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1
Jovičić, Marija, Eva Chmelíková, and Markéta Sedmíková. "Cryopreservation of boar semen." Czech Journal of Animal Science 65, No. 4 (April 30, 2020): 115–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.17221/47/2020-cjas.
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Sperm cryopreservation is the best technology for long-term storage of the semen. However, the damage of boar spermatozoa by cryopreservation is more severe than in other animal species and a standardized freezing protocol for efficient cryopreservation has not been established yet. Semen quality and freezability vary greatly between breeds as well as between individual boars and even the season. Boar spermatozoa are sensitive to low temperatures; they sustain damage and a high rate of mortality and freezing/thawing the boar semen may strongly impair the sperm function and decrease the semen quality. The freezability of boar semen can be influenced by a cryopreservation procedure, and also by using various additives to freezing and thawing extenders such as antioxidants. In order to obtain acceptable results after thawing the boar semen, it is necessary to combine an optimal amount of additives (glycerol, egg yolk, sugars, antioxidants), cooling and warming velocities.
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Milovanović, Aleksandar, Tomislav Barna, Dubravka Milanov, and Miodrag Lazarević. "MODEL FOR COOPERATION BETWEEN BOAR STUDS AND LABORATORIES FOR REPRODUCTION IN BOARS’ SEMEN QUALITY CONTROL." Archives of Veterinary Medicine 6, no. 1 (September 6, 2013): 57–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.46784/e-avm.v6i1.145.
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In this article we presented procedures and results of boar semen quality control performed at the Scientific Veterinary Institute “Novi Sad” based on continuous cooperation with the farms’ centers for boar semen production. Th e data obtained by computer analysis (CASA-computer assisted sperm analysis), flow cytometry and cyto-morphologic examination were used for semen quality evaluation. Th e selected parameters were compared with the reproductive results in sows, such as: farrowing rate, number of piglets per litter, ratio of piglets born alive and stillborn piglets). Semen quality evaluation based on spermatozoa progressive motility, sperm concentration, morphological characteristics and chromatine structure damage were used to give recommendations for semen processing, dilution degree, prospective therapy of boars, or, at least, their culing. Analysis of semen was complemented with seasonal bacterial cultivation and controls in cases of sudden drop on semen quality. Separate fi les containing semen quality graphs and reproductive indicators for easier monitoring were created for every boar. Systematic semen analyses performed by the use of several modern methods, along with periodic bacteriological control, offer possibilities for reliable assessment of boars’ semen quality.
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JOYAL, S. M., B. W. KENNEDY, and J. N. WILKINS. "BOAR, BREED AND ENVIRONMENTAL EFFECTS ON MOTILITY OF FROZEN-THAWED SPERMATOZOA." Canadian Journal of Animal Science 66, no. 3 (September 1, 1986): 663–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.4141/cjas86-073.
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A total of 5186 ejaculates from 115 boars of five breeds (48 Yorkshire, 25 Landrace, 20 Duroc, 18 Hampshire and four Lacombe) were collected and frozen between 1975 and 1980. Frozen semen was thawed and evaluated for percentage progressive motile sperm (post-thaw rating) and loss in percentage motile sperm due to freezing and thawing. Boar repeatabilities and effects of breed of boar, year, month, age of boar at collection and percentage of extender added were examined. Boar repeatabilities were 0.32 for post-thaw rating and 0.22 for loss in percentage motile sperm. Breed of boar was not significant. Year was significant, and percentage motile sperm recovered declined from 1976 through 1980. Semen collected between March and May had the highest post-thaw rating. As age of boar increased, post-thaw rating declined and loss in percentage motile sperm increased. As the percentage of extender added to semen increased, so did the loss in percentage motile sperm after freezing. Correlations between post-thaw rating and fresh semen motility score, volume, concentration and percentage motile sperm were 0.24, 0.03, −0.20 and 0.25, respectively. Respective correlations of fresh semen measures with loss in percentage motile sperm after freezing were 0.15, 0.01, 0.17 and 0.23. The current practice of standardizing fresh semen to a given concentration before freezing does not result in a standard frozen-thawed product with respect to percentage motile sperm. Key words: Boar, semen, freezing, thawing, motility
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Moura, Anderson B., Alvimar J. Costa, Sérgio Jordão Filho, Beatriz B. Paim, Fernanda R. Pinto, and Daniela C. Di Mauro. "Toxoplasma gondii in semen of experimentally infected swine." Pesquisa Veterinária Brasileira 27, no. 10 (October 2007): 430–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/s0100-736x2007001000008.
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Eight reproductive boars were divided into three groups and inoculated with Toxoplasma gondii [GI (n=3) 1.5x10(4) oocysts strain P; GII (n=3) 1.0x10(6) tachyzoites strain RH; and GIII (n=2) non-inoculated control]. Clinical, hematological, parasitemia and serological tests and studies of the parasite in the semen through bioassay and PCR, and in reproductive organs (Bioassay and immunohistochemical analyses) were conducted to evaluate the toxoplasmic infection. Blood and semen were collected on day -2, -1, 1, 3, 5, 7, 9, 11, 14 and weekly up to 84 days post-inoculation (DPI). No clinical or hematimetric alteration was observed in the boars. Parasitemia was detected in one boar inoculated with oocysts at the 7th DPI and in another boar infected with tachyzoites (GII) at the 3rd and 49th DPI. Serological tests revealed antibodies against T. gondii in animals inoculated with oocysts or tachyzoites at the 7th DPI with dilutions of 1:256 and 1:64, which reached peaks of 1:4096 at day 11 and 9, respectively. The bioassays revealed the presence of the parasite in semen samples of a boar inoculated with oocysts (GI) at 3, 49 and 56 DPI and from two boars infected with tachyzoites (GII), one animal at 5 and two animals at 49 days DPI. Mice inoculated with semen from the control group (GIII) remained serologically negative. PCR analysis showed T. gondii DNA in the semen of Boar 1 and Boar 3 inoculated with tachyzoites and oocysts, respectively. The immuno-histochemical tests showed T. gondii in the reproductive organs of Boar 1 and Boar 2, inoculated with tachyzoites and oocysts, respectively. These findings suggest the possible occurrence of venereal transmission of T. gondii in swine.
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Mazurova, J., R. Kukla, M. Rozkot, A. Lustykova, E. Slehova, R. Sleha, J. Lipensky, and L. Opletal. "Use of natural substances for boar semen decontamination." Veterinární Medicína 60, No. 5 (July 15, 2016): 235–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.17221/8175-vetmed.
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Dziekońska, A., and J. Strzeżek. "Boar variability affects sperm metabolism activity in liquid stored semen at 5°C." Polish Journal of Veterinary Sciences 14, no. 1 (December 1, 2011): 21–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/v10181-011-0003-1.
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Boar variability affects sperm metabolism activity in liquid stored semen at 5°CMetabolic activity of boar spermatozoa, liquid stored for three days at 5°C, was measured using bioluminescence for ATP content, fluorescent assay (JC fluorochrome) of mitochondrial activity and oxygen consumption. Sperm motility and plasma membrane integrity (PMI) were simultaneously analyzed. Apart from the statistically significant effect (P < 0.001) of semen storage time, the importance of the individual source of the ejaculate for the analyzed parameters of metabolic efficiency of spermatozoa was shown. This phenomenon was manifested in the interaction of the individual source of the ejaculate with spermatozoa motility, integrity of their membranes and metabolic activity with the passing time of semen preservation. Recorded results indicate that the individual factor may have a significant influence on the technological usefulness of boar spermatozoa for liquid storage. Quality analyses conducted on boar semen stored at 5°C may be used for pre-selection of boars producing sperm with an enhanced tolerance to cold shock.
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Melendez, Ronald, O. MacPherson, J. A. Roden, S. A. Edwards, J. S. H. Hutchinson, A. G. Taylor, and P. R. English. "The effect of prostaglandin f2α on the production and quality of boar semen." Proceedings of the British Society of Animal Production (1972) 1991 (March 1991): 141. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0308229600020912.
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The breeding boar is the single most important animal in the pig herd because he can sire very many piglets in a year, even moreso when used for AI. When a very superior boar is isolated following performance or progeny testing, good management and AI technology can be combined to exploit his potential. One possible way of making even more effective use of such a sire is through treatment of both the boar and his semen with analogues of prostaglandin F2α (PGF2α ). There have been reports from commercial practice of treatment of boars with PGF2a having desirable influences on libido, an increase in ejaculate volume and subsequent litter size in sows they serve. There have also been claims that when human semen is treated directly with an analogue of PGF2α sperm velocity increases. The purpose of this study was to further investigate the effects of PGF2 on semen production and semen quality of boars.
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Bryła, Magdalena, and Monika Trzcińska. "Relationship Between Apoptotic-Like Changes in Stored Boar Semen and DNA Fragmentation in Preimplantation Embryos." Annals of Animal Science 12, no. 3 (May 1, 2012): 357–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/v10220-012-0030-6.
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Relationship Between Apoptotic-Like Changes in Stored Boar Semen and DNA Fragmentation in Preimplantation EmbryosThe aim of this experiment was to study the relationship between apoptotic-like changes in spermatozoa and DNA fragmentation in embryos obtained after insemination with fresh and stored semen. The ejaculates collected from three boars (five ejaculates from the same boar) were extended in Biosolwens Plus extender and stored for five days at 15-17°C. Semen, both fresh (Day 0) and stored (Day 5) used for insemination was analysed to detect apoptotic-like changes using fluorescence method: an assay to assess early changes in the membrane integrity of the sperm using the YO-PRO-1 fluorophore. After 5.5 days of insemination embryos were flushed out of the uterus and DNA fragmentation using TUNEL was analysed. In the fresh semen an average of 2.7, 3.7 and 6.2% of apoptotic sperm was observed in boar nos. 1, 2 and 3, respectively. After five days of storage the percentage of apoptotic sperm significantly increased up to 8.0, 15.7 and 23.2% in each analysed boar. The TUNEL index was 7.1% in the morphologically normal expanded blastocysts obtained after insemination with stored semen, and approximately 1.7% after insemination with fresh semen. A greater number of degenerated embryos and higher incidence of DNA fragmentation in the morphologically normal blastocysts were observed after insemination with stored semen which consists of higher percentage of apoptotic sperm compared to results from insemination with fresh semen.
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Christopher-Hennings, J., E. A. Nelson, J. K. Nelson, K. D. Rossow, J. L. Shivers, M. J. Yaeger, C. C. L. Chase, R. A. Garduno, J. E. Collins, and D. A. Benfield. "Identification of Porcine Reproductive and Respiratory Syndrome Virus in Semen and Tissues from Vasectomized and Nonvasectomized Boars." Veterinary Pathology 35, no. 4 (July 1998): 260–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/030098589803500404.
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Previous studies have indicated that porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus (PRRSV) can be identified in and transmitted through boar semen. However, the site(s) of replication indicating the origin of PRRSV in semen has not been identified. To determine how PRRSV enters boar semen, five vasectomized and two nonvasectomized PRRSV-seronegative boars were intranasally inoculated with PRRSV isolate VR-2332. Semen was collected three times weekly from each boar and separated into cellular and cell-free (seminal plasma) fractions. Both fractions were evaluated by reverse transcriptase nested polymerase chain reaction (RT-nPCR) for the presence of PRRSV RNA. Viremia and serostatus were evaluated once weekly, and boars were euthanatized 21 days postinoculation (DPI). Tissues were collected and evaluated by RT-nPCR, virus isolation (VI), and immunohistochemistry to identify PRRSV RNA, infectious virus, or viral antigen, respectively. PRRSV RNA was identified in semen from all vasectomized and nonvasectomized boars and was most consistently found in the cell fraction, within cells identified with a macrophage marker. Viral replication as determined by VI was predominately found within lymphoid tissue. However, PRRSV RNA was widely disseminated throughout many tissues, including the reproductive tract at 21 DPI. These results indicate that PRRSV can enter semen independent of testicular or epididymal tissues, and the source of PRRSV in semen is virus-infected monocytes/macrophages or non-cell-associated virus in serum. PRRSV-infected macrophages in semen may result from infection of local tissue macrophages or may originate from PRRSV-infected circulating monocytes or macrophages.
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S, Lazić. "Boar Quality Semen Testing and Presence of Mycoplasma Organism." Open Access Journal of Veterinary Science & Research 2, no. 3 (2017): 1–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.23880/oajvsr-16000137.
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This paper describes results of mycoplasma organism and Mycoplasma hyopneumoniae detection in semen of boars. During routine examination of semen quality in 2015 and 2016, different percent of specific changes in the spermatozoa of 23 b oars were observed and these samples were subjected to mycoplasma detection. The se changes were manifested as frequent distal midpiece reflex abnormalities with sporadic coiled principal piece; but booth loops were filed with fine, net like /reticular form s ( “ entrapped pseudocytoplasmatic droplet ” ). Based on the observed morphological forms i t is suspected on the presence and influence of microorganisms, primarily of Mycoplasma origin . PCR and real time PCR molecular methods were examined in all suspected s perm samples. The presence of Mycoplasma spp was found in 15 samples, of which, Mycoplasma hyopneumoniae was found in 8 samples. In the remaining seven samples differentiation to other mycoplasma species were not carried out . This article is indicating t hat genital form of mycoplasma could manifest its effect on semen quality and this may be more significant than current literature data are indicating and recogniz ing as problem in boars. In the same time, i ts high incidence in suspected semen samples coul d be more stressed as a source of sexually transmitted infection. Further estimation of Mycoplasma influence on boar semen quality is needed.
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Apic, Jelena, Ivan Radovic, Ivan Stancic, and Slobodanka Vakanjac. "Boar and season effects on some parameters of semen fertilizing potential." Veterinarski glasnik 70, no. 5-6 (2016): 163–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.2298/vetgl1606163a.
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In order to determine the more accurate fertile potential of sperm, it seems that the conventional parameters of boar semen quality (the ejaculate volume, sperm concentra?tion, progressive motility, percentage of live sperm and of those with intact acrosomal mor?phology) are insufficient. Since recently, there have been numerous studies proving that protein concentration in sperm plasma has high positive correlation with boar fertile po?tential. The research objective was to determine the effect of boars as well as the season on the variation of protein content in the sperm plasma. For the research there were used spermal fractions of 2 boars with high (V-boar) and 2 boars with low (N-boar) protein con?tent in spermal plasma. The ejaculates of boars were taken once a week, for a month, during one year (4 ? 12 = 48 ejaculates per boar). For protein analysis in the spermal plas?ma, the samples were prepared by centrifugation. The ejaculate volume, protein concen?tration and progressive motility varied considerably (p < 0.05 or p < 0.01) among the boars as well as in one and the same boar. The variations of the same parameters were deter?mined also during both warm and cold season. On the other hand, protein concentration was rather constant, and in V-boars (ranged from 4 to 4.5%) while in N-boars (ranged from 2.3 to 2.6%). The season did not significantly affect (p > 0.01) protein content in sperm plasma (V-boars: 4 to 4.5% in warm and cold season; N-boars: 2.3 do 2.6% in warm and 2.3 to 2.5% in cold season). The obtained results showed that measurement of protein con?tent in boar sperm plasma could be a useful method for their ranking, based on fertile po?tential of fresh semen.
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Christopher-Hennings, Jane, Eric A. Nelson, Rebecca J. Hines, Julie K. Nelson, Sabrina L. Swenson, Jeff J. Zimmerman, Christopher C. L. Chase, Michael J. Yaeger, and David A. Benfield. "Persistence of Porcine Reproductive and Respiratory Syndrome Virus in Serum and Semen of Adult Boars." Journal of Veterinary Diagnostic Investigation 7, no. 4 (October 1995): 456–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/104063879500700406.
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Four seronegative adult boars were intranasally inoculated with porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus (PRRSV) isolate VR-2332. Serum and semen were collected 2-3 times weekly for over 100 days postinoculation (DPI). Serum samples were assayed for PRRSV by virus isolation (VI) and a polymerase chain reaction (PCR) and screened for antibodies to PRRSV using the indirect fluorescent antibody (IFA) and virus neutralization (VN) tests. Semen was assayed for PRRSV RNA by PCR. Virus or viral RNA was detected in the serum of all boars within 1 DPI by VI and/or PCR. However, VI results indicated that viremia was transient and occurred from 1 to 9 DPI. Viral RNA was detected in serum from 1 to 31 DPI. In the acute stage of the infection, PRRSV RNA was detected in serum by PCR prior to the presence of viral RNA in semen. The PRRSV RNA was detected in semen as early as 3 DPI and persisted for 25 DPI in 2 of the boars and 56 and 92 DPI in the remaining 2 boars. Detection of PRRSV RNA in semen occurred 2-8 and 28-35 days prior to the detection of antibodies by IFA and VN, respectively. PRRSV was isolated from the bulbourethral gland of the boar that shed viral RNA in semen for 92 DPI. These results suggest that PRRSV RNA can be detected by PCR in boar serum and semen, and may persist for variable periods of time. Viremia and the serologic status of the boar are not adequate indicators of when PRRSV or PRRSV RNA is being shed in the semen. Preliminary findings also indicated that neither shipping stress nor reinoculation with homologous PRRSV resulted in viremia or viral RNA shedding in semen.
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Stojanov, Igor, Aleksandar Milovanović, Tomislav Barna, Jasna Prodanov Radulović, Jelena Apić, Dragica Stojanović, and Nevena Maksimović. "Antimicrobial Resistance as a Problem for the Quality of Boar Semen." Acta Veterinaria 70, no. 1 (March 1, 2020): 136–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/acve-2020-0010.
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AbstractThe aim of the study was to determine whether the bacteria from the environment and from the mucous membrane of the boar prepuce have antimicrobial resistance and whether the result obtained is similar/same to the bacteria that can be found in native boar semen. The study addresses the problem of the presence of primarily resistant bacterial strains in the boar sperm, which, due to their reduced sensitivity, cannot be suppressed by antibiotics used in the semen dilution agent, as well as to emphasize the importance of microbiological monitoring of the boar mucous membranes and ambient surfaces before and during their exploitation. Such an examination could contribute to the interchangeable design of the dilution agent for the boar semen relative to the antibiotic content.Resistant strains of bacteria from prepuce swabs and swabs taken from the facility, as well as from native boar semen were isolated. The presence of these bacteria affected the quality of the semen. In conclusion, it should be pointed out that bacterial monitoring of the prepuce and surface of the facility can indicate possible problems related to the quality of semen, and that the design of the dilution agent for boar semen should be adjusted to the established resistance of isolated bacteria.
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Johnson, L. A., K. F. Weitze, P. Fiser, and W. M. C. Maxwell. "Storage of boar semen." Animal Reproduction Science 62, no. 1-3 (August 2000): 143–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0378-4320(00)00157-3.
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Bwanga, C. O. "Cryopreservation of Boar Semen." Acta Veterinaria Scandinavica 32, no. 4 (December 1991): 431–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.1186/bf03546944.
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Smital, J. "Effects influencing boar semen." Animal Reproduction Science 110, no. 3-4 (February 2009): 335–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.anireprosci.2008.01.024.
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Xuan, M. F., S. Z. Han, B. H. Quan, X. J. Yin, and J. D. Kang. "118 Semen quality and fertilization ability of myostatin-knockout boars." Reproduction, Fertility and Development 32, no. 2 (2020): 186. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/rdv32n2ab118.
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Myostatin-knockout (MSTN−/−) pigs may provide a source of healthy lean protein for human consumption. However, little is known about the effect of this knockout on semen quality, which is important if these pigs are used for production. The purpose of this study is to evaluate the semen quality and fertility of MSTN−/− boars. We generated MSTN−/− boars from Duroc-Landrace-Yorkshire hybrid pig cell lines by somatic cell nuclear transfer, and all 12 boars showed sexual maturation with an obvious “double muscling” phenotype. Semen was collected randomly from three MSTN−/− boars using the gloved-hand technique by one technician and then tested by computer-assisted semen analysis. Semen acrosomal integrity and deformity were measured using Coomassie blue- and eosin-stained smears, respectively. Sperm plasma membrane integrity and mitochondrial activity were evaluated by Hoechst 33342, propidium iodide, and JC-1 multiple staining. The reproductive performance of MSTN−/− boars was evaluated by IVF and by AI. All data were analysed by Student's t-tests. The results showed that the semen color, odor, and pH had no abnormalities. The concentration, motility, plasma membrane integrity, deformity, acrosome integrity, and mitochondrial activity of the semen presented no significant differences from those of the control semen (Duroc). The ejaculation volume of the MSTN−/− boars was significantly lower than that of the control (168.78±6.70 and 223.11±21.21mL, respectively), although the total sperm number was not significantly different. The rate of cleavage and blastocyst formation (247 to 254 oocytes per boar) was not significantly different from those of the control (69.1±0.7 vs. 65.2±1.6%, and 20.2±1.2 vs. 22.8±1.4%, respectively). Seventeen healthy offspring were successfully produced from three sows through AI using semen from one MSTN−/− boar. However, the genotype of piglets has not been tested at present. Thus, MSTN−/− boar may be used as sires, and these pigs are expected to be developed to provide new super-lean meat varieties in the future.
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Feugang, J. M., K. Pendarvis, M. Crenshaw, S. T. Willard, and P. L. Ryan. "185 HIGH-THROUGHPUT PROTEOMIC ASSESSMENT OF FROZEN - THAWED BOAR SPERMATOZOA." Reproduction, Fertility and Development 23, no. 1 (2011): 194. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/rdv23n1ab185.
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Cryopreservation is a tool of choice for seedstock constitution of genetically superior males. Its successful application in swine AI industries is limited because of the poor freezability of boar semen. Indeed, a subset of boars exists that can be successfully frozen–thawed for AI, whereas another group appears highly cryosusceptible, and therefore unusable for long-term semen storage. The reasons for such differences are unknown, and the full characterisation of the protein composition of boar spermatozoa will help determine potential cryosensitive proteins. Here, we performed high-throughput proteomic analyses of boar spermatozoa and compared the proteome profiles of ‘good’ and ‘poor’ freezer boars. Eight commercially proven fertile boars were selected based on conception rates after AI using fresh semen. Semen from 3 independent ejaculations was collected from 4 good and 4 poor freezer boars and frozen in 5-mL straws for the study. Frozen–thawed semen was diluted in the thawing solution and centrifuged through a discontinuous Percoll gradient (90/45) to remove seminal plasma, freezing extender, somatic cells, and dead sperm cells. Purified motile spermatozoa were washed 3 times with cold PBS and pooled in pellets of 3 × 108 spermatozoa per boar. Protein samples were digested with trypsin and prepared for LC-MS/MS analysis. Peptides yielding probability scores lower than 0.05 were subjected to protein identification, and the significance of differentially expressed protein was fixed at P < 0.05. More than 3000 proteins were identified in each group of spermatozoa. Proportions of 63 and 61% total proteins were exclusively detected in good and poor freezer boars, respectively. Many of the identified proteins were related to different cellular compartments and important molecular mechanisms related to sperm function, such as cell death regulation, macromolecule metabolism, and energy-related pathways. Approximately 5% of total proteins, representing 163 to 182 individual proteins, were detected at higher levels in both semen groups. Half of these highly abundant proteins were differentially expressed between good and poor freezer boars. Only 8 appeared partially annotated and 11 were predicted. The remaining list of fully annotated proteins included candidates such as transferrin, albumin, and fascin3, which were significantly (P < 0.05) abundant in good freezer boars, and outer dense fibre (ODF) 2, protamine (PRM) 2, and calmodulin (CALM) 1, which were significantly (P < 0.05) abundant in poor freezer boars. Overall, the results indicate that boar spermatozoa contain large amount of proteins whose susceptibility to cryopreservation and implications for sperm function are still to be characterised. Our findings are particularly important for 1) the search for potential biomarkers of semen freezability, and 2) improvement of semen freezing-thawing extenders for boars and other species with similar issues. Funded by USDA-ARS Special Initiative No. 58-6402-3-0120 and Mississippi Agriculture and Forestry Experiment Station.
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de Sousa, Ithalo Coelho, Rohan Fernando, Jack C. Dekkers, Moysés Nascimento, Richard J. Leach, and Nick V. Serão. "13 Genetic selection using pooled semen." Journal of Animal Science 98, Supplement_4 (November 3, 2020): 6. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/jas/skaa278.011.
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Abstract The use of pooled semen (PS), standard procedure at the commercial level of the swine industry, limits genetic progress, since the offspring parentage is unknown. Literature suggests that some boars have a greater number of progeny than others in the same litter when PS is used. The objective of this study was to evaluate different pedigree-relationship matrices for selection purposes when PS is used. Data on a trait with heritability of 0.4 were simulated 1,000 times for 12 scenarios: combination of sires per pool (2 or 3), number of phenotyped progeny (1 or 12), and three boar dominance levels: no dominance (equal probability of parentage), medium dominance, and complete dominance (all progeny from one boar). Ten pools were created for each scenario based on 5 sires and used for 5 dams each. Breeding values (BV) of the progeny were estimated (EBV) using three relationship matrices: known parents (A), using equal probabilities of parentage (E), and probabilities based on known boar dominance (D). Results for each relationship matrix were compared using the average of the true BV (TBV) of the 10% best animals selected based on EBV. Results are presented as percentage TBV of the selected animals compared to using A (Table). In general, D resulted in better results than E as boar dominance increased. Similar results between E and D were obtained when 12 progenies were phenotyped. When one was phenotyped, D was superior than E in the presence of boar dominance. Knowing the probability of each sire contributing to the progeny increases response to selection when pooled semen is used.
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Jacyno, E., A. Kołodziej, M. Kamyczek, M. Kawęcka, K. Dziadek, and A. Pietruszka. "Effect of L-Carnitine Supplementation on Boar Semen Quality." Acta Veterinaria Brno 76, no. 4 (2007): 595–600. http://dx.doi.org/10.2754/avb200776040595.
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The effect of addition of L-carnitine on boar semen quality was studied in 5 Pietrain boars at age 1.5 - 2.0 years. The boars received 500 mg of L-carnitine per day for 5 weeks. During this period, their ejaculates were collected once a week and evaluated for quality. The control ejaculates had been collected before the application of L-carnitine. It was found that the addition of L-carnitine to the boars' feed had a positive effect on the quality of boar semen. The total ejaculate volume and sperm-rich fraction volume increased by 11% and 10%, respectively; the total ejaculate sperm count increased by 11.5% (P < 0.05). Also, the number of spermatozoa with major and minor morphological changes decreased and seminal plasma activity of AspAT was significantly reduced (P < 0.01). Sperm concentration and motility, as well as normal acrosome sperm percentage, did not increase considerably. The positive effect of L-carnitine on boar semen quality was observable as early as after one week of its application.
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Ratchamak, R., T. Vongpralub, W. Boonkum, and V. Chankitisakul. "Cryopreservation and quality assessment of boar semen collected from bulk samples." Veterinární Medicína 64, No. 5 (May 28, 2019): 209–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.17221/125/2018-vetmed.
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The purpose of this study was to examine sperm quality after cryopreservation of ejaculates collected as a bulk sample, which is routinely part of semen collection, and to compare this quality with the sperm-rich fraction in boars. Ejaculates were collected as sperm-rich fractions (SRF) and bulk samples (BE) using a gloved-hand technique. Fresh semen quality in terms of semen volume, sperm concentration, total sperm motility and pH were conventionally evaluated. Then, semen was cryopreserved using the liquid nitrogen vapour method. The post-thaw sperm quality was evaluated by assessing sperm motility, live sperm with normal apical ridge and high mitochondrial energy status, lipid peroxidation was evaluated using CASA and fluorescent multiple staining and MDA levels were determined using a spectrophotometer, respectively. In terms of fresh semen quality, sperm motility in fresh semen did not differ significantly between the two groups. The treatment with the greater mean volume (BE; P < 0.05) had a lower mean sperm concentration (P < 0.05); meanwhile, the mean ejaculate pH collected as BE was more basic compared with SRF (P < 0.05). However, there were no significant post-thaw quality changes between sperm-rich fractions and bulk samples of semen. In conclusion, ejaculates can be collected as bulk samples without the need to classify fractions for boar semen cryopreservation.
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Choi, Changsun, and Chanhee Chae. "Detection of Classical Swine Fever Virus in Boar Semen by Reverse Transcription–Polymerase Chain Reaction." Journal of Veterinary Diagnostic Investigation 15, no. 1 (January 2003): 35–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/104063870301500108.
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A seminested reverse transcription–polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) was developed for the detection of classical swine fever virus (CSFV) in semen. Five boars were inoculated intranasally with CSFV isolate propagated in PK15 cells. Two boars inoculated with the supernatant of noninfected PK15 cells were kept as controls. Semen and serum samples were collected twice weekly for 63 days postinoculation (dpi). Samples were tested for the presence of antibodies to CSFV by an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay and for the presence of CSFV nucleic acid by seminested RT-PCR. Antibodies to CSFV could be detected as early as 7 dpi in 1 boar, and all 5 infected boars were found positive by 14 dpi. CSFV from boar semen was infrequently identified by virus isolation compared with seminested RT-PCR. CSFV nucleic acid was detected in semen by seminested RT-PCR as early as 7 dpi in 3 infected boars and persistently thereafter in all 5 infected boars until 63 dpi. When separated fractions of CSFV-contaminated semen were analyzed by the seminested RT-PCR, the CSFV nucleic acid was detected mainly in seminal fluid and occasionally in nonsperm cells. CSFV antigen was also detected in nonsperm cells from semen smear by immunohistochemistry. Thus, infection via semen, specially through CSFV-infected seminal fluid, seems to be a major route of transmission of CSFV.
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Waberski, D., F. Magnus, F. Ardón, A. M. Petrunkina, K. F. Weitze, and E. Töpfer-Petersen. "Binding of boar spermatozoa to oviductal epithelium in vitro in relation to sperm morphology and storage time." Reproduction 131, no. 2 (February 2006): 311–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.1530/rep.1.00814.
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In vitro short-term storage of boar semen for up to 72 h before insemination negatively affects fertility, but this often remains undetected during semen quality assessment. One important sperm function is the ability to form the functional sperm reservoir in the oviduct. In the present study, we used the modified oviductal explant assay to study sperm binding to oviductal epithelium in vitro in diluted boar semen stored for 24 or 72 h. First, we determined the kinetics of in vitro sperm binding to oviductal epithelium in relation to co-incubation time of sperm and oviductal tissue pieces. Then, we studied how the binding of sperm to oviductal epithelium was affected by in vitro semen storage and by differences among individual boars. Sperm binding after different incubation times was significantly higher when semen was stored 24 h than after 72-h storage (P < 0.05), and peaked at 30–90 min of incubation. Sperm binding differed between boars (n = 44), and was negatively correlated to the percentage of sperm with cytoplasmic droplets (R = −0.51, P < 0.001). There were no significant changes in motility, acrosome integrity and propidium iodide stainability during the 72-h storage period. However, sperm-binding indices were significantly lower after 72 h in vitro storage than after 24-h storage in sperm from boars with normal semen quality (P < 0.05); in contrast, the binding capacity of sperm from boars with higher percentages of morphologically altered sperm remained at a low level. The sperm-binding capacity of sperm from four of the five boars with known subfertility was lower than the mean binding index minus one standard deviation of the boar population studied here. It is concluded that changes in the plasma membrane associated with in vitro ageing reduce the ability of stored boar sperm to bind to the oviductal epithelium. This study shows the potential of sperm–oviduct binding as a tool to assess both male fertility and changes in sperm function associated with in vitro ageing.
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Sumardani, Ni Luh Gde, Komang Budaarsa, Tjok Istri Putri, and Antonius Wayan Puger. "Umur Memengaruhi Volume Semen dan Motilitas Spermatozoa Babi Landrace di Balai Inseminasi Buatan Baturiti, Tabanan, Bali (AGE AFFECTS SEMEN VOLUME AND MOTILITY OF SPERMATOZOA LANDRACE BOAR’S OF BATURITI ARTIFICIAL INSEMINATION CENTER, TABANAN, BALI)." Jurnal Veteriner 20, no. 3 (November 17, 2019): 324. http://dx.doi.org/10.19087/jveteriner.2019.20.3.324.
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Sperm quality have been associated with age for many years. This study aims to determine the inffluence of age to the volume and motility of Landrace boar’s sperm at Baturiti Artificial Insemination (AI) center. A Total of 300 ejaculates were used in this study. An ejaculate origin from five boar are a collection of five month. A complete randomized design (CRD) was used with two different boar of block ages, block A (2-4 year) and block B (6-8 year). Three or four glass slides were prepared for each boar sample; a drop of semen was placed on each glass slides. This sample was examined under the light microscope on five view field in each glass slides. The result of the research show that the Landrace boars in block A have semen volume average 273.60 mL and sperm motility 73.86%, while in block B the average semen volume was 107.66 mL and sperm motility 62.92%. It can be concluded that Landrace boars in block A had higher volume and sperm motility compared to Landrace boars in block B.
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Lovercamp, K. W., and A. Giri. "Effect of warmed semen extender on boar sperm quality post-collection." Transactions of the Missouri Academy of Science 47, no. 2019 (January 1, 2019): 13–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.30956/mas-30.
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Abstract Semen used for artificial insemination (AI) in the swine industry is typically collected into a warmed semen collection cup containing an empty collection bag. If the ambient temperature does not closely match the temperature of the warmed collection cup and semen at the time of collection then negative effects to the motility and morphology of the sperm cells may occur due to temperature shock. The purpose of this research was to determine if collecting boar semen directly into semen extender warmed to 38.5°C would affect sperm quality post-collection. Sexually mature Berkshire x Duroc crossbred boars (n = 7) were semen collected once per week for four consecutive weeks. Every other collection, the boar's ejaculate was collected into a collection cup and plastic collection bag warmed to 38.5°C containing either no semen extender (control) or 100 mLs of a commercially available long-term semen extender warmed to 38.5°C (treatment). Following collection and processing, the semen was extended to 37.5 × 106 sperm/mL and stored for 6 days post-collection in a semen cooler at 17°C. Motility and morphology were evaluated on day 0 (day of collection) and day 6. There was no day x treatment effect (P > 0.05). Statistical differences (P = 0.03) were found between the treatment and control for sperm motility (82.2 vs. 75.2%) and sperm progressive motility (64.1 vs. 53.5%). No differences (P = 0.96) were present for normal sperm morphology in the treatment compared to the control (89.1 vs. 89.0%). These data suggest that boar semen ejaculates collected into a collection cup and plastic collection bag containing 100 mLs of semen extender warmed to 38.5°C will have greater percentages of motile and progressively motile sperm compared to boar sperm collected into a collection cup and plastic collection bag warmed to 38.5°C containing no semen extender.
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Maiorano, Amanda M., Alula Assen, Piter Bijma, Ching-Yi Chen, Josineudson Augusto II Vasconcelos Silva, William O. Herring, Shogo Tsuruta, Ignacy Misztal, and Daniela A. L. Lourenco. "Improving accuracy of direct and maternal genetic effects in genomic evaluations using pooled boar semen: a simulation study1." Journal of Animal Science 97, no. 8 (May 25, 2019): 3237–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/jas/skz207.
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Abstract Pooling semen of multiple boars is commonly used in swine production systems. Compared with single boar systems, this technique changes family structure creating maternal half-sib families. The aim of this simulation study was to investigate how pooling semen affects the accuracy of estimating direct and maternal effects for individual piglet birth weight, in purebred pigs. Different scenarios of pooling semen were simulated by allowing the same female to mate from 1 to 6 boars, per insemination, whereas litter size was kept constant (N = 12). In each pooled boar scenario, genomic information was used to construct either the genomic relationship matrix (G) or to reconstruct pedigree in addition to G. Genotypes were generated for 60,000 SNPs evenly distributed across 18 autosomes. From the 5 simulated generations, only animals from generations 3 to 5 were genotyped (N = 36,000). Direct and maternal true breeding values (TBV) were computed as the sum of the effects of the 1,080 QTLs. Phenotypes were constructed as the sum of direct TBV, maternal TBV, an overall mean of 1.25 kg, and a residual effect. The simulated heritabilities for direct and maternal effects were 0.056 and 0.19, respectively, and the genetic correlation between both effects was −0.25. All simulations were replicated 5 times. Variance components and direct and maternal heritability were estimated using average information REML. Predictions were computed via pedigree-based BLUP and single-step genomic BLUP (ssGBLUP). Genotyped littermates in the last generation were used for validation. Prediction accuracies were calculated as correlations between EBV and TBV for direct (accdirect) and maternal (accmat) effects. When boars were known, accdirect were 0.21 (1 boar) and 0.26 (6 boars) for BLUP, whereas for ssGBLUP, they were 0.38 (1 boar) and 0.43 (6 boars). When boars were unknown, accdirect was lower in BLUP but similar in ssGBLUP. For the scenario with known boars, accmat was 0.58 and 0.63 for 1 and 6 boars, respectively, under ssGBLUP. For unknown boars, accmat was 0.63 for 2 boars and 0.62 for 6 boars in ssGBLUP. In general, accdirect and accmat were lower in the single-boar scenario compared with pooled semen scenarios, indicating that a half-sib structure is more adequate to estimate direct and maternal effects. Using pooled semen from multiple boars can help us to improve accuracy of predicting maternal and direct effects when maternal half-sib families are larger than 2.
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Frydrychová, S., A. Lustyková, J. Lipenský, and M. Rozkot. "Boar semen quality of the Přeštice black-pied breed (Short Communication)." Archives Animal Breeding 54, no. 4 (October 10, 2011): 374–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/aab-54-374-2011.
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Abstract. The objective of this study was to examine semen quality parameters for the Přeštice black-pied breed over a test period of 8 years while considering the potential effects of collection month and boar age. Ninety-nine ejaculates were collected using the gloved-hand technique from healthy and fertile mature boars from selected farms. Ejaculate volumes were relatively low because the boars were accustomed to natural mating. Sperm motility, sperm concentration, percentage of morphologically abnormal spermatozoa (MAS), and sperm motility after 24 h of storage in Androhep extender (dilution rate 1:1.5) were assessed. Significant differences were found in sperm concentration and MAS rate in relation to collection months and boar age in the monitored years (P<0.05). A tendency for MAS to increase with monitored years was observed. Significant differences in sperm motility and motility after 24 h of storage were only observed in relation to collection months (P<0.05). Results of this study detected effects due to collection month and boar age on boar semen quality during the monitored years.
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Rodriguez-Martinez, Heriberto, and Margareta Wallgren. "Advances in Boar Semen Cryopreservation." Veterinary Medicine International 2011 (2011): 1–5. http://dx.doi.org/10.4061/2011/396181.
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The present paper highlights aspects of the cryopreservation of boar semen, a species with particular large, fractionated ejaculates, and a cumbersome cryotechnology that had prevented its commercial application. With the dramatic increase of use of liquid pig semen for artificial breeding over the past decade, developments on cryopreservation alongside the routine use of stud boar semen for AI had been promoted. Recent advances in our laboratory, accommodating the best use of portions of the sperm-rich fraction of the ejaculate for cryopreservation of the sperm-peak portion (P1) and parallel use of the rest of the collected ejaculated spermatozoa, appears as a suitable commercial alternative.
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Rovira, Albert, Darwin Reicks, and Claudia Muñoz-Zanzi. "Evaluation of Surveillance Protocols for Detecting Porcine Reproductive and Respiratory Syndrome Virus Infection in Boar Studs by Simulation Modeling." Journal of Veterinary Diagnostic Investigation 19, no. 5 (September 2007): 492–501. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/104063870701900506.
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Because porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus (PRRSV) can be transmitted through semen, PRRSV-free boar studs need to be routinely monitored to rapidly detect any potential PRRSV introduction. However, current protocols for monitoring PRRSV in boar studs are diverse, sometimes very costly, and their effectiveness has not been quantified. The objective of this study was to evaluate the ability of different monitoring protocols to detect PRRSV introduction into a negative boar stud by using a simulation modeling approach. A stochastic transmission model was constructed to simulate the spread of PRRSV in a typical negative boar stud in the USA (herd size of 200 boars, 60% annual replacement) and the performance of monitoring protocols by using different sample sizes (10, 30, and 60 samples), sampling frequency (3 times a week, weekly, and biweekly), and diagnostic procedures (PCR on semen, PCR on serum, ELISA on serum, and both PCR and ELISA on serum). The monitoring protocols were evaluated in terms of the time from PRRSV introduction into the boar stud to PRRSV detection. Protocols that used PCR on serum detected the PRRSV introduction earlier than protocols that used PCR on semen, and these were earlier than those that used ELISA on serum. The most intensive protocol evaluated (testing 60 boars 3 times a week by PCR on serum) would need 13 days to detect 95% of the PRRSV introductions. These results support field observations, suggesting that an intensive monitoring protocol needs to be in place in a boar stud to quickly detect a PRRSV introduction.
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Lo, Dan-Yuan, Jih-Ching Yeh, De-Hua Hu, Chiou-Lin Chen, Ming-Huang Chang, and Hung-Chih Kuo. "CASE REPORT: THE EARLY ABORTION IN SOWS CAUSED BYE. RHUSIOPATHIAEFROM THE SEMEN." Taiwan Veterinary Journal 43, no. 02 (March 2017): 95–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s1682648516720021.
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This case report describes a mini-outbreak of early abortion in sows caused by Erysipelothrix rhusiopathiae that is transmitted from the semen of an asymptomatic boar. Six sows that were all impregnated with the semen from the asymptomatic boar aborted at 25 days after fecundation. Three aborted embryos and the attached placentas were submitted for diagnostic investigation. The histopathology revealed edematous chorioallantoic membrane containing mononuclear cells with leukocytic debris in the vessel wall, accompanied with clumps of Gram-positive bacteria elsewhere in the chorioallantois. In situ hybridization revealed some positive signals of E. rhusiopathiae in the chorioallantois. The semen of the asymptomatic boar was cultured positive for E. rhusiopathiae. Taken all results together, it was concluded that the early abortion in sows was caused by the semen from the asymptomatic boar infected by E. rhusiopathiae.
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Morrell, J. M., M. van Wienen, and M. Wallgren. "Single Layer Centrifugation Can Be Scaled-Up Further to Process up to 150 mL Semen." ISRN Veterinary Science 2011 (January 31, 2011): 1–6. http://dx.doi.org/10.5402/2011/183412.
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Single-Layer centrifugation has been used to improve the quality of sperm samples in several species. However, where stallion or boar semen is to be used for AI, larger volumes of semen have to be processed than for other species, thus limiting the effectiveness of the original technique. The objective of the present study was to scale up the SLC method for both stallion and boar semen. Stallion semen could be processed in 100 mL glass tubes without a loss of sperm quality, and similarly, boar semen could be processed in 200 mL and 500 mL tubes without losing sperm quality. The results of these preliminary studies are encouraging, and larger trials are underway to evaluate using these methods in the field.
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Martynyuk, Irina, Tetiana Stryzhak, and G. I. Sakhatsky. "BOAR SPERM SURVIVAL ABILITY IN DISTINCTORS OF DIFFERENTLY PRODUCED DISTILLED WATER." Scientific and Technical Bulletin of the Institute of Animal Science NAAS of Ukraine, no. 124 (2020): 115–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.32900/2312-8402-2020-124-115-123.
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Testing and comparative evaluation of germ cells in boars of Landrace breed of different genotypes on qualitative and quantitative indicators, for further use in diluents of different distilled water, is carried out. Studies have shown that the quantitative and qualitative indicators of sperm production of French boars had the highest ejaculate volume and sperm count among other boars. Boars of domestic selection had the highest concentration of sperms, and boars of English selection prevailed in terms of motility. The results of research show that among the tested ejaculates the best sperm at a dilution of 1: 1 were found in boars of English Landrace pig breed, the absolute survival rate of which was (Sa) - 732.4 um. from according to the degree of rarefaction 1: 2 - 1: 3, the highest rate had ejaculates of boars of French selection, the studied indicator of which was (Sa) - 720.9 (Sa) - 708.8 um. from in accordance. The use of distilled water of foreign production has improved the survival rates of boar semen compared to distilled water of domestic production, which is produced directly at the artificial insemination point of the farm. Thus, according to this indicator, the semen of domestic boars lived 3.7 hours or 3.4% less than the semen of French boars and 8.8 hours or 5.3 % less than the semen of English boars. The thinning of semen in other degrees did not reveal a probable difference between boars. Analysis of these studies shows that the semen of boars of English selection prevailed on the studied indicator of semen of other boars when used in diluents of water of foreign, domestic and local production (obtained at the point of artificial insemination of the farm).
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Milovanovic, A., T. Barna, N. Maksimovic, T. Vasiljevic, D. Milanov, and N. Boskovic. "Import of boars: Semen quality control and possibility of complaints." Biotehnologija u stocarstvu 28, no. 4 (2012): 759–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.2298/bah1204759m.
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Serbia is one of the countries with the continuous import of breeding sows and boars. Boars are usually imported at the age of 4 to 6 months, in the period when the quality of the breeding males cannot be determined due to sexual immaturity (prepubertal and pubertal age). In this paper, the method and results of semen quality control in 40 imported young boars are described, and also the method of documenting the cause for action claim. In the case of suspicious semen quality it is necesseary to perform at least 3 consecutive controls in one month intervals in order to establish a final estimation of quality and usability of semen. Of 40 imported boars, 4 boars (10%) were subject of complaint due to: azoospermia (1 boar), absence or reduction of total and progressive motility, present sperm agglutination (2 boars), and increased number of pathological forms of spermatozoa (78%, 1 boar). Increased proportion of sperm with unstable chromatin structure (SCSA test - 33.2% and 37.1%) was established in two boars. To initiate the complaint it is necessary to have a sales contract that provides possibility for the reclamation, recognized methods of semen quality control and trustful business relationship between all interested parties.
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Frydrychová, S., J. Čeřovský, A. Lustyková, and M. Rozkot. "Effects of long-term liquid commercial semen extender and storage time on the membrane quality of boar semen." Czech Journal of Animal Science 55, No. 4 (April 16, 2010): 160–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.17221/62/2009-cjas.
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The objective of this study was to assess the sperm membrane integrity in extended boar semen during storage time using specific spectrum laboratory methods. Boar semen was diluted with the long-term liquid commercial extenders Androhep (A), Androstar (AS), Androstar plus (AS<SUP>+</SUP>), LD and M III and was stored up to 96 h. The sperm membrane integrity was evaluated by motility, viable spermatozoa, short hypoosmotic swelling test (sHOST) and by the activity of the enzyme aspartate aminotransferase (AST). Negative changes in the quality of sperm membrane in relation to storage time were observed after 48 h for sHOST, after 72 h for viable spermatozoa and after 72 h for motility. The percentage of viable spermatozoa was decreased by 0.27% each hour. A statistically significant difference between extenders A and LD was observed in sHOST after 72 h and 96 h storage (<I>P</I> < 0.05). The AST activity did not show any statistically significant differences in extenders and in storage time. In overall assessment Androhep was the best of the tested extenders, followed by AS, AS<SUP>+</SUP>, M III and LD in terms of motility, viable spermatozoa and sHOST. The correlations among laboratory methods were highly significant (<I>P</I> < 0.001). In conclusion, the results documented that the sperm membrane integrity was statistically significantly affected by extenders and storage time (<I>P</I> < 0.001). Boar semen quality was the best in extender A. sHOST is a very sensitive and relatively simple method for the assessment of sperm membrane integrity in diluted semen.
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Khalifa, Tarek, Constantinos Rekkas, Foteini Samartzi, Aristotelis Lymberopoulos, Kostas Kousenidis, and Toni Dovenski. "Highlights on Artificial Insemination (AI) Technology in the Pigs." Macedonian Veterinary Review 37, no. 1 (March 1, 2014): 5–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.14432/j.macvetrev.2013.09.001.
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Abstract Over the past decade, there has been a tremendous increase in the development of field AI services in the majority of countries concerned with pig production. The objective of this paper is to review: (a) the current status of swine AI in the world, (b) significance and limitation of AI with liquid and frozen semen, (c) the biological traits of porcine semen in relation to in vitro sperm storage, (d) the criteria used for selection of a boar stud as a semen supplier, (e) how to process boar semen for liquid and frozen storage in the commercial settings and (f) how to improve fertility and prolificacy of boar semen. More than 99% of the inseminations conducted worldwide are made with liquid-stored semen. AI with frozen semen is used only for upgrading the genetic base in a particular country or herd. Determining the initial quality of semen ejaculates along with the selection of the optimum storage extender has a profound effect on the quality and fertility of AI doses. Different procedures have been used for improving the fertility of preserved spermatozoa including colloidal centrifugation of the semen, intrauterine insemination and modulation of the uterine defense mechanism after AI. Development of an efficient protocol for synchronizing the time of ovulation in sows and gilts coupled with improving uterine horn insemination technique will make a breakthrough in the commercial use of frozen boar semen.
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Schilling, E., and M. Vengust. "Osmotic pressure of boar semen." Reproduction in Domestic Animals 21, no. 1 (February 1986): 33–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1439-0531.1986.tb01581.x.
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Morrell, JM, and M. Wallgren. "Colloid Centrifugation of Boar Semen." Reproduction in Domestic Animals 46 (August 26, 2011): 18–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1439-0531.2011.01866.x.
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Macmillan, K. L. "Deep freezing of boar semen." Animal Reproduction Science 13, no. 2 (April 1987): 161–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0378-4320(87)90128-x.
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Tsakmakidis, Ioannis A., Theodoros Samaras, Sofia Anastasiadou, Athina Basioura, Aikaterini Ntemka, Ilias Michos, Konstantinos Simeonidis, et al. "Iron Oxide Nanoparticles as an Alternative to Antibiotics Additive on Extended Boar Semen." Nanomaterials 10, no. 8 (August 10, 2020): 1568. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/nano10081568.
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This study examined the effect of Fe3O4 nanoparticles on boar semen. Beltsville thawing solution without antibiotics was used to extend ejaculates from 5 boars (4 ejaculates/boar). Semen samples of control group (C) and group with Fe3O4 (Fe; 0.192 mg/mL semen) were incubated under routine boar semen storage temperature (17 °C) for 0.5 h and nanoparticles were removed by a magnetic field. Before and after treatment, aliquots of all groups were cultured using standard microbiological methods. The samples after treatment were stored (17 °C) for 48 h and sperm parameters (computer-assisted sperm analyzer (CASA) variables; morphology; viability; hypo-osmotic swelling test (HOST); DNA integrity) were evaluated at storage times 0, 24, 48 h. Semen data were analyzed by a repeated measures mixed model and microbial data with Student’s t-test for paired samples. Regarding CASA parameters, Fe group did not differ from C at any time point. In group C, total motility after 24 h and progressive motility after 48 h of storage decreased significantly compared to 0 h. In group Fe, linearity (LIN) after 48 h and head abnormalities after 24 h of storage increased significantly compared to 0 h. The microbiological results revealed a significant reduction of the bacterial load in group Fe compared to control at both 24 and 48 h. In conclusion, the use of Fe3O4 nanoparticles during semen processing provided a slight anti-microbiological effect with no adverse effects on sperm characteristics.
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Mańkowska, Anna, Paweł Brym, Łukasz Paukszto, Jan P. Jastrzębski, and Leyland Fraser. "Gene Polymorphisms in Boar Spermatozoa and Their Associations with Post-Thaw Semen Quality." International Journal of Molecular Sciences 21, no. 5 (March 10, 2020): 1902. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijms21051902.
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Genetic markers have been used to assess the freezability of semen. With the advancement in molecular genetic techniques, it is possible to assess the relationships between sperm functions and gene polymorphisms. In this study, variant calling analysis of RNA-Seq datasets was used to identify single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) in boar spermatozoa and to explore the associations between SNPs and post-thaw semen quality. Assessment of post-thaw sperm quality characteristics showed that 21 boars were considered as having good semen freezability (GSF), while 19 boars were classified as having poor semen freezability (PSF). Variant calling demonstrated that most of the polymorphisms (67%) detected in boar spermatozoa were at the 3’-untranslated regions (3’-UTRs). Analysis of SNP abundance in various functional gene categories showed that gene ontology (GO) terms were related to response to stress, motility, metabolism, reproduction, and embryo development. Genomic DNA was isolated from sperm samples of 40 boars. Forty SNPs were selected and genotyped, and several SNPs were significantly associated with motility and membrane integrity of frozen-thawed (FT) spermatozoa. Polymorphism in SCLT1 gene was associated with significantly higher motility and plasma membrane integrity of FT spermatozoa from boars of the GSF group compared with those of the PSF group. Likewise, polymorphisms in MAP3K20, MS4A2, and ROBO1 genes were significantly associated with reduced cryo-induced lipid peroxidation and DNA damage of FT spermatozoa from boars of the GSF group. Candidate genes with significant SNP associations, including APPL1, PLBD1, FBXO16, EML5, RAB3C, OXSR1, PRICKLE1, and MAP3K20 genes, represent potential markers for post-thaw semen quality, and they might be relevant for future improvement in the selection procedure of boars for cryopreservation. The findings of this study provide evidence indicating that polymorphisms in genes expressed in spermatozoa could be considered as factors associated with post-thaw semen quality.
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Balogun, Kayode B., and Kara R. Stewart. "PSV-8 Effects of Air Exposure and Agitation on Quality of Stored Boar Semen Samples." Journal of Animal Science 99, Supplement_1 (May 1, 2021): 210–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/jas/skab054.345.
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Abstract Recent adoption of post cervical artificial insemination facilitates lowered concentrations of semen inseminated. In order to achieve this reduced concentration, the volume of the insemination dose has been reduced and replaced with additional air in the semen storage container. The objective of this study was to investigate the effects of semen volume, air contact inside semen dose tubes, daily agitation of semen doses and extender type on semen quality, thermo-resistance and bacterial growth in extended boar semen doses over 7 days of liquid storage at 17 C. Ejaculates from 4 terminal cross-bred boars were collected for 4 weeks and used in the 3 x 2 x 2 factorial study. The effects of treatment (CON: 80ml doses sealed at the top of the tube; 40HIGH: 40ml doses sealed at top of tube; and 40LOW: 40ml doses sealed at top of the liquid), extender type (long-term vs short-term), and agitation (agitated vs not agitated) were investigated. The result of the study revealed that motility (P=0.014) and viability (P=0.007) in 40HIGH were lower than CON. pH (P< 0.001) was higher in 40HIGH compared to CON. Agitation did not impact motility (P=0.541), viability (P=0.406) or morphology (P=0.970) while long-term extender maintained higher motility (P=0.034), viability (P< 0.001) and normal acrosomes (P< 0.001) compared to short-term extender. VAP (P=0.039) of 40HIGH was lower than CON in a thermo-resistance test. Bacteria were cultured on both sheep’s blood and MacConkey agar and neither treatment (P=0.798; 0.766) nor agitation (P=0.396; 0.476) impacted bacterial growth in this study. In conclusion, semen doses prepared with 80mL or 40mL of total volume with minimal air contact in the tubes yield more desirable semen quality, as air contact negatively impacts boar semen pH and sperm motility. Additionally, regardless of volume or air exposure, daily agitation of boar semen doses did not affect semen quality.
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Huo, Li-Jun, Kui-Zhong Yue, and Zeng-Ming Yang. "Characterization of viability, mitochondrial activity, acrosomal integrity and capacitation status in boar sperm during in vitro storage at different ambient temperatures." Reproduction, Fertility and Development 14, no. 8 (2002): 509. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/rd02035.
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Extended storage of unfrozen boar semen becomes an alternative because the use of frozen–thawed boar sperm results in low fertility. Sperm viability, mitochondrial activity, capacitation and acrosome integrity of freshly ejaculated boar semen stored in vitro for up to 48 h at 4°C, 15°C, 20°C and 39°C was characterized during the study. The viability of boar sperm was assessed by both Hoechst 33258 and SYBR-14/PI staining. Mitochondrial function was assessed by JC-1 staining. Capacitation status was determined by chlortetracycline (CTC)/Hoechst 33258 staining. The acrosome integrity was analysed with Coomassie blue staining. These data were derived from three ejaculates each from three crossbred boars. The viabilities assessed with SYBR-14/PI, Hoechst 33258 and JC-1 staining correlated highly (r > 0.980). In freshly ejaculated boar semen, 96 ± 1% of the sperm did not take up the Hoechst 33258, whereas 95 ± 2% were stained by SYBR-14 and 96 ± 2% of the sperm had mitochondria exhibiting positive JC-1 staining. Staining with CTC/Hoechst 33258 suggested that a high percentage of sperm became capacitated after 24 h storage at 15°C and 20°C. There were 62 ± 2% (15°C) and 89�±�2% (20°C) capacitated sperm by 48 h. Moreover, most of the capacitated sperm were acrosome intact. These results suggest that SYBR-14/PI, Hoechst 33258 or JC-1 staining can be used to effectively evaluate the quality of boar sperm during in vitro storage.
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Larochelle, Renée, Andrzej Bielanski, Peter Müller, and Ronald Magar. "PCR Detection and Evidence of Shedding of Porcine Circovirus Type 2 in Boar Semen." Journal of Clinical Microbiology 38, no. 12 (2000): 4629–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/jcm.38.12.4629-4632.2000.
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An experimental study was conducted to evaluate the potential presence of porcine circovirus type 2 (PCV2) in the semen of infected boars. Four mature boars were inoculated intranasally with PCV2 isolate LHVA-V53 propagated on PK15 cells. Two boars inoculated with the supernatant of noninfected PK15 cells were kept as controls. Serum samples were collected from all boars at 4, 7, 11, 13, 18, 21, 25, 28, 35, and 55 days postinoculation (dpi) and from the four PCV2-infected boars at 90 dpi. Samples were tested for the presence of antibodies to PCV2 by an indirect immunofluorescence assay and for the presence of PCV2 DNA by PCR and nested PCR. Semen samples were collected from all six boars at 5, 8, 11, 13, 18, 21, 25, 28, 33, and 47 dpi and tested for the presence of PCV2 DNA by a nested PCR assay. Antibodies to PCV2 could be detected as early as 11 dpi in one boar, and all four infected boars were found positive for PCV2 antibodies by 18 dpi. Thereafter all infected boars remained positive for antibodies to PCV2 until 90 dpi. Analysis of serum samples by nested PCR demonstrated the presence of PCV2 DNA as early as 4 dpi in three of four infected boars. Serum samples from all infected boars were positive for PCV2 DNA from 11 dpi until 35 dpi but were negative at 90 dpi. PCV2 DNA was detected as soon as 5 dpi in the semen of two infected boars and intermittently thereafter in the semen of all four infected boars. The semen of two infected boars was positive for PCV2 DNA at 47 dpi. Following infection, PCV2 DNA can be detected in semen concurrently with the presence of PCV2 DNA and antibodies in the serum. The present study suggests that PCV2 may be shed intermittently in the semen of infected boars.
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BOGDAN, Liviu, Mihai CENARIU, Mihai BORZAN, Simona CIUPE, Lehel SZABO, and Emoke PALL. "Liquid Storage of Boar Semen Using Commercial Extenders." Bulletin of University of Agricultural Sciences and Veterinary Medicine Cluj-Napoca. Veterinary Medicine 75, no. 1 (May 19, 2018): 66. http://dx.doi.org/10.15835/buasvmcn-vm:004617.
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The research was focused on the modern evaluation of boar semen parameters, using computer assisted sperm analysis (CASA), before and after liquid storage at 15ºC. Semen was collected from 15 sexually mature boars by manual stimulation. Macroscopical and microscopical evaluation of semen was performed, followed by a detailed CASA analysis of all ejaculates. Subsequently, semen was diluted using 4 different extenders (Semtest, Androstar, MIII and Cronos) and stored at 15ºC for 24 hours. Next, evaluation of progressive motility, total motility and viability was performed, using the same CASA system. All experiments were performed in triplicates and results were statistically analyzed. The average progressive motility after 24 hours was as follows: 69.56 ± 6.38 for MIII, 65.92% ± 2.63 for Semtest, 67.07% ± 5.58 for Androstar Plus and 68.93% ± 3.40 for Cronos. The viability results after 24 hours were: 86.34% ± 1.38 for Semtest extender, 93.55% ± 3.38% for Androstrar Plus, 89.19% ± 3.42 for MIII and 91.35% ± 2.37 for Cronos. The findings of this study suggest that the use of commercial extenders for short-term storage of swine semen is important in order to increase sperm longevity with minimal sperm function deterioration.
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BASIOURA, A., I. MICHOS, A. NTEMKA, I. KARAGIANNIS, and C. M. BOSCOS. "Effect of iron oxide and silver nanoparticles on boar semen CASA motility and kinetics." Journal of the Hellenic Veterinary Medical Society 71, no. 3 (October 15, 2020): 2331. http://dx.doi.org/10.12681/jhvms.25084.
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The objective of the study was to investigate the potential toxic effect of iron oxide (Fe3O4) and silver (Ag/Fe) spherical nanoparticles (NPs) as alternative antimicrobial compounds on boar semen. The NPs’ minimum inhibitory concentration was determined applying the in vitro antimicrobial activity evaluation test and included in the experiment. Totally, 9 ejaculates (3 boars; 3 ejaculates/boar) were extended in BTS without antibiotics at 30×106 spermatozoa/mL and divided in 3 aliquots corresponding to the following groups: 1) Control group (C): extended semen without treatment; 2) Iron oxide group (Fe): extended semen with Fe3O4 NPs of diameter 40 nm (0.192 mg/mL semen); and 3) Silver group (Ag): extended semen with Ag/Fe NPs of diameter 30 nm, consisted of Ag and a 5% of zero-valent Fe (0.128 mg/mL semen). Semen samples of all groups were incubated at 17o C for 30 min following NPs’ removal through a magnetic field. All post treated samples were stored at 17o C for 48 h. Total motility (TM) and kinetics (progressive motility PM; rapid/medium/slow movement spermatozoa; static spermatozoa; VCL; VSL; VAP; LIN; STR; WOB; ALH; BCF; hyperactive spermatozoa) were evaluated by CASA system at 0, 24 and 48 h post treatment. Data were analyzed with a repeated measures mixed model. Group Fe did not differ from group C at any time point. TM and PM were lower at 24 h of storage in group Ag compared to groups C and Fe (all P<0.001). By 48 h of storage spermatozoa of group Ag were totally immotile and thus excluded from analysis. The comparison within groups and between storage time points showed that the values of TM, PM, VCL, VAP, ALH and BCF decreased after 24 h of storage in group Ag (all P<0.05), but not in groups C and Fe, while no significant differences were observed for the remaining parameters between successive time points within any group (P>0.05). In conclusion, Ag/Fe NPs demonstrated a harmful effect on boar spermatozoa, while the used concentration of the examined Fe3O4 NPs did not affect boar sperm CASA motility parameters enhancing further research about their application on semen handling.
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Shcherbak, O. V., S. I. Kovtun, O. I. Metlitska, P. A. Trotskyi, I. M. Lyuta, and O. Yu Lyzohub. "Evaluate the activity of cryopreserved boar ejaculated spermatozoa under different thawing protocols." Faktori eksperimental'noi evolucii organizmiv 27 (September 1, 2020): 287–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.7124/feeo.v27.1341.
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Aim. To evaluate the activity of cryopreserved boar ejaculated spermatozoa under different thawing protocols to optimize biotechnological approaches in pig reproduction based on the genetic material of the Institute of Animal Breeding and Genetics nd. a. M.V. Zubets of National Academy of Agrarian Science of Ukraine. Methods. Cryopreserved ejaculated boars' sperm was thawed in three different ways. Biotechnological, cryobiological and morphological methods were used to assess the viability of the sperm. Results. We noted the individual feature of semen quality of the studied boars, which affects its suitability for cryopreservation and quality indicators after thawing. It was found that in liquefied boar sperm (sperm activity on average is 86.7%) after its centrifugation and three-hour equilibration at + 4 °C sperm activity decreased by an average of 25.0%. In order to improve the quality of cryopreserved sperm, it was thawed under different conditions. The highest activity of spermatozoa in thawed sperm of boar No. 225 of Myrhorod pig was at the level of 25.0% at the thawing temperature + 70 °C, and the thermal resistance and heat resistance were 70.0% and 60.0%, respectively. Conclusions. During this study was noted that there are peculiarities of boar semen at breed and individual level, which influence its ability to tolerate cryopreservation.
Keywords: sperm, in vitro cultivation, cryobank, cryopreservation, boars.
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Wasilewska-Sakowska, Karolina, Łukasz Zasiadczyk, and Leyland Fraser. "Effect of Fractionated Seminal Plasma on Sperm Characteristics Following Cryopreservation of Boar Semen." Annals of Animal Science 19, no. 3 (July 1, 2019): 695–712. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/aoas-2019-0016.
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AbstractThis study aimed to investigate the effect of fractionated seminal plasma (SP) on boar sperm characteristics following cryopreservation. Gel filtration chromatography yielded two fractions: SP1 with more than 40 kDa (>40 kDa) and SP2 with less than 40 kDa (<40 kDa). The fractionated SP (SP1 and SP2), whole seminal plasma (wSP) and Beltsville Thawing Solution (BTS) were used for the treatment of semen before freezing-thawing. Besides the analysis of sperm motility characteristics, plasma membrane integrity (PMI), acrosome integrity, and viability (Vybrant Apoptosis Assay) were analyzed in pre-freeze and post-thaw (PT) semen. Among the analyzed pre-freeze sperm parameters, rapid movement was markedly affected by boar and treatment. Furthermore, boar and treatment were significant sources of variations in PT semen quality. Treatment with wSP caused a marked reduction in PT semen quality compared with BTS, SP1 or SP2. Wide variations in PT acrosome integrity and viability were observed in spermatozoa treated with BTS and the fractionated SP, being significantly higher in the SP1- and SP2-treated samples. However, PT semen quality did not differ between semen samples treated with SP1 and SP2. Representative electrophoretic profiles of sperm proteins from each treatment showed quantitative and qualitative differences, indicating varying effects of the cryopreservation procedure on the sperm membrane integrity. The findings of this study indicated that the cryoprotective effects of the SP components varied among boars and that different components of the fractionated SP exerted varying effects on sperm functions following cryopreservation. It could be suggested that the variable protective protein components of either fractionated SP ameliorated alterations in the sperm membranes during cryopreservation, resulting in reduced susceptibility to cryo-damage.
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Gączarzewicz, D., J. Udała, M. Piasecka, B. Błaszczyk, and T. Stankiewicz. "Bacterial Contamination of Boar Semen and its Relationship to Sperm Quality Preserved in Commercial Extender Containing Gentamicin Sulfate." Polish Journal of Veterinary Sciences 19, no. 3 (September 1, 2016): 451–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/pjvs-2016-0057.
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Abstract This study was designed to determine the degree and type of bacterial contamination in boar semen (79 ejaculates from Large White and Landrace boars) and its consequences for sperm quality during storage (27 extended semen samples, 16°C for five days) under practical conditions of artificial insemination (AI). The results revealed the presence of aerobic bacteria in 99% of the ejaculates (from 80 to 370 ×106 colony-forming units/mL). Most of the ejaculates contained two or three bacterial contaminants, while the Staphylococcus, Streptococcus, and Pseudomonas bacterial genera were most frequently isolated. Also detected were Enterobacter spp., Bacillus spp., Proteus spp., Escherichia coli, P. fluorescens, and P. aeruginosa. In general, the growth of certain bacterial types isolated prior to semen processing (Enterobacter spp., E. coli, P. fluorescens, and P. aeruginosa) was not discovered on different days of storage, but fluctuations (with a tendency towards increases) were found in the frequencies of Bacillus spp., Pseudomonas spp., and Staphylococcus spp. isolates up to the end of storage. Semen preserved for five days exhibited decreases in sperm motility and increases in the average number of total aerobic bacteria; this was associated with sperm agglutination, plasma membrane disruption, and acrosome damage. We inferred that, due to the different degrees and types of bacterial contaminants in the boar ejaculates, the inhibitory activity of some antimicrobial agents used in swine extenders (such as gentamicin sulfate) may be limited. Because such agents can contribute to the overgrowth of certain aerobic bacteria and a reduction in the quality of stored semen, procedures with high standards of hygiene and microbiological control should be used when processing boar semen.
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Trzcińska, Monika, and Magdalena Baryła. "The use of butylated hydroxytoluene in cryopreservation of boar semen." Roczniki Naukowe Polskiego Towarzystwa Zootechnicznego 12, no. 2 (June 30, 2016): 21–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.5604/01.3001.0013.6966.
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The objective of the study was to determine the effect of butylated hydroxytoluene (BHT) on the quality and fertilizing capacity of frozen-thawed (FT) boar semen. Semen from five boars (36 ejaculates) was resuspended in lactose-egg yolk-glycerol extender supplemented with 0 (control), 1.0 (R1), 1.5 (R2) or 2.0 mM BHT (R3). Sperm quality was assessed based on motility (CASA; TM: total motility; PM: progressive motility), phosphatidylserine (PS) translocation across the plasma membrane (Annexin-V-FLuos Staining Kit) and DNA fragmentation (TUNEL Assay). The FT semen was also used for intrauterine artificial insemination (AI) of synchronized gilts. The fertilizing capacity of the FT semen was assessed on the basis of the gilt insemination rate and the number of morphologically normal embryos. The quality of the preimplantation embryos was determined by observing a TUNEL-positive reaction. The highest percentage of progressive motile and viable spermatozoa was noted in extender R3 (74.8 ±4.4% and 63.7 ±5.8%), as compared with the control (38.3 ±2.8% and 36.1 ±2.6%). The addition of BHT to the extender did not increase early apoptotic changes in the frozen-thawed spermatozoa with respect to the control. Irrespective of the variant of the extender, cryopreservation and thawing did not induce fragmentation in the boar spermatozoa. The highest number of morphologically normal embryos from inseminated gilts was observed in the case of semen cryopreserved in extender supplemented with 1.5 mM BHT. No significant differences were observed in DNA fragmentation in the expanded blastocysts from gilts inseminated with FT semen cryopreserved in the extenders analysed.
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Chanapiwat, Panida, and Kampon Kaeoket. "l-cysteine prolonged fresh boar semen qualities, but not for docosahexaenoic acid." Czech Journal of Animal Science 66, No. 1 (January 25, 2021): 21–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.17221/199/2020-cjas.
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The present study aimed to develop a long-term fresh boar semen extender by adding l-cysteine and docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) into Beltsville thawing solution (BTS)-based extender. Semen samples were collected from six boars, diluted at a concentration of 3 × 10<sup>9</sup> spermatozoa/100 ml and allocated into 10 groups as follows: BTS, Merck III<sup>®</sup>, Androstar<sup>®</sup> Plus, Modena<sup>TM</sup>, DHA 1.5 mg/ml, 3 mg/ml, and 6.25 mg/ml, l-cysteine 2.5 mM, 5.0 mM, and 10 mM. All extended semen samples were stored at 18 °C and were evaluated for progressive motility, viability, acrosome integrity, pH, and osmolality on days 0, 1, 3, 5, and 7 of storage. The results documented that on day 3, l-cysteine at 2.5 mM showed the significantly highest percentage (78.8%) of progressive motility, but not different from Modena<sup>TM</sup> (78.8%) and Androstar<sup>®</sup> Plus (71.3%) (P < 0.05). On day 5, l-cysteine at 2.5 mM maintained progressive motility and viability up to 73.8% and 77.9%, respectively, but not different from Modena<sup>TM</sup> (78.8% and 74.8%) and Androstar<sup>®</sup> Plus (70.0% and 76.8%) (P < 0.05). On day 7, superior progressive motility (71.3%, 77.5% and 72.5%) and viability (72.8%, 77.3% and 69.8%) were found for l-cysteine at 2.5 mM, Modena<sup>TM</sup> and Androstar<sup>®</sup> Plus groups, respectively, when compared to the other groups (P < 0.01). However, in the present study, DHA supplementation failed to maintain fresh boar semen qualities during storage. In conclusion, adding l-cysteine at a concentration of 2.5 mM in a BTS-based extender is the optimal concentration for the preservation of fresh boar semen at 18 °C for seven days.