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Kamarudin, Mohd Khairul Amri, Noorjima Abd Wahab, Siti Nor Aisyah Md Bati, et al. "Seasonal Variation on Dissolved Oxygen, Biochemical Oxygen Demand and Chemical Oxygen Demand in Terengganu River Basin, Malaysia." Journal of Environmental Science and Management 23, no. 2 (2020): 1–7. http://dx.doi.org/10.47125/jesam/2020_2/01.
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The rise in human population densities and the pace of development had intensified the depletion of the water quality. This study aimed to analyze the concentration of dissolved oxygen (DO), biochemical oxygen demand (BOD) and chemical oxygen demand (COD) during wet season and dry season at Terengganu River in 2016. A total of 29 monitoring stations in the study area were selected and three water quality parameters were analyzed using descriptive statistics and the correlation matrix methods. The DO ranged from 2.11 to 8.07 mg L-1, COD from 2.24 to 39 mg L-1 and BOD from 0.67 to 6.52 mg L-1 for the wet season while in dry season, DO ranged from 2.30 to 6.05 mg L-1, COD from 1.9 to 20.48 mg L-1 and BOD from 0.04 to 13.99 mg L-1. Spearman’s correlation test shows there was a weak correlation between DO and COD during wet season, while in the dry season, there was a weak correlation between DO-COD and DO-BOD. This study also found out that urbanization and anthropogenic activities in the area can gave the more impact towards seasons and water quality deterioration in Terengganu River, Malaysia.
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Mutai, Isaiah Kiprono, Kristof Van Laerhoven, Nancy Wangechi Karuri, and Robert Kimutai Tewo. "Using multiple linear regression for biochemical oxygen demand prediction in water." Applied Computing and Intelligence 4, no. 2 (2024): 125–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.3934/aci.2024008.
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<p>Biochemical oxygen demand (BOD) is an important water quality measurement but takes five days or more to obtain. This may result in delays in taking corrective action in water treatment. Our goal was to develop a BOD predictive model that uses other water quality measurements that are quicker than BOD to obtain; namely pH, temperature, nitrogen, conductivity, dissolved oxygen, fecal coliform, and total coliform. Principal component analysis showed that the data spread was in the direction of the BOD eigenvector. The vectors for pH, temperature, and fecal coliform contributed the greatest to data variation, and dissolved oxygen negatively correlated to BOD. K-means clustering suggested three clusters, and t-distributed stochastic neighbor embedding showed that BOD had a strong influence on variation in the data. Pearson correlation coefficients indicated that the strongest positive correlations were between BOD, and fecal and total coliform, as well as nitrogen. The largest negative correlation was between dissolved oxygen, and BOD. Multiple linear regression (MLR) using fecal, and total coliform, dissolved oxygen, and nitrogen to predict BOD, and training/test data of 80%/20% and 90%/10% had performance indices of RMSE = 2.21 mg/L, <italic>r</italic> = 0.48 and accuracy of 50.1%, and RMSE = 2.18 mg/L, <italic>r</italic> = 0.54 and an accuracy of 55.5%, respectively. BOD prediction was better than previous MLR models. Increasing the percentage of the training set above 80% improved the model accuracy but did not significantly impact its prediction. Thus, MLR can be used successfully to estimate BOD in water using other water quality measurements that are quicker to obtain.</p>
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Suaebu, Syamsudin, Rasman Rasman, and Muh Ahwan Fawwaz. "Eco Enzyme Dalam Mendegradasi Bahan Organik Pada Lindi TPA Antang." Sulolipu: Media Komunikasi Sivitas Akademika dan Masyarakat 25, no. 1 (2025): 47–54. https://doi.org/10.32382/sulo.v25i1.1306.
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Lindi yang berasal dari tempat pembuangan akhir merupakan air limbah yang sangat tercemar yang dapat menyebabkan permasalahan seperti pencemaran udara, pencemaran tanah dan juga pencemaran air di sekitar TPA (Tempat Pembuangan Akhir) maka dari itu perlu dilakukan pengolahan dan dengan memanfaat sisa kulit buah yang dibuat menjadi eco enzyme yang dapat bermanfaat untuk mengurangi sampah dan sebagai bahan untuk melakukan pengolahan lindi. Jenis penelitian ini merupakan penelitian quasy eksperimen atau eksperimen semu yang bertujuan untuk mengetahui kemampuan eco enzyme dalam mendegradasi bahan organik pada lindi, dengan melakukan penambahan langsung eco enzyme pada sampel lindi TPA. Pengujian terhadap sampel sebelum dan setelah perlakuan menggunakan eco enzyme untuk menurunkan kadar bahan organik yakni kadar BOD (Biochemical Oxygen Demand) dan COD (Chemical Oxygen Demand) pada lindi dengan melakukan pengulangan sebanyak 3 kali dengan variasi waktu tinggal 2 hari, 5 hari dan 10 hari. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa ada pengaruh penambahan eco enzyme dalam menurunkan kadar BOD (Biochemical Oxygen Demand) dan COD (Chemical Oxygen Demand) yaitu, pada waktu tinggal 2 hari terdapat penurunan pada kadar BOD (Biochemical Oxygen Demand) dengan rata-rata penurunan 34%, pada waktu tinggal 5 hari diperoleh rata-rata penurunan pada kadar BOD (Biochemical Oxygen Demand) dan COD (Chemical Oxygen Demand) sebanyak 61,6% dan 77,1%, dan pada waktu tinggal 10 hari rata-rata penurunan sebanyak 71% dan 78%, dengan mengacu pada baku mutu Permen LHK No. P.59/MENLHK/SETJEN/KUM.1/10/2016 (BOD maksimal 150 mg/L dan COD maksimal 300 mg/L). Kesimpulan dari hasil yang diperoleh bahwa penggunaan eco enzyme mampu mendegradasi bahan organik pada lindi. Kata Kunci : BOD,COD, Eco Enzyme, Air Lindi
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Hryha, M. Yu. "SPATIOTEMPORAL VARIATION EVALUATION OF BIOCHEMICAL OXYGEN DEMAND (BOD) IN DNIPRO RIVER." Hydrology, hydrochemistry and hydroecology, no. 2 (72) (2024): 29–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.17721/2306-5680.2024.2.3.
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The study focused on assessing biochemical oxygen demand (BOD) as an indicator of pollution dynamics in the Dnipro River. It was found that the ecological and hydrochemical conditions of the Kremenchuk, Kamyanske, and Dnipro reservoirs and the water quality of drinking water intakes within them had deteriorated due to increasing BOD. In terms of temporal analysis, 2019 marked the year of the most significant changes in BOD concentrations, resulting in a reversal of long-term trends in biochemical oxygen demand distribution from decreasing to increasing for the territory from Vyshhorod to Horishni Plavni. The most significant increase in BOD was observed at the Cherkasy water intake, likely due to increased ammonium input into the water. The area between Vlasivka and Horishni Plavni, situated at the boundary of the low-flow Kremenchuk reservoir and the flowing Kamyanske reservoir, exhibited the highest BOD concentrations among the entire study area, exceeding the maximum permissible concentration in approximately 80% of cases. BOD levels in the water intakes of Kamyanske and Dnipro showed a steady rise from 2015 to 2023, with peak values in August and September. Positive correlations with phosphates and ammonium, and a negative correlation with dissolved oxygen, suggested anthropogenic influences. These findings indicate the accumulation of biogenic elements and increased oxygen demand, particularly during eutrophication events.
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Kahar, Kahar, and Bunga Prasetia. "Gambaran Kadar Biochemical Oxygen (BOD) dan Chemical Oxygen Demand (COD) pada Limbah Cair Industri Tahu." Jurnal Sanitasi Profesional Indonesia 4, no. 2 (2023): 101–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.33088/jspi.4.2.101-110.
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Air limbah merupakan kombinasi cairan atau air atau limbah yang dihasilkan dari kegiatan rumah tangga, kelembagaan, komersial, dan industri yang dapat menyebabkan berbagai masalah, salah satunya industri tahu ini menghasilkan limbah cair dan limbah padat, terutama limbah cair dapat menyebabkan masalah dan pencemaran lingkungan apabila tidak diolah terlebih dahulu, baku mutu air limbah bagi usaha atau kegiatan pengolahan kedelai diantaranya Biochemical Oxygen Demand (BOD), Chemical Oxygen Demand (COD), Potential Hydrogen (pH), Total Suspended solid (TSS). Pabrik. Tujuannya untuk mengetahui kadar BOD dan COD pada limbah cair. Jenis penelitian deskriptif, populasi penelitian pekerja Pabrik Tahu dengan teknik pengambilan sampel total populasi, dan sampel air limbah diambil dari buangan effluent kemudian diperiksa di Laboratorium. Teknik pengambilan sampel dilakukan dengan cara grab sampel. Hasil pemeriksaan BOD dan COD pada air limbah Pabrik Tahu yaitu dengan rata-rata sebesar BOD 3,191 mg/l dan COD 9,308,67 mg/l. Kesimpulan tingginya kadar COD dan BOD pada Pabrik Tahu tidak memenuhi syarat.
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Chafia, Laouar, Ayadi Abdelhamid, and Hafdallah Abdelhak. "Optimal Control of a Partially Known Coupled System of BOD and DO." International Journal of Analysis and Applications 19, no. 6 (2021): 984–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.28924/2291-8639-19-2021-984.
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The work presented in this paper is concerned with the organic pollution problem and water quality valuation. Biochemical oxygen demand has been used to evaluate the quality of water. If organic matter is present the dissolved oxygen is consumed. This article considers an optimal control problem of coupled system with missing initial conditions, which presents the relation between the biochemical oxygen demand and the dissolved oxygen. The main objective is to control the concentration of dissolved oxygen using the information given in the biochemical oxygen demand equation. The main tool used to characterize the optimal control of the investigate system under the Pareto control formulation.
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Jouanneau, S., L. Recoules, M. J. Durand, et al. "Methods for assessing biochemical oxygen demand (BOD): A review." Water Research 49 (February 2014): 62–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.watres.2013.10.066.
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Verma, Sanjay. "Seasonal and Spatial Variations in Biochemical and Chemical Oxygen Demand of Untreated Sewage in Sironj Tehsil, District Vidisha, India." International Scientific Journal of Engineering and Management 04, no. 06 (2025): 1–9. https://doi.org/10.55041/isjem04667.
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- In this study, untreated sewage from five suburban sites in Sironj Tehsil, district- Vidisha, India, was evaluated for seasonal and spatial variations in Biochemical Oxygen Demand (BOD) and Chemical Oxygen Demand (COD) in 2024. The APHA 5210 B and 5220 D procedures for BOD and COD, respectively, were used to analyse 100 sewage samples from Kahra Bazar, Kathali, Bhawani Nagar, Katra Mohalla, and Hajipur. Due to runoff-driven organic matter, the BOD ranged from 159.16 to 186.96 mg/L, with Bhawani Nagar recording the highest value (186.96 mg/L) during the monsoon season (mean 180.98 mg/L). Bhawani Nagar had the highest COD (571.32 mg/L), which ranged from 337.15 to 571.32 mg/L and peaked during the monsoon (mean 511.21 mg/L). The seasons with the lowest BOD (mean 161.35 mg/L) and COD (mean 358.09 mg/L) were winter. Statistical analysis showed site-specific influences on COD (F(4,80)=8.63, p<0.001) and significant seasonal effects on both BOD (F(3,80)=36.90, p<0.001) and COD (F(3,80)=114.14, p<0.001). According to these results, there are moderate to high levels of organic pollution, which means that to prevent oxygen depletion during monsoon peaks, biological treatment with increased aeration is required. These findings support the need for customised wastewater management plans in Sironj and are consistent with those of similar Indian cities. Key Words: Biochemical Oxygen Demand (BOD), Chemical Oxygen Demand (COD), Sewage analysis, Seasonal variation, Sironj Tehsil, Organic pollution, Wastewater treatment
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Mostafa, Mohamed K., Ahmed S. Mahmoud, Mohamed S. Mahmoud, and Mahmoud Nasr. "Computational-Based Approaches for Predicting Biochemical Oxygen Demand (BOD) Removal in Adsorption Process." Adsorption Science & Technology 2022 (May 10, 2022): 1–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2022/9739915.
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Predicting the adsorption performance to remove organic pollutants from wastewater is an essential environmental-related topic, requiring knowledge of various statistical tools and artificial intelligence techniques. Hence, this study is the first to develop a quadratic regression model and artificial neural network (ANN) for predicting biochemical oxygen demand (BOD) removal under different adsorption conditions. Nanozero-valent iron encapsulated into cellulose acetate (CA/nZVI) was synthesized, characterized by XRD, SEM, and EDS, and used as an efficient adsorbent for BOD reduction. Results indicated that the medium pH and adsorption time should be adjusted around 7 and 30 min, respectively, to maintain the highest BOD removal efficiency of 96.4% at initial BOD concentration C o = 100 mg/L, mixing rate = 200 rpm, and adsorbent dosage of 3 g/L. An optimized ANN structure of 5–10–1, with the “trainlm” back-propagation learning algorithm, achieved the highest predictive performance for BOD removal ( R 2 : 0.972, Adj- R 2 : 0.971, RMSE: 1.449, and SSE: 56.680). Based on the ANN sensitivity analysis, the relative importance of the adsorption factors could be arranged as pH > adsorbent dosage > time ≈ stirring speed > C o . A quadratic regression model was developed to visualize the impacts of adsorption factors on the BOD removal efficiency, optimizing pH at 7.3 and time at 46.2 min. The accuracy of the quadratic regression and ANN models in predicting BOD removal was approximately comparable. Hence, these computational-based methods could further maximize the performance of CA/nZVI material for removing BOD from wastewater under different adsorption conditions. The applicability of these modeling techniques would guide the stakeholders and industrial sector to overcome the nonlinearity and complexity issues related to the adsorption process.
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Ilham, Alya Salsabila, Mashuri Masri, and Rosmah Rosmah. "Analisis kadar biochemical oxygen demand (BOD) salah satu sungai di Sulawesi Selatan." Filogeni: Jurnal Mahasiswa Biologi 3, no. 2 (2023): 112–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.24252/filogeni.v3i2.35468.
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Air merupakan bahan yang tidak dapat dipisahkan dari seluruh aktivitas kehidupan makhluk hidup di bumi ini. Kualitas air dapat berubah secara alami berdasarkan dengan adanya aktivitas dari manusia sehingga sangat berpengaruh pada kualitas air pada pemukiman. Tujuan penelitian ini yaitu untuk mengetahui kadar oksigen yang berada dalam air Sungai. Kualitas air sungai diukur berdasarkan parameter tertentu serta dengan metode tertentu. Indikator yang digunakan untuk mengukur kualitas kimia air salah satunya yaitu Biochemical Oxygen Demand (BOD). Analisis kualitas air dengan mengukur parameter BOD air sungai merupakan pengukuran jumlah oksigen terlarut dalam air yang digunakan bakteri dalam proses oksidasi bahan organik dan dinyatakan dalam mg/L. Metode pengukuran BOD yaitu dengan mengukur kadar oksigen terlarut awal (DO0) pada saat pengambilan sampel, kemudian mengukur kandungan oksigen terlarut kembali (DO5). Pengukuran nilai oksigen terlarut dapat dilakukan dengan menggunakan alat yang disebut DO meter dengan cara titrasi (metode Winkler, iodometri). Hasil BOD yang diperoleh yaitu pada kisaran 1,8 mg/L - 2,8 mg/L sehingga kualitas air sungai yang diukur termasuk kategori perairan tidak tercemar karena nilainya < 3mg/L.
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Burn, Donald H., and Edward A. McBean. "Linear stochastic optimization applied to biochemical oxygen demand – dissolved oxygen modelling." Canadian Journal of Civil Engineering 13, no. 2 (1986): 249–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/l86-033.
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A methodology for reflecting stochastic considerations in an optimization model is presented. The technique, which uses chance-constrained programming, is applied to a water quality management problem wherein concern is with the interaction between biochemical oxygen demand (BOD) and the dissolved oxygen (DO) concentration in a river. The uncertainty in the problem is considered to be embodied in transfer coefficients for which a lognormal distribution is derived from moment estimates provided by first-order uncertainty analysis. The appropriateness of the lognormal distribution is confirmed by results from a simulation modelling exercise. Key words: water quality, optimization, uncertainty, mathematical modelling.
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Jamilatun, Siti, and Nurmustaqimah. "Effectiveness of phytoremediation method using water hyacint plants in reducing bod and TDS content in batik industry liquid waste." BIO Web of Conferences 148 (2024): 02001. https://doi.org/10.1051/bioconf/202414802001.
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The textile industry, especially Indonesia, has made significant contributions to economic progress; yet, its production process frequently causes harm to the environment. An issue that occurs is the presence of wastewater generated during batik manufacturing, which has elevated concentrations of pollutants such as COD (Chemical Oxygen Demand) and BOD (Biochemical Oxygen Demand). This study investigates the utilization of water hyacinth plants for phytoremediation as a viable approach to manage batik liquid waste. The investigation was conducted using time intervals of 0, 3, 6, 9, and 12 days. The investigation encompasses the reduction in Biochemical Oxygen Demand (BOD), Total Dissolved Solids (TDS), and the impact of pH. The study findings demonstrate that the most significant reduction in BOD was observed on the sixth day, with a value of 25.52 mg/L achieved from an initial concentration of 86.38 mg/L. The TDS decrease achieved a level of 526 ppm. This research demonstrates the high efficacy of the phytoremediation approach in absorbing wastewater.
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Arlyapov, Vyacheslav A., Yulia V. Plekhanova, Olga A. Kamanina, Hideaki Nakamura, and Anatoly N. Reshetilov. "Microbial Biosensors for Rapid Determination of Biochemical Oxygen Demand: Approaches, Tendencies and Development Prospects." Biosensors 12, no. 10 (2022): 842. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/bios12100842.
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One of the main indices of the quality of water is the biochemical oxygen demand (BOD). A little over 40 years have passed since the practical application of the first microbial sensor for the determination of BOD, presented by the Japanese professor Isao Karube. This time span has brought new knowledge to and practical developments in the use of a wide range of microbial cells based on BOD biosensors. At present, this field of biotechnology is becoming an independent discipline. The traditional BOD analysis (BOD5) has not changed over many years; it takes no less than 5 days to carry out. Microbial biosensors can be used as an alternative technique for assessing the BOD attract attention because they can reduce hundredfold the time required to measure it. The review examines the experience of the creation and practical application of BOD biosensors accumulated by the international community. Special attention is paid to the use of multiple cell immobilization methods, signal registration techniques, mediators and cell consortia contained in the bioreceptor. We consider the use of nanomaterials in the modification of analytical devices developed for BOD evaluation and discuss the prospects of developing new practically important biosensor models.
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Khorsandi, Hassan, Rahimeh Alizadeh, Horiyeh Tosinejad, and Hadi Porghaffar. "Analysis of nitrogenous and algal oxygen demand in effluent from a system of aerated lagoons followed by polishing pond." Water Science and Technology 70, no. 1 (2014): 95–101. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.2014.194.
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In this descriptive-analytical study, nitrogenous and algal oxygen demand were assessed for effluent from a system of facultative partially mixed lagoons followed by the polishing pond using 120 grab samples over 1 year. Filtered and non-filtered samples of polishing pond effluent were tested in the presence and absence of a nitrification inhibitor. Effective factors, including 5-day biochemical and chemical oxygen demand (BOD and COD), total suspended solids (TSS), dissolved oxygen, chlorophyll A, and temperature, were measured using standard methods for water and wastewater tests. The results were analyzed using repeated measures analysis of variance with SPSS version 16. Findings show that the annual mean of the total 5-day BOD in the effluent from the polishing pond consisted of 44.92% as the algal carbonaceous biochemical oxygen demand (CBOD), 43.61% as the nitrogenous biochemical oxygen demand (NBOD), and 11.47% as the soluble CBOD. According to this study, the annual mean ratios of algal COD and 5-day algal CBOD to TSS were 0.8 and 0.37, respectively. As the results demonstrate, undertaking quality evaluation of the final effluent from the lagoons without considering nitrogenous and algal oxygen demand would undermine effluent quality assessment and interpretation of the performance of the wastewater treatment plant.
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Khalaf Erabee, Iqbal, and Saleem M. Ethaib. "Performane of Activated Carbon Adsorption in Removing of Organic Pollutants from River Water." International Journal of Engineering & Technology 7, no. 4.20 (2018): 356. http://dx.doi.org/10.14419/ijet.v7i4.20.26134.
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This study presents a water treatment process by using a down-flow fixed bed activated carbon contractor model. Two types of activated carbon (AC) used, powder and granular activated carbon from date pits as a raw material, the parameters tested are biochemical oxygen demand (BOD), chemical oxygen demand (COD), total suspended solid (TSS), total dissolved solid (TDS) and pH. The column diameter and bed depths are made constant, whereas the size of activated carbon is varies. The obtained removal efficiencies for sample of river water are 39.8% of BOD, 41.8% of COD, 81.8% of TSS and 67.7% of TDS for granular AC. For powdered AC the removal efficiencies of parameters are 34.7% of BOD, 17.6% of COD, 72.7% of TSS and 50% of TDS. The granular AC made from date pits is the best activated carbon because of low cost of raw material and it is widely applied for usage in the water or wastewater treatment, as it is very effective in terms of cost and performance to cater the increasing demand of clean water.
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Dai, Ji, Feng Jiang, Chii Shang, et al. "The impact of chlorine disinfection on biochemical oxygen demand levels in chemically enhanced primary treatment effluent." Water Science and Technology 68, no. 2 (2013): 380–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.2013.257.
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The response trends of biochemical oxygen demand (BOD) and organic strength after the chlorination/dechlorination process were explored through a 2-year, 5-month chemically enhanced primary treatment (CEPT) effluent onsite monitoring program and a 2-month laboratory-scale study. The monitoring results showed that better instantaneous mixing at the chlorine injection point reduced the effect of chlorination/dechlorination on the 5-day BOD levels. The laboratory study results demonstrated that chlorination did not change the particle size distribution, dissolved organic carbon, or chemical oxygen demand of the organic content of the effluent. Nevertheless, chlorination/dechlorination strongly affected the BOD measurement when nitrification was inhibited by changing bioactivity/biodegradation rates.
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Edori, E. S., O. S. Edori, and I. B. Nwoke. "Degradability and Organic Strength of Gross Organic Pollutants In Surface Water of Mini Whuo Stream Obio/Akpor, Rivers State, Nigeria." Journal of Physical Science and Environmental Studies 8, no. 2 (2022): 15–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.36630/jpses_22004.
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Water samples were collected from Mini Whou Stream and analyzed for gross organic pollutants and the results was used to evaluate the organic strength of the Stream. The gross organic pollutants studied were dissolved oxygen (DO), biochemical oxygen demand (BOD) and chemical oxygen demand (COD). Dissolved oxygen within the months studied ranged from 5.45±0.15-5.58±0.14mg/L, which were lower than the WHO value for drinking water. Biochemical oxygen demand within the months studied ranged from 36.25±4.47-36.55±3.88mg/L, which was higher than the recommended level for drinking water by WHO. Chemical oxygen within the months studied ranged from 51.82±3.25 – 52.57 mg/L which was above the WHO acceptable level. The organic strength (BOD/COD) of the surface water during the months ranged from 0.69–0.70. The results recorded revealed that the stream was polluted with gross organic pollutants and is therefore not fit for human consumption. The values recorded for organic strength indicated that microbial breakdown of organic matter was very active, which showed that the water of the stream was contaminated with organic pollutants. This should therefore discourage input of organic matter from diffuse sources into the stream. Keywords: Biological oxygen demand, chemical oxygen demand, dissolved oxygen, gross organic pollutants, organic strength
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Bennett, Victoria, and Douye Parkinson MarkManuel. "Winkler Titration Assessment of Biochemical Oxygen Demand (BOD5) in Oka Creek, Toru-Orua, Bayelsa State." Asian Journal of Applied Chemistry Research 15, no. 4 (2024): 147–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.9734/ajacr/2024/v15i4303.
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Aim: The aim of study was to investigate the Biochemical Oxygen Demand (BOD) levels in water samples from the Oka Creek. Study Design: Qualitative study design. Place and Duration of Study: Water samples were collected from the Oka Creek, located in Toru-Orua in Sagbama Local Government Area, Bayelsa State, Nigeria. The study lasted for twenty days. Methods: Water samples were collected from four different locations and depths in the Oka Creek, Toru-Orua, Sagbama Local Government Area of Bayelsa State, Nigeria, at various times. Each sample was transferred into 250 ml bottles labeled L1, L2, L3, and L4. The temperatures of the samples were recorded before transporting them to the chemistry laboratory for treatment. Winkler titration method was employed in analyzing the samples. Results: Location L1 recorded the highest BOD value, 28.38 ppm, measured at sunset (25 °C), from a relatively stagnant region. The high BOD at this location is attributed to minimal photosynthetic activity and significant oxygen consumption by microorganisms. In contrast, L2, collected from the same region at 35 °C during peak sunlight, exhibited a BOD value of 21.76 ppm. The lower BOD at L2 is due to increased photosynthetic activity. These high values suggest significant sludge deposits, domestic sewage and agricultural runoffs, which could lead to oxygen depletion and negatively impact aquatic life. Sample L3, taken from a deeper, stagnant region at sunset (25 °C), recorded a BOD value of 4.50 ppm. This moderate BOD level suggests the presence of moderate sludge deposits and agricultural runoff, but higher water flow speed helped mitigate these effects. Location L4, with the lowest BOD value of 3.74 ppm, was collected during peak sunlight (35 °C). Deeper location and high water flow speed contributed to reduced BOD levels, indicating better water quality and a healthier aquatic environment. Conclusion: The BOD values at L1 and L2 (28.38 ppm and 21.76 ppm) exceed acceptable limits for fish growth. Conversely, BOD values at L3 and L4 (4.50 ppm and 3.74 ppm) fall within acceptable limits, suggesting healthier aquatic environment, as evidenced by the yearly bountiful fish harvests in these sections of the Oka Creek.
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Darkun, Kholil, Ira Mulyawati, Laila Febrina, and Asriana Patulak. "The Influence of Aloe Vera Biocoagulant and Mixing Time in Reducing Biological Oxygen Demand, Chemical Oxygen Demand and Total Suspended Solids Levels." Environmental Research, Engineering and Management 80, no. 3 (2024): 149–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.5755/j01.erem.80.3.35873.
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Aloe vera is a plant with complex composition of carbohydrates, sugars, and mucilage, enabling it to bind particles in water and serve as a coagulant in the coagulation-flocculation process. This study aims to assess the impact of varying doses and rapid stirring times on the reduction of biochemical oxygen demand (BOD), chemical oxygen demand (COD), and total suspended solids (TSS) levels in liquid waste from pharmaceutical companies. The research involves two factors: (1) aloe vera concentration at three levels (20 mL/L, 40 mL/L, and 60 mL/L); (2) fast mixing time at three levels (20 minutes, 40 minutes, and 60 minutes), with each treatment repeated thrice. Levels of BOD, COD and TSS were measured post-treatment using a jar test tool. The results of the analysis showed that the optimal efficacy of the aloe vera coagulant occurred at a concentration of 40 mL/L for 40 minutes. At this optimal condition, the effectiveness of the aloe vera coagulant in reducing BOD, COD and TSS levels was 72.3%, 78.5%, and 65.3%, respectively. This indicates that the aloe vera coagulant can be effectively utilized in the treatment of pharmaceutical industrial wastewater to reduce BOD, COD and TSS levels
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AMARASINGHE, H. ANUSHA UDENI, HD GUNAWARDENA, and YN AMARAMALI JAYATUNGA. "CORRELATION BETWEEN BIOCHEMICAL OXYGEN DEMAND (BOD) AND CHEMICAL OXYGEN DEMAND (COD) FOR DIFFERENT INDUSTRIAL WASTE WATERS." Journal of the National Science Foundation of Sri Lanka 21, no. 2 (1993): 259. http://dx.doi.org/10.4038/jnsfsr.v21i2.8110.
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Vilve, M. K., and M. E. T. Sillanpää. "The influence of reaction conditions in the oxidation of organic compounds of nuclear laundry water by ozone." Water Science and Technology 61, no. 10 (2010): 2557–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.2010.169.
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This paper presents a summary of degrading organic compounds of nuclear laundry water by ozonation in different conditions of pH, hydrogen peroxide and ultraviolet radiation. The degradation of organic compounds was analysed by chemical oxygen demand (COD), total organic carbon (TOC) and biochemical oxygen demand (BOD). The optimal degradation conditions were at pH 7 with ozone, UV radiation and hydrogen peroxide addition. The transfer of ozone increased significantly, thus resulting in decreased treatment time compared to ozone treatment alone. The reductions of COD, TOC and BOD were 46%, 32% and 70%, respectively.
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Wirnkor, Verla Andrew, Briggs Olulu Amonia, and Verla Evelyn Ngozi. "Batch and Column Adsorption of BOD and COD in Vegetable Oil Industry Effluents Using Activated Carbon from Fluted Pumpkin (Telfairia, Occidentalis. Hook. F) Seed Shell." International Letters of Chemistry, Physics and Astronomy 39 (October 2014): 64–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.18052/www.scipress.com/ilcpa.39.64.
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The use of waste to reduce pollution has been advocated by many researchers. In this study five samples of physically prepared fluted pumpkin seed shell activated carbons (PFACs) prepared elsewhere were successfully used in reducing Biochemical oxygen demand (BOD) and chemical oxygen demand (COD) of vegetable oil industry effluents (VOIE). BOD readings of effluent were measured using the Lovibon BOD IR Sensomat while COD was determined by use of PCcheckit COD Vario (Lovibond) consisting of PCcheckit COD Vario photometer and COD reactor ET 108 model. Batch adsorption had better performance (BOD and COD removal of 52 % to 83 %) over column adsorption (BOD5 and COD removal of 35 % to 86 %). Batch adsorption gave better BOD and COD reduction. Though BOD and COD removal varied widely with carbon dose, pH, temperature and contact time the effects of theses factors investigated in the reduction of BOD and COD were complex and difficult to streamlined.
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Wirnkor, Verla Andrew, Briggs Olulu Amonia, and Verla Evelyn Ngozi. "Batch and Column Adsorption of BOD and COD in Vegetable Oil Industry Effluents Using Activated Carbon from Fluted Pumpkin (<i>Telfairia, Occidentalis.</i> Hook. F) Seed Shell." International Letters of Chemistry, Physics and Astronomy 39 (October 2, 2014): 64–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.56431/p-u8k8fo.
Full textAbstract:
The use of waste to reduce pollution has been advocated by many researchers. In this study five samples of physically prepared fluted pumpkin seed shell activated carbons (PFACs) prepared elsewhere were successfully used in reducing Biochemical oxygen demand (BOD) and chemical oxygen demand (COD) of vegetable oil industry effluents (VOIE). BOD readings of effluent were measured using the Lovibon BOD IR Sensomat while COD was determined by use of PCcheckit COD Vario (Lovibond) consisting of PCcheckit COD Vario photometer and COD reactor ET 108 model. Batch adsorption had better performance (BOD and COD removal of 52 % to 83 %) over column adsorption (BOD5 and COD removal of 35 % to 86 %). Batch adsorption gave better BOD and COD reduction. Though BOD and COD removal varied widely with carbon dose, pH, temperature and contact time the effects of theses factors investigated in the reduction of BOD and COD were complex and difficult to streamlined.
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Tamyiz, Muchammad. "PERBANDINGAN RASIO BOD/COD PADA AREA TAMBAK DI HULU DAN HILIR TERHADAP BIODEGRADABILITAS BAHAN ORGANIK." Journal of Research and Technology 1, no. 1 (2015): 9–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.55732/jrt.v1i1.326.
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Pond is one place that is used as a place to cultivate fish, shrimp, and other aquatic animals that can live in brackish water. Changes in water quality upstream and downstream of the pond due to pollutants may affect the ecological balance of waters. Pollutants can be determined by two simple parameters, the biochemical oxygen demand (BOD) and chemical oxygen demand (COD). While the ability to break down pollutants (biodegradability) can be determined using the ratio of BOD/COD. BOD analysis using the Winkler titration method, whereas the COD analysis using titrimetric method. The value of BOD, COD, and the ratio of BOD/COD in the upstream area is 28.00 mg/L, 60.00 mg/L, and 0,467 respectively. While the value of BOD, COD, and the ratio of BOD/COD in the downstream area is 20.00 mg/L, 43.00 mg/L, and 0.465 respectively. Ratio BOD/COD obtained show that the organic pollutants in the pond is biodegradable.
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Ademoroti, C. M. A. "The effect of metallic toxicants on biochemical oxygen demand (BOD) measurements." Biological Wastes 24, no. 4 (1988): 259–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0269-7483(88)90111-5.
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Kamilah, Shelly Sholatan, Sunarsih Sunarsih, and Titi Udjiani. "Model Matematika Optimasi Multi-Objektif Penurunan Beban Limbah Biochemical Oxygen Demand pada Instalasi Pengolahan Air Limbah." Euler : Jurnal Ilmiah Matematika, Sains dan Teknologi 10, no. 1 (2022): 37–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.34312/euler.v10i1.14077.
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The increase in community activities causes the amount of wastewater to increase. This wastewater comes from industrial production processes and from the community activities which are domestic wastewater. Domestic wastewater must be treated before being discharged to water sources because it contains pathogenic organisms. The place for treating domestic wastewater is Wastewater Treatment Plant (WWTP). The main purpose of WWTP is to degrade the Biochemical Oxygen Demand (BOD) and pathogenic organisms. This study develops a multi-objective optimization mathematical model for reducing the BOD load in the WWTP. This optimization model has three objective functions, namely maximizing the BOD load that is treated in the pond minimizing the difference between the BOD reduction efficiency value in the WWTP with the reference efficiency value and minimizing the power used by the aerator. The simulation results show that the maximum BOD load that can be treated in facultative ponds I and II is 1,589.688 Kg/day while for facultative ponds III and IV is 1,727.158 Kg/day. The efficiency value of reducing BOD load is influenced by the residence time variable, where the efficiency value of reducing the BOD load for facultative ponds I and II by 54% while for facultative ponds III and IV by 57%. The power used by the aerator is influenced by the treated BOD load variable, the aerator power in facultative ponds I and II is 49.67775 Kwh while in facultative ponds III and IV it is 53.97369 Kwh.
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I. CHRİS, Davies, and Efekemo OGEHENETEKEVWE. "Impact of Artisanal Crude Oil Refining Effluents on Interstitial Water at a Mangrove Wetland, Asari-Toru Axis of Sombreiro River, Rivers State." International Journal of Environment and Geoinformatics 10, no. 2 (2023): 12–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.30897/ijegeo.1132992.
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A comparative study on the water quality of the interstitial water of two creeks in Rivers State was conducted. Temperature, pH, Conductivity, Dissolved oxygen, biochemical oxygen demand, Salinity, and Total dissolved solid were checked with an in-situ hand-held multi-meter (The EZODO Multi-meter). Dissolved oxygen (DO) was measured with a Milwaukee Dissolved oxygen meter while Biochemical Oxygen Demand (BOD) was determined by the 5-day BOD test (APHA, 2005). The temperature ranged between 28.3 to 29.3℃ in the Opro-ama creek and 26.0 -26.8℃ in Buguma creek. The pH value ranged from 6.2 to 6.8 in Opro-ama creek while that of Sa-ama creek was between 6.8 and 6.99. Salinity ranges from 9.1 to 9.5 (ppt) in the Opro-ama creek while Sa-ama creek recorded a range between 11.2 to 12.0 (ppt). The dissolved oxygen was between 1.5 and 2.3 (µS/cm) in Okpoka creek meanwhile Sa-ama creek varied between 4.6 and 4.10 (µS/cm). The biochemical oxygen demand values were between 1.4 to 2.3 (µS/cm) in Opro-ama creek while that of Sa-ama was between 1.9 to 2.4 (µS/cm). The conductivity values for the Opro-ama creek were between 10.3 and 10.6 while Sa-ama creek recorded a value of 12.5 to12.6 (µS/cm). there were significant variations (P
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Er, Li, and Zeng Xiangying. "Inverse calculation of biochemical oxygen demand models based on time domain for the tidal Foshan River." Water Science and Technology 70, no. 1 (2014): 15–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.2014.177.
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To simulate the variation of biochemical oxygen demand (BOD) in the tidal Foshan River, inverse calculations based on time domain are applied to the longitudinal dispersion coefficient (E(x)) and BOD decay rate (K(x)) in the BOD model for the tidal Foshan River. The derivatives of the inverse calculation have been respectively established on the basis of different flow directions in the tidal river. The results of this paper indicate that the calculated values of BOD based on the inverse calculation developed for the tidal Foshan River match the measured ones well. According to the calibration and verification of the inversely calculated BOD models, K(x) is more sensitive to the models than E(x) and different data sets of E(x) and K(x) hardly affect the precision of the models.
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Górski, Łukasz, Kamil F. Trzebuniak, and Malinowska Elżbieta. "Low Bod Determination Methods: The State-of-the-Art." Chemical and Process Engineering 33, no. 4 (2012): 629–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/v10176-012-0053-7.
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Biochemical Oxygen Demand (BOD) is an important factor used to measure water pollution. This article reviews recent developments of microbial biosensors with respect to their applications for low BOD estimation. Four main methods to measure BOD using a biosensor are described: microbial fuel cells, optical methods, oxygen electrode based methods and mediator-based methods. Each of them is based on different principles, thus a different approach is required to improve the limit of detection. A proper choice of microorganisms used in the biosensor construction and/or sample pre-treatment processes is also essential to improve the BOD lower detection limit.
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Abd, Saja Ali, and Ali Omran Al-Sulttani. "Predicting Biochemical Oxygen Demand at the Inlet of Al-Rustumiya Wastewater Treatment Plant Using Different Mathematical Techniques." Journal of Engineering 30, no. 02 (2024): 16–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.31026/j.eng.2024.02.02.
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Water quality planning relies on Biochemical Oxygen Demand BOD. BOD testing takes five days. The Particle Swarm Optimization (PSO) is increasingly used for water resource forecasting. This work designed a PSO technique for estimating everyday BOD at Al-Rustumiya wastewater treatment facility inlet. Al-Rustumiya wastewater treatment plant provided 702 plant-scale data sets during 2012-2022. The PSO model uses the daily data of the water quality parameters, including chemical oxygen demand (COD), chloride (Cl-), suspended solid (SS), total dissolved solids (TDS), and pH, to determine how each variable affects the daily incoming BOD. PSO and multiple linear regression (MLR) findings are compared, and their performance is evaluated using mean square error, relative absolute mistake, and coefficient of determination. PSO utilised COD, TDS, SS, pH, and Cl- as inputs, generating a mean square error of 1029.10, an average absolute relative error of 9.41%, and a coefficient of determination of 0.89. Comparisons demonstrated that the PSO model could accurately calculate the daily BOD at Al-Rustumiya wastewater treatment plant's inlet.
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Asteris, Panagiotis G., Dimitrios E. Alexakis, Markos Z. Tsoukalas, Dimitra E. Gamvroula, and Deniz Guney. "Machine Learning Approach for Rapid Estimation of Five-Day Biochemical Oxygen Demand in Wastewater." Water 15, no. 1 (2022): 103. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/w15010103.
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Improperly managed wastewater effluent poses environmental and public health risks. BOD evaluation is complicated by wastewater treatment. Using key parameters to estimate BOD in wastewater can improve wastewater management and environmental monitoring. This study proposes a BOD determination method based on the Artificial Neural Networks (ANN) model to combine Chemical Oxygen Demand (COD), Suspended Solids (SS), Total Nitrogen (T-N), Ammonia Nitrogen (NH4-N), and Total Phosphorous (T-P) concentrations in wastewater. Twelve different transfer functions are investigated, including the common Hyperbolic Tangent Sigmoid (HTS), Log-sigmoid (LS), and Linear (Li) functions. This research evaluated 576,000 ANN models while considering the variable random number generator due to the ten alternative ANN configuration parameters. This study proposes a new approach to assessing water resources and wastewater facility performance. It also demonstrates ANN’s environmental and educational applications. Based on their RMSE index over the testing datasets and their configuration parameters, twenty ANN architectures are ranked. A BOD prediction equation written in Excel makes testing and applying in real-world applications easier. The developed and proposed ANN-LM 5-8-1 model depicting almost ideal performance metrics proved to be a reliable and helpful tool for scientists, researchers, engineers, and practitioners in water system monitoring and the design phase of wastewater treatment plants.
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Stankovic, Nikola. "The comparison between different types of constructed wetlands for biochemical oxygen demand removal efficiency." Journal of the Geographical Institute Jovan Cvijic, SASA 74, no. 1 (2024): 17–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.2298/ijgi2401017s.
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This research shows efficiency of constructed wetlands (CWs) to purify waste water in the case of Biochemical Oxygen Demand (BOD). CWs such as surface flow (SF), subsurface flow (SSF), and hybrid (HYB) systems have been compared to provide an analysis about which system has better performance for BOD removal efficiency. Data were collected from different scientific articles and from all over the world. Meta-analysis technique was employed to aggregate data from scientific sources, facilitating hypothesis testing, and comparisons between different types of CWs. All the systems of CWs show satisfactory removal efficiency. HYB systems are shown to be the most efficient. One-way analysis of variance (ANOVA) has been applied to analyze differences between respective CWs using R software. It shows that there is a statistically significant difference between different types of CWs. Post-hoc Tukey?s Honestly Significant Different (HSD) analysis demonstrates a statistically significant difference between SF and HYB systems in the case of BOD removal efficiency. Also, Post-hoc Tukey?s HSD shows statistically significant difference between SSF and SF CWs. On the other hand, Post-hoc Tukey?s HSD does not show statistically significant difference between HYB and SSF CWs. The significant reduction rates for BOD removal efficiency, demonstrates that CWs can be used to diminish this kind of pollution.
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Ilfan, Freddy, Lailal Gusri, Winny L.C.H, and Citra Rebekka Maulina Siregar. "Analisis Daya Tampung Beban Pencemar Biochemical Oxygen Demand (Bod) dan Chemical Oxygen Demand (COD) di Sungai Tembuku Kota Jambi Menggunakan Model QUAL2KW." Jurnal Daur Lingkungan 5, no. 2 (2022): 68. http://dx.doi.org/10.33087/daurling.v5i2.145.
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Tembuku River is one of the tributaries of Batanghari River in Jambi City which is located across Thehok Village to Simpang Lampu Merah Sijenjang-Pasar Kasang. Tembuku River has the highest pollution level compared to other tributaries with the BOD value of the upstream is 38,5 mg/l and downstream is 86 mg/l, the COD value of the upstream is 42,5 mg/l, and the downstream is 95 mg/l. This research was conducted to analyze the pollutant Load Capacity of Biochemical Oxygen Demand (BOD) and Chemical Oxygen Demand (COD) that can be received by Tembuku River using Qual2kw model. Qual2kw model is a recommendation model from Peraturan Menteri Negara Lingkungan Hidup no. 1 Tahun 2010 Tentang Tata Laksana Pengendalian Pencemaran Air to calculate the capacity of pollutant load. Based on the research and analysis, the result of pollutant load capacity in Tembuku River is the BOD parameter has 180,9216 kg/day in segment 1, 62,6249 kg/day in segment 2, and 319,3344 kg/day in segment 3, for COD parameter the pollutan load capacity is 815,4432 kg/day in segment 1, 103,52448 kg/day in segment 2, and 1699,7471 kg/day in segment 3. So the value of pollutant load capacity in all parameters and each segment has positive value stating the value of pollutant load capacity can be received by Tembuku River.
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Maddah, Hisham A. "Predicting Optimum Dilution Factors for BOD Sampling and Desired Dissolved Oxygen for Controlling Organic Contamination in Various Wastewaters." International Journal of Chemical Engineering 2022 (February 21, 2022): 1–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2022/8637064.
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High biochemical oxygen demand (BOD) concentrations in water minimize oxygen availability, damage ecosystem biodiversity, impair water quality, and spoil freshwater. The increased level of BOD is an indication of severe organic pollution of freshwater. Thus, this study aims to establish empirical correlations between the 5-day biochemical oxygen demand (BOD5) and organic decomposition time to control organic pollution in various wastewater effluents. Ultimate biochemical oxygen demand (UBOD) and minimum and average BODt data sets along with their reaction rates were collected from earlier sampling analyses in the plants used for industrial, domestic (sanitary), and storm (surface) wastewater treatment. Average BOD5/COD ratios were then utilized to calculate existing 5-day dissolved oxygen (DO5) concentration for the estimation of experimental dilution factors (dfs) as a good start in sampling analysis to reach an optimum DO5 concentration. Moreover, the relationships between average BOD5 vs. COD, and BOD5 vs. DO5, were obtained based on the literature with 60–70% oxygen consumption rates required for organic decomposition. Results showed that such BOD5 relationships with time (power equations) or with COD (linear correlations) are helpful for wastewater engineers to generate valuable and accurate results for quality control, without the need to conduct laboratory experiments. The proposed regression equations would facilitate effluent quality assessment, allowing selection of optimal processes to control microbiological contamination or organic constituents in wastewaters.
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Dameanti, Fidi Nur Aini, Muhammad Ali Akramsyah S, Chyntia Silvi Yanti Hasan, Jacky Teguh Amanda, and Rahayu Sutrisno. "Analisis Kualitas Air Limbah Peternakan Sapi Perah Berdasarkan Nilai Biochemical Oxygen Demand (BOD), Chemical Oxygen Demand (COD), Ph dan Escherichia Coli di Kabupaten Kediri." TERNAK TROPIKA Journal of Tropical Animal Production 23, no. 1 (2022): 71–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.21776/ub.jtapro.2022.023.01.9.
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Peternakan sapi perah mampu menghasilkan produk susu yang bernilai ekonomi tinggi namun juga menghasilkan produk berupa limbah baik cair (air), padat dan gas. Limbah cairan pada peternakan sapi perah didominasi oleh air yang telah digunakan untuk pembersihan, sanitasi, pemanasan, pendinginan, dan pencucian lantai. Air limbah yang langsung dibuang tanpa melalui pengolahan dapat berdampak pada kualitas lingkungan sekitar. Pencemaran air di sekitar lingkungan peternakan sapi perah disebabkan karena kontaminasi dari limbah yang bisa dilihat dari nilai BOD, COD, pH dan keberadaan Escherichia. coli. Desain penelitian yang digunakan adalah penelitian deskriptif laboratorik yang dilakukan pada bulan Juni-September 2021. Pemilihan sampel dilakukan secara purposive sampling sehingga sampel yang diperoleh adalah 8 sampel dari Kelompok Ternak Sukses Bersama, Desa Deyeng, Kabupaten Kediri. Sampel air limbah dilakukan pengujian kadar BOD dan COD di Laboratorium Lingkungan Perum Jasa Tirta 1 dan analisis kadar pH serta deteksi E. coli. dilakukan di Laboratorium Mikrobiologi dan Imunologi Fakultas Kedokteran Hewan, Universitas Brawijaya. Pengujian kadar BOD dengan menggunakan metode APHA 5210B-2017, kadar COD berdasarkan SNI 6989.2:2009, pengujian pH berdasarkan SNI 6989.2:2019, dan deteksi E. coli dilakukan dengan uji penguat atau confirmed test uji kualitatif koliform. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa nilai BOD berkisar antara 3466 – 18000 mg/L, nilai COD antara 12800 – 66300 mg/L, nilai pH antar 7,3-8,04, dan seluruh sampel positif mengandung E.coli. Hasil tersebut menujukkan bahwa seluruh indikatir berada di atas ambang batas yang ditetapkan sehingga perlu dilakukan pengolahan air limbah yang lebih baik.
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Sari, Diana Novita, Dea Amelia, Muhammad David Ramadhon, and Yuant Tiandho. "Utilization of Iron Scrap for Palm Oil Mill Effluent Treatment by Fenton and Foto-Fenton Processes." JURNAL SAINS NATURAL 12, no. 2 (2022): 73. http://dx.doi.org/10.31938/jsn.v12i2.341.
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The increase in the amount of palm oil production impacts increasing the total liquid waste from the processing of palm oil. Palm oil mill effluent (POME) has high chemical oxygen demand (COD) and biochemical oxygen demand (BOD) parameters that can cause environmental pollution. This study processed POME using the Fenton mechanism using reagents derived from scrap iron. The Fenton mechanism is one of the advanced oxidation process technology (AOPs) in wastewater treatment. To improve the performance of the Fenton mechanism, the researchers integrated it with UV-rays in the photo-Fenton mechanism scheme. Fenton and photo-Fenton processes effectively reduce the pH, BOD, and COD of POME. The COD removal efficiency was 99.91%, while the BOD removal efficiency was 99.93%. The more FeSO4 added to the wastewater, the more significant the reduction of BOD and COD in the Fenton and photo-Fenton processes. Also, photo-Fenton is more effective than the Fenton process to reduce BOD and COD in the POME.Keywords: POME; Fenton; Photo-Fenton; Scrap ironABSTRAKPemanfaatan Besi Bekas untuk Pengolahan Limbah Cair Industri Kelapa Sawit Melalui Proses Fenton dan Foto-FentonMeningkatnya jumlah produksi kelapa sawit, berdampak pada peningkatan total limbah cair dari hasil pengolahan kelapa sawit. Limbah cair industri kelapa sawit atau Palm Oil Mill Effluent (POME) memiliki nilai parameter chemical oxygen demand (COD) dan biochemical oxygen demand (BOD) yang tinggi sehingga dapat menyebabkan pencemaran lingkungan. Di dalam penelitian ini, dilakukan pengolahan POME menggunakan mekanisme Fenton menggunakan reagen yang berasal dari besi bekas. Mekanisme Fenton adalah salah satu pengembangan dari teknologi proses oksidasi maju (AOPs) dalam pengolahan air limbah. Untuk meningkatkan performa dari mekanisme Fenton, peneliti mengintegrasikan system tersebut dengan sinar-UV dalam skema mekanisme foto-Fenton. Proses Fenton dan foto-Fenton sangat efektif dalam menurunkan pH, BOD dan COD dari POME. Efisiensi penyisihan COD mencapai 99,91%, sedangkan efisiensi penyisihan BOD mencapai 99,93%. Semakin banyak FeSO4 yang ditambahkan ke dalam air limbah maka semakin besar reduksi BOD dan COD dalam proses Fenton dan foto-Fenton. Selain itu, foto-Fenton lebih efektif dibandingkan dengan proses Fenton dalam mereduksi BOD dan COD dalam POMEKata kunci : POME; Fenton; foto-Fenton; besi bekas
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Ronny, Ronny, and Herwin Herwin. "KUALITAS LIMBAH PABRIK PENYULINGAN DAUN CENGKEH DI DESA BALIBO KECAMATAN KINDANG KABUPATEN BULUKUMBA." Sulolipu: Media Komunikasi Sivitas Akademika dan Masyarakat 22, no. 2 (2022): 272. http://dx.doi.org/10.32382/sulolipu.v22i2.3008.
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Pabrik penyulingan daun cengkeh di Desa Balibo Kecamatan Kindang Kabupaten Bulukumba merupakan industri swasta yang dikelolah masyarakat setempat dimana air limbah yang dihasilkan langsung dibuang ke sungai tampa melalui proses pengelolaan air limbah. Pencemaran lingkungan adalah masuk atau dimasukkannya makhluk hidup, zat, energi, dan/atau komponen lain ke dalam lingkungan hidup oleh kegiatan manusia sehingga melampaui baku mutu lingkungan hidup yang telah ditetapkan.Tujuan dari penelitian ini yaitu untuk mengetahui kualitas air limbah pada pabrik penyulingan daun cengkeh di Desa Balibo Kecamatan Kindang Kabupaten Bulukumba parameter Biochemical Oxygen Demand (BOD), Chemical Oxygen Demand (COD) dan Total Suspended Solid (TSS). Jenis penelitian yang digunakan adalah jenis penelitian observasional dengan pendekatan deskriptif. Populasi dalam penelitian ini yaitu seluruh air limbah yang dihasilkan pabrik penyulingan daun cengkeh. Sampel dalam penelitian ini yaitu sebagian air limbah pabrik penyulingan daun cengkeh yang diambil dengan metode Grab samples untuk pemeriksaan BOD, COD dan TSS. Pengukuran sampel dilaksanakan di Labolatorium Jurusan Kesehatan Lingkungan Poltekkes Kemenkes Makassar.Hasil pemeriksaan kualitas air limbah pabrik penyulingan daun cengkeh terlihat bahwa dari 3 parameter yang diamati diperoleh 1 parameter tidak memenuhi syarat dan 2 parameter memenuhi nyarat. Berdasarkan Peraturan Menteri Lingkungan Hidup No. 5 tahun 2014 tentang baku mutu air limbah, Parameter BOD tidak memenuhi syarat dengan jumlah 62 mg/L sedangkan COD dan TSS memenuhi syarat dengan jumlah masing masing 80 mg/L dan 41,3 mg/L.Kesimpulan dari penelitian ini yaitu kualitas air limbah pabrik penyulingan daun cengkeh di Desa Balibo Kecamatan Kindang Kabupaten parameter Biochemical Oxygen Demand (BOD) tidak memenuhi syarat, parameter Chemical Oxygen Demand (COD) memenuhi syarat dan parameter Total Suspended Solid (TSS) memenuhi syarat. Disarankan untuk melakukan pengelolaan air limbah sebelum air limbah di buang ke badan air untuk mengurangi resiko lingkungan yang ditimbulkan. Kata Kunci : Kualitas Air Limbah, BOD, COD, TSS
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K N, Anusha, and Vagish M. "Study of Organic Constituents in Distillery Spent wash and Primary Treated Distillery Effluent (PTDE) with Different Dilutions." International Journal for Research in Applied Science and Engineering Technology 10, no. 10 (2022): 805–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.22214/ijraset.2022.47067.
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Abstract: Effluent that is released from distillery industries is known as spent wash which is the main reason for the damaging they caused on the natural ecosystem if there is no proper pre-treatment performed. A proper study is to be performed to detail about the physicochemical property of the effluent such as color, odor, total dissolved solid (TDS), chemical oxygen demand (COD), pH, biochemical oxygen demand (BOD), electrical conductivity, dissolved oxygen which are considered as the important parameters which will indicate the level of pollution of the effluent from different industrial. The present study was conducted to investigate the physicochemical characteristic and organic constituents of one of the distillery effluent found in distillery factory in Duggavati near Harapanahalli (tq) Davanagere . In investigation done by us we observed that the sample is lower pH and highly acidic in nature, higher temperature, higher concentration of chemical oxygen demand (COD) and biochemical oxygen demand (BOD) have been recorded. Disposing of the spent wash is one of the most important and present environmental problems faced by the world. The purpose of the study was to conduct and evaluate the physio-chemical characterization of spent wash effluent and analysis of PTDE and PTDE diluted with 50% and 75% of water.
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Jinde, Reena Laxman. "Sequential Batch Reactor (SBR) Technology." INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF SCIENTIFIC RESEARCH IN ENGINEERING AND MANAGEMENT 09, no. 05 (2025): 1–9. https://doi.org/10.55041/ijsrem47976.
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Abstract The Sequencing Batch Reactor (SBR) is a widely adopted aerobic treatment technology for municipal and industrial wastewater. As a variant of the activated sludge process, SBR operates in time-sequenced steps within a single or multiple tanks. These tanks can function as either plug flow or completely mixed reactors, receiving raw wastewater (influent) at one end and discharging treated effluent at the other. In multi-tank configurations, while one tank undergoes settling and decanting, the other fills and aerates, ensuring continuous treatment. Some designs incorporate a bio-selector—comprised of a series of baffles or walls—that directs the flow in a zigzag pattern. This enhances mixing of incoming influent with returned activated sludge (RAS), initiating biological digestion early in the treatment cycle. SBR systems treat wastewater in discrete batches, including sewage and effluent from anaerobic digesters or mechanical biological treatment plants. Oxygen is introduced into the tank to stimulate microbial activity, which breaks down organic matter, measured by reductions in Biochemical Oxygen Demand (BOD) and Chemical Oxygen Demand (COD). The treated effluent is often clean enough for safe discharge into surface water bodies or, in some cases, for reuse on land. Key Words: Sequential Batch Reactor (SBR), Wastewater Treatment, Activated Sludge Process, Aerobic Treatment, Biochemical Oxygen Demand (BOD), Chemical Oxygen Demand (COD).
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Naval, Ramesh M. "Study of Drinking Water Quality Parameters of Jaykwadi Dam." International Journal for Research in Applied Science and Engineering Technology 9, no. VII (2021): 2971–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.22214/ijraset.2021.37039.
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This study is restricted in terms of water quality for drinking purpose. Various Physico-chemical Parameters like pH, conductivity. TDS are measured in laboratory by using digital pH meter, digital conductivity meter and TDS recording kit. By sung standard laboratory methods the Parameters Such as sodium, and potassium by Flame photometry. Calcium, Magnesium, Sodium, Potassium, Sulphate, Nitrate, and Iron were estimated in the Laboratory. Total dissolved solids, TDS, was measured by evaporation method. Biochemical oxygen demand, BOD, represents the amount of oxygen consumed by bacteria and other microorganisms while they decompose organic matter under aerobic (in presence of oxygen) conditions at a specified temperature. BOD was measured by sodium thiosulphate titration method. Chemical oxygen demand, COD, was measured by titration of potassium dichromate and sodium thiosulphate.
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Garba, H., and C. A. Elanu. "Assessment of the Water Quality Characteristics of Kaduna River Receiving Wastewater Discharges." March 2019 3, no. 1 (2019): 56–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.36263/nijest.2019.01.0103.
Full textAbstract:
An assessment of the chemical characteristics of industrial and domestic wastewater discharges on seven parameters into Kaduna River on a bimonthly basis was carried out. PH, dissolved oxygen (DO), chloride, nitrite, chemical oxygen demand (COD), biochemical oxygen demand (BOD) and iron were analyzed to determine their concentration levels. From the analysis, the highest mean concentration of the parameters were 8.24 of pH, 7.7 mg/l of DO, 233.4 mg/l of chloride, 55.68 mg/l of COD, 27.95 mg/l of nitrite, 122.22 mg/l of BOD, and 17.05 mg/l of iron. After comparing with prescribed standards, it can be concluded that there is evidence of organic and inorganic accumulation of contaminants into River Kaduna.
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Al-Farisi, Fauzan Ahwan. "Evaluation of Cikapundung River Water Quality Based on Upstream, Middle, and Downstream Characteristics: A Comparative Approach." Energy, Environment and Storage 5, no. 1 (2025): 25–28. https://doi.org/10.52924/krva9089.
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This study evaluates the water quality of the Cikapundung River based on upstream, midstream, and downstream characteristics using a comparative approach. The water quality data include parameters such as dissolved oxygen (DO), biochemical oxygen demand (BOD), chemical oxygen demand (COD), total suspended solids (TSS), and total dissolved solids (TDS). The analysis revealed that DO, BOD, COD, and TSS parameters in certain river segments did not meet the surface water quality standards set forth in Government Regulation No. 22 of 2021, Class II. The high pollution levels were mainly attributed to domestic, industrial and other human activities. This study provides important insights into the water quality conditions of the Cikapundung River and their implications for environmental management in the region.
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CP, Ukpaka. "The Concept of Examination of Biochemical and Chemical Oxygen Demand in Stagnant Water System." Chemistry Research Journal 1, no. 1 (2016): 35–43. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.13997455.
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Predictive model on the rate of biochemical and chemical oxygen demand concentration diffusion in a stagnant water environment was investigated in this paper. The mathematical model was formulated based on the basic principle of mass and momentum concept which was resolved to obtain an ordinary differential equation. A mathematical tool known as the least square method was applied to resolve the differential equation to a quadratic equation. The samples collected were analyzed to predictive the model on the rate of biochemical and chemical oxygen demand concentration diffusion in a stagnant water environment as presented in this paper. Experimental data obtained from the analysis were fitted into the model to obtain their diffusivities and velocities of the parameters upon the influence of contaminants. Concentrations of the BOD and COD at the various depths were simulated and the polynomial of the curve was also established to ascertain the validity of the developed model. Simulated results from the model were compared analytically and graphically with the experimental and validated result as presented in the work. The results obtained show a reasonable level of agreement which is an indication of the reliability of the developed model for predicting the diffusion of BOD and COD in a stagnant water environment.
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Juherah, Juherah, and Sirma Mangiri. "KEMAMPUAN MEDIA PAPAN PAKIS SEBAGAI BIOFILTER DALAM MENURUNKAN KADAR BOD DAN COD PADA AIR LIMBAH PEMOTONGAN AYAM." Sulolipu: Media Komunikasi Sivitas Akademika dan Masyarakat 17, no. 2 (2019): 93. http://dx.doi.org/10.32382/sulolipu.v17i2.863.
Full textAbstract:
Limbah cair yang tidak memenuhi standart kualitas yang telah ditentukan dapat mempunyai pengaruh terhadap lingkungan dan kesehatan (menimbulkan beberapa penyakit tertentu). Untuk mengukur kualitas pencemarannya adalah mengukur kadar parameter Biochemical Oksigen Demand (BOD) dan Chemical Oxygen Demand (COD) yang ada pada suatu limbah cair.Tujuan dari penelitian ini adalah Untuk mengetahui kemampuan media papan pakis dalam menurunkan kadar BOD (Biochemical Oxygen Demand) dan COD (Chemichal Oxygen Demand) pada air limbah Pemotongan Ayam. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui seberapa besar kemampuan biofilter media papan pakis dalam menurunkan kadar BOD dan COD pada Limbah Cair Rumah Pemotongan Ayam. Penelitian ini bersifat Eksperimen,untuk mengetahi kemampuan media saring papan pakis sebagai tempat perkembangbiakkan bakteri dengan waktu tinggal 11 jam.Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa kadar BOD dan COD limbah cair rumah pemotongan ayam setelah dilakukan pengolahan dengan biofilter anaerob dan aerob dengan tiga kali pemeriksaan dimana kadar BOD awal yaitu 226,59 mg/l setelah pengolahan menjadi 77,19 mg/l, dengan persentase penurunan sebesar 65,93 %. pada pemeriksaan 2 kadar awal 210,36 mg/l dan setelah perlakuan turun menjadi 73,60 mg/l dengan persentase penurunan sebesar 64,84 % dan pemeriksaan 3 kadar awalnya yaitu 207,18 mg/l dan turun menjadi 70,72 mg/l dengan persentase penurunan sebasar 65,69 %. Sedangkan kadar COD pada pemeriksaan 1 kadar awal yaitu 680 mg/l turun menjadi 160 mg/l, dengan persentase penurunan sebesar 76,64 % pada pemeriksaan 2 kadar awal 640 mg/l turun menjadi 140 mg/l dengan persentase penurunan sebesar 78,13 % dan pemeriksaan 3 kadar awal 610 mg/l turun menjadi 100 mg/l dengan persentase penurunan sebesar 83,60 %.Dari hasil tersebut kadar BOD dan COD sudah memenuhi baku mutu berdasarkan Peraturan Menteri Negara Lingkungan Hidup nomor 02 tahun 2006 dimana kadar BOD yaitu 100 mg/l dan COD 200 mg/l. Adapun disarankan kepada pihak industri pemotongan ayam agar melakukan pengolahan sebelum dibuang ke lingkungan badan air. Kata kunci : BOD, COD, Biofilter, Papan Pakis.
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Sang, Eun Lee, and Soo Suh Yoon. "Biochemical characterization of wastewater by electrolytic respirometer." Water Science and Technology 31, no. 9 (1995): 91–100. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.1995.0348.
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The use of an electrolytic respirometer for characterization of chemical compounds and wastewater was studied. From the BOD curves generated by the respirometer, the first order biokinetic constant (K), ultimate BOD (BODu) and adaptation period were estimated. The estimated ultimate BOD values of the known chemical compounds were very close to the theoretical oxygen demand values. Using K values, the relative biodegradability of the chemicals could be compared while the adaptation period for each compound could vary with the type of seed micro-organisms used. It was found that BOD5 values determined by the conventional method have no or very little, if any, meaning as far as the biological characteristics of industrial wastewaters are concerned. The BOD curves for wastewaters consisting of 2 or 3 different compounds could be divided into several stages while those for the combined wastewaters could be expressed as one curve.
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Cortheo, Donny Yuslan, Budiyono, and Sutaryo. "Organic disinfectant using coconut shell liquid smoke in the chicken slaughterhouse wastewater treatment plant." E3S Web of Conferences 605 (2025): 03022. https://doi.org/10.1051/e3sconf/202560503022.
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Wastewater treatment in Chicken Slaughterhouse is absolutely necessary because it has a very positive impact on environmental preservation and helps remove pathogenic organisms in wastewater before being discharged into the environment. Currently, wastewater treatment still uses chlorine as a disinfectant. However, chlorine has a bad effect on the environment, the purpose of this research is to use an alternative organic material that functions as a disinfectant as coconut shell liquid smoke. This study also observe the effect of using liquid smoke on the value of biochemical oxygen demand (BOD) and chemical oxygen demand (COD) on the output of wastewater.. This experimental research method uses a chemical method by taking samples of wastewater and adding two different doses of liquid smoke and testing for BOD and COD values. With a dose of 0.5% can reduce the COD value by 35% but increase the BOD value by 234%, and a dose of 1% it increases the BOD value by 195% and increases the COD value by 170%. This will allow for further research with the appropriate dosage to understand its relationship to water quality and its connection to environmental sustainability.
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S., Prithiviraj, and Jodhi C. "Optimization of Biogas Production from Dairy Wastewater using Upflow Anaerobic Filter (UAF) Reactor." International Journal of Engineering and Advanced Technology (IJEAT) 9, no. 4 (2020): 1469–72. https://doi.org/10.35940/ijeat.D7447.049420.
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The present study explores the feasibility of biogas production from dairy wastewater in the UAF reactor with simultaneous wastewater treatment. The study was carried out at different hydraulic retention times (8h, 12h, 16h, 24h). Two different media such as pebble stone media and aggregate media were used as the packed media. The maximum COD removal efficiency of 91.55 % is achieved at the hydraulic retention time of 24 Hours with an organic loading rate of 1.35 kg/m3 /d for aggregate media, whereas for pebble stone media a maximum COD removal efficiency of 76.32 % is achieved. Before the start of the experiments, the COD/BOD ratio is fixed to 1.4 with initial COD and BOD of 1350 mg/L and 960 mg/L. So, from the results it is concluded that the Upflow Anaerobic Filter (UAF) Reactor can be used as a one of the best treatment methods for the diary wastewater treatment.
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Diah Pitalokasari, Oktaria, Shohibul Fiqri, and Dini Ayudia. "Validasi Metode Pengujian Biochemical Oxygen Demand (BOD) Dalam Air Laut Secara Titrimetri Berdasarkan SNI 6989.72:2009." Jurnal Ecolab 15, no. 1 (2021): 63–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.20886/jklh.15.1.63-75.
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Validasi Metode Pengujian Biochemical Oxygen Demand (BOD) Dalam Air Laut Secara Titrimetri Berdasarkan SNI 6989.72:2009. Metode Standar Nasional Indonesia (SNI) untuk Pengujian BOD di air laut selama ini belum ada. Cara Uji Kebutuhan Oksigen Biokimia atau Biochemical Oxygen Demand (BOD) (SNI 6989.72:2009) hanya berlaku untuk air dan air limbah. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk memvalidasi metode SNI 6989.72:2009 untuk matrik air laut. Validasi metode pengujian BOD pada air laut ini dilakukan secara titrimetri, berdasarkan penentuan oksigen terlarut sebelum dan sesudah inkubasi pada temperatur 20oC selama 5 hari (BOD5). Hasil validasi memperlihatkan bahwa jumlah populasi bakteri optimum dalam analisis BOD air laut 19,64 x 106 CFU/mL atau 4 mL Polyseed dalam 1 botol winkler 100 mL, dengan konsentrasi BOD5 standar GGA 174,73 mg/L, dan %O2 54,06, hasil ini sesuai dengan standar APHA No. 5210-2012. Nilai akurasi validasi berada dalam rentang 88–96%, presisi %RSD yang diterima, serta hasil pengujian yang linear. Hasil pengujian atau pengukuran menunjukan bahwa BOD5 dengan bakteri isolasi dan Polyseed menunjukkan bahwa terdapat perbedaan berdasarkan uji t, Nilai BOD5 sampel air laut yang digunakan sebesar 12,38 mg/L, melebihi baku mutu BOD5 sesuai KEPMENLH No 51 Th. 2004 untuk air laut wisata bahari (<10 mg/L) namun belum melebihi baku mutu kawasan biota laut (<20 mg/L).
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A.F., Green, Owoh A.A., Anaero-Nweke G.N., and Wokoma O.A.F. "Assessment of Physico-Chemical Parameters of Water from Iwofe River, Rivers State, Nigeria." African Journal of Environment and Natural Science Research 6, no. 2 (2023): 33–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.52589/ajensr-gdqqo7tc.
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This study is aimed at assessing the physico-chemical parameters of water from the Iwofe River which is heavily stressed by extensive anthropogenic activities like bunkering. Two stations were established and surface water samples were collected bi-monthly at each station for one year. All the parameters were determined in-situ except biochemical oxygen demand (BOD) which was analyzed in the laboratory on the fifth day of sample collection. The results obtained show that pH varied from 5.66 and 6.87, dissolved oxygen (DO) ranged between 3.51 and 5.16 mg/l. Temperature had values ranging between 27.85 and 31.25 oC; salinity ranged between 5.96 and 11.54 ppt; conductivity ranged between 9.55 and 10.46 us/cm. The total dissolved solid (TDS) ranged between 7.15 and 13.63 mg/l and biochemical oxygen demand (BOD) was between 0.85 and 2.84 mg/l. Seasonal fluctuations revealed that mean values of DO, TDS, salinity and temperature were higher during the dry season while pH and BOD were higher in the wet season, but mean conductivity values were uniform for both seasons. The study has shown that despite the visible anthropogenic perturbations in the study area, the surface water is still relatively clean.
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Wang, Liang, Huan Lv, Qian Yang, et al. "A Universal Biofilm Reactor Sensor for the Determination of Biochemical Oxygen Demand of Different Water Areas." Molecules 27, no. 15 (2022): 5046. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/molecules27155046.
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In this study, we developed a simple strategy to prepare a biofilm reactor (BFR) sensor for the universal biochemical oxygen demand (BOD) determination. The microorganisms in fresh water were domesticated by artificial seawater with different salinity gradients successively to prepare the BFR sensor. The prepared BFR sensor exhibits an efficient ability to degrade a variety of organic substances. The linear range of BOD determination by the BFR sensor is 1.0–10.0 mg/L−1 with a correlation coefficient of 0.9951. The detection limit is 0.30 mg/L according to three times of signal-to-noise ratio. What is more, the BFR sensor displayed excellent performances for the BOD determination of different water samples, including both fresh water and seawater. The 16S-rRNA gene sequencing technology was used to analyze the microbial species before and after the domestication. The results show that it is a general approach for the rapid BOD determination in different water samples.