquel De Cáceres, Jordi Vayreda, and Javier Retana. "Regional patterns and drivers of modelled water flows along environmental, functional, and stand structure gradients in Spanish forests." Hydrology and Earth System Sciences 28, no. 13 (2024): 3037–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/hess-28-3037-2024.

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Abstract. The study of the water cycle in the forest at large scales, such as countries, is challenging due to the difficulty of correctly estimating forest water flows. Hydrological models can be coupled with extensive forest data sources, such as national forest inventories, to estimate the water flow of forests over large extents, but so far the studies conducted have not analysed the role of stand structure variables or the functional traits of the forest on predicted blue and green water flows in detail. In this study, we modelled the water balance of Spanish forests using stand structure

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21

Fader, M., D. Gerten, M. Thammer, et al. "Internal and external green-blue agricultural water footprints of nations, and related water and land savings through trade." Hydrology and Earth System Sciences Discussions 8, no. 1 (2011): 483–527. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/hessd-8-483-2011.

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Abstract. The need to increase food production for a growing world population makes an assessment of global agricultural water productivities and virtual water flows important. Using the hydrology and agro-biosphere model LPJmL, we quantify at 0.5° resolution the blue (irrigation water) and green (precipitation water) virtual water content, i.e. the inverse of water productivity, for 11 of the world's major crop types. Based on these, we also quantify the water footprints (WFP) of all countries, for the period 1998-2002, distinguishing internal and external WFP (virtual water imported from oth

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Fader, M., D. Gerten, M. Thammer, et al. "Internal and external green-blue agricultural water footprints of nations, and related water and land savings through trade." Hydrology and Earth System Sciences 15, no. 5 (2011): 1641–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/hess-15-1641-2011.

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Abstract. The need to increase food production for a growing world population makes an assessment of global agricultural water productivities and virtual water flows important. Using the hydrology and agro-biosphere model LPJmL, we quantify at 0.5° resolution the amount of blue and green water (irrigation and precipitation water) needed to produce one unit of crop yield, for 11 of the world's major crop types. Based on these, we also quantify the agricultural water footprints (WFP) of all countries, for the period 1998–2002, distinguishing internal and external WFP (virtual water imported from

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23

Zang, C. F., J. Liu, M. van der Velde, and F. Kraxner. "Assessment of spatial and temporal patterns of green and blue water flows under natural conditions in inland river basins in Northwest China." Hydrology and Earth System Sciences 16, no. 8 (2012): 2859–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/hess-16-2859-2012.

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Abstract. In arid and semi-arid regions freshwater resources have become scarcer with increasing demands from socio-economic development and population growth. Until recently, water research and management has mainly focused on blue water but ignored green water. Furthermore, in data poor regions hydrological flows under natural conditions are poorly characterised but are a prerequisite to inform future water resources management. Here we report on spatial and temporal patterns of both blue and green water flows that can be expected under natural conditions as simulated by the Soil and Water A

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24

Chang, Shenglin Elijah. "Blue Water, Green Tea: Socio-innovation, Taiwan." Asian Journal of Quality of Life 1, no. 2 (2016): 15. http://dx.doi.org/10.21834/ajqol.v1i2.20.

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The research experiments how to revitalize a very depressed Pinglin within the eco-protected Taipei Water Special Area in the peri-urban Taiwan. Based on action research rooted in social innovation, the team develops ecological-oriented strategies to revitalize Pinglin area. Three socio-ecological innovative strategies include (1) product: eco-friendly fair-trade Blue Magpie Tea, (2) process: eco-tea tourism, (3) promise: eco-tea farmers’ children tutoring. Branding the eco-friendly “Blue Magpie Tea” has inspired the young coffee drinkers to taste tea. All actions help rebuild Pinglin’s identi

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Chang, Shenglin Elijah. "Blue Water, Green Tea: Socio-innovation, Taiwan." Asian Journal of Quality of Life 1, no. 2 (2016): 15. http://dx.doi.org/10.21834/ajqol.v1i2.25.

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The research experiments how to revitalize a very depressed Pinglin within the eco-protected Taipei Water Special Area in the peri-urban Taiwan. Based on action research rooted in social innovation, the team develops ecological-oriented strategies to revitalize Pinglin area. Three socio-ecological innovative strategies include (1) product: eco-friendly fair-trade Blue Magpie Tea, (2) process: eco-tea tourism, (3) promise: eco-tea farmers’ children tutoring. Branding the eco-friendly “Blue Magpie Tea” has inspired the young coffee drinkers to taste tea. All actions help rebuild Pinglin’s identi

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Jiang, Junchao, Leting Lyu, Yuechi Han, and Caizhi Sun. "Effect of Climate Variability on Green and Blue Water Resources in a Temperate Monsoon Watershed, Northeastern China." Sustainability 13, no. 4 (2021): 2193. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su13042193.

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Over 80% of global grain production relies on green water, water from precipitation that is stored in unsaturated soil and supports plant growth. Blue water, precipitation that turns into surface water and groundwater, is also a vital surface water resource, and it can be directly utilized. The Tanghe River Basin is a typical temperate continental monsoon watershed in Northern China where residents and crops rely on blue and green water resources. In this study, the spatiotemporal distributions of water resources in the Tanghe River Basin were simulated using the soil and water assessment tool

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Kehl, Jenny R. "After the Sun: Energy Use in Blue v. Green Water for Agriculture." Energy and Earth Science 3, no. 2 (2020): p1. http://dx.doi.org/10.22158/ees.v3n2p1.

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The purpose of this article is to highlight the difference in energy consumption between using blue water versus green water for agriculture in areas where water-intensive crops are grown in water-scarce regions. It focuses on water and energy consumption for greening the desert in United States, the world’s largest grain producer. The analysis is limited to the three largest crops by volume and value; corn, cotton, and wheat, which generate billions of dollars for the economy and use billions of gallons of water each day. The primary methodology is to use Geographic Information Systems (GIS)

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Rozos, E., C. Makropoulos, and Č. Maksimović. "Rethinking urban areas: an example of an integrated blue-green approach." Water Supply 13, no. 6 (2013): 1534–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/ws.2013.140.

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The provision of high quality urban water services, the assets of which are often conceptualised as ‘blue infrastructure’, is essential for public health and quality of life in the cities. On the other hand, parks, recreation grounds, gardens, green roofs and in general ‘green infrastructure’, provide a range of (urban) ecosystem services (including quality of life and aesthetics) and could also be thought of as inter alia contributors to the mitigation of floods, droughts, noise, air pollution and urban heat island (UHI) effects, improvement of biodiversity, amenity values and human health. C

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Tan, Xuejin, Bingjun Liu, Xuezhi Tan, Zeqin Huang, and Jianyu Fu. "Combined impacts of climate change and human activities on blue and green water resources in a high-intensity development watershed." Hydrology and Earth System Sciences 29, no. 2 (2025): 427–45. https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-29-427-2025.

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Abstract. Sustainable management of blue and green water resources is vital for the stability and sustainability of watershed ecosystems. Although there has been extensive attention paid to blue water (BW), which is closely related to human beings, the relevance of green water (GW) to ecosystem security is typically disregarded in water resource evaluations. Specifically, comprehensive studies are scarce on the detection and attribution of variations of blue and green water in the Dongjiang River basin (DRB), an important source of regional water supply in the Guangdong–Hong Kong–Macao Greater

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Kaur, Baljeet, Narayan Shrestha, Prasad Daggupati, et al. "Water Security Assessment of the Grand River Watershed in Southwestern Ontario, Canada." Sustainability 11, no. 7 (2019): 1883. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su11071883.

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Water security is the capability of a community to have adequate access to good quality and a sufficient quantity of water as well as safeguard resources for the future generations. Understanding the spatial and temporal variabilities of water security can play a pivotal role in sustainable management of fresh water resources. In this study, a long-term water security analysis of the Grand River watershed (GRW), Ontario, Canada, was carried out using the soil and water assessment tool (SWAT). Analyses on blue and green water availability and water security were carried out by dividing the GRW

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Wang, Min, Haoyang Song, Wen Zhu, and Yuncai Wang. "The Cooling Effects of Landscape Configurations of Green–Blue Spaces in Urban Waterfront Community." Atmosphere 14, no. 5 (2023): 833. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/atmos14050833.

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Optimizing the configuration of green–blue spaces is crucial in mitigating the urban heat island effect. However, many existing studies neglect to consider the synergistic cooling effect of green–blue space and its spatial comparison, focusing instead on individual ecological elements of green space or water bodies. Additionally, the relative importance of different configuration indicators and their marginal effects on the cooling effect of green–blue space remain unclear, with an identified need for the quantification of indicator thresholds for maximizing the cooling effect. To address thes

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Krogstad, Tore, and Øivind Løvstad. "Available soil phosphorus for planktonic blue-green algae in eutrophic lake water samples." Archiv für Hydrobiologie 122, no. 1 (1991): 117–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.1127/archiv-hydrobiol/122/1991/117.

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Berg, Kjetil, Olav M. Skulberg, and Randi Skulberg. "Effects of decaying toxic blue-green algae on water quality - a laboratory study." Archiv für Hydrobiologie 108, no. 4 (1987): 549–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.1127/archiv-hydrobiol/108/1987/549.

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Canfield Jr., Daniel E., Edward Phlips, and Carlos M. Duarte. "Factors Influencing the Abundance of Blue-Green Algae in Florida Lakes." Canadian Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences 46, no. 7 (1989): 1232–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/f89-159.

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Phytoplankton samples collected from 165 Florida lakes were examined to determine relationships between blue-green algal abundance and environmental conditions. Blue-green algal biomass in the Florida samples was weakly correlated (r = −0.34) with water transparency and the concentration of total nitrogen (TN) (r = 0.47) and total phosphorus (TP) (r = 0.33). The relative contribution of blue-green algae to total phytoplankton biomass, however, did not decrease with TN/TP > 29. Blue-green algal biomass was strongly correlated (r = 0.90) to total algal biomass, and blue-green algae became con

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Veettil, Anoop Valiya, and Ashok K. Mishra. "Water security assessment using blue and green water footprint concepts." Journal of Hydrology 542 (November 2016): 589–602. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jhydrol.2016.09.032.

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Sawalhah, Mohammed N., Hatim M. E. Geli, Jerry L. Holechek, Andres F. Cibils, Sheri Spiegal, and Craig Gifford. "Water Footprint of Rangeland Beef Production in New Mexico." Water 13, no. 14 (2021): 1950. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/w13141950.

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New Mexico (NM) has been identified as the state in the US that will be most adversely impacted by climate change and associated water stress. Roughly 92% of NM is rangeland, most of which is grazed by beef cattle. We calculated the blue (surface and ground) and green (precipitation) water footprints (WF) of NM beef cattle industry (cow-calf, backgrounding, and feedlot). This analysis indicated that the weighted average WF of NM beef cattle was 28,203 L/kgmeat. The majority of the WF was accounted for green water (82%; 23,063 L/kgmeat) used by rangeland forages. Blue water accounted for only 1

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Dota, Anthoula, Vassilios Dotas, Dimitrios Gourdouvelis, et al. "Water Footprint Assessment of Beef and Dairy Cattle Production in the Regional Unit of Karditsa, Greece." Sustainability 17, no. 12 (2025): 5298. https://doi.org/10.3390/su17125298.

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One of the most important factors affecting water resources is livestock development. This study focuses on estimating the water demands of beef and dairy cattle breeding, as well as the corresponding products, in the Regional Unit of Karditsa (Greece), while simultaneously assessing the pollution caused by this activity in water bodies. The impacts are measured using the water footprint (WF) approach across its three dimensions (green, blue, and gray), considering the quantity of feed and water utilized by each animal type and the production system applied in the research area. For beef produ

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Dai, Wei, and Yang Tan. "Study on Multi-Scenario Rain-Flood Disturbance Simulation and Resilient Blue-Green Space Optimization in the Pearl River Delta." Buildings 14, no. 12 (2024): 3797. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/buildings14123797.

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In the face of global climate change and rapid urbanization, the Pearl River Delta is confronted with frequent river floods and heavy rainfall, which leads to substantial economic losses and casualties. Enhancing the role of blue-green space in rain-flood resilience is crucial for mitigating such damages in this new era. Firstly, based on an analysis of the current status quo of blue-green space in the Pearl River Delta and the identification of potential areas at risk from rain and floods, this paper elucidates that resilient blue-green space in the Pearl River Delta should be guided by a sys

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Breedlove, Byron, and J. Todd Weber. "“No Water, No Life. No Blue, No Green”." Emerging Infectious Diseases 24, no. 4 (2018): 815–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.3201/eid2404.ac2404.

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Euler, Robert C., and Stephen Hirst. "Havsuw 'Baaja: People of the Blue Green Water." Western Historical Quarterly 17, no. 3 (1986): 367. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/968919.

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Lahitová, N., M. Doupovcová, J. Zvonár, J. Chandoga, and G. Hocman. "Antimutagenic properties of fresh-water blue-green algae." Folia Microbiologica 39, no. 4 (1994): 301–3. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf02814317.

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Ruban, Liudmyla, and Iryna Dreval. "SCIENTIFIC APPROACHES TO ORGANIZATION OF "BLUE-GREEN" URBAN INFRASTRUCTURE IN CONDITIONS OF CLIMATE CHANGE." Urban development and spatial planning, no. 84 (October 21, 2023): 309–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.32347/2076-815x.2023.84.309-321.

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The study is dedicated to a crucial aspect of the revitalization and ongoing development of Ukrainian cities: addressing environmental challenges through the establishment of "blue-green" urban infrastructure. The overarching objective of this research is to apply current scientific knowledge concerning this matter to local urban planning practices. This is achieved by incorporating ecosystem-based solutions to foster sustainable development within the region. Fundamental concepts essential for shaping the framework of "blue-green" urban infrastructure in the context of climate change are eluc

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Jung, Woo Suk, Bu Geon Jo, and Young Do Kim. "A Study on the Occurrence Characteristics of Harmful Blue-Green Algae in Stagnant Rivers Using Machine Learning." Applied Sciences 13, no. 6 (2023): 3699. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/app13063699.

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Several changes have occurred in the river environment of Nakdong river due to the construction of multifunctional weirs as part of the Four Major Rivers Project. This river currently exhibits characteristics that are similar to those of a stagnant water area in which the river depth increases and the flow velocity decreases. Consequently, blue-green algae are frequently observed. Toxic substances secreted by blue-green algae are harmful to aquatic ecosystems and the human body; therefore, ensuring the stability of the water quality of Nakdong river is of utmost importance. Various factors are

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Han, Yuping, Fan Xia, Huiping Huang, Wenbin Mu, and Dongdong Jia. "Impact of the Grain for Green Project on water resources and ecological water stress in the Yanhe River Basin." PLOS ONE 17, no. 6 (2022): e0259611. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0259611.

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The Grain for Green project (GGP), initialized by the Chinese government in 1999, has achieved substantial achievements accompanied by a decrease in surface runoff on the Loess Plateau, but the impacts of large-scale afforestation on regional water resources are uncertain. Hence, the objective of this study was to explore the impact of land use change on generalized water resources and ecological water stress using the blue and green water concepts, taking the Yanhe River Basin as the case study. The Soil and Water Assessment Tool (SWAT) was applied to quantify the green water and blue water,

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Chahed, J., A. Hamdane, and M. Besbes. "A comprehensive water balance of Tunisia: blue water, green water and virtual water." Water International 33, no. 4 (2008): 415–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/02508060802543105.

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Lathuillière, Michael J., Michael T. Coe, and Mark S. Johnson. "A review of green- and blue-water resources and their trade-offs for future agricultural production in the Amazon Basin: what could irrigated agriculture mean for Amazonia?" Hydrology and Earth System Sciences 20, no. 6 (2016): 2179–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/hess-20-2179-2016.

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Abstract. The Amazon Basin is a region of global importance for the carbon and hydrological cycles, a biodiversity hotspot, and a potential centre for future economic development. The region is also a major source of water vapour recycled into continental precipitation through evapotranspiration processes. This review applies an ecohydrological approach to Amazonia's water cycle by looking at contributions of water resources in the context of future agricultural production. At present, agriculture in the region is primarily rain-fed and relies almost exclusively on green-water resources (soil

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Rhodes, Charlotte G., Nicole A. Scavo, Micaela Finney, et al. "Meta-Analysis of the Relative Abundance of Nuisance and Vector Mosquitoes in Urban and Blue-Green Spaces." Insects 13, no. 3 (2022): 271. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/insects13030271.

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Blue-green spaces (BGSs), urban areas characterized by the presence of vegetation and or water, and infrastructure form a potential solution for public health threats from increasing urbanization. We conducted a meta-analysis to test the hypothesis that blue-green spaces increase the abundance of nuisance and vector mosquito species compared to non-greened urban areas. After screening 7306 studies published since 1992, we identified 18 studies containing sufficient data from both traditional urban areas and BGSs. We found no significant difference in mean abundance of all mosquito taxa in thre

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Liu, Qiang, Hong Xia Guo, Zi Ming Wang, Peng Yang, and Su Ping Cui. "A Novel Way to Change Color of Allphatle Sulfonated Resin." Key Engineering Materials 509 (April 2012): 215–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/kem.509.215.

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The color of allphatle sulfonated acetone-formaldehyde resin has been changed by a novel way of mixing with blue and green dye. The UV spectroscopy and colorimeter were used to characterize the color change. And the water reducing performance of the resin was investigated. The results indicated that the ratio of SAF water reducer to blue dye was 10:5, and that to green dye was 10:4, the color of the SAF water reducer can be efficiently changed. The fluidity of cement paste of SAF water reducer added the blue dye was improved, and the water-reducing rate was almost not influenced by addition of

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Azhar, Nursabrina, Wan Amiza Amneera Wan Ahmad, Syakirah Afiza Mohammed, et al. "Assessment on Water Footprint of Paddy Cultivation in Kedah." IOP Conference Series: Earth and Environmental Science 1216, no. 1 (2023): 012038. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1755-1315/1216/1/012038.

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Abstract A measurable metric to gauge both the amount of water pollution and water consumption per unit of crop is the water footprint (WF). WF can be used as a thorough indicator of the utilization of freshwater resources. To increase the yield of crops, agriculture, consumed large amount of water. To prevent water shortages, it is crucial to understand how much water is consumed during agriculture. This study’s goal is to estimate the region of Kedah’s water footprint for paddy cultivation in the year 2017. By using CROPWAT 8.0 computer programming, climatic parameters were used for the esti

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Bondarenko, V. L., E. D. Khetsuriani, A. I. Ilyasov, and E. A. Semenova. "Assessment of qualitative indicators of drinking water and their influence on human health, as ecological safety factor of population." E3S Web of Conferences 126 (2019): 00067. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/e3sconf/201912600067.

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Based on the results of experimental studies of the cyanobacteria and toxins properties, produced byblue-green algae, was assessed the quality of drinking water according to organoleptic characteristics in the area of the Lower Don geosystem. Experimental data on the properties of cyanobacteria and toxinsproduced by blue-green algae are presented in this study. Based on the results of research at the pilotplant, the basics of drinking water purification technology in the water dipper from blue-green algae have been developed, which to some extent helps to increase the environmental safety of d

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