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Journal articles on the topic 'Bluebunch wheatgrass'

Author: Grafiati

Published: 4 June 2021

Last updated: 13 February 2022

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1

Orloff, L. Noelle, Jane M. Mangold, and Fabian D. Menalled. "Role of Size and Nitrogen in Competition between Annual and Perennial Grasses." Invasive Plant Science and Management 6, no. 1 (March 2013): 87–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.1614/ipsm-d-12-00035.1.

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AbstractDiffering life histories contribute to difficulties establishing perennial grasses on lands dominated by exotic annual grasses. In a greenhouse study, we investigated to what extent allowing the perennial grass bluebunch wheatgrass to emerge before the exotic annual grass downy brome would increase its competitive ability and whether modifying nitrogen (N) would affect competition. We conducted an addition-series factorial experiment. In three cohort treatments, the two species were seeded concurrently or bluebunch wheatgrass was at the two- or four-leaf stage when downy brome was planted. N treatments were low (ambient) or high (N added to maintain 10 mg kg−1 [0.1286 oz lb−1]). Larger bluebunch wheatgrass avoided suppression by downy brome regardless of N. Under concurrent sowing, doubling downy brome density decreased bluebunch wheatgrass biomass by 22.6% ± 2.38 SE. In contrast, when bluebunch wheatgrass had a four-leaf size advantage, the same increase in downy brome density decreased bluebunch wheatgrass biomass by 4.14% ± 2.31. Larger bluebunch wheatgrass also suppressed downy brome more effectively, but N enrichment decreased the suppressive ability of bluebunch wheatgrass.

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2

Jacobs, James S., Roger L. Sheley, and Bruce D. Maxwell. "Effect ofSclerotinia sclerotiorumon the Interference between Bluebunch Wheatgrass (Agropyron spicatum) and Spotted Knapweed (Centaurea maculosa)." Weed Technology 10, no. 1 (March 1996): 13–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0890037x00045644.

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Effectiveness of the common soil fungusSclerotinia sclerotiorumas a biological control for spotted knapweed and its effect on competitive interactions between spotted knapweed and bluebunch wheatgrass were evaluated in a growth chamber study using addition series methods. Total seeding densities ranged from 2000 to 60 000 seeds/m2. Mean bluebunch wheatgrass plant weight was 3.5 times greater than spotted knapweed weight per plant, respectively. Coefficient ratios estimating species interaction showed bluebunch wheatgrass density had a greater influence than spotted knapweed density on both bluebunch wheatgrass and spotted knapweed weights (2.11 and 0.51, respectively) when not under the influence ofS. sclerotiorum. Niche differentiation ratios indicated a lack of resource partitioning between species (1.11).S. sclerotiorumreduced spotted knapweed density by 68 to 80% without reducing bluebunch wheatgrass density. Spotted knapweed weight per plant also was reduced by the addition of 5.sclerotiorum(1.4 to 1.2 mg) but there was not a corresponding increase in bluebunch wheatgrass weight.S. sclerotiorumdecreased competition between spotted knapweed and bluebunch wheatgrass. This study provides evidence that establishment of bluebunch wheatgrass on spotted knapweed infested rangeland may be improved by combiningS. sclerotiorumwith high grass seeding rates.

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3

Nowak, Robert S., and Martyn M. Caldwell. "Photosynthetic Characteristics of Crested Wheatgrass and Bluebunch Wheatgrass." Journal of Range Management 39, no. 5 (September 1986): 443. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/3899448.

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4

Gibbs, J. L., G. Young, and J. R. Carlson. "Registration of ‘Goldar’ Bluebunch Wheatgrass." Crop Science 31, no. 6 (November 1991): 1708. http://dx.doi.org/10.2135/cropsci1991.0011183x003100060083x.

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5

Sheley, Roger L., and James S. Jacobs. "“Acceptable” Levels of Spotted Knapweed (Centaurea maculosa) Control." Weed Technology 11, no. 2 (June 1997): 363–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0890037x00043074.

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Competition between bluebunch wheatgrass and spotted knapweed was quantified using three addition series experiments in an environmental chamber. Using two density matrices, spotted knapweed plants were thinned by either 45 or 90% of their original densities 40 d after emergence. Another matrix of density combinations was not thinned. All plant material was harvested 90 d after thinning. Spotted knapweed was about four times more competitive than bluebunch wheatgrass. Reducing spotted knapweed by 45% did not alter the competitive relationship between the two species. We believe remaining knapweed individuals captured the majority of the newly available resources. Ninety percent reduction was necessary to shift the competitive relationship in favor of bluebunch wheatgrass. Successful integrated spotted knapweed management must exploit key mechanisms and processes directing plant community dynamics, in conjunction with weed density reduction, if communities are to be shifted toward those that are desired.

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6

Jensen, Kevin B., Michael Curto, and Kay Asay. "Cytogenetics of Eurasian Bluebunch Wheatgrass and Their Relationship to North American Bluebunch and Thickspike Wheatgrasses." Crop Science 35, no. 4 (July 1995): 1157–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.2135/cropsci1995.0011183x003500040041x.

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7

Ralphs, Michael H. "Response of Broom Snakeweed (Gutierrezia sarothrae) and Cool-Season Grasses to Defoliation." Invasive Plant Science and Management 2, no. 1 (January 2009): 28–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.1614/ipsm-08-075.1.

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AbstractBroom snakeweed is one of the most widespread range weeds in western North America. Although a native plant, it increases with disturbance such as overgrazing, fire, and drought, and can dominate sites. The objective of this study was to test the hypothesis that defoliation of broom snakeweed alone, and along with associated grasses, would reduce its vigor and increase its mortality in bunchgrass plant communities. The study was conducted at two locations: near Nephi, UT in an invaded crested wheatgrass stand and at Howell, UT in a bluebunch wheatgrass/Wyoming big sagebrush community. Clipping treatments consisted of (1) untreated Control; (2) All Clip—clipping all herbaceous vegetation 2 cm above the soil surface, and current season foliar growth of snakeweed; (3) Grass Clip—clipping all grass and forb plants; (4) Snakeweed Clip—clipping current season foliar growth. Treatments were randomly assigned to 1-m2plots and clipped in May or late August. Plots were measured and clipped at the respective seasons annually from 2004 to 2007. Defoliation of snakeweed in spring in the Snakeweed Clip treatment caused higher mortality and lower size and vigor of remaining plants than the other treatments at the end of the study. Clipping all vegetation also reduced snakeweed density at Nephi, but not at Howell. There was little regrowth of bluebunch wheatgrass at Howell in the All Clip treatment; thus, it was likely to have not competed with snakeweed regrowth for limited soil moisture. Bluebunch wheatgrass cover declined at Howell in the All and Grass Clip treatments. Crested wheatgrass was not adversely affected by spring defoliation in the All and Grass Clip treatments, and it increased in the Snakeweed Clip treatment. There were few differences in the fall defoliations. Spring defoliation of snakeweed put it at a competitive disadvantage with both intact perennial bunchgrasses and regrowth crested wheatgrass, thus enhancing its mortality.

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8

Jones, T. A., S. R. Larson, D. C. Nielson, S. A. Young, N. J. Chatterton, and A. J. Palazzo. "Registration of P‐7 Bluebunch Wheatgrass Germplasm." Crop Science 42, no. 5 (September 2002): 1754–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.2135/cropsci2002.1754.

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9

Fu, Yong-Bi, and Don Thompson. "Genetic diversity of bluebunch wheatgrass (Pseudoroegneria spicata) in the Thompson River valley of British Columbia." Canadian Journal of Botany 84, no. 7 (July 2006): 1122–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/b06-066.

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Bluebunch wheatgrass ( Pseudoroegneria spicata (Pursh) A. Löve) is a cool-season perennial grass native to semi-arid regions of western North America and has been used for habitat restoration. However, the genetic diversity of this species is poorly understood. A total of 172 expressed sequence tag-derived simple sequence repeat (eSSR) primer pairs that had been developed for wheat were characterized for genetic diversity studies of bluebunch wheatgrass. Of these, 12 eSSR primer pairs were found to be informative and were applied to screen 216 plants collected from six locations with two different elevations in the Thompson River valley of British Columbia. These analyses revealed a total of 106 eSSR polymorphic alleles (or bands) scorable for each sample. The number of polymorphic bands per primer pair ranged from 2 to 17 with a mean of 8.8. The frequencies of these bands ranged from 0.005 to 0.995 and averaged 0.146. Most (92.6%) of the eSSR variation detected was present within the 12 populations assessed. The between-population eSSR variability was significantly associated with their geographic distances, but not with their elevations. These findings are useful for genetic diversity and genetic mapping studies of this grass species and should facilitate the sampling and development of bluebunch wheatgrass germplasm for germplasm conservation and habitat restoration.

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10

Houseal, G. A., and B. E. Olson. "Nutritive value of live and dead components of two bunchgrasses." Canadian Journal of Animal Science 76, no. 4 (December 1, 1996): 555–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.4141/cjas96-083.

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On northern latitude winter rangelands, the effects of low forage nutritive value on animal performance are usually mitigated by supplementing livestock, although the amount of supplement is often not adjusted for available forage quantity and nutritive value. The objective of this study was to assess the potential of live (fall, spring) and dead component of two cool-sea-son bunchgrasses to meet nutritional requirements of cattle from fall through spring on a foothills range site in southwestern Montana. Several nutritive characteristics of live and dead components of bluebunch wheatgrass (Pseudoroegneria spicata [Pursh] A. Love) and Idaho fescue (Festuca idahoensis Elmer) were assessed during the winters of 1991–1992 and 1992–1993. In addition, rate and extent of dry matter disappearance, and extent of crude protein disappearance were determined in-situ using ruminally cannulated beef cows. Nutritive value of forage components of bluebunch wheatgrass and Idaho fescue were similar fall through spring. Fall growth was similar in CP and digestibility to April growth, and maintained these levels through winter. With normal forage intake rates on winter range, CP levels of standing dead material would not meet animal protein requirements fall through spring. When fall growth is not abundant, more protein supplement would be needed than when it is abundant. Matching animal requirements to forage availability and nutritive value, supplementing only when necessary and in appropriate amounts, could help reduce costs of winter feeding. Key words: Winter grazing, bluebunch wheatgrass, Idaho fescue, forage quality, cattle

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11

Kitchen, Stanley G., and Stephen B. Monsen. "Germination Rate and Emergence Success in Bluebunch Wheatgrass." Journal of Range Management 47, no. 2 (March 1994): 145. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/4002823.

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12

Sheley, Roger L., and Tony J. Svejcar. "Response of Bluebunch Wheatgrass and Medusahead to Defoliation." Rangeland Ecology & Management 62, no. 3 (May 2009): 278–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.2111/08-160r2.1.

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13

Goebel, Carl J., Mohammed Tazi, and Grant A. Harris. "Secar Bluebunch Wheatgrass as a Competitor to Medusahead." Journal of Range Management 41, no. 1 (January 1988): 88. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/3898799.

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14

Brewer, Tracy K., Jeffrey C. Mosley, Daniel E. Lucas, and Lisa R. Schmidt. "Bluebunch Wheatgrass Response to Spring Defoliation on Foothill Rangeland." Rangeland Ecology & Management 60, no. 5 (September 2007): 498–507. http://dx.doi.org/10.2111/1551-5028(2007)60[498:bwrtsd]2.0.co;2.

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15

Jones, T. A., and I. W. Mott. "Notice of release of Columbia germplasm of bluebunch wheatgrass." Native Plants Journal 17, no. 1 (March 1, 2016): 53–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.3368/npj.17.1.53.

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16

Clark, Patrick E., William C. Krueger, Larry D. Bryant, and David R. Thomas. "Spring Defoliation Effects on Bluebunch Wheatgrass: II. Basal Area." Journal of Range Management 51, no. 5 (September 1998): 526. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/4003369.

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17

Kiemnec, G., L. L. Larson, and A. Grammon. "Diffuse Knapweed and Bluebunch Wheatgrass Seedling Growth under Stress." Journal of Range Management 56, no. 1 (January 2003): 65. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/4003883.

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18

Ortega, Yvette K., and Dean E. Pearson. "Effects of Picloram Application on Community Dominants Vary With Initial Levels of Spotted Knapweed (Centaurea stoebe) Invasion." Invasive Plant Science and Management 3, no. 1 (May 2010): 70–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.1614/ipsm-09-015.1.

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AbstractBroadleaf herbicides are commonly used to suppress exotic weeds with the intent of releasing native species from negative impacts of invasion. However, weed control measures can also have unintended consequences that should be considered along with intended effects. We conducted a controlled field experiment within bunchgrass communities of western Montana to examine if broadcast application of the broadleaf herbicide, picloram, may mitigate impacts of the exotic forb, spotted knapweed, on the dominant native grass, bluebunch wheatgrass, and forb, arrowleaf balsamroot. Local-scale relationships between native species and spotted knapweed cover served as a baseline for evaluating treatment effects at differing spotted knapweed invasion levels. To examine secondary invasion, we also measured treatment effects on the exotic grass, downy brome, relative to initial levels of spotted knapweed cover. Picloram application suppressed spotted knapweed cover by 70 to 80%. Treatment appeared to release cover and seed production of bluebunch wheatgrass, causing increases that varied positively with initial spotted knapweed cover. Bluebunch wheatgrass measures were elevated by as much as fourfold in treated vs. control plots, exceeding baseline levels in noninvaded plots. For arrowleaf balsamroot, negative effects of treatment prevailed, particularly where initial spotted knapweed cover was low. Arrowleaf balsamroot cover and fecundity variables were reduced by as much as 60% in treated vs. control plots, to levels typifying baseline conditions in highly invaded plots. In addition, treatment released downy brome, with cover increases from 2- to 20-fold. A controlled experiment selectively removing spotted knapweed showed similar release of downy brome. Our results show that picloram effects can depend on initial levels of weed invasion and may include substantial side effects, particularly when broadcast applications are used. Integrated approaches that include seeding of desirable species may be needed to enhance plant community resistance to secondary invaders and reinvasion by the target weed.

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19

Broersma, K., M. Krzic, D. J. Thompson, and A. A. Bomke. "Soil and vegetation of ungrazed crested wheatgrass and native rangelands." Canadian Journal of Soil Science 80, no. 3 (August 1, 2000): 411–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.4141/s99-082.

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Seeding of introduced forage grasses, such as crested wheatgrass [Agropyron cristatum (L.) Gaertn. and A. desertorum (Fisch.) Schult.], can lead to the reduction of species diversity and soil quality. This study evaluated the effects of crested wheatgrass on soil and vegetation relative to native rangeland dominated by bluebunch wheatgrass [Pseudoroegneria spicata (Pursh) Scribn. & Smith] under ungrazed conditions. Three sites consisting of adjacent ungrazed stands of crested wheatgrass and native vegetation were sampled in June 1997. Total plant cover was 37% on native and 24% on crested wheatgrass rangeland. Species richness was lower for crested wheatgrass than for native rangeland. Quantities of root biomass and most soil properties were similar for the two rangelands. Native rangeland had a more stable soil structure with 1.7 mm mean weight diameter (MWD) and 38% of soil aggregates in the 2–6 mm size fraction compared to 1.4 mm MWD and 28% of soil aggregate in the 2–6 mm size fraction on crested wheatgrass rangeland. Greater soil penetration resistance was observed at the 6 and 7.5 cm depths for crested wheatgrass rangeland. Crested wheatgrass did not invade adjacent native rangelands and only a slight reduction in soil quality was observed on crested wheatgrass rangelands. Key words: Crested wheatgrass, soil C, soil N, penetration resistance, aggregate stability, species diversity

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20

Lesica, P., and H. E. Atthowe. "Identifying Weed-resistant Bluebunch Wheatgrass for Restoration in Western Montana." Ecological Restoration 25, no. 3 (September 1, 2007): 191–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.3368/er.25.3.191.

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21

GANSKOPP, DAVE, TONY SVEJCAR, and MARTY VAVRA. "Livestock forage conditioning: Bluebunch wheatgrass, Idaho fescue, and bottlebrush squirreltail." Rangeland Ecology & Management 57, no. 4 (July 2004): 384–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.2111/1551-5028(2004)057[0384:lfcbwi]2.0.co;2.

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22

Clark, Patrick E., William C. Krueger, Larry D. Bryant, and David R. Thomas. "Spring Defoliation Effects on Bluebunch Wheatgrass: I. Winter Forage Quality." Journal of Range Management 51, no. 5 (September 1998): 519. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/4003368.

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23

Wambolt, Carl L., Michael R. Frisina, Kristin S. Douglass, and Harrie W. Sherwood. "Grazing Effects on Nutritional Quality of Bluebunch WheatGrass for Elk." Journal of Range Management 50, no. 5 (September 1997): 503. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/4003705.

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24

Ganskopp, Dave, Tony Svejcar, and Marty Vavra. "Livestock Forage Conditioning: Bluebunch Wheatgrass, Idaho Fescue, and Bottlebrush Squirreltail." Journal of Range Management 57, no. 4 (July 2004): 384. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/4003863.

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25

Thacker, Eric, Michael H. Ralphs, and Thomas A. Monaco. "A Comparison of Inter- and Intraspecific Interference on Broom Snakeweed (Gutierrezia sarothrae) Seedling Growth." Invasive Plant Science and Management 2, no. 1 (January 2009): 36–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.1614/ipsm-08-099.1.

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AbstractBroom snakeweed (snakeweed) is a native range shrub found throughout semiarid rangelands of the western United States, which increases and dominates plant communities after disturbances such as overgrazing, drought, or wildfire. The objective of this study was to compare the ability of selected grass species and prostrate kochia to restrict establishment and growth of snakeweed seedlings in potted-plant and replicated field studies within two sagebrush ecological sites. In the potted-plant studies, single snakeweed seedlings were grown with seedlings (seedling neighbor study) and established plants (established neighbor study) of three cool-season grasses (crested, pubescent, and bluebunch wheatgrass), prostrate kochia, and snakeweed at increasing densities (1, 3, 5 plants/pot). Interference from crested wheatgrass in the seedling neighbor study, and both crested and bluebunch wheatgrass in the established neighbor study, induced the greatest mortality of snakeweed seedlings, and snakeweed growth was suppressed more by interspecific (grass) than intraspecific (snakeweed) neighbors in both potted-plant studies. Snakeweed establishment was also evaluated at two field sites: Howell and Nephi, UT. Snakeweed and downy brome were controlled by picloram (0.25 kg ae/ha) and glyphosate (1.5 kg ae/ha), then three native and three introduced grasses were drill-seeded, and prostrate kochia was dribble-seeded in replicated plots (3 m by 15 m) at both sites in October 2003. Snakeweed seedlings were transplanted into seeded plots and a bare ground control plot in autumn 2004. Snakeweed mortality was greatest (73%) in crested wheatgrass plots at Howell, but there were few differences among species treatments at Nephi. Of the snakeweed seedlings that survived, there was relatively little growth in any of the seeded plots compared to those in the bare ground control plots. These results indicate that seeded cool-season grasses interfered with and reduced establishment of snakeweed seedlings.

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26

Larson, S. R., T. A. Jones, Z.-M. Hu, C. L. McCracken, and A. Palazzo. "Genetic Diversity of Bluebunch Wheatgrass Cultivars and a Multiple-Origin Polycross." Crop Science 40, no. 4 (July 2000): 1142–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.2135/cropsci2000.4041142x.

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27

Thorne, M. E., B. A. Zamora, and A. C. Kennedy. "Sewage Sludge and Mycorrhizal Effects on Secar Bluebunch Wheatgrass in Mine Spoil." Journal of Environmental Quality 27, no. 5 (September 1998): 1228–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.2134/jeq1998.00472425002700050030x.

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28

Haferkamp, Marshall R., Don C. Adams, Michael M. Borman, Elaine E. Grings, and Pat O. Currie. "Yield and Quality of RS-2, a Quackgrass X Bluebunch Wheatgrass Hybrid." Journal of Range Management 48, no. 4 (July 1995): 362. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/4002490.

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29

Kennett, Gregory A., John R. Lacey, Curtis A. Butt, Kathrin M. Olsonrutz, and Marshall R. Haferkamp. "Effects of Defoliation, Shading and Competition on Spotted Knapweed and Bluebunch Wheatgrass." Journal of Range Management 45, no. 4 (July 1992): 363. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/4003084.

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30

Wagoner, Sara J., Lisa A. Shipley, Rachel C. Cook, and Linda Hardesty. "Spring cattle grazing and mule deer nutrition in a bluebunch wheatgrass community." Journal of Wildlife Management 77, no. 5 (April 11, 2013): 897–907. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jwmg.545.

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31

Merrill, Evelyn, and Nancy Stanton. "Responses of Nematodes to Ungulate Herbivory on Bluebunch Wheatgrass and Idaho Fescue in Yellowstone National Park." UW National Parks Service Research Station Annual Reports 15 (January 1, 1991): 231–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.13001/uwnpsrc.1991.3033.

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The effects of ungulate grazing on the Northern winter range of Yellowstone National Park has recently received considerable attention. Early interest in this topic centered around the question to cull or not to cull elk in the Park. However, as the concepts of "maintaining ecological processes" (Houston 1982) and "ecosystem management" (Keiter 1991) have gained acceptance in Park management, understanding the dynamics and interactions of a broader array of herbivores inhabiting the Park will become increasingly important. In 1990, we studied the responses of Idaho fescue (Festuca idahoensis) and bluebunch wheatgrass (Agropyron spicatum) and their associated nematode communities to ungulate herbivory.

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32

Boyd, Chad S., and Jeremy J. James. "Variation in Timing of Planting Influences Bluebunch Wheatgrass Demography in an Arid System." Rangeland Ecology & Management 66, no. 2 (March 2013): 117–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.2111/rem-d-11-00217.1.

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33

Peek, James M. "Annual Changes in Bluebunch Wheatgrass Biomass and Nutrients Related to Climate and Wildfire." Northwest Science 88, no. 2 (May 2014): 129–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.3955/046.088.0207.

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34

Mangold, Jane M., and Roger L. Sheley. "Controlling Performance of Bluebunch Wheatgrass and Spotted Knapweed Using Nitrogen and Sucrose Amendments." Western North American Naturalist 68, no. 2 (June 2008): 129–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.3398/1527-0904(2008)68[129:cpobwa]2.0.co;2.

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35

Herron, Gretchen J., Roger L. Sheley, Bruce D. Maxwell, and Jeffrey S. Jacobsen. "Influence of Nutrient Availability on the Interaction Between Spotted Knapweed and Bluebunch Wheatgrass." Restoration Ecology 9, no. 3 (September 2001): 326–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.1046/j.1526-100x.2001.009003326.x.

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36

Wilson, Rob G., Steve B. Orloff, Donald L. Lancaster, Donald W. Kirby, and Harry L. Carlson. "Integrating Herbicide Use and Perennial Grass Revegetation to Suppress Weeds in Noncrop Areas." Invasive Plant Science and Management 3, no. 1 (May 2010): 81–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.1614/ipsm-09-008.1.

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AbstractNoncropland such as levees, roadsides, field borders, fencerows, and wildlife areas are vulnerable to weed invasion. Many sites have undergone frequent human disturbance, such as manipulation from surrounding land uses, and lack competitive, desirable vegetation. This study addressed the importance of revegetation in an integrated weed management program including revegetation for noncrop areas. The study evaluated 14 cool-season perennial grasses (seven native species and eight introduced species) for their establishment, vigor, and ability to suppress weeds. It also evaluated the impact of herbicides on weed control and grass establishment. Treatments were applied at three noncrop sites in Northeast California that were heavily infested with weeds. Chemical weed control during the year of seeding and the following year was critical for perennial grass establishment. Weed cover was greater than 50% whereas average seeded grass cover was less than 6% in untreated plots at all sites 2 yr after seeding. In contrast, average seeded grass cover at all sites was 22 to 31% 2 yr after seeding for treatments where herbicide use resulted in wide-spectrum weed control and grass safety. Increasing perennial grass cover decreased total weed cover across perennial grass species 1and 2 yr after seeding. Individual grass species' cover differed among sites. Two introduced grasses (tall wheatgrass and crested wheatgrass) and three native grasses (western wheatgrass, bluebunch wheatgrass, and thickspike wheatgrass) showed broad adaptation and had > 20% cover at all sites 2 yr after seeding. In herbicide-treated plots, these grasses reduced total weed cover by 43 to 98% compared to unseeded plots 2 yr after seeding.

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37

Klimushina, Marina V., Pavel Yu Kroupin, Mikhail S. Bazhenov, Gennady I. Karlov, and Mikhail G. Divashuk. "Waxy Gene-Orthologs in Wheat × Thinopyrum Amphidiploids." Agronomy 10, no. 7 (July 3, 2020): 963. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/agronomy10070963.

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Starch, as the main component of grain in cereals, serves as the major source of calories in staple food and as a raw material for industry. As the technological and digestive properties of starch depend on its content, the management of its components, amylose and amylopectin, is of great importance. The starch properties of wheat grain can be attuned using allelic variations of genes, including granule-bound starch synthase I (GBSS I), or Wx. The tertiary gene pool, including wheatgrass (Thinopyrum) species, provides a wide spectrum of genes-orthologs that can be used to increase the allelic diversity of wheat genes by wide hybridization. Octaploid partial wheat–wheatgrass hybrids (amphidiploids, WWGHs) combine the complete genome of bread wheat (BBAADD), and a mixed genome from the chromosomes of intermediate wheatgrass (Thinopyrum intermedium, genomic composition JrJrJvsJvsStSt) and tall wheatgrass (Th. ponticum, JJJJJJJsJsJsJs). Thus, WWGHs may carry Wx genes not only of wheat (Wx-B1, Wx-A1 and Wx-D1) but also of wheatgrass origin. We aimed to assess the level of amylose in starch and investigate the polymorphism of Wx genes in 12 accessions of WWGHs. Additionally, we characterized orthologous Wx genes in the genomes of wild wheat-related species involved in the development of the studied WWGHs, Th. intermedium and Th. ponticum, as well as in the putative donors of their subgenomes, bessarabian wheatgrass (Th. bessarabicum, JbJb) and bluebunch wheatgrass (Pseudoroegneria stipifolia, St1St1St2St2). Although no significant differences in amylose content were found between different WWGH accessions, SDS-PAGE demonstrated that at least two WWGHs have an additional band. We sequenced the Wx gene-orthologs in Th. bessarabicum, P. stipifolia, Th. intermedium and Th. ponticum, and developed a WXTH marker that can discriminate the Thinopyrum Wx gene in the wheat background, and localized it to the 7E chromosome in Th. elongatum. Using the WXTH marker we revealed the allelic polymorphism of the Thinopyrum Wx gene in the studied WWGHs. The applicability of Thinopyrum Wx genes in wheat breeding and their effect on starch quality are discussed.

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Madsen, Matthew D., Steven L. Petersen, Bruce A. Roundy, Bryan G. Hopkins, and Alan G. Taylor. "Comparison of Postfire Soil Water Repellency Amelioration Strategies on Bluebunch Wheatgrass and Cheatgrass Survival." Rangeland Ecology & Management 65, no. 2 (March 2012): 182–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.2111/rem-d-10-00152.1.

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39

Westenskow-Wall, K. J., W. C. Krueger, L. D. Bryant, and D. R. Thomas. "Nutrient Quality of Bluebunch Wheatgrass Regrowth on Elk Winter Range in Relation to Defoliation." Journal of Range Management 47, no. 3 (May 1994): 240. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/4003024.

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40

Patton, Bob D., M. Hironaka, and Stephen C. Bunting. "Effect of Burning on Seed Production of Bluebunch Wheatgrass, Idaho Fescue, and Columbia Needlegrass." Journal of Range Management 41, no. 3 (May 1988): 232. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/3899174.

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41

Pitt, Michael D. "Assessment of Spring Defoliation to Improve Fall Forage Quality of Bluebunch Wheatgrass (Agropyron spicatum)." Journal of Range Management 39, no. 2 (March 1986): 175. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/3899293.

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42

LARSON, LARRY, and GARY KIEMNEC. "Seedling Growth and Interference of Diffuse Knapweed (Centaurea diffusa) and Bluebunch Wheatgrass (Pseudoroegneria spicata)1." Weed Technology 17, no. 1 (January 2003): 79–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.1614/0890-037x(2003)017[0079:sgaiod]2.0.co;2.

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43

Merrill, Evelyn H., Nancy L. Stanton, and John C. Hak. "Responses of Bluebunch Wheatgrass, Idaho fescue, and nematodes to ungulate grazing in Yellowstone National Park." Oikos 69, no. 2 (March 1994): 231. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/3546143.

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44

Mukherjee, Jayanti Ray, Thomas A. Jones, Thomas A. Monaco, and Peter B. Adler. "Relationship Between Seed Mass and Young-Seedling Growth and Morphology Among Nine Bluebunch Wheatgrass Populations." Rangeland Ecology & Management 72, no. 2 (March 2019): 283–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.rama.2018.11.006.

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45

Aryal, Parmeshwor, and M. Anowarul Islam. "Effect of Forage Kochia on Seedling Growth of Cheatgrass (Bromus tectorum) and Perennial Grasses." Invasive Plant Science and Management 11, no. 4 (December 2018): 201–7. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/inp.2018.27.

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AbstractForage kochia [Bassia prostrata(L.) A. J. Scott] is competitive with annual weeds and has potential for use in reclamation of disturbed land. However, land managers are reluctant to use forage kochia in revegetation programs due to lack of understanding of its compatibility with or invasiveness in the native plant community. We conducted two greenhouse experiments, one to compare the competitive effect of forage kochia versus perennial grasses on growth of cheatgrass (Bromus tectorumL.) and one to study the effect of forage kochia on growth of native perennial grasses. In the first experiment, a single seedling ofB. tectorumwas grown with increasing neighbor densities (0 to 5 seedlings pot−1) of either forage kochia, crested wheatgrass [Agropyron cristatum(L.) Gaertner ×A. desertorum(Fisch. ex Link) Schultes; nonnative perennial grass], or thickspike wheatgrass [Elymus lanceolatus(Scribn. & J. G. Sm.) Gould; native perennial grass].Bromus tectorumgrowth was reduced moderately by all three perennial neighbors, butA. cristatumandE. lanceolatushad more effect onB. tectorumwhen compared with forage kochia. This experiment was repeated and similar results were observed. In the second experiment, forage kochia was grown with each of four native cool-season grass species: basin wildrye [Leymus cinereus(Scribn. & Merr.) Á. Löve], bluebunch wheatgrass [Pseudoroegneria spicata(Pursh) Á. Löve],E. lanceolatus, and western wheatgrass [Pascopyrum smithii(Rydb.) Á. Löve]. Forage kochia had no effect on height, tiller number, and aboveground biomass of native grasses. Similarly, native grasses did not show a significant effect on forage kochia seedlings. This experiment was also repeated, and forage kochia somewhat reduced the aboveground biomass ofL. cinereusandP. spicata. However, all native grasses significantly reduced change in height, branching, and aboveground biomass of forage kochia. These results suggest that forage kochia interfered withB. tectorumseedling growth, but it showed little competitive effect on native grass seedlings.

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Merrill, Evelyn, Jon Hak, and Nancy Stanton. "Responses of Nematodes to Ungulate Herbivory on Bluebunch Wheatgrass and Idaho Fescue in Yellowstone National Park." UW National Parks Service Research Station Annual Reports 18 (January 1, 1994): 126–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.13001/uwnpsrc.1994.3211.

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Above- and belowground biomass of Idaho fescue Festuca idahoensis and bluebunch wheatgrass Agropyron spicatum and nematode densities under these plant species were sampled during the growing season inside and outside a 2-year old exclosure on Crystal Bench in Yellowstone National Park. Early in the growing season, grazed plants of both species had lower shoot and root biomass than ungrazed plants. Standing biomass of grazed plants was equal to ungrazed plants at the end of the growing season. Densities/g root biomass of phytophagous and bacterial feeding nematodes were higher under grazed than ungrazed plants of both plant species only early in the growing season. Foliar concentrations of nitrogen in grazed plants were higher than ungrazed plants but there was no difference in root nitrogen between grazed and ungrazed plants. The effects of ungulate grazing on the Northern winter range of Yellowstone National Park has recently received considerable attention (Frank 1990, Coughenour 1991, Singer 1992, Wallace submitted). Early interest in this topic centered around the question to cull or not to cull elk in the Park. However, as the concepts of "maintaining ecological processes" (Houston 1982) and "ecosystem management" (Keiter 1991) have gained acceptance in Park management, understanding the dynamics and interactions of a broader array of herbivores inhabiting the Park have become increasingly important. In this paper, we describe the results of a study which focused on the effects of aboveground herbivory on nematode density and trophic structure. Root-feeding nematodes are major herbivores in other grassland systems and may consume twice as much biomass as aboveground consumers (Ingham and Detling 1984, Stanton 1988). Houston (1982) reported that nothing is known about the effects of nematodes on the native grasses of the northern range especially in combination with aboveground grazers. We hypothesized that if spring grazing is intense, grazed plants would initially show a decline in root growth and phytophagous nematodes. Cessation of root growth is a common response of plants to grazing and may occur within the first 2-24 hours (Hodgkinson and Baas Becking 1977). Evidence to date supports the idea that phytophagous nematode densities are highest under moderate levels of grazing and low under heavily grazed and ungrazed plants (Stanton 1983, Stanton et al. 1984, Seastedt 1985, Seastedt et al. 1988). Because senescing roots, subsequent to grazing, provide increased substrates for decomposers, we also hypothesized that microbial activity and nitrogen mineralization should increase (Stanton et al. 1984). As a result, we expected to detect an increase in microbial feeding nematodes. As root regrowth occurred, we expected phytophagous nematodes to increase. However, we predicted that populations would not reach levels found under ungrazed plants because plants in grazed areas experience higher levels of nitrogen mineralization (Holland and Detling 1990) than ungrazed plants and may produce proportionally fewer numbers of root hairs (nutrient absorption organs) which serve as feeding sites for nematodes. Because of reduced densities of phytophagous nematodes and increased mineralization rates under grazed plants, we expected grazed plants to recoup their losses rapidly. The net result we predicted would be no detectable differences in aboveground or belowground biomass during years of normal rainfall. Thus, our study addressed 3 null hypotheses. First, root and shoot biomass of grazed and ungrazed plants will be similar at the end of the growing season. Second, density of phytophagous and microbial feeding nematodes will not differ between grazed and ungrazed plants. Finally, nitrogen concentration of roots and aboveground foliage will not be higher in grazed than in ungrazed plants. We focused our attention on bluebunch wheatgrass Agropyron spicatum and Idaho fescue Festuca idahoensis because of their importance as winter range forages and because Mueggler (1975) reported that bluebunch wheatgrass was more sensitive and recovered more slowly to heavy clipping than Idaho fescue.

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Larson, Christian D., Erik A. Lehnhoff, Chance Noffsinger, and Lisa J. Rew. "Competition between cheatgrass and bluebunch wheatgrass is altered by temperature, resource availability, and atmospheric CO2 concentration." Oecologia 186, no. 3 (December 22, 2017): 855–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00442-017-4046-6.

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48

Gibson, Alexis, Cara R. Nelson, and Daniel Z. Atwater. "Response of bluebunch wheatgrass to invasion: Differences in competitive ability among invader‐experienced and invader‐naïve populations." Functional Ecology 32, no. 7 (March 25, 2018): 1857–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/1365-2435.13090.

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49

McLean, Alastair, and Sandra Wikeem. "Influence of Season and Intensity of Defoliation on Bluebunch Wheatgrass Survival and Vigor in Southern British Columbia." Journal of Range Management 38, no. 1 (January 1985): 21. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/3899326.

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Richardson, William C., Turmandakh Badrakh, Bruce A. Roundy, Zackary T. Aanderud, Steven L. Petersen, Phil S. Allen, Dallin R. Whitaker, and Matthew D. Madsen. "Influence of an abscisic acid (ABA) seed coating on seed germination rate and timing of Bluebunch Wheatgrass." Ecology and Evolution 9, no. 13 (June 14, 2019): 7438–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/ece3.5212.

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