Dissertations / Theses on the topic 'Board of Ethics'

The purpose of this study was to increase understanding of beliefs of substance abuse counselors regarding multiple relationships. The association between beliefs and the variables of educational level, recovery status, experience, and supervision were explored. Purposeful sampling and multiple criteria were used to select seven states of the 31 that responded to a request for information regarding licensure or certification in their state. Participants were chosen from the following seven states: Arizona, Illinois, Maine, Maryland (D.C.), Montana, North Carolina, and Wyoming. Twenty percent (20 %) of individuals from each of the seven states were selected to participate. Random sampling was utilized to select participants from each of the seven mailing lists. Participants were mailed a cover letter, demographic questionnaire, and a researcher-developed instrument entitled the Multiple Relationship Survey for Substance Abuse Counselors (MRS SAC). Of the 765 surveys that were assumed to have been delivered, 387 usable surveys were returned for a return rate of 50.6%. Results of the study showed that two variables were indicative of a lower total score on the MRS SAC, which indicated participants viewed more items as ethically problematic. Non-recovering individuals obtained a lower total score on the MRS SAC and individuals currently receiving supervision obtained a lower total score. This indicated non-recovering individuals and individuals receiving supervision found more multiple relationship behaviors to be ethically problematic than recovering individuals and individuals not receiving supervision. Highest degree obtained, experience prior to licensure, and supervision prior to licensure were not associated with lower total scores on the MRS SAC indicating these factors did not contribute to beliefs regarding multiple relationship behaviors. The results of this study have implications for substance abuse counselors, counselor educators, and national and state certification boards. Recommendations for further research were offered.

Thesis (M.S. in Leadership and Human Resource Development)--Naval Postgraduate School, June 2005.
Thesis Advisor(s): Leslie E. Sekerka, Dana P. French, Jr. Includes bibliographical references (p. 91-93). Also available online.

The purpose of this study was to determine the overall effectiveness of and the level of engagement in performance assessment processes by Indiana school boards in relation to the Indiana School Board's Associations (ISBA) Code of Ethics as perceived by school administrators. Additionally, there were four objectives: (a) to determine what extent Indiana school boards engage in a process of formal evaluation of their own performance and effectiveness; (b) to determine if there is a difference in perceived compliance to the ISBA Code of Ethics for school boards who engage in school board performance evaluation compared to those school boards who do not; (c) to determine if there is a relationship between the educational background of school board members and school boards performing their duties according to the ISBA Code of Ethics; and (d) to determine the overall perceptions of Indiana school superintendents and randomly selected elementary and secondary principals as to whether school board performance is currently in accordance with the ISBA Code of Ethics. Research questions and hypotheses were developed to determine school superintendents' and randomly selected elementary and secondary school principals' perceptions and possible differences and/or relationships.A descriptive survey research procedure was used in this study, which sought information regarding the professional activities of each participant's school board in comparison to the ISBA Code of Ethics. The questionnaire was constructed in order to answer four research questions and three null hypotheses.The findings indicated: (1) 32.5% of Indiana school boards evaluate their own performance and effectiveness; (2) 67.5% of Indiana school boards do not evaluate their own performance and effectiveness; (3) school boards that engage in performance evaluation processes tend to adhere more strongly to the ISBA Code of Ethics in comparison with those school boards that do not engage in performance evaluation; (4) there was no relationship between the educational background of school board members and school board performance in accordance with the ISBA Code of Ethics; and (5) there did appear to be a significant difference between how superintendents and principals perceive school board performance when compared to the ISBA Code of Ethics.
Department of Educational Leadership

Forensic psychiatric nursing is a specialty at the junction of two well-researched intersecting systems with two different mandates: criminal justice (public protection) and health care (public good). Nurses’ involvement at one of the systems’ points of juncture, review board (RB) hearings, has largely been left unexplored. At RB hearings, a panel of legal and health care professionals determines if persons unfit to stand trial (UST) or not criminally responsible on account of mental disorder (NCRMD) represent significant threats to the safety of the public, and orders conditions aimed at keeping the community safe. The aim of this research project was to explore how psychiatric and public safety discourses construct the identity of persons UST or NCRMD during RB hearings, and nurses’ contribution to such identity construction. Critical ethnography methodology was employed, mobilizing three data sources: interviews with forensic psychiatric nurses, observations of RB hearings, and RB documentary artifacts. A poststructuralist lens was used to discern how RB culture produces truths about persons UST or NCRMD that sustain the hegemony of public safety and psychiatric discourses. The main finding was that the forensic psychiatric structure leverages therapeutic nursing interventions and documentation as evidence of deviancy, so that persons UST or NCRMD can be objectified and produced as dangerous, prior to socially rehabilitating them. Discursive structures sustaining the forensic psychiatric system inscribe nursing care within a disciplinary scheme, rendering it coercive and punitive. Thus, a care-and-custody dichotomy is insufficient to explain the complex processes at play in forensic psychiatry. These findings have implications for research, practice, and education in forensic psychiatric nursing, nursing ethics, and other nursing specialties on the medico-legal borderland.

In this multi-method dissertation project I conduct policy analysis and utilize results from a discipline-wide survey (n=258) to examine the intersection of Writing Studies researchers’ disciplinary affiliation, research context, and personal disposition in relation to the local implementation of federal policy regarding human subjects research. I elaborate on the context of this project, discussing the September 2015 release of the Notice of Proposed Rulemaking (NPRM) to revise and update the Common Rule, 45.CFR Part 46, and the Conference on College Composition and Communication’s formal comment in response to the proposed rule’s provisions. I discuss the process of designing and implementing the survey used to establish a disciplinary representation of Writing Studies researchers’ perceptions of, and experiences with, IRBs. The results of this survey (Chapter 4) indicate how Writing Studies researchers presently interface with the process of local policy implementation. In Chapter 5, data from the survey are set against the Final Rule (released January 19, 2017) to provide a new taxonomy for Writing Studies researchers regarding how to interface with IRBs. Finally, the major theoretical contribution is articulated in Chapter Six: a call for human subjects researchers in Writing Studies to consider IRBs as justice-oriented, rather than positivist, in design and purpose. I argue increasingly reciprocal relationships between IRBs and Writing Studies researchers will help ensure Writing Studies research is not overly influenced by IRB review, nor that Writing Studies researchers are unwilling or unable to interface with IRBs to build more ethical and robust research agendas.

Previous decades have seen multi-agency partnerships growing in prominence for policymaking and service delivery. However, when partnership working has been researched in relation to the public service ethos (PSE), studies have tended to investigate collaboration between the public and private sectors and the effect on the PSE. This dissertation contended that discussions about collaboration between the public and private sectors are distinct from other types of partnership working. The study investigated the relationship between the PSE and partnership working in a public setting. The research questions were investigated in a senior partnership board in a city in the UK. A case study approach was used, underpinned by documentary analysis, a board observation and semi-structured interviews. The fieldwork explored the values of staff employed in public services, identified in previous research. Four areas for discussion were identified: the PSE and partnership working; values, the PSE and partnership working; the importance of the PSE and partnership working; and the changing meaning of the PSE and its values. The findings identified three perspectives of the micro, macro and meso PSE. However, in contrast to suggestions that the values of public servants are the most important element of public service, it was found that the language of partnership working was more evident in the case study. The conclusion suggests a number of contributions to understand the PSE and partnership working. Firstly, findings identify the relevance of the PSE in contemporary public services. Secondly, it informs our understanding of the role the PSE plays in multi-agency governance. Thirdly, it identifies the potential use of public service values within the discourse of integration. It also identifies a methodological contribution that it is possible to research the PSE in a public partnership board and use public service values to do so.

The achievement gap between Students of Color and their Euro American counterparts has persisted for decades. Too many Students of Color are becoming disinterested in high school curricula and are being pushed out prior to graduation. This mixed-methods study identified the perspectives of California high school board members toward Ethnic Studies (ES) curricula and the extent to which these perspectives informed public policy. This study was completed in two phases. In Phase I, a link to a survey was sent to all California high school board members, which elicited quantitative data. In Phase II, semistandardized interviews that generated qualitative data were completed with a stratified sample of participants who indicated interest in being interviewed in Phase I. With the use of inductive coding, themes were identified that more deeply explored some of the results of the survey. The findings revealed that most school board members were supportive of ES as an elective, but less supportive of ES as a graduation requirement. School board members supportive of ES in this survey were primarily Euro American, fourth generation or higher, had taken ES before, and identified as Democrat. Fourth generation or higher respondents’ higher level of support than second-generation respondents were a difference that had statistical significance. Findings also showed board member perspectives can be understood on a continuum. Board members identified as change agents on this spectrum had already taken steps to establish ES and were working to alter district culture to further advance ES in their districts.

The achievement gap between Students of Color and their Euro American counterparts has persisted for decades. Too many Students of Color are becoming disinterested in high school curricula and are being pushed out prior to graduation. This mixed-methods study identified the perspectives of California high school board members toward Ethnic Studies (ES) curricula and the extent to which these perspectives informed public policy. This study was completed in two phases. In Phase I, a link to a survey was sent to all California high school board members, which elicited quantitative data. In Phase II, semistandardized interviews that generated qualitative data were completed with a stratified sample of participants who indicated interest in being interviewed in Phase I. With the use of inductive coding, themes were identified that more deeply explored some of the results of the survey.

The findings revealed that most school board members were supportive of ES as an elective, but less supportive of ES as a graduation requirement. School board members supportive of ES in this survey were primarily Euro American, fourth generation or higher, had taken ES before, and identified as Democrat. Fourth generation or higher respondents’ higher level of support than second-generation respondents were a difference that had statistical significance. Findings also showed board member perspectives can be understood on a continuum. Board members identified as change agents on this spectrum had already taken steps to establish ES and were working to alter district culture to further advance ES in their districts.

The Federal Policy for the protection of human subjects in research is built on a positivist ideology which effects Institutional Review Boards (IRB) and the research it reviews. An ideological criticism of the regulations through a positivist and postmodernist perspective reveals its initial purpose for biomedical research and its negative effects on research not discussed during its development. Such effects are a shift in focus on regulation over ethics in IRBs, extended oversight of regulations, revisions in research design and objectives, and self-regulation through the punishment of noncompliance.

Thesis (DPhil)--University of Stellenbosch, 2004.
ENGLISH ABSTRACT: Human participant research raises a conflict between medical progress as a societal good and the protection of participants as an individual good. Prior to 1960 the discretionary authority for the protection of participants resided in the hands of individual investigators. However, a wave of research atrocities from Tuskegee in 1932 to the Beecher expose in 1966 stimulated a change to a principle based system of regulation. Research Ethics Committees (RECs) and Institutional Review Boards (IRBs) were henceforth charged with the responsibility of human participant protection. Since 1966, this system of research review was established internationally and at one institution in South Africa. In 1997, placebo-controlled HIV vertical transmission trials in a number of developing countries including South Africa raised unprecedented controversy in research ethics internationally and nationally. In 2000, the fraudulent breast cancer trials conducted by Dr Bezwoda at Baragwanath Hospital drew international attention to research ethics in South Africa. However, the events that called into question the efficiency of the system of ethical review most poignantly were the recent deaths of volunteers in research at centres of excellence in the United States. It was charged that if there were deficiencies in the research ethics review system in developed countries, these were more likely to be present in developing countries. Around the same time the Interim National Health Research Ethics Committee (INHREC) was established in South Africa to explore and regulate the ethical review system in South Africa. Cognisant of these issues, the current study was undertaken to establish the various structural, procedural and substantive ethical challenges facing justifiable and ethical review of research in South Africa. A combination of conceptualphilosophical reflection and empirical research was employed in this dissertation. The empirical work employed both quantitative and qualitative research methodology. The quantitative survey explored the composition of RECs reviewing clinical trials research in South Africa with an emphasis on committee composition and structure as well as the review process. The qualitative research was conducted using semi-structured interviews of ten REC Chairpersons in South Africa to explore complex substantive issues like informed consent, standards of care and participant remuneration, inter alia. While the review system in South Africa is functioning at a reasonable level, there is wide variation from one REC to the next. RECs are geographically distant and function in isolation without opportunity to communicate and share ideas. Amongst institutional RECs, there is a stark contrast between historically disadvantaged institutions and historically advantaged institutions. REC membership, ten years into democracy remains white male dominated. Community representation is inadequate. Most RECs are dominated by scientists and clinicians. The review process is widely variable with delays in review ranging from ten days to ten weeks. Procedural and bureaucratic demands impact on the ability of REC members to engage in debate on important substantive ethics issues like standards of care, informed consent and participant remuneration. Research ethics training and educational needs vary widely across the country. Serious attention must be paid to the way in which RECs are constituted in South Africa. Restructuring of RECs with a view to improving representation in terms of race, gender and religion must be prioritized. There is a need for community representation and non-scientific membership to be explored. RECs in South Africa need to revisit the question of whether they should be conducting both scientific and ethics review or ethics review alone. The review process requires a paradigm shift in emphasis from adverse event reporting to monitoring, from informed consent forms to a culturally relevant informed consent process. Aparadigm shift is indicated to shift the focus from informed consent to a more comprehensive review framework. Policies regarding standards of care and participant remuneration must be clarified and articulated. Although the role of RECs in human participant protection has been questioned, it is clear that in the vast majority of cases, they are fulfilling an important role. Their function could certainly be enhanced. This is being facilitated by training programs and an electronic newsletter. However, responsibility for human participant protection does not reside in the domain of the REC alone. A collective responsibility shared by researchers, institutions, research ethics committees, sponsors and participants is integral to human participant protection and the generation of new, valid and relevant scientific knowledge.
AFRIKAANSE OPSOMMING: Navorsing op menslike subjekte gee aanleiding tot ‘n konflik tussen mediese vooruitgang as ‘n voordeel vir die samelewing en die beskerming van deelnemers as iets waarby die individu direkte belang het. Voor 1960 het die diskresionêre gesag vir die beskerming van deelnemers by die individuele navorsers berus. ‘n Golf van navorsingsvergrype, van Tuskegee in 1932 tot die Beecher onthulling in 1966, het egter veranderinge in die rigting van ‘n stelsel van beginsel-gebaseerde regulasie gestimuleer. Navorsingsetiekkomitees (NEKs) en Institusionele Beoordelings- en toesigrade (IBRs) is gevolglik belas met die verantwoordelikheid om toe te sien dat mense wat deelneem, sover moontlik beskerm word. Sedert 1966 is hierdie stelsel van navorsingshersiening en -toesig internasionaal tot stand gebring – ook, aanvanklik, by een instansie in Suid-Afrika. In 1997 het plasebo-beheerde HIV-vertikale oordrag-proewe in ‘n aantal ontwikkelende lande, insluitend Suid-Afrika, tot ongekende kontroversie op die terrein van navorsingsetiek aanleiding gee, internasionaal en nasionaal. In 2000 het die bedrog met borskankerproewe, uitgevoer deur dr Bezwoda by Baragwanath Hospitaal, internasionale aandag op navorsing in Suid-Afrika gevestig. Hierdie gebeure het egter die effektiwiteit van die stelsel van etiese toesig in Suid-Afrika en elders in die wêreld bevraagteken. Die mees kommerwekkende onlangse insident was die dood van navorsingsvrywilligers by sentra van uitmuntendheid in die Verenigde State. Daar is beweer dat as daar tekortkominge in die navorsingsetiektoesigsisteem in ontwikkelende lande is, daar ‘n groter moontlikheid bestaan dat dit ook (en moontlik meer) in ontwikkelende lande voorkom. Ongeveer dieselfde tyd is die Interim Nasionale Gesondheidsnavorsings-etiekkomitee (INGNEK) [Interim National HealthResearch Ethics Committee (INHREC)] in Suid-Afrika gestig om die etiekoorsigstelsel in Suid-Afrika te ondersoek en te reguleer. Met dit in gedagte is die huidige studie onderneem om die verskillende strukturele-, prosedurele- en substantiewe etiese uitdagings wat regverdigbare en etiese oorsig van en toesig oor navorsing in Suid-Afrika in die gesig staar, vas te stel. Daar is van ‘n kombinasie van konseptuele, filosofiese refleksie en empiriese navorsing in hierdie proefskrif gebruik gemaak. Die empiriese werk maak gebruik van sowel kwantitatiewe as kwalitatiewe navorsingsmetodes. Die kwantitatiewe opname bestudeer die samestelling van NEKs wat toesig hou oor kliniese proewe in Suid-Afrika, met die klem op komiteesamestelling, -struktuur en die toesigproses. Die kwalitatiewe navorsing is gedoen met behulp van van semi-gestruktureerde onderhoude van tien NEK-voorsitters in Suid-Afrika om die komplekse substantiewe aspekte, soos onder andere ingeligte toestemming, standaard van versorging en deelnemervergoeding, te ondersoek. Terwyl die etiek-toesigstelsel in Suid-Afriks op ‘n redelike vlak funksioneer, is daar ‘n groot verskil tussen verskillende NEKs. NEKs is geografies verspreid en funksioneer dikwels in isolasie sonder ‘n geleentheid om te kommunikeer en idees te deel. Ten opsigte van die institusionele NEKs bestaan daar ‘n duidelike kontras tussen histories benadeelde instansies en histories bevoordeelde instansies. NEK-lidmaatskap word, tien jaar na demokrasie, steeds gedomineer deur blanke mans. Gemeenskapsverteenwoordiging is onvoldoende. Die meerderheid NEKs word gedomineer deur wetenskaplikes en klinici. Die toesig- en hersieningsprosesse in die verskillende komitees verskil grootliks, met vertragings wat wissel van 10 dae to 10 weke. Prosedurele- en burokratiese vereistes het ‘n impak op die vermoëns van NEK-lede om by debatte oor belangrike substantiewe etiese aangeleenthede betrokke te raak, soos byvoorbeeld die standaard van versorging, ingeligte toestemming en deelnemervergoeding. Opleiding en opvoedkundige behoeftes verskil wyd oor die land.Ernstige aandag moet geskenk word aan die wyse waarop NEKs in Suid-Afrika saamgestel is. Herstrukturering van NEKs met ‘n visie op verbeterde verteenwoordiging in terme van ras, geslag en geloof is ‘n prioriteitsvereiste. Gemeenskapsverteenwoordiging en lidmaatskap van nie-wetenskaplikes moet verder ondersoek word. NEKs in Suid-Afrika moet die vraag of hulle sowel wetenskaplike- as etiektoesig moet uitvoer, of sl slégs etiektoesig, opnuut ondersoek. Die nasiensproses vereis ‘n paradigmaskuif, vanaf ‘n klem op rapportering van gebeurtenisse, na monitering van ingeligte toestemmingsvorms sowel as na ‘n kultureel toepaslike ingeligte toestemmingsproses. ’n Paradigmaskuif is noodsaaklik ten einde die fokus te verskuif vanaf ingeligte toestemming na ‘n meer omvattende toesig- en nasiensraamwerk. Beleid rakende standaard van versorging en deelnemervergoeding moet verduidelik en geartikuleer word. Alhoewel die rol van NEKs in die beskerming van menslike deelnemers aan navorsing bevraagteken word, is dit duidelik dat NEKs in die meerderheid van gevalle wel ‘n belangrike rol vervul. Hul funksie kan natuurlik uitgebrei word. Dit sal gefasiliteer word deur opleidingsprogramme en ‘n elektroniese nuusbrief. Verantwoordelikheid vir die beskerming van mense wat deelneem aan navorsing berus egter nie uitsluitlik by NEKs nie. ‘n Kollektiewe verantwoordelikheid, gedeel deur navorsers, instellings, navorsingsetiekkomitees, borge en deelnemers is ‘n integrale vereiste vir hierdie beskerming sowel as vir die verwerwing van nuwe, geldige en relevante wetenskaplike kennis.

The purpose of this project was to develop a website to relieve Korean returnees' reverse culture shock and help their re-adaptation process. A website can be an outstanding resource for returnees in terms of accessibility because the target audiences are scattered all over the world.

Temat för detta examensarbete är brädspel, därför börjar studien med en genomgång av brädspelens historia. Därefter följer en generell genomgång av ett flertal berättartekniker. Detta görs för att ge kontext till resten av arbetet. Forskningsfrågan för arbetet är: Hur påverkas personens agerande i en fiktiv värld utifrån dess känslomässiga koppling till ett narrativ? Denna fråga besvarades med hjälp utav ett brädspel. Detta brädspel hade två versioner, en med ett narrativ och en utan narrativ för att sedan kunna påvisa skillnader mellan dessa. Tjugo personer testade sedan de två artefakterna. Efter testningen hölls kvalitativa intervjuer. Dessa användes för att svara på forskningsfrågan ställd. Att testarnas agerande varierade mellan de två versionerna var det ingen tvekan om. De narrativa testarna kände en starkare känslomässig koppling till karaktärerna i spelet. Om arbete på undersökningen skulle fortsätta hade en större testgrupp med större mångfald varit att föredra.
The theme for this paper is table-top games, therefore the study will begin with a history review of table-top games. Following will be a general rundown of multiple narrative techniques. This is for giving a context for the rest of the work. The research question asked for this paper is: How is a person’s behavior affected by their emotional connections to a narrative?  This question was answered with the help of a table-top game. The game had two variants, one with a narrative and one without. This was for finding differences between the two. Twenty persons tested the two artefacts. After the testing, qualitative interviews took place. These were used to answer the question. There was no doubt that the behavior of the testers differentiated between the two variants. The narrative testers felt a stronger emotional connection to the characters in the game. If the study would have continued, a larger test group with a greater diversity would have been preferred.

In this thesis I deal with the analysis of current problems on the market of auditing services in the Czech Republic, with suggestions for their solution. The theoretical part contents analysis of the historical context of the audit, the legal regulation, e. g. International Standards on Auditing (ISAs), Czech Act on Auditors and link to other laws. This part also contents analysis of the market of auditing services focusing on small auditing companies and also description on problems connected with entering the audit profession and consequently the problems related to market regulation, evaluation and quality control of the provided auditing services. Case studies in the practical part reflects the most important problems of small auditing companies. This will be complemented by a questionnaire survey that should reveal the different points of view of the audited company, accountant and auditor on key audit issues.

Green Relationship is a design solution attempting to raise awareness toward the environment and reduce consumerism. Waste generation and pollution have become major concerns of many governments, municipalities, organizations and individuals around the world since they are affecting human wellbeing and the environment. As an MFA student with VCUQatar, I chose to use design to contribute in protecting the environment hoping to make a difference in life. The thesis includes a research and a design component. The research explores the recycling programs and facilities in Qatar, the governmental and private sector actions toward waste generation and collection, as well as precedent solutions applied around the world. Furthermore, it includes a survey on recycling to gather and analyze the community’s feed back in order to come up with a solution that aims to change people’s behavior toward waste generation and to promote green lifestyle. The design component defines the Green Relationship as the personal connection between the individual and the silent partner, “the environment.” It fulfills the basic survival needs, “food and water,” and the one and only independency need, “oxygen.” The elements of the Green Relationship are the projection of the generic relationships elements we know of through the theory of “Humimicing” that I introduce in my thesis. Humimicing is the design theory that mimics human innate attributes and behaviors to develop design concepts to be applied in different industries. Every element of the Green Relationship is visualized through a different design discipline similar to its nature. Therefore, interactive, product and critical designs are the mediums used to represent Green Communication, Care and Ethics respectively through public installation, experimentation and conceptual design definition. The thesis methodology, which is “Make it Personal,” concludes in creating the Green Relationship that aims to change the behavior of individuals and ultimately to reach out to the wider community. Under the maxim, “Green is not just a color; it is a Lifestyle,” the thesis promotes the use of design to inspire people, designers and manufacturers to consume less and generate less waste in order to save natural resources and the environment.

This dissertation analyzes the development of the Islamic Society of North America (ISNA), a Muslim-American religious association, from the Iranian Revolution to the inauguration of our nation's first African-American president. This case study of ISNA, the largest Muslim-American organization in North America, examines the organization's institution-building and governance as a way to illustrate Muslim-American civic and religious participation. Using nonprofit research and theory related to issues of diversity, legitimacy, power, and nonprofit governance and management, I challenge misconceptions about ISNA and dispel a number of myths about Muslim Americans and their institutions. In addition, I investigate the experiences of Muslim-Americans as they attempted to translate faith into practice within the framework of the American religious and civic experience. I arrive at three main conclusions. First, because of their incredible diversity, Muslim-Americans are largely cultural pluralists. They draw from each other and our national culture to develop their religious identity and values. Second, a nonprofit association that embraces the values of a liberal democracy by establishing itself as an open organization will include members that may damage the organization's reputation. I argue that ISNA's values should be assessed in light of its programs and actions rather than the views of a small portion of its membership. Reviewing the organization's actions and programs helps us discover a religious association that is centered on American civic and religious values. Third, ISNA's leaders were unable to balance their desire for an open, consensus-based organization with a strong nonprofit management power structure. Effective nonprofit associations need their boards, volunteers and staff to have well-defined roles and authority. ISNA's leaders failed to adopt such a management and governance structure because of their suspicion of an empowered chief executive officer.

The EAAB (Estate Agency Affairs Board), a statutory body for the South African real estate industry, introduced an extensive Code of Conduct in 1992. The research conducted will serve to determine whether this Code of Conduct is effective in ensuring ethical behaviour by real estate agents. Both qualitative and quantitative research was undertaken, whereby it was determined that there is indeed a level of unethical behaviour amongst real estate agents, that a majority of such agents were unable to interpret specific clauses in the Code of Conduct, and that there was no clear correlation between support for the Code of Conduct and moral intent. Qualitative interviews highlighted the various roles that stakeholders do and should play in training and enforcement of the Code of Conduct, and their insights helped provide the basis for recommendations to the Estate Agency Affairs Board on improving the effectiveness of the EAAB Code of Conduct. Key recommendations to the EAAB were that a revision of the Code of Conduct was needed, entry requirements into the industry should be more stringent, a professional image for the industry should be promoted, and improved communication between the EAAB and stakeholders, improved enforcement and higher penalties, and an extensive training and education programme on Ethics and the Code of Conduct were needed. A Ten Element Model for an Effective Code of Conduct was proposed that detailed ten key themes arising from the research which could also be applicable in other industries. The forces and importance of communication, debate and consultation between society and industry, through regulatory bodies and/or professional associations provided the foundation for the development and revision of the Code of Conduct. To ensure effectiveness, the Code of Conduct needed to be supported by an ethical culture, professionalisation of the industry, support and understanding of the Code of Conduct by stakeholders, exposure, education and training on the Code of Conduct and Ethics, enforcement, penalties and consumer education.

More and more South African companies have taken the route to list their securities in developed economies in addition to the Johannesburg Securities Exchange. As a result of listing on exchanges in developed countries that have adopted stringent corporate governance regimes, together with the fact that those countries’ securities exchanges have listing regulations that are different from those of the Johannesburg Securities Exchange, has caused these dual-listed companies to adjust their board structure and composition to comply with these regimes and regulations. South African companies are also operating in an environment that has a strong transformation agenda that seeks to transform corporations by giving historically disadvantaged South Africans corporate ownership and equal representation in all levels of economic activity. Most corporate boards in South Africa do not represent the demographics of society. The transformation of boards due to international listings, global corporate governance developments and local legislative framework has lead to changes in board composition and structure. This study examines the effect of corporate board size on South African dual-listed companies in relation to shareholder value. This study is extended to study the effect of corporate board size to other variables that may affect board size to determine their impact on shareholder value. Data was sourced largely from annual reports and other publicly available documents (e.g. investor presentations). Statistical methods such as correlation and significance tests were utilised to test if a relationship exist between primarily board size and return on equity of dual listed South African companies. The overall period of investigation is over a four-year span (2005-2008). Available data was manipulated to create a one year lag between independent (board size and secondary variables) and dependent (ROE, PM. TAT, EM and Tobin’s Q) variables. Dependent variables were averaged over the 2006-2008 period one year ahead of the independent variables period of 2005-2007. The findings show no evidence of any association between board size and the firm performance as measured by the return on equity. However, interestingly, there is evidence that independent directors are negatively associated with the return on equity. This unexpected finding regarding board size and the negative association of independent board members with shareholder value is explained. The study also provides evidence that a greater proportion of non-executive owner directors are better at maximizing shareholder value than independent directors.
Thesis (MBA)-University of KwaZulu-Natal, Westville, 2011.

By analyzing surveys, census data, policies and curriculum, it is demonstrated that the Toronto District School Board’s policies for equitable, anti-heterosexist, and anti-homophobic curriculum become stymied by how students and sex are routinely treated as subjects of moral control in curriculum. According to Gilles Deleuze's (1988) interpretation of Baruch Spinoza's (1632-1677) philosophical works, the distinction between morals and ethics is also the difference between slavery and freedom. Together with theoretical perspectives of sex and sexuality from Michel Foucault, Judith Butler and Gayle Rubin, the distinction between morals and ethics works to specify how particular discourses of sex can work to enslave or to empower students. Comprehension and circulation of the distinction between morals and ethics is proposed to increase the potential for curriculum to reciprocate with students’ individual learning needs, support the free and autonomous organization of desire, and promote the possibility of a democratic, inclusive, pluralistic, and secular society.

The primary purpose of the study was tri-fold. The study was conducted to (1) determine differences between faculty users and faculty non-users awareness, perceptions and attitudes about the role and processes of the IRB on one 1890 land grant campus; (2) determine when controlling for status, rank, years of service, and age and the degree to which these variables contributed to the identification of the faculty profile for faculty users and faculty non-users of the local IRB at one 1890 land grant university; and (3) expand scholarly works and empirical literature related to the local IRB's role in human participant's research and its impact upon the university land grant community. This study was conducted at one 1890 land grant institution located in south central United States during the fall of 2007. The sample group consisted of 50 faculty who were self-identified as faculty users and faculty non-users of the IRB and reported their status, rank, years of service, and age. An electronic survey instrument was used to obtain data for this study. Secondary data was secured and analyses were conducted to assess the levels of awareness, perceptions, and attitudes about the role and processes of the Institutional Review Board (IRB), using the SPSS analysis package. Several procedures were employed to aggregate the data: frequencies and cross tabulations, analysis of variances of covariates (ANCOVA), and multivariate analyses of covariates (MANCOVA) to compare specific group mean scores of faculty users and faculty non-users, tenure and tenure track. The significance level was set using an alpha level of .05. The findings revealed (1) that faculty users and faculty non-users had differences between the levels of awareness and attitude; (2) perception remained high among faculty users and faculty non-users; however, (3) when controlling for years of service and age, there were significant differences between the faculty user and faculty nonuser groups.

The issue of board diversity within firms has been widely debated. Norway was the first European country to mandate obligatory quota within its board of directors followed by several European countries. This thesis examines the case of Norway as an exemplary in terms of board diversity, exploring existing research on the effects of boardroom diversity on firm value. Since it has been almost 12 years since Norway launched its sole experiment, the case study will seek to draw on the consequences of the Norwegian quota for gender diversity and use the outcomes to assess whether there is indeed a "business case" for diversity in the boardroom and analyze the importance of boardroom diversity in relation to various management frameworks. It is expected that by analyzing Norway's case, the target audience of this pedagogical case study – undergraduate students in the field of Business Ethics – will have the opportunity to not only gain a profound familiarity about the case of Norway and how it implemented the mandatory quota in its boards, but will also have the opportunity to practice the use of specific management concepts and ethical tools and frameworks, which they will likely find convenient in their university courses and upcoming careers.
A questão da diversidade dos conselhos de administração nas empresas tem sido amplamente debatida. A Noruega foi o primeiro país europeu a impor quotas obrigatórias nos seus conselhos de administração, seguida de vários países europeus. Esta tese examina o caso pedagógico da Noruega como exemplar em termos de diversidade dos conselhos de administração, explorando a investigação existente sobre os efeitos da diversidade na sala de reuniões do conselho de administração sobre o valor da empresa. Uma vez que já passaram quase 12 anos desde que a Noruega lançou a sua única experiência, o estudo de caso procurará tirar partido das consequências da quota norueguesa para a diversidade de género e utilizar os resultados para avaliar se existe de facto um "business case" para a diversidade na sala de reuniões e analisar a importância da diversidade nas salas de reuniões em relação aos vários quadros de gestão. Espera-se que, analisando o caso da Noruega, o público-alvo deste caso de estudo pedagógico - estudantes de licenciatura em na área de Ética Empresarial - tenha a oportunidade não só de conhecer profundamente o caso da Noruega e como implementou a quota obrigatória nos seus conselhos, mas também de praticar o uso de conceitos de gestão específicos e ferramentas e quadros éticos, que provavelmente encontrarão conveniência nos seus cursos universitários e futuras carreiras.

Financial scandals worldwide have led to an auditing profession crisis. Society has lost confidence in the profession because of a growing perception that it does not act in the public interest, but in its own interest only. The way in which the auditing profession is regulated may impact positively or negatively on the value of the audit function. Consequently there is danger that the profession may lose its very reason for existence. Conversely, the profession has an opportunity to re-invent itself, and by so doing, regain the trust of society. The South African auditing profession, as elsewhere, has begun to recognise this situation as an opportunity to introduce changes to the regulation of the profession. These regulations are the key to society’s willingness to trust the outcome of the audit process. While the current regulations are obviously flawed, it is believed that, once revised, society may regain confidence and trust in the profession and its services. To this end the Draft Auditing Profession Bill, 2004 was published in November 2004. In this thesis the profession’s regulations, including the Draft Auditing Profession Bill, 2004, are evaluated in terms of factors that are central to an effective and credible regulatory system. The burning issues involving the auditing profession are also identified in this study, and evaluated. In comparison with changes already made in other countries, it appears that those important regulatory system factors and the key public interest issues of credibility and trust are inadequately addressed by the proposed auditing profession regulations. The fundamental reasons for this failure are the proposed composition and financing of the regulator and associated bodies. Hence, in this study a normative framework for regulating the auditing profession in South Africa is proposed in an effort to regain society’s trust.
Thesis (DCom (Accounting Sciences))--University of Pretoria, 2007.
Auditing
unrestricted

Les récents progrès en neuroimagerie ont permis, au cours des dernières années, de faire avancer les connaissances sur les maladies neurologiques et psychiatriques en offrant la possibilité de mieux comprendre l’évolution des maladies neurodégénératives et la nature du comportement, des émotions, de la personnalité, et de la cognition. Plusieurs défis éthiques ont émergés suite à l’utilisation de ces nouvelles technologies d’imagerie cérébrale. La perspective des chercheurs concernant les pratiques d’évaluation des protocoles de recherche en neuroimagerie ainsi que les défis éthiques, sociaux et légaux auxquels font face les chercheurs n'ont pas encore été étudiés, même s’ils constituent des acteurs clés. Nous avons entrepris une étude empirique sur les perspectives des chercheurs quant au processus d'évaluation par les comités d’éthique de la recherche (CÉR) afin d’examiner les enjeux éthiques, légaux et sociaux liés à la pratique de la neuroimagerie au Canada. Pour ce faire, nous avons expédié un questionnaire en ligne et réalisé des entrevues semi-structurées avec des chercheurs en neuroimagerie et des présidents des CÉR. Les entrevues ont été transcrites et analysées à l'aide du logiciel d'analyse qualitative Nvivo. Nos résultats ont mis en lumière plusieurs aspects éthiques légaux et sociaux suscitant une attention particulière afin de remédier aux défis actuels dans la recherche en neuroimagerie ainsi qu’au processus d’évaluation de la recherche par les CÉR. Nos données comportent également des recommandations provenant des chercheurs eux-mêmes afin d'améliorer le processus d'évaluation. Finalement, notre propre expérience avec cette étude multicentrique nous a permis de constater plusieurs des défis mentionnés par les chercheurs.
Over the past years, advances in neuroimaging have allowed for a better understanding of neurologic and psychiatric disorders and yielded insights into behavior, emotion, personality, and cognition as well as allowed for a deeper understanding of neurodegenerative diseases. In light of the uses of these new imaging technologies, several ethical issues have emerged. The perspectives of researchers on current ethics review of neuroimaging protocols and ethical, legal and social issues present in neuroimaging have not been investigated, even though they are key stakeholders. We undertook an empirical study of researcher perspectives regarding the REB review process to examine ethical, legal and social issues associated with the practice of neuroimaging in Canada. We conveyed an online questionnaire survey and conducted semi-structured interviews with neuroimaging researchers and REB chairs. Interviews were transcribed and analyzed using the NVivo qualitative analysis software. Our results put into perspective emerging ethical, social and legal issues which are important challenges to address in the field of neuroimaging as well as practical challenges in the REB process. Our data also contain recommendations, coming from the neuroimagers themselves, in order to improve the evaluation process. Finally, our experience conducting this research has allowed us to confirm the challenges and stakeholders faced by neuroimagers.

The well documented agency problem remains an ongoing debate, with the board as a central point of corporate governance providing a control mechanism. The effective composition and functioning of the board is therefore highlighted as being key to overcoming agency‐problems (Hermalin and Weisback, 2003; Adams and Ferreira, 2009). This research report explores the relationship between the structural aspects of the board, including the average age of board members, the size of the board of directors and the specific positions women and ethnic persons hold on the board of South African listed companies, and intellectual capital performance measured using VAIC™ (Pulic, 2000), as well as market adjusted share returns. The population consists of all South African companies listed on the JSE Securities Exchange during 2011 with the final sample consisting of 193 companies after transformation of the data. The results of the regression analyses indicated no significant relationship between intellectual capital performance and board size, or specific positions being held by women or ethnic persons. A significant positive relationship however exists between the average age of the board of directors and intellectual capital performance. As a result, companies may be able to enhance their intellectual capital performance by increasing the average age of their board members. Key words: Board structure, Diversity, Ethnic, Gender, Age, Board size, Intellectual capital, Performance, South Africa.

Thèse par articles. Articles (4) annexés à la thèse en fichiers complémentaires.
Les bases de données populationnelles (gouvernementales, biobanques) occupent l’espace de la santé et des politiques publiques depuis longtemps. Les données personnelles qui y sont contenues sont toutefois soumises à une pression nouvelle, de par la valeur qu’elles représentent pour la recherche populationnelle. L’étude des maladies communes nécessitent de grands échantillons pour produire des résultats statistiquement significatifs. D’ailleurs, les collaborations internationales et initiatives de réseautage se multiplient. Les bases de données populationnelles agissent alors en synergie, générant de nombreux bénéfices pour la société (ex. : identifier des facteurs de risques, mieux connaître l’épidémiologie humaine, stimuler les économies nationales, etc.). Dans ce système complexe, les intérêts des acteurs (sujets de recherche, chercheurs, comités d’éthique – CÉR -, gouvernements, organismes subventionnaires) déterminent l’action et les normes applicables. La recherche avec des sujets humains et l’utilisation massive de données personnelles comportent de nombreuses sensibilités. Des balises juridiques ont été érigées pour protéger les personnes et leur vie privée, mais elles s’avèrent inadéquates dans un contexte de recherche populationnelle. L’obligation d’obtenir un nouveau consentement pour chaque utilisation, l’incapacité des CÉR locaux à représenter une population et la multiplication des disparités normatives entre juridictions sont autant de barrières qui se dressent. Après avoir exploré différents modèles normatifs internationaux (patrimoine commun de l’humanité, biens publics mondiaux, modèles dits libres), le modèle en réseau apparaît comme le plus apte à rallier les différents niveaux de gouvernance impliqués (individuel, populationnel et international). La création d’un réseau de ressources collectives pour la recherche populationnelle est ici proposée. La recherche scientifique est une finalité compatible aux autres utilisations pour lesquelles les données ont été collectées. Les bases de données sont maintenues pour servir l’utilité publique. Le réseau devrait donc faciliter l’accès aux projets de recherche populationnelle socialement utiles, ou dans l’intérêt public. Pour qu’un tel réseau fonctionne, la population devrait être sensibilisée à la valeur des données personnelles pour la recherche, des liens directs entre CÉR devraient être créés afin de favoriser l’empuissancement des acteurs locaux, les initiatives internationales et locales devraient s’influencer de manière réflexive. L’État, en tant que gardien des données personnelles et promoteur de la recherche, agirait comme coordonnateur du système avec pour objectif, d’optimiser l’utilisation des données personnelles à des fins de recherche populationnelle.
Populational databases (governmental databases and biobanks) have been effective tools in the field of public health and policy making. The personal data stored in these databases are central to identifying the risks of diseases in population-based research. Many initiatives of networking, collaborative research and implementation of electronic health records are deployed in the world. Population-based research depends on synergy between populational databases due to the large sample size of data that is needed to obtain statistical significance. In the complex system of public research, the various interests of agents involved (e.g. research subjects, researchers, research ethics boards (REBs), governments, funding agencies) collectively determine the applicable strategies and norms. Research involving human subjects and the extensive use of personal data raises numerous issues. Ethical and legal requirements have been set up to protect dignity and privacy. However, these requirements are not adequate for population-based research. Issues of re-consent for secondary uses; the limited reach of local REBs; and discrepancies between jurisdictions present barriers to population-based research. In a comparative study of international normative models (Common Heritage of Mankind, Global Public Goods, Commons), ‘network governance’ seems the most appropriate model to link the various governance structures that are implicated in population-based research (e.g. individual, populational and international). The creation of a Collective Resources Network for population-based research is proposed for this purpose. Scientific research is compatible with other uses for which consent has been obtained. Databases are maintained for public utility. This network should facilitate population-based research that is socially useful or in the public interest. To be effective, the value of personal data in scientific research must be recognized; REBs should be empowered by the creation of direct links between them; and international and local initiatives should be integrated in a reflexive manner. The State, both as the steward of personal data and the promoter of innovative research, should act as the coordinator of the system, with the objective of optimizing the use of personal data for population-based research.

The purpose of this research was to explore the relationship between diversity within the boards of directors of American companies and firm financial growth. Specifically, this study sought to determine the question of whether a relationship exists between medium-term growth in a firm’s accounting returns and the inclusion of a) minority women, b) ethnic minorities, or c) women on its board of directors. The supporting analysis for this inquiry included an in-depth examination of the five-year growth rates in ROE, ROA, and profit margins of 439 companies between 2011 and 2015. These companies operate across eight industry groups and are listed either on the New York Stock Exchange or the NASDAQ stock index. Results of the statistical analyses show significant increases in financial growth for companies with gender- and ethnically-diverse boards (when compared to boards consisting solely of white men). However, based on effect sizes, the most significant increases were found in the profit margins of companies with minority directors.

How authors and scholars have approached leadership studies – in terms of their thinking, defining and studying – has changed remarkably over time. According to literature, this is predominantly due to greater optimism about the field and greater methodological diversity being employed to better understand complex, embedded phenomena. As a result, there has been a significant rise in the use of qualitative research approaches to the study of leadership. Numerous definitions, classifications, explanations and theories about leadership, exist in the contemporary literature. However, despite the vast array of literature, the challenge of failing leadership persists. Challenges, such as the speed of technological advancements, social, and economic change are ever-present, while the impact of COVID-19 is, as yet, uncertain. Despite these challenges, can companies compete successfully in the marketplaces they operate in while also remaining ethical and engaged with the challenges of the broader business and social environment? To answer this question, this study has undertaken qualitative research on the bouquet of trait, situational and value-based leadership theory, in order to re-assess both established and developing theories. The predominant aim is to describe, explain and analyse available literature in an attempt to ascertain academic guidance on how it might be possible to enable leaders and society to mitigate leadership challenges by proposing a conceptual framework that could support leadership theory and, in so doing, take an academic stance in providing better answers or guidance to the failures currently being experienced. Several authors have noted that leadership makes a difference with resulting impacts on many which implies that to make the world a better place, leadership has two contradictory elements; good and bad. These elements are reflected in today’s connected world where the media, either showers praise on leaders or writes articles deriding their incompetence and abuse of their roles at all levels The proposed conceptual framework of this study endeavours to enable society and leaders, practically and at an individual level, to evaluate leadership issues and link leadership frameworks to their everyday lives and, in so doing, aid in mitigating the challenges being faced.
Business Management
D.B.L.

South Africa has institutionalised the application of combined assurance’s Three Lines of Defence Model (TLDM) through the 3rd and 4th editions of the King Code. Albeit, failure of the TLDM has been documented in recent corporate governance scandals in South Africa. These failures point to the inadequacy of the model in its theoretical underpinnings that place more emphasis on compliance than moral development (acts vs virtue ethics). In this research study, the adequacy of the TLDM was assessed, as well as its effectiveness in dealing with Agency. It was further sought to establish whether competitive advantage could be created through TLDM implementation in South African organisations and to quantify in relative terms, the scope for competitive advantage creation through TLDM application. A mixed research methodology (convergent design) was used to gather quantitative and qualitative insights from governance practitioners in South Africa (concurrently over a cross-sectional time frame). 204 survey respondents and 11 interviewees participated in the study. A statistically valid model for creation of competitive advantage was developed from the quantitative findings while a framework for competitive advantage was developed from the qualitative findings. The findings of the study confirm the inadequacy of the TLDM that it lies in poor implementation by South African organisations than in the model’s theoretical underpinnings. It was concluded that competitive advantage can be created though TLDM implementation in South African organisations, and the scope for creation of competitive advantage is relatively significant. The implementation of TLDM with compliance fixation mediates the creation for competitive advantage through TLDM, while moral development focus in TLDM implementation moderates the relationship between TLDM Adequacy in ethics underpinnings and competitive advantage creation. While the inadequacy of the TLDM was established through this study, the support for the TLDM was still overwhelming, although support for additional levels as contemplated in the Five Levels of Assurance Model (FLAM) was considerable.
Graduate School of Business Leadership
D.B.L. (Strategy and Governance)

This study originated from personal experience, as a member of a Board of Trustee (BOT) within Kura Kaupapa Maaori (KKM). The workload required for Kura compliance with government regulation and legislation, was phenomenal. The BOT model seemed to be structured on a corporate model of governance with accountability to the Ministry of Education. This contradicted with the needs of Kura whaanau to be involved in Kura decisionmaking. The BOT model unintentionally created a separation and tension between whaanau and BOT members. This research set out to explore the BOT model of governance within our Kura, from a cultural perspective, rather, than researching problems identified by ERa. The research undertook a review of the literature that placed the BOT model within the 1984 -1990 Economic Reforms. It highlighted the impact of past government policies, and administration, on the Maaori language and culture to illuminate the cultural, economic, political and social context of the establishment of Kura Kaupapa Maaori and the doctrine of Te Aho Matua (TAM). The BOT model, and KKM/TAM, are founded on differing values. The study was approached from a Kaupapa Maaori perspective; not wishing to reaffirm the negative stigma of past research undertaken of Maaori. The objectives of the study were to gain an understanding of whaanau cultural capacity, perceptions and understanding of KKM and TAM; and also, whaanau understanding of the BOT model. The research design consisted of a case study. This involved a questionnaire to all whaanau; and in-depth discussions with a sample of twelve whaanau. Appropriate ethical considerations were given to the process, which addressed both academic and cultural needs. Findings clearly identify the structure, and nature of the BOT model, being problematic within the cultural framework of a KKM underpinned by Te Aho Matua. The values and principles between the model and TAM fundamentally conflict. Findings also identify key factors, that both government and Kura whaanau can utilise, in advancing whaanau governance.

Nos últimos anos, a baixa representatividade das mulheres nos conselhos de administração das empresas tem suscitado a atenção dos governos e das entidades reguladoras Europeias (Comissão Europeia, 2012). Motivado pela intenção da Comissão Europeia de impor uma quota mínima de 40% de mulheres em lugares de administração não executivos de grandes empresas Europeias cotadas e pelo intenso debate que esta proposta está a suscitar, este estudo pretende averiguar se existe uma associação entre a percentagem de mulheres nos conselhos de administração e o valor da empresa, entre a percentagem de mulheres nos conselhos de administração e o desempenho financeiro, e entre a percentagem de mulheres nos conselhos de administração e as preocupação éticas e de responsabilidade social das grandes empresas Europeias em 2011. Os resultados da análise empírica sugerem uma relação positiva entre a percentagem de mulheres nos conselhos de administração e o valor da empresa medido pelo Q de Tobin. No entanto, não existe evidência estatística de que um aumento da percentagem de mulheres nos conselhos de administração melhore o desempenho financeiro das empresas medido, quer pelo ROE (Return On Equity), quer pelo ROA (Return On Assets). Os resultados mostram ainda que uma maior representatividade das mulheres nos conselhos de administração das grandes empresas Europeias está positivamente associada a preocupações éticas e de responsabilidade social dessas empresas, traduzidas pela existência de comités desse tipo.
In recent years, the low representation of women on the board of directors has attracted the attention of governments and European regulatory authorities (European Commission, 2012). Motivated by the European Commission's intention to impose a minimum quota of 40% of women in non-executive roles on the board of directors of large listed European companies, and by the intense debate that this proposal has generated, this study aims to investigate whether there is an association between the percentage of women on boards of directors and firm value, between the percentage of women on boards and financial performance, and between the percentage of women on boards and concerns with ethics and social responsibility for the large European companies in the year 2011. The results of the empirical analysis suggest a positive relation between the percentage of women on the board and firm value measured by Tobin's Q. However, the study does not provide statistical evidence of a positive association between the percentage of women on boards and the business financial performance measured by ROE and ROA. Moreover, the results also show evidence of a positive and statistically significant relation between the percentage of women on boards of directors and the ethical and corporate social responsibility of companies assessed by the existence of this type of board committees.

This thesis follows the development of the Ukrainian identity in Toronto since World War II. It explores the formation of collective memory by the Third Wave of Ukrainian immigration who arrived in Toronto in the early 1950s and the crystallization of a particular Ukrainian identity within this community. In particular, it looks at the role of the Ukrainian schooling system as an important institution shaping the community’s understanding of Ukrainian identity. It also discusses the challenges to that identity since the arrival of the Fourth Wave of Ukrainian immigration which began in 1991. It charts the intra-group tensions which arose in the community due to different understandings of what it means to be Ukrainian and describes how competing Ukrainian identities found within the Fourth Wave of immigration have shifted the dynamic in the Ukrainian community, explaining low involvement of Fourth Wave members within community institutions such as the Ukrainian school.

Indiana University-Purdue University Indianapolis (IUPUI)
In 1964, Muncie Central High School got the “death penalty” at the hands of the Indiana High School Athletic Association’s (IHSAA) new commissioner, Phil N. Eskew, after post-game brawling at a boys basketball game led to a broader investigation of the entire program. In the closing moments of the game, a Muncie Central opponent was bloodied by an inbound pass to the face and fans erupted in violence, swarming the floor. The ensuing investigation revealed racial tensions, issues of sexual mores, political discord, and deep problems in the web of interrelationships that make up the phenomenon of Hoosier Hysteria. After a closed-door hearing and two days of deliberations, Eskew and the IHSAA Board of Control announced their decision, and the punishment prescribed made front page headlines across the state and beyond.