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Ruuska, Jari, Riku-Pekka Nikula, Eemeli Ruhanen, Janne Kauppi, Sakari Kauvosaari, and Mika Kosonen. "Data analysis of a paste thickener." Open Engineering 10, no. 1 (May 4, 2020): 362–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/eng-2020-0038.
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AbstractThe solids content of slurry is typically increased in thickeners. A clean overflow and maximum solids concentration in the underflow are the general targets. The flocculant rate and underflow rate are the two independent variables that are typically used for control. The dependent variables include rake torque, underflow density, overflow turbidity, solids interface level (bed depth), solids inventory (bed pressure), solids settling rate and underflow viscosity. The research problem in question is that the outgoing paste is sometimes difficult to pump. The phenomena leading to this situation are not well known. In the worst-case scenario these phenomena cause clogging in the piping. A data analysis has been done to find the variables that affect and correlate with the pumping problem. The scope of this study covers the measurements from the feed line, thickener and underflow. The goal is to gain better understanding of the phenomena after this phase. The data analysis was done using the paste line pressure difference as a response variable and by dividing the data collected from Yara’s Siilinjärvi mill into two parts: operation areas with high and low pressure difference. The analysis is focused on Thickener 1 due to better availability of measurements. The knowledge of the variables found to influence the pressure difference can be utilized in further development.
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St. Johnston, Daniel, Wolfgang Driever, Thomas Berleth, Sibyll Richstein, and Christiane Nüsslein-Volhard. "Multiple steps in the localization of bicoid RNA to the anterior pole of the Drosophila oocyte." Development 107, Supplement (April 1, 1989): 13–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.1242/dev.107.supplement.13.
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The anterior region of the Drosophila embryonic pattern is determined by a gradient of the bicoid (bcd) protein. The correct formation of this gradient requires the localization of bcd RNA to the anterior pole of the egg. Here we use a wholemount in situ technique to examine the process of bcd RNA localization during oogenesis and embryogenesis. While bcd protein becomes distributed in a gradient that extends throughout the anterior two thirds of the early embryo, bcd RNA remains restricted to a much smaller region at the anterior pole. The difference between these distributions indicates that the shape of the protein gradient must depend to some extent on the posterior movement of the protein after it has been synthesized. Four distinct phases of bcd RNA localization can be distinguished during oogenesis. Between stages 6 and 9 of oogenesis, the RNA accumulates in a ring at the anterior end of the oocyte. During the second phase, in stage 9–10a follicles, the RNA also localizes to the apical regions of the nurse cells, demonstrating that the nurse cells possess an intrinsic polarity. As the nurse cells contract during stages 10b–ll, all of the bcd RNA becomes localized to the cortex at the anterior end of the oocyte. During a final phase that must occur between stage 12 of oogenesis and egg deposition, the RNA becomes localized to a spherical region that occupies a slightly dorsal position at the anterior pole. Mutations in the maternal-effect genes, exuperantia (exu) and swallow (sww), lead to an almost uniform distribution of bcd RNA in the early embryo, while staufen (stau) mutations produce a gradient of RNA at the anterior pole, exu mutations disrupt the second stage of bcd RNA localization during oogenesis, sww mutations disrupt the third, and stau mutations affect the fourth phase.
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Ishii, Sumiyasu, Izuki Amano, and Noriyuki Koibuchi. "The Role of Thyroid Hormone in the Regulation of Cerebellar Development." Endocrinology and Metabolism 36, no. 4 (August 31, 2021): 703–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.3803/enm.2021.1150.
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The proper organized expression of specific genes in time and space is responsible for the organogenesis of the central nervous system including the cerebellum. The epigenetic regulation of gene expression is tightly regulated by an intrinsic intracellular genetic program, local stimuli such as synaptic inputs and trophic factors, and peripheral stimuli from outside of the brain including hormones. Some hormone receptors are expressed in the cerebellum. Thyroid hormones (THs), among numerous circulating hormones, are well-known major regulators of cerebellar development. In both rodents and human, hypothyroidism during the postnatal developmental period results in abnormal morphogenesis or altered function. THs bind to the thyroid hormone receptors (TRs) in the nuclei and with the help of transcriptional cofactors regulate the transcription of target genes. Gene regulation by TR induces cell proliferation, migration, and differentiation, which are necessary for brain development and plasticity. Thus, the lack of TH action mediators may directly cause aberrant cerebellar development. Various kinds of animal models have been established in a bid to study the mechanism of TH action in the cerebellum. Interestingly, the phenotypes differ greatly depending on the models. Herein we summarize the actions of TH and TR particularly in the developing cerebellum.
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Helfrich, Joel T. "“Constant Pressure, Constantly Applied”: Remembering Bob Witzeman, 1927–2014." Environmental Justice 9, no. 1 (February 2016): 15–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.1089/env.2015.0031.
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Jeníček, V., and V. Krepl. "Development assistance ." Agricultural Economics (Zemědělská ekonomika) 52, No. 5 (February 17, 2012): 209–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.17221/5018-agricecon.
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Development assistance achieved remarkable success in different periods. For example, Botswana and South Korea reached the great development in the 60s after very bad situation, Indonesia in the 70s, Bolivia and Ghana at the end of the 80s, Uganda and Vietnam in the 90s. In these countries development assistance played important role in economic transformation in formulation of the development of politics. The development assistance contributed educational programs and financially supported the development of public sector. The “Green Revolution” – by means of innovations in agriculture, investments and political changes – improved the live conditions of millions people thanks to the collaboration of many bilateral and multilateral donors. But there are some failures with the foreign aide. While the formed dictator of Zaire Mobutu Sese Seko became one of the richest people in the world (and invested his property in abroad), the development assistance did not stop for many years, Zaire (now the Democratic Republic of Congo) is only one example of the situation, where the permanent flows of assistance ignore or support the corruption and in suitable politics of governments. Tanzania received two milliards dollars for building the roads destiny the twenty years. But the roads were destroyed sooner, than the works could be finished because of insufficient maintenance. The study of World Bank brings the conclusions of the new conception of the development assistance: financial assistance works only in suitable political world; the lowering of poverty is possible only with working institutions – political and economic; effective assistance complete the private investments; receiving country is obliged to have public sector in function; the function of public sector is developing on the activity of civil society; patience and good ideas, not only money, can help to reforms in very unfavorable conditions.
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Virkola, Nils-Erik, and Kristiina Honkanen. "Wastewater Characteristics." Water Science and Technology 17, no. 1 (January 1, 1985): 1–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.1985.0001.
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Forceful measures have been taken in the past decade to reduce the pollution loads of pulp and paper mills. Besides more effective external waste water treatment, internal arrangements have been made to reduce pollution loads, e.g. by closing water systems. New processes and technically improved machines and equipment have made it possible to utilize raw materials and chemicals more efficiently. This has also reduced the pollution loads of the mills. In the 1970s, pollution loads were restricted by environmental laws and regulations in many countries, and the restrictions will become tighter during the 1980s. This will require much research and development. In this paper, characteristics of effluents (BOD, suspended solids, colour, TOC, COD, toxicity) discharged from chemical and mechanical pulping processes and from paper and board mills are presented in general terms and by mill department. Process developments and effects of these developments on pollution loads are described and future trends are discussed.
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Lacoue-Labarthe, T., S. Martin, F. Oberhänsli, J. L. Teyssié, S. Markich, R. Jeffree, and P. Bustamante. "Effects of increased <i>p</i>CO<sub>2</sub> and temperature on trace element (Ag, Cd and Zn) bioaccumulation in the eggs of the common cuttlefish, <i>Sepia officinalis</i>." Biogeosciences Discussions 6, no. 3 (May 11, 2009): 4865–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/bgd-6-4865-2009.
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Abstract. Cephalopods play a key role in many marine trophic networks and constitute alternative fisheries resources, especially given the ongoing decline in finfish stocks. Along the European coast, the eggs of the cuttlefish Sepia officinalis are characterized by an increasing permeability of the eggshell during development, which leads to selective accumulation of essential and non-essential elements in the embryo. Temperature and pH are two critical factors that affect the metabolism of marine organisms in the coastal shallow waters. In this study, we are testing the effects of pH and temperature through a crossed (3×2) laboratory experiment. Seawater pH showed a strong effect on the egg weight and non-significant impact on the hatchlings weight at the end of development implying egg swelling process and embryo growth disturbances. The lower pH of incubation seawater of eggs, the more the hatchlings accumulated 110m Ag in their tissues. The 109Cd CF decreased with increasing pH and 65Zn CF reached the maximal values pH 7.85, independent of temperature. Our results suggest that pH and temperature affected both the permeability properties of the eggshell and the embryo metabolism. To the best of our knowledge, this is one of the first studies on the ocean acidification and ocean warming consequences on the metal uptake in marine organisms, stimulating further interest to evaluate the likely ecotoxicological impact of the global change on the early-life stage of the cuttlefish.
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Luci, Angela, Johannes Jütting, and Christian Morrisson. "Why Do So Many Women End Up in ‘Bad Jobs’? A Cross-country Assessment for Developing Countries." European Journal of Development Research 24, no. 4 (December 15, 2011): 530–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.1057/ejdr.2011.54.
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Pokrywka, N. J., and E. C. Stephenson. "Microtubules mediate the localization of bicoid RNA during Drosophila oogenesis." Development 113, no. 1 (September 1, 1991): 55–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.1242/dev.113.1.55.
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We have examined cytoskeletal requirements for bicoid (bcd) RNA localization during Drosophila oogenesis. bcd is an anterior morphogen whose proper function relies on the localization of its messenger RNA to the anterior cortex of the egg. Drugs that depolymerize microtubules perturb all aspects of bcd RNA localization. During recovery from drug treatment, bcd RNA relocalizes to the oocyte cortex, suggesting that the localization machinery is a component of the cortical cytoskeleton. Taxol, a drug that stabilizes microtubules, also effectively disrupts bcd RNA localization, and the effects of taxol treatments on exuperantia and swallow mutants suggest general roles for these gene products in the multi-step bcd RNA localization process.
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Reid, Jo-Anne. "From Bad to Worse?: Troubling Development in Preschool Settings." Australasian Journal of Early Childhood 28, no. 1 (March 2003): 1–6. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/183693910302800102.
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At the end of Jake's first day of school his teacher called him the ‘worst kid in the class’. A year later, when he was not ‘progressed’ to Year 1, the pattern of Jake's school development seemed to be set. As I write, Jake is in Year 4, and many of the predictions his Prep teacher made on that first day seem accurate—he has not had a history of successful learning or social experience at school. As I discuss elsewhere (Hill et al., 2002), Jake has had periods of very successful learning and progress though, which indicate that the ‘developmental pathways’ that children tread are socially constructed, rather than reliant on innate ‘abilities’ or ‘natural’ traits. For Jenks, ‘development’, or ‘progress towards an adult state over time’, is ‘the primary metaphor through which childhood is made intelligible’ (1996, p. 36). Psychological notions of development, however, are far more complicated and troublesome than such a metaphor encourages us to believe.
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Hudlicka, O. "Development and adaptability of microvasculature in skeletal muscle." Journal of Experimental Biology 115, no. 1 (March 1, 1985): 215–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.1242/jeb.115.1.215.
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In skeletal muscle, the size of the capillary bed is adapted to the type of muscle metabolism and can be altered by adaptation to different environments or increased activity. Muscle fibres with high aerobic metabolism have more capillaries, and an increase in aerobic metabolism is usually followed by capillary growth. It is assumed that local hypoxia - created by increased demand for oxygen during growth, cold exposure or increased activity - can stimulate proliferation of capillaries. Capillary density is reduced in parallel with enhanced glycolytic metabolism. The size of the capillary bed can also increase without any apparent change in the oxidative metabolism (e.g. in the early stages of chronic electrical muscle stimulation or as a result of long-term administration of vasodilating drugs), and it is argued that the growth of capillaries in these cases may be due to various mechanical factors connected with increased blood flow.
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Ambridge, Ben, Claire H. Noble, and Elena V. M. Lieven. "The semantics of the transitive causative construction: Evidence from a forced-choice pointing study with adults and children." Cognitive Linguistics 25, no. 2 (June 1, 2014): 293–311. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/cog-2014-0012.
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AbstractAdults and children aged 3;0–3;6 were presented with ungrammatical NVN uses of intransitive-only verbs (e.g., *Bob laughed Wendy) and asked – by means of a forced-choice pointing task – to select either a causal construction-meaning interpretation (e.g., ‘Bob made Wendy laugh’) or a non-causal sentence-repair interpretation (e.g., ‘Bob laughed at Wendy’). Both age groups chose casual construction-meaning interpretations on at least 82% of trials, regardless of (a) verb frequency and (b) the construction used for grammatical control/filler trials (transitive – e.g., Bob moved Wendy – or intransitive – e.g., Wendy moved). These findings constitute support for cognitive linguistic approaches under which verb argument structure constructions have meanings in and of themselves and – further – suggest that construction meaning is sufficiently powerful as to overrule verb meaning when the two conflict.
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Yuk-ha Tsang, Eileen. "Neither “Bad” nor “Dirty”: High-end Sex Work and Intimate Relationships in Urban China." China Quarterly 230 (May 17, 2017): 444–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0305741017000649.
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AbstractThe relationship between sex workers and their clients is generally characterized as being based entirely on the direct exchange of sexual favours for money. However, this received wisdom cannot account for a nation such as China which attaches significant value to “face,” social status and interpersonal dignity. This paper draws parallels with high-end sex workers elsewhere in Asia as well as globally. With a focus on the high-end sector, I examine how workers and their clients engage not only in pecuniary transactions but also in genuinely intimate and non-remunerative relationships. High-end sex workers make use of their earned economic capital to acquire cultural capital, and use online apps as marketing tools to target local elites and expats to forge longer-term intimate relationships. Male clients in more commercialized, post-industrial cities in China continue to seek diverse types of sexual experiences, with some clients seeking genuine intimacy. Furthermore, I explore how Chinese and foreign clients overcome social barriers to develop such relationships with sex workers. Building on this sociocultural perspective, this paper analyses ethnographically both sides of the female sex worker–client relationship in high-end karaoke lounges and bars in Dongguan, southern China.
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Novotná, Marie, Marta Šlehoferová, and Alena Matušková. "Evaluation of spatial differentiation in the Pilsen region from a socioeconomic perspective." Bulletin of Geography. Socio-economic Series 34, no. 34 (December 1, 2016): 73–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/bog-2016-0036.
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AbstractThe main objective of this article is to evaluate spatial differentiation in the Pilsen region in the Czech Republic, to create a typology of territorial units, and to evaluate the potential for development and possible threats to development in relation to individual territorial types. To this end, municipal statistical indicators pertaining to population, employment, and economy, were gathered from each of the given territories. The Voronoi map technique was applied to interpolate the values of selected indicators. The typology was created using one of the multivariate statistical methods, namely, the cluster analysis. Furthermore, typological regions and strategies for their development were created.
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Welman, Lesley, and Sanette L. A. Ferreira. "Regional development of Saldanha Bay region, South Africa: The role of Saldanha Steel." Bulletin of Geography. Socio-economic Series 26, no. 26 (December 1, 2014): 219–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/bog-2014-0055.
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Abstract Since 1970 the Saldanha Bay region on the West Coast of the Western Cape Province has been high on South Africa’s national development agenda. The region has been struggling for years to meet the preconditions for economic take-off. In this analysis the Saldanha Bay region is positioned in the contexts of global competition among steel-producing countries, South Africa’s national development plan and the Greater Cape Town functional region. The aim is to explain the nature and extent of the relationship between a single secondary industry - ArcelorMittal Saldanha - and the economic development of the larger Saldanha region. Following a brief introduction and background to the Saldanha Bay region, the evolutionary economic geography (EEG) approach and the role of institutions in the development of regions are reviewed. Saldanha Steel (ArcelorMittal), the pioneer industrial firm, is analysed by using a mixed-method approached, where semi-structured interviews and a questionnaire survey are the main research instruments. The contribution of Saldanha Steel to regional development is explored.
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Feltynowski, Marcin. "Urban spatial policy and its impact on open areas – Płock case study." Bulletin of Geography. Socio-economic Series 36, no. 36 (June 1, 2017): 87–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/bog-2017-0016.
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Abstract Spatial planning has to be carried out in accordance with the sustainable development principle. When compiling every document indicated in the Spatial Planning and Development Act, local authorities have to take into account the conditions that are valid in a gmina. They should rely on available materials which are a support for the decisions that are made. An element that constitutes support for local authorities is spatial data available in international sources, e.g. the European Environmental Agency or individual sources, e.g. vector versions of the documents in the scope of spatial planning. The purpose of the article is to present which materials used by local governments can allow for an appropriate assessment of the need for new areas of housing development and the limitation of decisions concerning the liquidation of open areas in cities. The article presents tools and data which constitute a basis for an evidence-based spatial planning policy and have to be used by local authorities. The procedure presented in the article can be a tool supporting the spatial policy and an element of evaluation whether the decisions made by local authorities are correct.
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Bačík, Vladimír, and Michal Klobučník. "Websites and social networks of communes in Slovakia: development and current state." Bulletin of Geography. Socio-economic Series 53, no. 53 (September 1, 2021): 71–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/bog-2021-0024.
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Abstract One of the main features of today’s information society is the availability of data of various kinds provided by various companies and organisations. In the following paper, we focus on evaluating the dynamics of development and the current state of existence of websites of communes in Slovakia, which represent a database of their activities and serve as the main communication channel between citizens and self-government representatives. Another important channel is social networks, which are still enjoying huge popularity among Internet users. On the basis of the results of an online questionnaire that involved almost 60% of the addressed self-governments, we will point out the adaptation of self-governments to the use of social networks. One of the important tasks of such research is the distribution of the obtained results to end users. This is achieved through an example of a description of basic technical and functional specifications by using the website created by the authors. This website has the ambition of becoming a sort of central access point for all those interested in information about communes in Slovakia. By means of standard tabular, but also interactive graphic and map outputs, it gives an idea of selected indicators of self-governments in a user-friendly form, thus helping to increase client awareness of this specific issue.
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Allen, J. P. B. "The Development of Instructional Models in Second Language Education." Annual Review of Applied Linguistics 9 (March 1988): 179–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s026719050000088x.
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In an influential paper published in the late seventies, H. H. Stern distinguished between learning a language through a process of conscious study and practice (i.e., formally), or through use in the environment (i.e., functionally). According to Stern (1981), this aspect of language behavior can be characterized as a psycholinguistic/pedagogic continuum, or ‘P-scale.’ There is nothing inherently good or bad about activities at either end of the scale, and in organized language teaching one often finds an interplay between formal and functional approaches.
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Lysyk, T. J., and R. C. Axtell. "A SIMULATION MODEL OF HOUSE FLY (DIPTERA: MUSCIDAE) DEVELOPMENT IN POULTRY MANURE." Canadian Entomologist 119, no. 5 (May 1987): 427–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.4039/ent119427-5.
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AbstractDevelopmental times were determined at constant temperatures for egg–larval (prepupal) and egg–larval–adult (preadult) house flies in poultry manure. Developmental time decreased as temperature increased but declined at temperatures above 35°C. The average time from oviposition to pupation ranged from 26.8 days at 16°C to 5.2 days at 35°C, and the average time to adult emergence ranged from 43.1 to 8.8 days. Pupae were formed at 41°C, but no adults emerged above 38°C. The relationship between developmental rate and temperature was determined and used in a rate summation model to simulate prepupal and preadult developmental times in poultry manure, with manure bed temperature as input. The model was tested on the basis of developmental times determined in a poultry house during the fly-breeding season. The observed mean time to pupation under field temperatures ranged from 6.7 to 15.6 days, and adult emergence required from 12.5 to 27.1 days. Simulations were closest to the observed times when actual manure bed temperatures were used as input; however, soil temperatures obtained from a nearby weather station also provided satisfactory simulation results after an empirical correction was used.
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Pattison, I., D. A. Sear, A. L. Collins, J. I. Jones, and P. S. Naden. "Interactions between fine-grained sediment delivery, river bed deposition and salmonid spawning success." Proceedings of the International Association of Hydrological Sciences 367 (March 3, 2015): 199–206. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/piahs-367-199-2015.
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Abstract. Salmonids clean river bed gravels to lay their eggs. However, during the incubation period fine sediment infiltrates the bed. This has been found to limit the success of salmonid spawning, as fine sediment reduces gravel permeability resulting in intra-gravel flow velocities and O2 concentrations decreasing. The success of salmonid spawning is therefore a function of the coincidence of fine sediment delivery and the development of the salmonid eggs. The presence of fine sediment also exerts sub-lethal effects on the rate of egg development with a negative feedback slowing and extending the incubation process meaning the eggs are in the gravels for longer and susceptible to more potential sediment delivery events. The SIDO (Sediment Intrusion and Dissolved Oxygen)-UK model is a physically-based numerical model which simulates the effect of fine sediment deposition on the abiotic characteristics of the salmonid redd, along with the consequences for egg development and survival. This model is used to investigate the interactions and feedbacks between the timing and concentrations of suspended sediment delivery events, and the deposition of fine sediment within the gravel bed, and the consequences of this on the rate of egg development and survival. The model simulations suggest that egg survival is highly sensitive to suspended sediment concentrations, particularly to changes in the supply rate of sand particles. The magnitude, frequency and specific timing of sediment delivery events effects egg survival rates. The modelling framework is also used to investigate the impact of the rate of gravel infilling by sediment. The hypotheses of continual, discrete event and non-linear decline in the rate of infilling are investigated.
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Vehmaa, A., A. K. Almén, A. Brutemark, A. Paul, U. Riebesell, S. Furuhagen, and J. Engström-Öst. "Ocean acidification challenges copepod reproductive plasticity." Biogeosciences Discussions 12, no. 22 (November 17, 2015): 18541–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/bgd-12-18541-2015.
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Abstract. Ocean acidification is challenging phenotypic plasticity of individuals and populations. Calanoid copepods (zooplankton) are shown to be fairly plastic against altered pH conditions, and laboratory studies indicate that transgenerational effects are one mechanism behind this plasticity. We studied phenotypic plasticity of the copepod Acartia bifilosa in the course of a pelagic, large-volume mesocosm study that was conducted to investigate ecosystem and biogeochemical responses to ocean acidification. We measured copepod egg production rate, egg hatching success, adult female size and adult female antioxidant capacity (ORAC) as a function of acidification (fCO2 ~ 365–1231 μatm), and as a function of quantity and quality of their diet. We used an egg transplant experiment to reveal if transgenerational effects can alleviate the possible negative effects of ocean acidification on offspring development. We found significant negative effects of ocean acidification on adult female copepod size and egg hatching success. In addition, we found a threshold of fCO2 concentration (~ 1000 μatm), above which adaptive maternal effects cannot alleviate the negative effects of acidification on egg hatching and nauplii development. We did not find support for the hypothesis that insufficient food quantity (total particulate carbon ~ 55 μm) or quality (C : N) weakens the transgenerational effects. However, females with high ORAC produced eggs with high hatching success. Overall, these results indicate that A. bifilosa could be affected by projected near future CO2 levels.
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Jackson, W. T., M. P. McKay, M. J. Bartholomew, D. T. Allison, D. L. Spurgeon, B. Shaulis, J. A. VanTongeren, and J. B. Setera. "Initial Laramide tectonism recorded by Upper Cretaceous paleoseismites in the northern Bighorn Basin, USA: Field indicators of an applied end load stress." Geology 47, no. 11 (September 23, 2019): 1059–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.1130/g46738.1.
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Abstract Soft-sediment deformational structures associated with paleoseismicity (e.g., planar clastic dikes) exist within Upper Cretaceous Mesaverde Group strata in the Laramide Elk Basin anticline, northern Bighorn Basin (Wyoming, USA). Retrodeformation of the Elk Basin anticline to a horizontal Mesaverde Group position indicates that all basement offset is removed and that clastic dikes exhibit a dominant northeast trend. The trend of clastic dikes corresponds to the interpreted northeast-southwest direction of early Laramide layer-parallel shortening, suggesting that the development of clastic dikes recorded initiation of basement deformation and Laramide tectonism. To determine the timing of clastic dike development, we present zircon U-Pb geochronology from the stratigraphically lowest sand-source bed generating upwardly injected clastic dikes and a volcanic bentonite bed (Ardmore bentonite) above the stratigraphic interval containing clastic dikes. Weighted mean ages bracket clastic dike development between 82.4 and 78.0 Ma. Our results imply initiation of basement deformation ∼8–15 m.y. prior than other estimates in the Bighorn Basin. Therefore, we interpret the development of clastic dikes in the Elk Basin anticline to represent an initial phase of Laramide tectonism associated with an applied end load stress transmitted from the southwestern North American plate margin in response to the collision of the conjugate Shatsky Rise oceanic plateau ca. 90–85 Ma. Results demonstrate how sedimentary responses in the foreland can be used to understand tectonic processes at plate boundaries and provide spatial-temporal parameters for models of Laramide deformation.
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Caprì, Angela, Andrea Frazzica, and Luigi Calabrese. "Recent Developments in Coating Technologies for Adsorption Heat Pumps: A Review." Coatings 10, no. 9 (September 2, 2020): 855. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/coatings10090855.
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The use of adsorbent heat pumps as heating and cooling systems is particularly relevant thanks to their ability to exploit low-grade heat (e.g., below 90 °C) from renewable energy sources and waste energy streams with prospective applications in several fields, e.g., industrial and residential. Their development began in the 20th century and is still in full evolution. The great interest in their improvement and optimization was determined by some key factors inherent to their sustainability compared to traditional refrigeration systems (e.g., low electricity consumption and the low environmental impact of the employed refrigerants). Recently, strong efforts have been dedicated to increasing the achievable heating/cooling power density of this technology through the development of innovative adsorbent coating technologies. Indeed, the deposition of thin coatings on the surface of the heat exchanger could reduce the heat transfer resistance existing on the adsorbent material side, thus increasing the overall adsorption dynamics. Three main approaches have been assessed, namely a thick consolidated bed, binder-based composite coatings and in situ directly crystallization coatings. This paper provides a brief overview of some of the main achievements related to adsorbent coating technology developments for adsorption heat pump applications.
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Degener, J. F., and M. Kappas. "Biomass yield development of early, medium and late Maize varieties under a future climate in Lower Saxony, Germany." Biogeosciences Discussions 11, no. 6 (June 16, 2014): 9103–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/bgd-11-9103-2014.
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Abstract. Lower Saxony, with a total land area of about 46 500 km2, constitutes one of the most important agricultural areas in Germany and thus within Europe. Roughly one third of its agricultural area is used for maize cultivation and as of today only few information exist on how a future changing climate will affect its local growing conditions. Thus the newly developed carbon-based crop model BioSTAR and a high-resolution regional climate data-set (Wettreg) were used to evaluate the change in biomass yields of an early, medium and late maize variety. The climate input data is based on the SRES A1B scenario, with a potential fertilization effect or better still, an increased water use efficiency due to rising CO2 levels, taken into account. The biomass yield for all varieties was calculated for each year from 2001 until 2099 on a total of 91 014 sites. The results suggest clearly differentiated development paths of all varieties. All three show a significant positive trend until the end of the century. However the medium variety shows a statistical significant decline of 5% during the first 30 years and only a slight recovery towards +5% around the century's end. The late variety has the clearest and strongest positive trend, with partially more than 30% increase of biomass yields around the end of the century or +25% mean increase in the last three decades. The early variety can be seen as in-between, with no negative but also not an as strong positive development path. All varieties have their strongest increase in yields after the mid of the 21st century. Statistical evaluation of these results suggests that the shift from a summer rain to a winter rain climate in Germany will be the main limiting factor for all varieties. In addition summer temperatures will become less optimal for all maize crops. Only if the plants can supply themselves sufficiently with water outside of the increasingly dry summer months, when also temperatures are much more favorable, an increase in biomass yields is feasible. As the data suggests the increasing atmospheric CO2 concentrations will play a critical role in reducing the crops water uptake, thus enabling yield increases in the first place.
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SHI, Xiao-feng, Xue PANG, Li-jun ZHU, Xin-yu ZHANG, Yuan ZHANG, Bo HAN, Pei-jun LI, Bo GUO, and Xiang CHENG. "Development of photoelectric integrated single photon avalanche photodiode and front-end circuit based on BCD technology." Optics and Precision Engineering 29, no. 2 (2021): 267–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.37188/ope.20212902.0267.
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Boring, Landing, Michael Weir, and Gerold Schubiger. "Egg ligation alters the Bcd protein gradient and segmentation gene expression in embryos of Drosophila." Mechanisms of Development 43, no. 1 (September 1993): 84. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0925-4773(93)90026-t.
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Borin, Landin, Michael Weir, and Gerold Schubiger. "Egg ligation alter the Bcd protein gradient and segmentation gene expression in embryos of Drosophila." Mechanisms of Development 42, no. 1-2 (July 1993): 97–111. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0925-4773(93)90102-4.
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Driever, W., V. Siegel, and C. Nusslein-Volhard. "Autonomous determination of anterior structures in the early Drosophila embryo by the bicoid morphogen." Development 109, no. 4 (August 1, 1990): 811–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.1242/dev.109.4.811.
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A small number of maternal effect genes determine anterior-posterior pattern in the Drosophila embryo. Embryos from females mutant for the maternal gene bicoid lack head and thorax. bcd mRNA becomes localized to the anterior tip of the egg during oogenesis and is the source for the morphogen gradient of bcd protein. Here we show that in vitro transcribed bicoid mRNA that has its own leader sequences substituted by the Xenopus beta-globin 5′ untranslated sequences is translated more efficiently than bicoid mRNA with the natural 5′ mRNA leader when tested in vitro and in Drosophila Schneider cells. When injected into bicoid mutant embryos, only the bcd mRNA with the beta-globin leader sequence, substituted for the natural leader, is able to induce anterior development. We used P-transformation to show that sequences in the 5′ leader are neither necessary for localization of the transcript nor for the translational block of the bcd mRNA during oogenesis. For our injection experiments, we used only one of the identified splicing forms of bcd mRNA. The bcd protein species derived from this mRNA is able to induce anterior development at any position along the anterior-posterior axis. Thus bicoid protein can induce development of head and thorax independent of any other specifically localized morphogenetic factor. Our findings further support the notion that the concentration gradient of bcd protein, and not the existence of different forms of bcd protein, is responsible for specifying subregions of the embryo.
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Roslavtseva, S. A. "ТНE GLOBAL WORLD DISTRIBUTION OF BED BUGS CIMEX LECTUARIUS L." Medical Parasitology and Parasitic Diseases, no. 3 (October 2020): 10–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.33092/0025-8326mp2020.3.10-15.
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Data on the increase in the number of bed bugs (Cimex lectularius) at the end of the XX century and the beginning of the XXI century in highly developed countries of Europe, America and Australia and the cases of this phenomenon are given. In this review the hygienic and epidemiological significance of bed bugs is discussed. In bed bugs 25 pathogens were found: bacteria, viruses, fungi, protozoa, helminthes, 5 of these pathogenic microorganisms can multiply inside them. Data on hepatitis B virus and possible infection of humans with this microorganism by inhalation make for particular interest. Attention is paid to the development of a new insecticide to combat bed bugs.
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Long, James H., Lasse Mertins, DeWayne L. Searcy, and Brian Vansant. "Toomer's Energy Drinks: Fueling Earnings Management?" Issues in Accounting Education 33, no. 1 (July 1, 2017): 29–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.2308/iace-51870.
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ABSTRACT Companies around the world commonly engage in earnings management. Some earnings management techniques comply with U.S. GAAP and do not violate financial reporting standards (e.g., real earnings management techniques such as postponing research and development expenditures), other techniques clearly cross the line (e.g., misclassifying repair and maintenance expenses as capital expenditures), and some fall into a gray area (e.g., adjusting the allowance for bad debt). This case exposes students to an ethical dilemma that involves earnings management: toward the end of its fiscal year, the executive management team at Toomer's Energy Drinks' European division realize that they will fall just short of a short-term financial performance target, and consider ways in which they can manage earnings to generate sufficient performance to meet the target. The case exposes students to ways in which companies manage earnings, and encourages students to think critically about the extent to which these techniques are ethical by requiring them to apply the IMA's Statement of Ethical Professional Practice and the AICPA's Code of Professional Conduct to a realistic scenario.
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Khitrov, M. Y., L. Chen, A. Blood, K. Wilkins, W. Doyle, S. Wilcox, T. Denison, J. Reifman, and A. T. Reisner. "Development and Validation of a Portable Platform for Deploying Decision-Support Algorithms in Prehospital Settings." Applied Clinical Informatics 04, no. 03 (2013): 392–402. http://dx.doi.org/10.4338/aci-2013-04-ra-0023.
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SummaryBackground: Advanced decision-support capabilities for prehospital trauma care may prove effective at improving patient care. Such functionality would be possible if an analysis platform were connected to a transport vital-signs monitor. In practice, there are technical challenges to implementing such a system. Not only must each individual component be reliable, but, in addition, the connectivity between components must be reliable.Objective: We describe the development, validation, and deployment of the Automated Processing of Physiologic Registry for Assessment of Injury Severity (APPRAISE) platform, intended to serve as a test bed to help evaluate the performance of decision-support algorithms in a prehospital environment.Methods: We describe the hardware selected and the software implemented, and the procedures used for laboratory and field testing.Results: The APPRAISE platform met performance goals in both laboratory testing (using a vital-sign data simulator) and initial field testing. After its field testing, the platform has been in use on Boston MedFlight air ambulances since February of 2010.Conclusion: These experiences may prove informative to other technology developers and to healthcare stakeholders seeking to invest in connected electronic systems for prehospital as well as in-hospital use. Our experiences illustrate two sets of important questions: are the individual components reliable (e.g., physical integrity, power, core functionality, and end-user interaction) and is the connectivity between components reliable (e.g., communication protocols and the metadata necessary for data interpretation)? While all potential operational issues cannot be fully anticipated and eliminated during development, thoughtful design and phased testing steps can reduce, if not eliminate, technical surprises.
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Yang, Yifan, Bruce W. Melville, Graham H. Macky, and Asaad Y. Shamseldin. "Local Scour at Complex Bridge Piers in Close Proximity under Clear-Water and Live-Bed Flow Regime." Water 11, no. 8 (July 24, 2019): 1530. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/w11081530.
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In this study, we investigated the characteristics of scour at complex bridge piers in close proximity. The experiments were performed under both clear-water and live-bed flow regimes. We compare our results with those for a single complex pier. Further, the performance of existing predictors is discussed. In this study, four typical pier arrangements were adopted, including side-by-side with aligned or 30° skewed flow, staggered, and tandem. The results show that the skew angle for a side-by-side arrangement significantly accelerates the clear-water scour development at all the vertical piles as well as between the piers, and the most scoured pile shifts from the upstream end to the downstream end of the upstream pier flank. The staggered and tandem pier arrangement show significant protection to the downstream pier for both the developing rate and the equilibrium scour depth. When the flow velocity exceeds the threshold for general bed motion, the clear-water scour pattern for all the pier arrangements may be altered significantly due to the upstream sediment supply, the weakened protection effect, and the enhanced flow contraction. The bed-forms migrate via the bridge opening and are damped gradually by the flow, and thus the response of the bed morphology under live-bed conditions is quite unsteady.
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Zhu, Q., W. J. Riley, J. Tang, and C. D. Koven. "Multiple soil nutrient competition between plants, microbes, and mineral surfaces: model development, parameterization, and example applications in several tropical forests." Biogeosciences Discussions 12, no. 5 (March 5, 2015): 4057–106. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/bgd-12-4057-2015.
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Abstract. Soil is a complex system where biotic (e.g., plant roots, micro-organisms) and abiotic (e.g., mineral surfaces) consumers compete for resources necessary for life (e.g., nitrogen, phosphorus). This competition is ecologically significant, since it regulates the dynamics of soil nutrients and controls aboveground plant productivity. Here we develop, calibrate, and test a nutrient competition model that accounts for multiple soil nutrients interacting with multiple biotic and abiotic consumers. As applied here for tropical forests, the Nutrient COMpetition model (N-COM) includes three primary soil nutrients (NH4+, NO3−, and POx (representing the sum of PO43−, HPO42−, and H2PO4−)) and five potential competitors (plant roots, decomposing microbes, nitrifiers, denitrifiers, and mineral surfaces). The competition is formulated with a quasi-steady-state chemical equilibrium approximation to account for substrate (multiple substrates share one consumer) and consumer (multiple consumers compete for one substrate) effects. N-COM successfully reproduced observed soil heterotrophic respiration, N2O emissions, free phosphorus, sorbed phosphorus, and free NH4+ at a tropical forest site (Tapajos). The overall model posterior uncertainty was moderately well constrained. Our sensitivity analysis revealed that soil nutrient competition was primarily regulated by consumer-substrate affinity rather than environmental factors such as soil temperature or soil moisture. Our results imply that the competitiveness (from most to least competitive) followed this order: (1) for NH4+, nitrifiers ~ decomposing microbes > plant roots, (2) for NO3−, denitrifiers ~ decomposing microbes > plant roots, (3) for POx, mineral surfaces > decomposing microbes ~ plant roots. Although smaller, plant relative competitiveness is of the same order of magnitude as microbes. We then applied the N-COM model to analyze field nitrogen and phosphorus perturbation experiments in two tropical forest sites (in Hawaii and Puerto Rico) not used in model development or calibration. Under soil inorganic nitrogen and phosphorus elevated conditions, the model accurately replicated the experimentally observed competition among different nutrient consumers. Although we used as many observations as we could obtain, more nutrient addition experiments in tropical systems would greatly benefit model testing and calibration. In summary, the N-COM model provides an ecologically consistent representation of nutrient competition appropriate for land BGC models integrated in Earth System Models.
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Wang, Rebecca, Ronik Kanani, Niraj Mistry, Yara El Bardisi, and Joana Dos Santos. "DEVELOPMENT OF A STANDARDIZED APPROACH FOR THE ASSESSMENT OF BOWEL AND BLADDER DYSFUNCTION IN COMMUNITY PAEDIATRICS." Paediatrics & Child Health 23, suppl_1 (May 18, 2018): e6-e7. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/pch/pxy054.017.
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Abstract BACKGROUND Bowel and bladder dysfunction (BBD) is a common yet underdiagnosed paediatric condition that describes a constellation of lower urinary tract symptoms (LUTS) associated with constipation and/or encopresis. Many children with BBD have co-morbid neuropsychiatric symptoms (e.g., inattention, anxiety) and psychosocial stressors. Thus, clinical assessment of behavioural symptoms and social risk factors in this population is essential. However, there is no standardized approach for a comprehensive assessment of BBD. OBJECTIVES We aim to develop and evaluate physician and parent perceptions with 1) a standardized BBD history and physical intake form for physicians, and 2) a parent-reported intake form. DESIGN/METHODS From June to Oct 2017, a quality improvement study was conducted in the BBD network, an existing paediatric collaborative initiative consisting of 7 community sites with support of the paediatric urology division in a tertiary hospital. Based on literature review and expert opinions, a standardized intake form was developed for BBD assessment with targeted questions for LUTS, constipation, behavioural, dietary, and psychosocial history, along with a physical exam checklist for neurological red flags. Further, a shorter parent-reported intake questionnaire was developed to clarify patterns of dysfunctional voiding symptoms, dietary recall and stool history. Both forms underwent usability testing and iterative refinement. Prior to clinic, families of children referred for BBD were mailed an intake package for completion. During the clinic, physicians were asked to use the standardized intake form for new referrals. Afterwards, both physicians and parents were given anonymous surveys to evaluate their perceptions of the intake process. RESULTS A total of 8 physicians and 20 parents responded, with 60% of patients being between ages 4–10 and 55% male. Physicians found the standardized intake form to be a useful guide that reminded them to ask about specific urinary symptoms (88% of the time), constipation (75%), and psychosocial history (76%). The majority of physicians (75%) agreed they would use the intake form again and recommended its implementation. Further, parents responded positively by agreeing that the intake package was easy to complete (65%), felt included in care decisions (95%), and had questions answered appropriately (100%). CONCLUSION In assessment of BBD, a standardized intake form can help guide physicians to efficiently gather a comprehensive history, rule out red flags, and screen for psychosocial risk factors. With refinements, it can potentially help create a common clinical experience and empower more community paediatricians to manage BBD in the future.
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Kiuri, H. J. "Development of dissolved air flotation technology from the first generation to the newest (third) one (DAF in turbulent flow conditions)." Water Science and Technology 43, no. 8 (April 1, 2001): 1–7. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.2001.0450.
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This paper gives a brief description of the development of dissolved air flotation DAF (or so-called high pressure flotation) as an unit operation for removal of solids in water and wastewater treatment during the last 80 years up to this time. The first DAF-systems used in the water industry were the ADKA and Sveen-Pedersen ones from the 1920s. Some of these are still in use. The tanks in which the flotation phenomenon takes place in these systems are very shallow and narrow as well as rather long. The flow rate of water is some 2–3 m/h (at most less than 5 m/h only) and there is a very thin micro-bubble blanket below the water surface between the dry sludge blanket on that and the clarified water which flows almost horizontally below the bubble blanket toward the end of the tanks to be taken out there from near the bottom. The second generation of DAF was introduced in the 1960s and these units are widely in use today. Their tanks are almost square ones having usually a little bit more length than bredth. They are rather deep, too. There is an under-flow wall in front of the back wall of the units having a narrow horizontal gap on the bottom of the tanks for letting out the clarified water from the flotation space. The flow rate of water is usually 5–7 m/h or at most less than 10 m/h. The direction of flow is 30–45° below the horizontal. There is a rather thick micro-bubble bed at the beginning of the tank below the dry sludge blanket. This bubble-bed becomes clearly thinner, when going toward the end of the tank. There are also round DAF tanks which are based on the same hydraulic principles as the rectangular ones presented above. A special application of DAF called the flotation filter was invented at the very end of the 1960s. It is a combination of flotation and rapid sand filtration, both of those being placed in the same tank. Flotation takes place in the upper part of the tank and the filter has been placed in the lower part of it. The direction of water flow is now vertically down from the free surface of water in the tank toward the deep-bed filter. This controls the direction of flow in the flotation space of the tank above the filter bed. The flow rate of water in flotation filters may be 10–15 m/h, but the flow conditions are still laminar. It is the threat that the head-loss of filters would grow too rapidly which in practice is limiting the hydraulic flow rate of flotation filters in this area. The third generation of DAF has been developed at the end of the 1990s. The operational idea is based on that of the flotation filter. The filter bed on the bottom of the tank has been replaced by a thin stiff plate with plenty of round orifices throughout the plate. This plate, having a very much lower flowing resistance than a sand filter can have, controls the vertical flow of water in the flotation space above the plate and distributes it evenly throughout the horizontal cross-section of the tank. The flotation tank is almost square seen from above and its depth is clearly more than the length and bredth of it. This kind of flotation unit can be operated with flow rates of water in the range 25–40 m/l. Even a flow rate of more than 60 m/h has been reported from this kind of DAF-units. There is no risk of clogging of the plate by suspended solids which could limit the flow rate. This is to say that it is possible to operate DAF also in turbulent flow conditions. The depth of the micro-bubble bed below the surface of water can be 1.5–2.5 m. There actually is a continuously regenerated micro-bubble bed in the tank filtering water which is going through this bed. The lower surface of the micro-bubble bed is really a horizontal one a little bit above the plate controlling the flow in the flotation space. The clarified water below the micro-bubble bed is totally clear. It can be said that in this case the removal of suspended solids takes place much more by filtering water by a deep-bed micro-bubble filter than by attaching micro-bubbles onto solids, when both of these are mixed with each other in the inlet shaft of the flotation unit, because the retention time of water in the inlet shaft is very short indeed.
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Jang, YeEun, JeongWook Son, and June-Seong Yi. "Classifying the Level of Bid Price Volatility Based on Machine Learning with Parameters from Bid Documents as Risk Factors." Sustainability 13, no. 7 (April 1, 2021): 3886. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su13073886.
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The purpose of this study is to classify the bid price volatility level with machine learning and parameters from bid documents as risk factors. To this end, we studied project-oriented risk factors affecting the bid price and pre-bid clarification document as the uncertainty of bid documents through preliminary research. The authors collected Caltrans’s bid summary and pre-bid clarification document from 2011–2018 as data samples. To train the classification model, the data were preprocessed to create a final dataset of 269 projects consisting of input and output parameters. The projects in which the bid inquiries were not resolved in the pre-bid clarification had higher bid averages and bid ranges than the risk-resolved projects. Besides this, regarding the two classification models with neural network (NN) algorithms, Model 2, which included the uncertainty in the bid documents as a parameter, predicted the bid average risk and bid range risk more accurately (52.5% and 72.5%, respectively) than Model 1 (26.4% and 23.3%, respectively). The accuracy of Model 2 was verified with 40 verification test datasets.
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Goh, Kah Yee, and Takao Inoue. "A large transcribed enhancer region regulates C. elegans bed-3 and the development of egg laying muscles." Biochimica et Biophysica Acta (BBA) - Gene Regulatory Mechanisms 1861, no. 5 (May 2018): 519–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.bbagrm.2018.02.007.
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Calvo, Rocío, and Samuel Bradley. "Good, the Bad, and the Ugly." Advances in Social Work 21, no. 2/3 (September 23, 2021): 920–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.18060/24466.
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For the last several years, the Boston College School of Social Work (BCSSW) has worked to deconstruct the hidden nature of whiteness rooted in theories, methods, and practices of education. To that end, the BCSSW created two strategies designed to foster systemic change: the Latinx Leadership Initiative and the Equity, Justice, and Inclusion Initiative. This study uses narrative analysis to examine these initiatives as catalysts of sustainable change. We dive deep into: (1) strategies designed to disrupt a White supremacy approach to the explicit and implicit curriculums; (2) activities to engage stakeholders on dismantling institutional racism. Our ultimate goal is to draw lessons that may be useful to the profession. To that end, we discuss knowledge gained concerning academic innovation, shared governance, and alternatives to an Eurocentric epistemological approach to social work. We also include implications for the profession concerning the incorporation and validation of non-White ways to understand human development, health, disease, diagnostics, and interventions; and present some of the strategies we developed to de-center whiteness and support BIPOC students in a White-majority institution of higher education.
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Atan, Mohd, Mohd Hussain, Mohammad Abbasi, Mohammad Khan, and Muhamad Fazly Abdul Patah. "Advances in Mathematical Modeling of Gas-Phase Olefin Polymerization." Processes 7, no. 2 (January 30, 2019): 67. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/pr7020067.
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Mathematical modeling of olefin polymerization processes has advanced significantly, driven by factors such as the need for higher-quality end products and more environmentally-friendly processes. The modeling studies have had a wide scope, from reactant and catalyst characterization and polymer synthesis to model validation with plant data. This article reviews mathematical models developed for olefin polymerization processes. Coordination and free-radical mechanisms occurring in different types of reactors, such as fluidized bed reactor (FBR), horizontal-stirred-bed reactor (HSBR), vertical-stirred-bed reactor (VSBR), and tubular reactor are reviewed. A guideline for the development of mathematical models of gas-phase olefin polymerization processes is presented.
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Faravelli, Tiziano, Alessio Frassoldati, Eliseo Ranzi, Miccio Francesco, and Miccio Michele. "Modeling Homogeneous Combustion in Bubbling Beds Burning Liquid Fuels." Journal of Energy Resources Technology 129, no. 1 (February 21, 2006): 33–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/1.2424957.
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This paper introduces a model for the description of the homogeneous combustion of various fuels in fluidized bed combustors (FBC) at temperatures lower than the classical value for solid fuels, i.e., 850°C. The model construction is based on a key bubbling fluidized bed feature: A fuel-rich (endogenous) bubble is generated at the fuel injection point, travels inside the bed at constant pressure, and undergoes chemical conversion in the presence of mass transfer with the emulsion phase and of coalescence with air (exogenous) bubbles formed at the distributor and, possibly, with other endogenous bubbles. The model couples a fluid-dynamic submodel based on two-phase fluidization theory with a submodel of gas phase oxidation. To this end, the model development takes full advantage of a detailed chemical kinetic scheme, which includes both the low and high temperature mechanisms of hydrocarbon oxidation, and accounts for about 200 molecular and radical species involved in more than 5000 reactions. Simple hypotheses are made to set up and close mass balances for the various species as well as enthalpy balances in the bed. First, the conversion and oxidation of gaseous fuels (e.g., methane) were calculated as a test case for the model; then, n-dodecane was taken into consideration to give a simple representation of diesel fuel using a pure hydrocarbon. The model predictions qualitatively agree with some of the evidence from the experimental data reported in the literature. The fate of hydrocarbon species is extremely sensitive to temperature change and oxygen availability in the rising bubble. A preliminary model validation was attempted with results of experiments carried out on a prepilot, bubbling combustor fired by underbed injection of a diesel fuel. Specifically, the model results confirm that heat release both in the bed and in the freeboard is a function of bed temperature. At lower emulsion phase temperatures many combustible species leave the bed unburned, while post-combustion occurs after the bed and freeboard temperature considerably increases. This is a well-recognized undesirable feature from the viewpoint of practical application and emission control.
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Middelburg, J. J. "Stable isotopes dissect food webs from top to the bottom." Biogeosciences Discussions 10, no. 9 (September 10, 2013): 14923–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/bgd-10-14923-2013.
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Abstract. Stable isotopes have been used extensively to study food web functioning, i.e. the flow of energy and matter among organisms. Traditional food-web studies are based on the natural variability of carbon and nitrogen isotopes and are limited to larger organisms that can be physically separated from their environment. Recent developments allow isotope ratio measurements of microbes and this in turn allows then measurement of entire food webs, i.e. from small producers at the bottom to large consumers at the top. Here, I provide a concise review on the use and potential of stable isotope to reconstruct end-to-end food webs. I will first discuss food web reconstruction based on natural abundances isotope data and will then show that the use of stable isotopes as deliberately added tracers provides complementary information. Finally, challenges and opportunities for end-to-end food web reconstructions in a changing world are discussed.
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Swedenburg, Ted. "Bad Rap for a Neck Scarf?" International Journal of Middle East Studies 41, no. 2 (May 2009): 184–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0020743809090576.
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Do purple designer kufiyas spell the end of Palestine solidarity?Kufiyas, especially multicolored ones, started becoming fashionable U.S. urban hipster wear around 2005. They are so trendy, in fact, that W's Meggan Crum called the restyled kufiya featured in French designer Nicholas Ghesquière's fall 2007 Balenciaga fashion line, and worn by Brazilian supermodel Flavia de Oliveira, one of “Fall 2007's Top Ten Accessories.” Meanwhile, over the last couple of years, kufiyas of all colors have been spotted on such celebrities as Mary-Kate Olsen, Kirsten Dunst, Cameron Diaz, Colin Farrell, David Beckham, Justin Timberlake, and even John McCain's daughter Meghan. In spring 2007, Urban Outfitters marketed the kufiya, in several colors, as an “anti-war woven scarf” until protests prompted the cancellation of the line—but not the sale of the item. It is available in the winter 2008 catalog, described now as a “houndstooth scarf.”
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Song, Chul-Min. "Analysis of the Effects of Local Regulations on the Preservation of Water Resources Using the CA-Markov Model." Sustainability 13, no. 10 (May 18, 2021): 5652. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su13105652.
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The analysis of the local regulation effects is required for sustainable and effective land utilization because land use/land cover (LULC) changes are not only determined by human activity but are also affected by national policy and regulation; however, previous studies for land use/land cover (LULC) have mainly been conducted on the LULC changes using past experience. This study, therefore, analyzed the effects of local regulations aimed at preserving the water quality in South Korea. To this end, changes in LULC were simulated using the CA-Markov model under conditions in which two local regulations, the special countermeasure area (SCA) and total maximum daily load (TMDL), were not applied and examined the differences between the simulated LULC and the actual LULC as of 2018. In addition, the differences in the generation of pollutant loads were driven for Biochemical Oxygen Demand (BOD), Total Nitrogen (TN), and Total Phosphorus (TP) using pollutant unit-load. As a result, without SCA, the agricultural area increased by 379.0 km2, the urban area decreased by 101.8 km2, and the meadow area decreased by 176.0 km2. In addition, without TMDL, the urban area increased by 169.2 km2 and the meadow area decreased to 158.8 km2.Differences in BOD, TN, and TP pollution loads without SCA applications were shown to decrease to 22,710.5 kg·km−2 day−1, 1133.9 kg·km−2 day−1, and 429.8 kg·km−2 day−1, respectively, while BOD, TN, and TP pollution loads without TMDL applications decreased to 14,435.7 kg·km−2 day−1, 2543.6 kg·km−2 day−1, and 368.2 kg·km−2 day−1, respectively. As such, this study presents a methodology for analyzing the effects of local regulations using the CA-Markov model, which can intuitively and efficiently examine the effects of regulations by predicting LULC changes.
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Carotenuto, Y., S. Putzeys, P. Simonelli, A. Paulino, M. Meyerhöfer, K. Suffrian, A. Antia, and J. C. Nejstgaard. "Copepod feeding and reproduction in relation to phytoplankton development during the PeECE III mesocosm experiment." Biogeosciences Discussions 4, no. 5 (October 25, 2007): 3913–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/bgd-4-3913-2007.
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Abstract. Within the frame of the Pelagic Ecosystem CO2 Enrichment (PeECE III) experiment, reproduction and feeding of the copepod Calanus finmarchicus was monitored in relation to phytoplankton development in two mesocosms, at present 1× (350 μatm) and ca 3× present (1050 μatm) CO2 concentrations, respectively. Both mesocosms showed rapid phytoplankton growth after the initial nutrient additions and reached maximum chlorophyll (Chl) a concentrations around day 10. Flow-cytometry and specific pigment analysis (HPLC-CHEMTAX), showed that diatoms and prymnesiophyceae (Emiliania huxleyi (Ehux) and other nanoplankton) dominated the biomass. Feeding and egg production rates of C. finmarchicus developed similarly in both mesocosms, and were positively correlated with Chla, Ehux, diatom and prymnesiophyceae concentrations. Although the total number of copepod nauplii recruited during the experiment was similar in 1× and 3×, significantly less nauplii were recruited in 3× during the peak of the bloom compared to in 1×. We conclude that the algae responsible for the higher biomass in 3× during the peak of the bloom (diatoms and Ehux), may have been relatively inferior food for C. finmarchicus naupliar recruitment, possibly due to a high C:N ratio (>8). Nevertheless, the 3 fold increase in CO2 concentration did not show any clear overall effect on bulk phytoplankton or zooplankton development over the whole experiment, suggesting a more complex coupling between increased CO2 and the nutritional status of the system.
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Więckowska, I. "Wybrane zagadnienia z morfogenezy liści drzew. II. Występowanie młodocianych form liści w koronach drzew buka zwyczajnego (Fagus silvatica L.) [Studies on the mohprogenesis of tree-leaves. II. The occurrence of juvenile forms of leaves in the crowns of beech trees (Fagus silvatica L.)]." Acta Societatis Botanicorum Poloniae 41, no. 4 (2015): 535–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.5586/asbp.1972.043.
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It was fairly often observed that <em>Fagus silvatica</em> L. leafed twice during one vegetational season. This secondary growth occurred on all trees, when the first leaves underwent destruction, e.g. in consequence of late spring frost. The leaves of secondary growth differed pronouncedly from normally developed ones by their shape and irregular nervation and were similar to the juvenile leaves of one-year-old seedlings of beech. Observations of leaf buds showed that the nerves appeared in leaf-primordia of <em>Fagus silvatica</em> as late as the latter part of July and if the secondary leaves developed at the end of July, they were normal in shape and bad regular nervation. Leaf-primordia compelled to an earlier development gave leaves of different form and irregular nervation.
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Gunter, Ashley. "Mega events as a pretext for infrastructural development: the case of the All African Games Athletes Village, Alexandra, Johannesburg." Bulletin of Geography. Socio-economic Series 23, no. 23 (March 1, 2014): 39–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/bog-2014-0003.
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AbstractThe hosting of mega events in the Global South has become a symbol of prestige and national pride. From the hosting of international mega events such as the world cup, to regional events like the Commonwealth Games, developing nations are hosting mega events frequently and on a massive scale. Often used as a justification for this escapade in hosting a mega event is the purposed infrastructural legacy that will remain after the event. From the bid documents of the London Olympics to the Delhi Common Wealth Games, the pretext of infrastructural legacy is cited as a legitimate reason for spending the billions of dollars needed for hosting the event. This paper looks at this justification in the context of the All Africa Games which was hosted in Johannesburg, South Africa in 1999. It examines how the legacy infrastructure from this event has been utilised as a social housing development and how the billions of dollars spent on the infrastructural legacy of the games has been used by local residence of the city. The vast majority of the current residence of the All Africa Games Athletes’ Village have little recollection of the Games and do not feel that the housing stock they have received is of significantly better quality than that of other social housing. This points to the contentious claim that developmental infrastructure built through hosting a mega event is of superior quality or brings greater benefit to the end users. That is not to say that hosting a mega event does not have benefits; however, the claim of development through hosting, in the case of Johannesburg, seems disingenuous.
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Duan, Liang, Yong Hui Song, Wei Jiang, and Slawomir W. Hermanowicz. "Development of an Integrated Moving Bed Biofilm Reactor-Membrane Bioreactor for Wastewater Treatment." Applied Mechanics and Materials 361-363 (August 2013): 611–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.361-363.611.
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Development of a MBBR-MBR has been investigated combining a moving bed biofilm reactor with a submerged membrane biomass separation reactor. Treatment efficiencies were found to be high with the production of a consistent high-quality effluent, irrespective of media fill ratio of MBBR or membrane reactor operating modes. There had some obvious fouling in MBR, MBBR and IFAS 3000, while no fouling were detected in IFAS 1500. The great difference indicated the media filling fraction have an important role and effect on membrane fouling. Traditional MBR and IFAS 3000 have more non-flocculating microorganisms in most time due to the mixed liquor suspended solids (MLSS) concentration. There had almost the same MLSS on media surface, independent of the volume of media and the MLSS concentration in each tank. The MBBR had more biomass enriched on membrane surface due to the dead end system.
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Zhang, J., D. Gilbert, A. Gooday, L. Levin, W. Naqvi, J. Middelburg, M. Scranton, et al. "Natural and human-induced hypoxia and consequences for coastal areas: synthesis and future development." Biogeosciences Discussions 6, no. 6 (November 25, 2009): 11035–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/bgd-6-11035-2009.
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Abstract. Hypoxia has become a world-wide phenomenon in the global coastal ocean and causes deterioration of structure and function of ecosystems. Based on the collective contributions of members of SCOR Working Group #128, the present study provides an overview of the major aspects of coastal hypoxia in different biogeochemical provinces, including estuaries, upwelling areas, fjords and semi-enclosed basins, with various external forcings, ecosystem responses, feedbacks and potential impact on the sustainability of the fishery and economics. The obvious external forcings include fresh water runoff and other factors contributing to stratification, organic matter and nutrient loadings, as well as exchange between coastal and open ocean water masses; their different interactions set up mechanisms that drive the system towards hypoxia. However, whether the coastal environment becomes hypoxic or not, under the combination of external forcings, depends also on the nature of the ecosystem, e.g. physical and geographic settings. It is understood that coastal hypoxia has a profound impact on the sustainability of ecosystems, which can be seen, for example, by the change in the food-web structure and system function; other influences can be compression and loss of habitat, as well as change in life cycle and reproduction. In most cases, the ecosystem responds to the low dissolved oxygen in a non-linear way and has pronounced feedbacks to other compartments of the Earth System, hence affecting human society. Our knowledge and previous experiences illustrate that there is a need to develop new observational tools and models to support integrated research of biogeochemical dynamics and ecosystem behaviour that will improve confidence in remediation management strategies for coastal hypoxia.
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Siti Khadijah Hidayati Nasution, Sinar Indra Kesuma, and Suzanna Fitriany Sitepu. "DEVELOPMENT TRAINING EMPLOYERS' GROUP BAMBOO." ABDIMAS TALENTA: Jurnal Pengabdian Kepada Masyarakat 2, no. 1 (October 20, 2019): 1–5. http://dx.doi.org/10.32734/abdimastalenta.v2i1.2097.
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Bamboo craft employers' group (Mr. Gunawan and Irwansyah), both located in the Village of West Rambung, District of South Binjai, Binjai. Both drying bamboo by using sunlight so that the quality is low if production during bad weather or rain, employers also do not yet know how to control the quality of the end product of bamboo, not knowing about the Patent/IPR, has not been able to make bookkeeping, and difficulty getting bamboo. Therefore, a team of lecturer from the Department of Agribusiness and Agroecotechnologi USU nurture small businesses through service activities: manufacture Oven Dryer, technology training drying bamboo by using Oven Dryer, training Quality Circles, training on Patent and IPR, making training books, and training Aquaculture Bamboo. The result: the entrepreneur has been able to use the oven dryer to dry the bamboo, to understand how to control the quality of the final product bamboo, know about the patent and intellectual property rights, are able to make bookkeeping, and know the techniques of bamboo cultivation right and can produce bamboo production / productivity and a high quality and sustainable. With the completion of this activity, both partners can develop their business and ultimately increase revenue. Outputs training: Oven Dryer, appropriate technology module bamboo drying, and appropriate technology module bamboo cultivation.
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Suzuki, Naohiko, Yoshitaka Morimoto, Keigo Takasugi, Ryo Kobashi, Ryo Hirono, Yoshiyuki Kaneko, and Yutaka Tokuno. "Development of Desktop Machine Tool with Pipe Frame Structure." International Journal of Automation Technology 9, no. 6 (November 5, 2015): 720–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.20965/ijat.2015.p0720.
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While many components used in automobiles, household electric appliances, etc., are becoming more compact, the size of most machine tools used to work on such components remains unchanged. Therefore, to improve the efficient use of factory space and economical use of energy, machine tools that are comparable in size to workpieces are required. Thus far, we have focused our developmental efforts on the miniaturization of machine tools, e.g., a lathe with a width ten times the machining diameter of a workpiece and a lathe with a bed made of a pipe frame truss structure. Based on these past study results, we have newly developed a desktop machine tool with a pipe frame structure. This paper reports on the developmental background and overview of the developed machine tool, its characteristics, its evaluation results, and our future plans.