Relevant bibliographies by topics / Blue star

Contents

  1. Journal articles
  2. Dissertations / Theses
  3. Books
  4. Book chapters
  5. Conference papers
  6. Reports

Academic literature on the topic 'Blue star'

Author: Grafiati
Published: 4 June 2021
Last updated: 31 January 2023

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Journal articles on the topic "Blue star"

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Clark, Patricia, and Linda Dupree. "Catch the Blue Star Fever." Gastroenterology Nursing 30, no. 2 (March 2007): 145. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/01.sga.0000267958.21501.19.

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Bond, Howard E., Albert D. Grauer, David Burstein, and Ronald O. Marzke. "Hamuy's blue variable star in Orion." Publications of the Astronomical Society of the Pacific 99 (October 1987): 1097. http://dx.doi.org/10.1086/132085.

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Kraft, Robert P. "On the Halo Blue Star Mystery." Publications of the Astronomical Society of the Pacific 101 (December 1989): 1113. http://dx.doi.org/10.1086/132584.

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Mieske, S., and H. Baumgardt. "On the Efficiency of Field Star Capture by Star Clusters." Proceedings of the International Astronomical Union 3, S246 (September 2007): 195–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1743921308015603.

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AbstractAn exciting recent finding regarding scaling relations among globular clusters is the so-called ‘blue tilt’: clusters of the blue sub-population follow a trend of redder colour with increasing luminosity. In this contribution we estimate by means of collisional N-body simulations to which extent this trend can be explained by field star capture occurring over a Hubble time. We investigate star clusters with 103 to 106 stars. We find that the ratio between captured field stars and total number of clusters stars is very low (≲ 10−4), even for co-rotation of the star cluster in a cold disk. This holds for star clusters in the mass range of both open clusters and globular clusters. Therefore, field star capture is not a probable mechanism for creating the colour-magnitude trend of metal-poor globular clusters.
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Golev, V. K., G. R. Ivanov, and P. Z. Kunchev. "The brightest blue stars in M33 galaxy as unresolved star groups." Astrophysics and Space Science 135, no. 2 (1987): 301–6. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf00641566.

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Oh, Sree, Keunho Kim, Joon Hyeop Lee, Minjin Kim, Yun-Kyeong Sheen, Jinsu Rhee, Chang H. Ree, et al. "Impact of galaxy mergers on the colours of cluster galaxies." Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society 488, no. 3 (July 12, 2019): 4169–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/mnras/stz1920.

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ABSTRACT We examine the ultraviolet and optical colours of 906 cluster galaxies from the KASI-Yonsei Deep Imaging Survey of Clusters (KYDISC). The sample has been divided into two categories, morphologically disturbed and undisturbed galaxies, based on the visual signatures related to recent mergers. We find that galaxies with signatures of recent mergers show significantly bluer colours than undisturbed galaxies. Disturbed galaxies populate more on the cluster outskirts, suggesting recent accretion into the cluster environment, which implies that disturbed galaxies can be less influenced by the environmental quenching process and remain blue. However, we still detect bluer colours of disturbed galaxies in all locations (cluster core and outskirts) for the fixed morphology, which is difficult to understand just considering the difference in time since infall into a cluster. Moreover, blue disturbed galaxies show features seemingly related to recent star formation. Therefore, we suspect that mergers make disturbed galaxies keep their blue colour longer than undisturbed galaxies under the effect of the environmental quenching through either merger-induced star formation or central gas concentration which is less vulnerable for gas stripping.
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Sandquist, Eric L. "Blue Stragglers in Low-Luminosity Star Clusters." Astrophysical Journal 635, no. 1 (November 28, 2005): L73—L76. http://dx.doi.org/10.1086/499124.

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Hodge, Paul. "The Blue Star Clusters of M 31." Symposium - International Astronomical Union 126 (1988): 549–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0074180900043011.

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Chornay, N., and N. A. Walton. "One star, two star, red star, blue star: an updated planetary nebula central star distance catalogue from Gaia EDR3." Astronomy & Astrophysics 656 (December 2021): A110. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/0004-6361/202142008.

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Context. Planetary nebulae (PNe) are a brief but important phase of stellar evolution. The study of Galactic PNe has historically been hampered by uncertain distances, but the parallaxes of PN central stars (CSPNe) measured by Gaia are improving the situation. Aims. Gaia’s Early Data Release 3 (EDR3) offers higher astrometric precision and greater completeness compared to previous releases. Taking advantage of these improvements requires that the CSPNe in the catalogue be accurately identified. Methods. We applied our automated technique based on the likelihood ratio method to cross-match known PNe with sources in Gaia EDR3, using an empirically derived position and colour distribution to score candidate matches. Results. We present a catalogue of over 2000 sources in Gaia EDR3 that our method has identified as likely CSPNe or compact nebula detections. We show how the more precise parallaxes of these sources compare to previous PN statistical distances and introduce an approach to combining them to produce tighter distance constraints. We also discuss Gaia’s handling of close companions and bright nebulae. Conclusions. Gaia is unlocking new avenues for the study of PNe. The catalogue presented here will remain valid for the upcoming Gaia Data Release 3 (DR3) and thus provide a valuable resource for years to come.
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Bell, E. F., R. G. Bower, R. S. de Jong, B. J. Rauscher, D. Barnaby, D. A. Harper, M. Herald, and R. F. Loewenstein. "The star formation histories of Low Surface Brightness galaxies." International Astronomical Union Colloquium 171 (1999): 245–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0252921100054403.

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AbstractNear-infrared images of a sample of red, blue and giant low surface brightness disk galaxies (LSBGs) were combined with optical data with the aim of constraining their star formation histories. Most LSBGs have strong colour gradients consistent with mean stellar age gradients. We find that LSBGs have a large range of ages and metallicities, spanning those observed in normal disk galaxies. In particular, red and blue LSBGs have very different star formation histories and represent two independent routes to low B band surface brightness. Blue LSBGs are well described by models with low, roughly constant star formation rates, whereas red LSBGs are better described by a ‘faded disk’ scenario.
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Dissertations / Theses on the topic "Blue star"

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Marquart, Thomas. "Star-forming Dwarf Galaxies : Internal motions and evolution." Doctoral thesis, Uppsala universitet, Observationell astrofysik, 2012. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:uu:diva-181481.

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The study of dwarf galaxies is important in order to better understand the physics of the young universe and how larger galaxies form and evolve. In this work we focus on Blue Compact Galaxies (BCGs) which havemuch enhanced star formation (starbursts), causing blue colours and strong emission line spectra. Investigating of the inner motions of BCGs provides a means for determining masses and understanding what triggered the current starburst. We have used the Very Large Telescope to perform challenging observations of the stellar motions in several BCGs, as seen in the near-infrared Ca-triplet absorption lines. By comparing these to the kinematics of the ionized interstellar medium, we were able to look into the role of feeback from stellar winds and supernova explosions, as well as further strengthen the notion that the merging of galaxies plays an important role. Spatially resolved spectroscopy can yield information about the 3D-structure of galaxies. We have used a Fabry-Perot interferometer to study the kinematics of the interstellar medium in two samples of galaxies, each containing about twenty objects. We find strong indications for ongoing galaxy mergers that correlate well with the strength of the star-formation activity. Furthermore, by estimating dynamical masses, BCGs are shown to be on average not dynamically supported by rotation. In addition, we have used data from the Sloan Digital Sky Survey to study the frequency of starbursts in the local universe and the connection to their descendants. We selected starbursts by the strength of emission in H-alpha, the first Balmer recombination line, and post-starbursts by the strength of absorption in H-delta. These are indicators of currently ongoing and recent, on the order of 100 Myr, star-formation, respectively. By modelling the stellar populations we derive ages and masses and can establish a link between starbursts and postbursts in a time sequence. We find that starbursts are active on a 100 Myr timescale but are rare objects in the local universe.
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Caddy, Robert V. "Time Series Photometry of the Symbiotic Star V1835 Aql and New Variable Stars in Aquila." Bowling Green State University / OhioLINK, 2018. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=bgsu1525438143057776.

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Simunovic, Muñoz Mirko [Verfasser], and Eva K. [Akademischer Betreuer] Grebel. "The Blue Straggler Star Populations in Galactic Globular Clusters / Mirko Simunovic Muñoz ; Betreuer: Eva K. Grebel." Heidelberg : Universitätsbibliothek Heidelberg, 2017. http://d-nb.info/1180739531/34.

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Simunovic, Muñoz Mirko Verfasser], and Eva K. [Akademischer Betreuer] [Grebel. "The Blue Straggler Star Populations in Galactic Globular Clusters / Mirko Simunovic Muñoz ; Betreuer: Eva K. Grebel." Heidelberg : Universitätsbibliothek Heidelberg, 2017. http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bsz:16-heidok-225846.

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Kumari, Nimisha. "Spatially-resolved studies of nearby star-forming galaxies." Thesis, University of Cambridge, 2018. https://www.repository.cam.ac.uk/handle/1810/283605.

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Spatially-resolved studies of nearby star-forming galaxies are essential to understand various physical and chemical phenomena at play in the interstellar medium in the galaxies, and consequently to obtain a comprehensive picture of galaxy formation and evolution. In this thesis, I perform spatially-resolved analyses of chemical abundances and star-formation in nearby star-forming galaxies - blue compact dwarf galaxies (BCDs) and spiral galaxies. I map various properties of H II regions and the surrounding gas within three BCDs, using integral field spectroscopic (IFS) data from the Gemini Multi-Object Spectrograph-North. While answering questions related to chemical homogeneity, ionisation mechanisms and stellar populations within BCDs, I address more profound issues, which go beyond the characterisation of studied BCDs and aim to explain global phenomena with broader implications. The BCD NGC 4449 hosts a metal-poor central star-forming region, which I explain by various scenarios related to the interplay between star-formation, metal-distribution and gas dynamics within galaxies. The BCD NGC 4670 shows an unusual negative relationship between the nitrogen-to-oxygen ratio and oxygen abundance at spatially-resolved scales. I explore this relation with chemical evolution models and by comparison to other star-forming galaxies and suggest that nitrogen enrichment, variations in star-formation efficiency or hydrodynamical effects may be responsible for the observed relation. For another BCD, SBS 1415+437, the spatially-resolved abundances on average agree with the integrated abundance, implying that low-redshift spatially-resolved results may be directly compared with unresolved high-redshift results. I study spiral galaxies to address long-standing issues related to the reliability of metallicity calibrators and the Schmidt Law of star-formation. Using IFS data of twenty-four spiral galaxies taken with the Multi-Unit Spectroscopic Explorer, I find that the current strong-line metallicity calibrators for H II regions are unsuitable for regions dominated by diffuse ionised gas (DIG). I devise new recipes for estimating the metal-content of the DIG. For another set of nine spiral galaxies, I use multi-wavelength data to show that the spatially-resolved Schmidt relation is very sensitive to the consideration of diffuse background, which is a component unrelated to the current star-formation. Removal of this component from the SFR tracers and the atomic gas results in similar local and global Schmidt relation. To conclude, the spatially-resolved analyses presented in this thesis have led to discoveries and further questions, which I will address in my ongoing and future works.
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Huenemoerder, David, Lidia M. Oskinova, Richard Ignace, Wolf-Rainer Hamann, Nobert S. Schulz, Hilding Neilson, and Tomer Shenar. "A Deep X-ray Look at a Very Massive Star: HETGS Spectroscopy of the Blue Hypergiant Cyg OB2-12 (HIP 101364)." Digital Commons @ East Tennessee State University, 2016. https://dc.etsu.edu/etsu-works/2698.

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We have obtained a Chandra/HETGS spectrum of one of the most massive and luminous stars in the Galaxy: the blue hypergiant Cyg OB2-12 (HIP 101364, spectral type B3 Ia+). This is the first measurement at high resolution of X-ray spectral lines in a blue hypergiant and allows comparison of X-ray properties between massive stars at different but related evolutionary stages: O-type supergiants, luminous blue variables, Wolf-Rayet stars, and blue hypergiants stars. The new data provide a look at how the most massive stars shed mass during their pre-supernova evolution. We find that In Cyg OB2-12 the resolved Si and Mg lines are broadened by about 1000 km/s (FWHM). The lines, however, do not show appreciable centroid shifts (/s), which would be much larger for canonical moderately thick winds (~500 km/s). The He-like Mg XI lines show evidence of photo-excitation, implying a wind origin close to the UV-bright photosphere. The spectrum also indicates relatively high temperature plasma, up to 22 MK (1.9 keV), showing significant continuum and emission lines below 5A (above 2.5 keV). Hence, at first glance, the spectrum resembles neither an O-star thick wind, nor a magnetically confined (narrow-line) plasma. We will present more detailed wind models using both X-ray and UV spectra to constrain fundamental physical parameters of this star.
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Mosqueira, Vargas Rodrigo. "Reposición de Escuela Blue Star, Lo Espejo: espacios educativos contemporáneos en el marco de la reforma educacional." Tesis, Universidad de Chile, 2017. http://repositorio.uchile.cl/handle/2250/143927.

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Ashley, Trisha L. "The HI Chronicles of LITTLE THINGS Blue Compact Dwarf Galaxies." FIU Digital Commons, 2014. http://digitalcommons.fiu.edu/etd/1441.

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Star formation occurs when the gas (mostly atomic hydrogen; H I) in a galaxy becomes disturbed, forming regions of high density gas, which then collapses to form stars. In dwarf galaxies it is still uncertain which processes contribute to star formation and how much they contribute to star formation. Blue compact dwarf (BCD) galaxies are low mass, low shear, gas rich galaxies that have high star formation rates when compared to other dwarf galaxies. What triggers the dense burst of star formation in BCDs but not other dwarfs is not well understood. It is often suggested that BCDs may have their starburst triggered by gravitational interactions with other galaxies, dwarf-dwarf galaxy mergers, or consumption of intergalactic gas. However, there are BCDs that appear isolated with respect to other galaxies, making an external disturbance unlikely. Here, I study six apparently isolated BCDs from the LITTLE THINGS1sample in an attempt to understand what has triggered their burst of star formation. LITTLE THINGS is an H I survey of 41 dwarf galaxies. Each galaxy has high angular and velocity resolution H I data from the Very Large Array (VLA) telescope and ancillary stellar data. I use these data to study the detailed morphology and kinematics of each galaxy, looking for signatures of starburst triggers. In addition to the VLA data, I have collected Green Bank Telescope data for the six BCDs. These high sensitivity, low resolution data are used to search the surrounding area of each galaxy for extended emission and possible nearby companion galaxies. The VLA data show evidence that each BCD has likely experienced some form of external disturbance despite their apparent isolation. These external disturbances potentially seen in the sample include: ongoing/advanced dwarf-dwarf mergers, an interaction with an unknown external object, and external gas consumption. The GBT data result in no nearby, separate H I companions at the sensitivity of the data. These data therefore suggest that even though these BCDs appear isolated, they have not been evolving in isolation. It is possible that these external disturbances may have triggered the starbursts that defines them as BCDs. 1Local Irregulars That Trace Luminosity Extremes, The H I Nearby Galaxy Survey; https://science.nrao.edu/science/surveys/littlethings
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Adamo, Angela. "Super Star Clusters in Blue Compact Galaxies : Evidence for a near-infrared flux excess and properties of the starburst phase." Doctoral thesis, Stockholms universitet, Institutionen för astronomi, 2011. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:su:diva-52681.

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Luminous Blue compact galaxies (BCGs) are metal-poor actively star-forming systems, characterised by bright ultraviolet and blue luminosities. Hubble Space Telescope high-resolution data have revealed that the luminous star-forming knots in these galaxies are composed of hundreds of young massive star clusters. In this work we present a systematic study of the star cluster populations in BCGs with important implications for the formation history of their host systems. The studied galaxies show recently increased star formation rates and a high fraction of massive clusters, probably as a result of minor/major merger events. The age distributions have a peak of cluster formation at only 3 - 4 Myr, unveiling a unique sample of clusters still partially embedded. A considerable fraction of clusters (30 - 50 %), mainly younger than 10 Myr, shows an observed flux excess between 0.8 and 2.2 μm. This so-called near-infrared (NIR) excess is impossible to reproduce even with the most recent spectral synthesis models (that include a self-consistent treatment of the photoionized gas). The origin of the NIR excess, which still remains unexplained, challenges our understanding of the cluster formation process under extreme conditions. The results achieved in this work have produced important insights into the cluster formation process in BCGs. We suggest that the BCG environment has most likely favoured the compression and collapse of giant molecular clouds into compact massive star clusters. The cluster formation efficiency (i.e., the fraction of star formation happening in star clusters) in BCGs is higher than the reported 8 - 10 %, for quiescent spirals and local star-forming galaxies. Luminous BCGs have a cluster formation efficiency comparable to luminous infrared galaxies and spiral starburst nuclei (the averaged value is  about 30 %), suggesting an important role of the merger event in the cluster formation.
At the time of the doctoral defense, the following papers were unpublished and had a status as follows: Paper 4: Accepted. Paper 5: Manuscript. Paper 6: Manuscript.
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Goldberg-Morse, Hannah Elizabeth. "It's Hard to Be Sant in the City: How Bhindranwale and the Sikh Militants Invoked the Sikh Past to Rationalize Violence in Post-Partition Punjab." Scholarship @ Claremont, 2014. http://scholarship.claremont.edu/cmc_theses/851.

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1984’s Operation Blue Star, an Indian Army maneuver to rid the Sikh Golden Temple of militants, shocked the world. Bullet holes riddled the temple’s façade in the operation’s aftermath, and the global Sikh community was outraged at the desecration of the site. How did the political conflict in Punjab escalate to this point? What were the factors behind the Sikh militant movement, and how did the militants rationalize their activities, considered by some as rampant terrorism? This thesis examines the circumstances surrounding the rise to arms of the Punjabi Sikh militants and the religious influences of their movement. Identifying how themes of the Sikh past, particularly those of communal identity, martyrdom, and martial tradition, were repurposed and employed by militant Sikhs to ground their violence in Sikh tradition and practice, the thesis finds that leaders of the movement, like Sant Bhindranwale, created rhetorical bridges to the Sikh past and embedded in the community a sense of participating in a greater, cosmic war. There exists a tendency among scholars to overlook the religious elements of the movement in order to assign political, economic or sociological roots to the conflict, but religion was a primary factor in the conflict, as demonstrated through the words and actions of the militants themselves. This research adopts a sociotheological approach to religious studies, drawing upon framework by Mark Juergensmeyer, Émile Durkheim and Pierre Bourdieu, among others, to frame the influence of the Sikh past on the militants’ own plane of reference.
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Books on the topic "Blue star"

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Sagar, Tariq Ismail. Operation Blue Star. Lahore: Maqbool Academy, 1994.

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Ferro, Robert. The blue star. London: GMP, 1987.

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Earley, Tony. The Blue Star. New York: Little, Brown and Company, 2008.

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The blue star. New York: Dutton, 1985.

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Ferro, Robert. The Blue Star. New York: New American Library, 1986.

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Bennett, James W. Blue Star rapture. New York: Simon & Schuster Books for Young Readers, 1998.

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Gau-Ghan, David. The blue star millennium. Auckland, N.Z: Bradbury House of Words, 1999.

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Kaur, Harminder. Blue Star over Amritsar. Delhi: Ajanta Publications (India), 1990.

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Dolan, Penny. Mr Babbit's rabbit. London: Franklin Watts, 2007.

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Kate, Sheppard, ed. But, mum! London: Franklin Watts, 2006.

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Book chapters on the topic "Blue star"

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Rai, Jasdev Singh. "Blue Star (Operation)." In Encyclopedia of Indian Religions, 73–80. Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-94-024-0846-1_505.

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Sastry, K. Subramanya, Bikash Mandal, John Hammond, S. W. Scott, and R. W. Briddon. "Pratia pedunculata (Blue star creeper)." In Encyclopedia of Plant Viruses and Viroids, 1921. New Delhi: Springer India, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-81-322-3912-3_739.

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Rengarajan, T. N., and R. P. Verma. "FIR and Blue Luminosities and Gas Mass in Spiral Galaxies." In Star Forming Regions, 657–58. Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands, 1987. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-94-009-4782-5_203.

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de Groot, Mart. "P Cygni: The Star that Started it All." In Physics of Luminous Blue Variables, 257–58. Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands, 1989. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-94-009-1031-7_30.

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Dueck, Gunter. "Citizen, Go West, Blue Helmet, Star Trek." In E-Man, 7–16. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-34974-4_2.

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Hodge, Paul. "The Blue Star Clusters of M 31." In The Harlow-Shapley Symposium on Globular Cluster Systems in Galaxies, 549–50. Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands, 1988. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-94-015-1104-9_100.

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Dueck, Gunter. "Citizen, Go West, Blue Helmet, Star Trek." In E-Man, 9–20. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 2002. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-56102-3_2.

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Dueck, Gunter. "Citizen, Go West, Blue Helmet, Star Trek." In E-Man, 9–20. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 2001. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-97905-7_2.

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Viallefond, François. "Star Formation in Blue Compact and Irregular Galaxies." In Galactic and Extragalactic Star Formation, 439–58. Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands, 1988. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-94-009-2973-9_26.

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Salzer, John J., and Richard Elston. "Star-Formation Histories of Blue Compact Dwarf Galaxies." In The Stellar Populations of Galaxies, 482. Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands, 1992. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-94-011-2434-8_149.

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Conference papers on the topic "Blue star"

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Gong, Meng L., Neng J. Xiang, K. L. Tong, Tik H. Lee, Shu K. So, and Louis M. Leung. "Blue emitting OLED with star-shaped multifunctional oligomer." In SPIE Optics + Photonics, edited by Zakya H. Kafafi and Franky So. SPIE, 2006. http://dx.doi.org/10.1117/12.679990.

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Leigh, Nathan, Alison Sills, Vicky Kologera, and Marc van der Sluys. "Stellar Encounters with Multiple Star Systems and the Blue Straggler Problem." In INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE ON BINARIES: In celebration of Ron Webbink’s 65th Birthday. AIP, 2010. http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.3536353.

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Maryeva, O., V. Gvaramadze, A. Kniazev, and L. Berdnikov. "Wray 15-906 low mass Luminous Blue Variable on a pre-supernova stage." In ASTRONOMY AT THE EPOCH OF MULTIMESSENGER STUDIES. Proceedings of the VAK-2021 conference, Aug 23–28, 2021. Crossref, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.51194/vak2021.2022.1.1.059.

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Evolutionary link between Red Supergiants and Luminous Blue variables is interesting, but still poorly understood. Wepresent the results of study of the Galactic candidate luminous blue variable Wray 15-906, revealed via detection of itsinfrared circumstellar shell (of ≈ 2 pc in diameter) with the Wide-field Infrared Survey Explorer (WISE) and the HerschelSpace Observatory. Using the stellar atmosphere code CMFGEN and the Gaia parallax, we found that Wray 15-906 is arelatively low-luminosity, log(L/L ⊙ ) ≈ 5.4, star of temperature of 25 ± 2 kK. In the framework of single star evolution,the obtained results suggest that Wray 15-906 is a post-red supergiant star with initial mass of ≈ 25 M ⊙ and that beforeexploding as a supernova it could transform for a short time into a WN11h star. The presence of shell with mass 2.9±0.5 M ⊙indicates that Wray 15-906 has suffered substantial mass loss in the recent past.
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Bouwens, R. J., G. D. Illingworth, Daniel J. Whalen, Volker Bromm, and Naoki Yoshida. "Very Blue UV-Continuum Slopes of Star-Forming Galaxies at z∼7 and the Evolution to z∼2–4." In THE FIRST STARS AND GALAXIES: CHALLENGES FOR THE NEXT DECADE. AIP, 2010. http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.3518855.

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Khorasani, Sasan T. "Design-Driven Integrated-Comprehensive Model CDFS Strategic Relationships." In ASME 2014 International Design Engineering Technical Conferences and Computers and Information in Engineering Conference. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/detc2014-34194.

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Measuring quality in design-driven innovation is part of the larger subject of product design, supply chain management and new product development (NPD). In other words, better design and supply chain integration increase the efficiency and effectiveness of the production development process. In this work, I have studied the role of understanding the needs of customers and design approaches for new products through a combination of customer feedback and participation of designers in the first phase of new product development. Furthermore, I discuss why the incorporation of both designers and customer needs is important to design-driven innovation. In the second phase of this study, I present several case studies in terms of supplier-buyer relationships in order to find a solution that achieves a long-term relationship (the alliance-star model) in new product development, which is a crucial problem in the Blue Ocean Strategy. Finally, by presenting the CDFS (Customer-Designer-Firm-Supplier) strategic model, we show schematically the integrated-comprehensive process approach for creating a new innovative product from the concept phase through to the end of Product life cycle. This model presents the process of new innovation, which can ensure added value during Product life cycle.
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Deharveng, Jean-Michel. "The blue stars in NGC 5102 and NGC 205." In The ultraviolet universe at low and high redshift. AIP, 1997. http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.53745.

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Holweger, Hartmut, Michael Lemke, Inga Rentzsch-Holm, and Sven Stürenburg. "Abundance patterns in unevolved A stars and in blue stragglers." In The 3rd international symposium on nuclear astrophysics: Nuclei in the Cosmos III. AIP, 1995. http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.47376.

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Gosnell, Natalie. "Blue Straggler Stars: A Window Into Alternative Pathway Stellar Products." In Frank N. Bash Symposium 2015. Trieste, Italy: Sissa Medialab, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.22323/1.261.0005.

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Halabi, Ghina M., and Mounib El Eid. "Sensitivity of the blue loops of intermediate-mass stars to nuclear reactions." In EXOTIC NUCLEI AND NUCLEAR/PARTICLE ASTROPHYSICS (IV). FROM NUCLEI TO STARS: Carpathian Summer School of Physics 2012. AIP, 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.4768514.

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Vijay, Nimitha K., and M. D. Benoy. "ZnO thin films with narrow band blue emission grown using sol gel spin coating technique." In INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE ON SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY OF ADVANCED MATERIALS: STAM 20. AIP Publishing, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/5.0016913.

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Reports on the topic "Blue star"

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Purdue, Patricia. MACHO project LMC variable star inventory: Aperiodic blue variables. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), May 1996. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/576759.

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Purdue, P. The MACHO Project LMC variable star inventory: Aperiodic blue variables. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), December 1995. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/195743.

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Hellwarth, Robert W. Unconventional Laser Guide Stars and Wavefront Correction of Blue Starlight. Fort Belvoir, VA: Defense Technical Information Center, May 2002. http://dx.doi.org/10.21236/ada407962.

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Greenhill, Lucy, Christopher Leakey, and Daniela Diz. Second Workshop report: Mobilising the science community in progessing towards a sustainable and inclusive ocean economy. Scottish Universities Insight Institute, July 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.15664/10023.23693.

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Across the Blue Economy, science must play a fundamental role in moving us away from business as usual to a more sustainable pathway. It provides evidence to inform policy by understanding baselines, trends and tipping points, as well as the multiple and interacting effects of human activities and policy interventions. Measuring progress depends on strong evidence and requires the design of a monitoring framework based on well-defined objectives and indicators, informed by the diverse disciplines required to inform progress on cross-cutting policy objectives such as the Just Transition. The differences between the scientific and policy processes are stark and affect interaction between them, including, among other factors, the time pressures of governmental decision-making, and the lack of support and reward in academia for policy engagement. To enable improved integration, the diverse nature of the science / policy interface is important to recognise – improved communication between scientists and policy professionals within government is important, as well as interaction with the wider academic community through secondments and other mechanisms. Skills in working across boundaries are valuable, requiring training and professional recognition. We also discussed the science needs across the themes of the Just Transition, Sustainable Seafood, Nature-based Solutions and the Circular Economy, where we considered: • What research and knowledge can help us manage synergies and trade-offs? • Where is innovation needed to promote synergies? • What type of indicators, data and evidence are needed to measure progress? The insights developed through dialogue among participants on these themes are outlined in Section 4 of this report.
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Njå, Ove, and Kirsti Russell Vastveit. Norske kommuners planlegging, gjennomføring og bruk av risiko- og sårbarhetsanalyse i forbindelse med samfunnssikkerhetsarbeidet. University of Stavanger, October 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.31265/usps.164.

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I prosjektet; «Helhetlig ROS-analyse i norske kommuner» analyserer vi hvordan kommuner utvikler, bruker og oppdaterer ROS-analyser og risikoforestillinger i sitt samfunnssikkerhetsarbeid. Det legges vekt på hvordan kommuner integrerer ROS-arbeidet og risikoforestillinger i eksisterende plan- og arbeidsprosesser. Hvilke utfordringer opplever kommunene i dette arbeidet? Etter å ha jobbet med risiko og sikkerhet i mer enn 20 år, og en vesentlig del av disse opp mot kommuner, er det etter vårt syn et gjennomgående trekk at kommunalt ansatte som jobber med sikkerhet og beredskap har stor skepsis til akademikere på dette feltet. Den teoretiske «verden» er ikke i stand til å kommunisere med den praktiske og vice versa. Denne utfordringen mener vi står sterkt også i dag, og dermed ble det i prosjektet viktig å finne ut hvordan begrepene ble brukt i kommunene. Hvor kritiske er begrepene for omfanget av bruken av analysene? Står vi ved et markant skille nå med innføring av ny veileder for helhetlig ROS-analyse i kommuner? Eller, er arbeidet omkring samfunnssikkerhet og beredskap fastnet i en praksis uten påvirkning fra ROS-analyse? Datamateriale fra 26 kommuner er inkludert i studien. Kommunene dekker alle landsdelene og de har varierte demografiske og geografiske profiler. Blant deltagerne er kommuner med storulykkesindustri, større bykommuner, mindre øykommuner og grensekommuner. Opptil fem personer med ulikt ansvar for samfunnssikkerhets- og beredskapsarbeidet er intervjuet i hver kommune. En viktig del av prosjektet er forholdet mellom ROS-analyser på ulike forvaltningsnivåer, hvordan ROS-analysene kommuniserer risikoforestillinger og hvordan kommunene kan bygge på og hente innspill fra hverandre i ROS-analysearbeidet. Siden 2010 har Lov om kommunal beredskapsplikt, sivile beskyttelsestiltak og Sivilforsvaret (sivilbeskyttelsesloven) og underliggende Forskrift om kommunal beredskapsplikt stilt krav til kommunenes ROS-analyse og samfunnssikkerhetsarbeid i stort. Likevel er det ikke opplagt hva det innebærer. Forskriften snakker om begreper og konsepter som; - Jobbe systematisk og helhetlig med samfunnssikkerhet; - Forankring i kommunestyret; - Eksisterende og fremtidige risiko- og sårbarhetsfaktorer; - Særlige utfordringer; - Langsiktige mål, strategier, prioriteringer og plan for oppfølging av samfunnssikkerhets- og beredskapsarbeidet; - Vurdere forhold som bør integreres i planer og prosesser; og - Overordnet beredskapsplan. Det stiller store krav til kommunens ansattes kunnskap og kompetanse til å fortolke hva alle disse konseptene skal bety for kommunen og hvordan ansatte skal jobbe med kravene. Her ligger kjernen av vår studie. Studien vår viser at det legges betydelig med ressurser og arbeid ned i kommuners helhetlige ROS-analyser, samfunnssikkerhets og beredskapsarbeid. Risikoinformert styring og risikotenkning er en krevende filosofi, hvor det forutsettes at de ansatte med ansvar for kommunens systemer og samfunnssikkerhets- og beredskapsarbeidet har høy kompetanse på området. I kommunene som deltok i studien synes det å være enklere for kommunene å konkretisere hvordan de arbeidet med beredskap enn med samfunnssikkerhet. Kommunene hadde i varierende grad oversikt over hvordan beredskapsarbeidet var satt i system på tvers av etater. Materialet ble analysert ut fra fire forhold: - Begrepsforståelser og bruk av begreper for å uttrykke samfunnssikkerhet - Planlegging og gjennomføring av ROS-analyseprosesser - Presentasjon av resultater fra ROS-analysearbeidet - Implementering av analyseresultatene i kommunens aktiviteter Datamaterialet viser at kommunene og de fleste respondentene våre er i liten grad bekymret over begrepene de bruker. I hovedsak er det risiko, ROS-analyse (eller andre koplinger av ROS), hendelser, akseptkriterier, beredskap, kriseplaner og tiltak som er konseptene i bruk. Usikkerhet var et begrep som fulgte med, men det var i liten grad reflektert over utover at det var en egenskap med hele ROS-analyseprosessene. Samfunnssikkerhet, ytelse av beredskapstiltak, sårbarhet, resiliens, barrierer, system er begreper som får lite eller ingen omtale i kommunenes befatning med samfunnssikkerhet og beredskap. Kommunene er veldige instrumentelle i arbeidet med å utvikle produktene (helhetlig) ROS-analyse og beredskap- og kriseplaner. Beslutningsprosessene som den helhetlige ROS-analysen er en del av, trekkes ikke frem som førende for hvordan ROS-analyser og samfunnssikkerhetsarbeidet gjøres. Fylkesmannen sin rolle som pådriver, rådgiver og tilsynsmyndighet var for de aller fleste kommunene beskrevet med positive fortegn. Alle analysene vi har hatt tilgang til er utført som grovanalyser (hazid-gjennomganger, scenariobeskrivelser, gruppediskusjoner), men med relativt små variasjoner innenfor hvordan risiko måles og uttrykkes. Enkelte kommuner inspireres av innholdet i FylkesROS-analyse eller Nasjonalt Risikobilde, mens andre har et større fokus på lokale forhold og hendelser. I forbindelse med bruk av tiltak fra helhetlig ROS-analyse var det en klar trend at kommunene synes det var vanskelig å sikre implementering av tiltak. Dette skyldes blant annet at det var utfordrende å sikre at den ansvarlige etat tok ansvar for tiltak, at beredskapskoordinatorer ikke anså tiltak som skulle implementeres i enkeltetater som sitt ansvar og at kommunene i mange tilfeller ikke hadde midler til gjennomføring av tiltak. Problemet kan trolig også spores til at helhetlig ROS-analyse ikke var et dokument som var i aktiv bruk i hverdagen til kommunenes ansatte, og som det i de fleste tilfeller ikke ble laget aksjonsplaner for å følge opp. På tiltakssiden var det også tydelig at flere kommuner gjorde det vanskelig for seg selv, ettersom de beskrev svært generelle tiltak i rapportene sine, tiltak som egentlig var på plass i den ansvarlige etat og som var dekket av andre internkontrollrutiner, eller som andre offentlige etater var ansvarlige for. Kommunene i prosjektet hadde i varierende grad koblet beredskapsplanene sine opp mot de helhetlige ROS-analysene. En annen utfordring i forbindelse med «bruk» til beredskapsplanlegging var at kommunene ikke var sikre på hvordan dette skulle tolkes. Skulle man lage øvelser basert på hendelsene som var brukt i helhetlig ROS-analyse, skulle det lages tiltakskort som passet til scenarioene i helhetlig ROS-analyse? Enkelte kommuner hadde inkludert hendelser fra helhetlig ROS-analyse i beredskapsplanverket sitt, mens andre hadde fokusert mer på felles kapasiteter i helhetlig ROS-analyse. Å se sammenhengen mellom helhetlig ROS-analyse og beredskapsplanlegging var et vanskelig tema for kommunene. Beredskapsanalyse og vurdering av «godheten» av beredskapstiltak er også en stor utfordring. Den største utfordringen og det viktigste funnet som har kommet fram gjennom studiet er at prinsippene i risikobasert styring er nærmest fraværende i kommunene. Funksjonelle krav til sikkerhet mangler, en levende diskusjon om samfunnssikkerhet og beredskap mangler, og analysene brukes i svært liten grad. ROS-analyse og intensjoner om risikobasert styring har vært i norske kommuner i mer enn 20 år, og basert på dette mener vi at det er kompetanse og reguleringsregimet det må gjøres noe med, heller enn å innføre nye veiledere og tilsynsaktiviteter. Ansvaret for kommunens samfunnssikkerhets- og beredskapsarbeid må knyttes opp mot spesifikk kompetanse. Det krever at kommunene endrer praksis på i den administrative ledelsen og virksomhetene som eier systemene, tjenestene og aktivitetene, så vel som i kommunikasjonen mellom administrativ og politisk ledelse når det gjelder samfunnssikkerhet og beredskap. Vi mener at politikeren fra bykommune 1 langs kysten i Nord-Norge illustrerer behovet på en betegnende måte: «Veldig få i beredskapsrådet har lest dokumentene. I vårt fylke tror jeg vi er noen av de som har kommet lengst, og det sier etter mitt skjønn sitt». «Vi må involvere oss på et mye tidligere stadium. Skaffe oss oversikt over hva som er beredskapsplanene, og hvor flaskehalsene er. Det tror jeg at jeg deler med veldig mange. Vi strykes med hårene i alt for stor grad. Vi får for mye ros.»
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Ørvig, Kjersti. Velferdsteknologi: En studie av holdninger/oppfatninger om bruk av velferdsteknologi for unge mennesker med nedsatt funksjonsevne i eller på vei til egen bolig. University of Stavanger, October 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.31265/usps.225.

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Dette er en rapport som bygger på en sosiologisk studie av pårørende og brukeres oppfatninger i tilknytning til en fremtidig innføring av velferdsteknologi i bolig for unge mennesker med nedsatt funksjonsevne. Hovedhensikten med studien er å dokumentere og diskutere muligheter og begrensninger ved velferdsteknologisk understøttelse i bolig slik den enkelte bruker/pårørende oppfatter dette. Målgruppen for studien er unge voksne (18-29 år) med nedsatt funksjonsevne som enten bor i egen bolig eller er på vei til egen bolig. Dette er en gruppe unge mennesker som har vært og fremdeles er lite synlig i debatten rundt innføring av velferdsteknologi som i all hovedsak har vært rettet mot eldre og/eller kronisk syke. Min analyse fokuseres rundt fem hovedtema: 1) kunnskaps- og kompetanseforutsetninger, 2) teknologiske utfordringer, 3) ny teknologi og det menneskelige aspektet, 4) fordeler og ulemper med moderne teknologi og 5) de blandede erfaringene med Nav. Et overordnet spørsmål i rapporten er hvordan velferdsteknologi kan bidra til inkludering for unge mennesker med funksjonsnedsettelser. Det ble anvendt en kvalitativ metode i studiet med bruk av semi-strukturerte intervjuer. Utvalget av informanter i målgruppen ble strategisk valgt i samsvar med prosjektets forskningsspørsmål. Dette omfattet unge voksne brukere (18-29 år) med nedsatt kognitiv og/eller fysisk funksjon samt pårørende til brukere i denne aldersgruppen. Et annet kriterium var at brukerne enten bodde i egen bolig eller var på vei til egen bolig de nærmeste årene. Totalt 13 informanter deltok, herav 5 brukere og 8 pårørende. 3 av de 5 brukerne som deltok i undersøkelsen bodde i egen bolig. Av det totale antallet brukere som var representert i undersøkelsen bodde 5 av brukere i egen bolig. Intervjuene ble gjennomført i fem kommuner i Rogaland høsten 2013 og vår 2014. Hvert intervju ble tatt opp på bånd og transkribert. Informantene ble rekruttert via to ulike interesseorganisasjoner. Funn Et hovedfunn viser at det er et stort behov for informasjon og kunnskap om hva velferdsteknologi omfatter og hva som er forskjellen på velferdsteknologi og mer tradisjonelle hjelpemidler. Samtidig indikerer funn at noen av brukerne og flere av de pårørende har kunnskap og kompetanse i bruk av smarttelefoner, pc, nettbrett etc. Dette er kunnskap som kan videreutvikles til bruk av ulike typer mer spesialtilpassede kommunikasjonsløsninger. Manglende tilgjengelig informasjon kan bidra til at det skapes ambivalente holdninger til ny teknologi. Dette er knyttet til oppfatninger om overvåkning og kontroll. En utfordring som kommer til uttrykk blant pårørende informantene i tilknytning til velferdsteknologi, er situasjoner hvor pårørende/bruker mangler digital kompetanse. Pårørende uttrykker i den sammenheng bekymring for ekskludering av en gruppe brukere som ikke får tilgang til moderne teknologi fordi det ikke søkes om dette. Resultatet kan bli at det ikke søkes om velferdsteknologiske løsninger fordi pårørende/sosiale nettverk ikke selv har kompetanse eller ikke bryr seg om å erverve denne kompetansen. Brukere som er avhengig av pårørende/sosiale nettverk for å håndtere teknologien kan bli særlig sårbare i denne sammenhengen. Et viktig funn som kommer frem her er at det må opprettes en type support gjennom Nav. Denne type support må være tilgjengelig i situasjoner hvor teknologien ikke fungerer som den skal eller ved andre behov for assistanse. Funn peker og på behovet for å sikre opplæring av kommunalt ansatte som mangler grunnleggende kompetanse om velferdsteknologi. Dette er i samsvar med flere fagrapporter på feltet. Et sentralt funn i undersøkelsen omfatter frykten for at velferdsteknologi skal erstatte menneskelig kontakt. Dette er i samsvar med «motstanderne» i debatten rundt innføring av moderne teknologi. Flere av informantene uttrykte og stor skepsis til ulike type overvåkningsutstyr av tjenestemottaker. Møtet med Nav/hjelpemidler viser at mange av mine informanter har svært blandede erfaringer i forhold til informasjon om moderne velferdsteknologiske løsninger (smarthusløsninger) samt få innvilget søknader til mer tradisjonelle hjelpemidler. Ingen av informantene har på noe tidspunkt fått tilbud om smarthusløsninger i bolig. Dette kan skyldes manglende kompetanse og kunnskap om velferdsteknologiske løsninger fra kommunens side samt representere en flaskehals i forhold til implementering av velferdsteknologi. En annen grunn kan være lav innkjøpskompetanse og svak økonomi. Bruk av ulike moderne teknologiske løsninger kan bidra til at mennesker med nedsatt funksjonsevne kan få en større grad av selvstendighet og kunne delta på flere av livets områder. En viktig forutsetning i denne sammenheng omfatter tilrettelegging og opplæring av funksjonshemmede, pårørende og sosiale nettverk samt aktører som har ansvar for tilrettelegging.
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Johansson, Eva, Elisabeth Ianke Mørkeseth, Monika Röthle, Berit Tofteland, Berit Zachrisen, and Kristin Fugelsnes. Verdier i barnehagen: Mellom ideal og realiteter. University of Stavanger, March 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.31265/usps.228.

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Denne rapporten er skrevet på bakgrunn av prosjektet «Verdier i barnehagen» (2010-2013), et samarbeidsprosjekt om utvikling og forskning i syv barnehager. Målet har vært å studere kommunikasjon av verdier mellom voksne og barn, og samtidig å støtte opp under og utfordre de voksnes arbeid med verdier i barnehagen. De syv barnehagene i prosjektet kommer fra to ulike kommuner i Rogaland. Den ene er en bykommune, den andre en landkommune. Initiativet kom fra Universitetet i Stavanger (UiS) som våren 2010 inviterte de to kommunene til å delta i prosjektet. Prosjektet har blitt finansiert dels av kommunene og den enkelte barnehage, dels av UiS og senere NordForsk. Fem forskere, universitetslektor Kristin Fugelsnes, førstelektorene Elisabeth Ianke Mørkeseth og Monika Röthle samt universitetslektor Berit Tofteland har medvirket i alle faser av studien. De fire forskerne hadde ansvar for én eller to barnehager hver. De fulgte barnehagen ”sin” gjennom hele prosjektperioden, både i utviklingsdelen og i forskningsdelen. De har også intervjuet personalet på den avdelingen de har filmet. Professor Eva Johansson står for prosjektidé og har vært leder av prosjektet. Hun har utført de fleste intervjuene i studien. Forskergruppen har sammen kontinuerlig arbeidet med å utvikle og gjennomføre prosjektet. Ytterligere en forsker, førsteamanuensis Berit Zachrisen, kom inn høsten 2013, og har deltatt i forskergruppen og arbeidet med rapporten. Prosjektet hviler på et nært samarbeid mellom barnehageansatte og forskere. Respekt for de ansattes kunnskap har vært sentralt gjennom hele prosjektet. Det betyr at det er de ansatte i barnehagene som selv har utarbeidet mål og arbeidsmåter i forhold til de verdier som de mener er viktige i forhold til sin gruppe av barn. Forskernes rolle har vært å støtte og utfordre prosessen uten å komme med ferdige løsninger. Slik bygger prosjektet som sådan på verdier som tillit, respekt og medvirkning. Prosjektet startet høsten 2010. Arbeidet i barnehagene, både med utviklingsprosjektet og med konstruksjon av data til forskningsprosjektet, foregikk frem til våren 2012, det vil si i til sammen to barnehageår. I denne perioden arbeidet de ansatte i barnehagene med verdier på ulike måter, og forskerne støttet dette arbeidet ved å arrangere seminarer og inspirasjonsdager. Én barnegruppe i hver barnehage ble i de to årene fulgt systematisk ved hjelp av forskjellige forskningsmetoder. Denne avdelingen kaller vi heretter forskningsavdelingen. Forskernes arbeid med analyse av data og rapportskriving foregikk i hovedsak etter at prosjektet i barnehagene var avsluttet, mellom 2012 og våren 2014. I mars 2013 holdt forskerne et tilbakemeldingsseminar der foreløpige funn fra prosjektet ble presentert. Prosjektet ble i 2013 utvidet til et nordisk prosjekt, «Values education in Nordic preschools: Basis of education for tomorrow», finansiert av NordForsk og deltakende universiteter i alle de nordiske landene. Den nordiske delen av prosjektet kommer til å pågå ut 2015. Denne rapporten pretenderer ikke å fremstille sannhet, men å gi et bilde av det komplekse arbeidet med verdier som pågår i hverdagens mange møter mellom voksne og barn. Vår forhåpning er at rapporten skal leses for å gi kunnskap, inspirasjon, refleksjon og støtte i det videre arbeidet med verdier. Den er ikke en vurdering av den enkelte pedagog eller barnehage. Arbeidet med verdier er, som flere av deltakerne har sagt, et arbeid som ikke avsluttes når prosjektet gjør det; det blir aldri ferdig!
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Peitz, David. Bird community monitoring at Pea Ridge National Military Park, Arkansas: Status report 2008–2021. Edited by Tani Hubbard. National Park Service, September 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.36967/2294263.

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Breeding bird surveys were initiated on Pea Ridge National Military Park, Arkansas in 2008 to assess temporal changes in the species composition and abundance of birds on the park. These data also improve our understanding of relationships between breeding birds and their habitat and the effects of management actions, such as invasive plant species control and tree thinning, on bird populations. Birds were sampled using point counts with 99 variable circular plots located on a systematic grid of 400 x 400-m cells (originating from a random start point). All birds seen or heard on a plot during a 5-minute sampling period were recorded. We surveyed for breeding birds in eight of the last 14 years on as many of the 99 variable circular plots as possible each year, resulting in 592 cumulative plot visits. Surveys have yielded records for 111 different species of birds. Ninety-three of the species recorded are classified as permanent or summer residents to the area, 11 as winter residents to the area, six as transients in the area, and one as a migrant through the area. Nine breeding species recorded are considered species of conservation concern for the Central Hardwoods Bird Conservation Region, the bird conservation region Pea Ridge National Military Park is located within. Of the 93 breeding species recorded, 4 species occurred in grassland and 11 in woodland habitats in numbers large enough to calculate annual abundances with some degree of confidence. However, only the Blue-gray Gnatcatcher (Polioptila caerulea), Eastern Wood-pewee (Contopus virens), Red-eyed Vireo (Vireo olivaceus), and Tufted Titmouse (Baeolophus bicolor) in woodland habitats demonstrated any trends (moderate to strong increases) in abundance. Trends in abundance were classified as uncertain for the rest of the species in both grassland and woodland habitats, which means that no significant increases or decreases occurred, but it is not certain that trends were < 5% per year. Comparisons of population trends on the park with regional trends for the Central Hardwoods Bird Conservation Region suggest that the bird community at Pea Ridge National Military Park is faring similarly to or slightly better than that of the region as a whole. Stable diversity, richness, and evenness values suggest that the park’s habitat has remained consistent in its ability to meet the requirements of many of the park’s breeding bird species. Any increase or decline in species richness could reflect habitat management practices but could also reflect the influences of larger-scale factors such as weather or climatic conditions on vegetation. Therefore, continued monitoring of birds and their habitats on Pea Ridge National Military Park as management and climatic conditions change is essential for park management. - -
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Lazonick, William, Philip Moss, and Joshua Weitz. Equality Denied: Tech and African Americans. Institute for New Economic Thinking, February 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.36687/inetwp177.

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Thus far in reporting the findings of our project “Fifty Years After: Black Employment in the United States Under the Equal Employment Opportunity Commission,” our analysis of what has happened to African American employment over the past half century has documented the importance of manufacturing employment to the upward socioeconomic mobility of Blacks in the 1960s and 1970s and the devastating impact of rationalization—the permanent elimination of blue-collar employment—on their socioeconomic mobility in the 1980s and beyond. The upward mobility of Blacks in the earlier decades was based on the Old Economy business model (OEBM) with its characteristic “career-with-one-company” (CWOC) employment relations. At its launching in 1965, the policy approach of the Equal Employment Opportunity Commission assumed the existence of CWOC, providing corporate employees, Blacks included, with a potential path for upward socioeconomic mobility over the course of their working lives by gaining access to productive opportunities and higher pay through stable employment within companies. It was through these internal employment structures that Blacks could potentially overcome barriers to the long legacy of job and pay discrimination. In the 1960s and 1970s, the generally growing availability of unionized semiskilled jobs gave working people, including Blacks, the large measure of employment stability as well as rising wages and benefits characteristic of the lower levels of the middle class. The next stage in this process of upward socioeconomic mobility should have been—and in a nation as prosperous as the United States could have been—the entry of the offspring of the new Black blue-collar middle class into white-collar occupations requiring higher educations. Despite progress in the attainment of college degrees, however, Blacks have had very limited access to the best employment opportunities as professional, technical, and administrative personnel at U.S. technology companies. Since the 1980s, the barriers to African American upward socioeconomic mobility have occurred within the context of the marketization (the end of CWOC) and globalization (accessibility to transnational labor supplies) of high-tech employment relations in the United States. These new employment relations, which stress interfirm labor mobility instead of intrafirm employment structures in the building of careers, are characteristic of the rise of the New Economy business model (NEBM), as scrutinized in William Lazonick’s 2009 book, Sustainable Prosperity in the New Economy? Business Organization and High-Tech Employment in the United States (Upjohn Institute). In this paper, we analyze the exclusion of Blacks from STEM (science, technology, engineering, math) occupations, using EEO-1 employment data made public, voluntarily and exceptionally, for various years between 2014 and 2020 by major tech companies, including Alphabet (Google), Amazon, Apple, Cisco, Facebook (now Meta), Hewlett Packard Enterprise, HP Inc., Intel, Microsoft, PayPal, Salesforce, and Uber. These data document the vast over-representation of Asian Americans and vast under-representation of African Americans at these tech companies in recent years. The data also shine a light on the racial, ethnic, and gender composition of large masses of lower-paid labor in the United States at leading U.S. tech companies, including tens of thousands of sales workers at Apple and hundreds of thousands of laborers & helpers at Amazon. In the cases of Hewlett-Packard, IBM, and Intel, we have access to EEO-1 data from earlier decades that permit in-depth accounts of the employment transitions that characterized the demise of OEBM and the rise of NEBM. Given our findings from the EEO-1 data analysis, our paper then seeks to explain the enormous presence of Asian Americans and the glaring absence of African Americans in well-paid employment under NEBM. A cogent answer to this question requires an understanding of the institutional conditions that have determined the availability of qualified Asians and Blacks to fill these employment opportunities as well as the access of qualified people by race, ethnicity, and gender to the employment opportunities that are available. Our analysis of the racial/ethnic determinants of STEM employment focuses on a) stark differences among racial and ethnic groups in educational attainment and performance relevant to accessing STEM occupations, b) the decline in the implementation of affirmative-action legislation from the early 1980s, c) changes in U.S. immigration policy that favored the entry of well-educated Asians, especially with the passage of the Immigration Act of 1990, and d) consequent social barriers that qualified Blacks have faced relative to Asians and whites in accessing tech employment as a result of a combination of statistical discrimination against African Americans and their exclusion from effective social networks.
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