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Journal articles on the topic 'Body dysmorphic disorder – Behavior therapy'

Author: Grafiati

Published: 4 June 2021

Last updated: 4 February 2022

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1

Sarwer, David B., Lauren M. Gibbons, and Canice E. Crerand. "Treating Body Dysmorphic Disorder With Cognitive-behavior Therapy." Psychiatric Annals 34, no. 12 (December 1, 2004): 934–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.3928/0048-5713-20041201-16.

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2

Sharma, Himanshu, Bharti Sharma, and Nisheet Patel. "Body Dysmorphic Disorder in Adolescents." Adolescent Psychiatry 9, no. 1 (May 31, 2019): 44–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.2174/2210676608666181031105706.

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Background and Objectives:Body Dysmorphic Disorder (BDD) is characterized by an abnormal preoccupation with alleged misshapen body parts. There is often poor insight and effort is made to hide the imagined defects, and consultation may be sought seeking unnecessary cosmetic surgery or procedures. It is underdiagnosed and established treatment protocols are lacking. The disease has a chronic and undulating course and is seriously compromises quality of life. Despite the fact that the prime age of onset of BDD is during adolescence relatively little has been written about it during this phase of life. This review aims to comprehensively cover the present understanding of BDD, including clinical features, epidemiology, psychopathology, nomenclature, comorbidity and management.Methods:A literature search was undertaken using suitable key words on Google Scholar, MEDLINE & PsychoINFO up to June 2018 limited to articles in English.Results:he prevalence of BDD is variable in the general and psychiatric population with equal gender distribution. Both sexes are equally affected. It is associated with poor functioning and a chronic course. There is considerable comorbidity and diagnostic overlap between BDD and obsessive-compulsive disorder, major depressive disorder, social anxiety disorder, anorexia nervosa, schizophrenia spectrum disorders and personality disorders. Psychiatric consultation is often late. Selective Serotonin Reuptake Inhibitors (SSRIs) and Cognitive Behavior Therapy (CBT) are currently the first line modalities for treatment. Internet based CBT, Acceptance and commitment therapy, and repetitive Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation (rTMS) are emerging treatment options.Conclusions:BDD is a complex disorder with still lot of uncertainty about its diagnostic placement, treatment approaches, especially for refractory patients, and prognosis. Further study is needed to clarify its prevalence, especially in adolescents; to fully understand its neurobiological aspects, to determine its exact relation to obsessive compulsive related disorders, and to develop better treatment approaches.

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3

Senthil, M. "CASE STUDY OF PERSON WITH BODY DYSMORPHIC DISORDER." International Journal of Research -GRANTHAALAYAH 4, no. 7 (July 31, 2016): 102–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.29121/granthaalayah.v4.i7.2016.2602.

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This article presents a case study of client with Body dysmorphic disorder. Body dysmorphic disorder is an increasingly recognized somatoform disorder, clinically distinct from obsessive-compulsive disorder, eating disorders, and depression. Patients with body dysmorphic disorder are preoccupied with an imagined deficit in the appearance of one or more body parts, causing clinically significant stress, impairment, and dysfunction. The preoccupation is not explained by any other psychiatric disorder. Patients present to family physicians for primary care reasons and aesthetic or cosmetic procedures. Cosmetic correction of perceived physical deficits is rarely an effective treatment. Pharmacologic treatment with selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors and non-pharmacologic treatment with cognitive behavior therapy are effective. Body dysmorphic disorder is not uncommon, but is often misdiagnosed. Recognition and treatment are important because this disorder can lead to disability, depression, and suicide. Psychiatric social work assessment and intervention was provided to the person with Body dysmorphic disorder, focusing on to building for change in misbelieve and strengthening commitment to change. The psycho social intervention was provided to the patients and his family members. Sessions on Admission counseling, Family intervention, Supportive therapy, Psycho education, role play, reminiscence, Pre discharge counseling, Discharge Counseling and Social Group Work was conducted. At the end of the therapy, the client knowledge about the illness and coping skills has improved.

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4

Hong, Kevin, Vera Nezgovorova, Genoveva Uzunova, Danya Schlussel, and Eric Hollander. "Pharmacological Treatment of Body Dysmorphic Disorder." Current Neuropharmacology 17, no. 8 (July 25, 2019): 697–702. http://dx.doi.org/10.2174/1570159x16666180426153940.

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Body dysmorphic disorder is a challenging disorder that manifests as erroneously perceived flaws in one’s physical appearance and repetitive behaviors in response to appearance concerns. This disorder is also frequently comorbid with other psychiatric disorders, including major depressive disorder and autism spectrum disorder. It is currently understood to arise from a combination of biological, psychological, and environmental factors. Treatment of body dysmorphic disorder typically consists of a combination of pharmacotherapy and cognitive behavioral therapy. However, not all patients respond to treatment, and BDD symptoms remain even in those who do respond. This review outlines current pharmacological and neuromodulation treatments for body dysmorphic disorder and suggests directions for future studies of novel treatments such as augmentation with atypical antipsychotics and the use of intranasal oxytocin in cases of body dysmorphic disorder that show residual symptomatology even with tailored monotherapy. There is emerging evidence suggesting that non-invasive neurostimulatory techniques, such as repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation, may be of value in treatment-resistant cases.

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5

Wilhelm, Sabine, Michael W. Otto, Bethany Lohr, and Thilo Deckersbach. "Cognitive behavior group therapy for body dysmorphic disorder: a case series." Behaviour Research and Therapy 37, no. 1 (January 1999): 71–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0005-7967(98)00109-0.

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6

Neziroglu, Fugen, and Sony Khemlani-Patel. "A Review of Cognitive and Behavioral Treatment for Body Dysmorphic Disorder." CNS Spectrums 7, no. 6 (June 2002): 464–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1092852900017971.

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ABSTRACTUntil recently, body dysmorphic disorder (BDD) had been vastly ignored in the scientific literature. Despite a recent surge in interest, treatment studies are still surprisingly neglected. Reports from the 1970s–1990s discuss few case descriptions and suggest anecdotal treatment strategies. Since the 1990s, information about the treatment of BDD has increased slightly. The intent of this paper is to review the current state of knowledge regarding cognitive and behavior therapy, which so far has been found to be effective. The current literature suggests that there is no difference between the efficacy of one treatment strategy over another nor the combination of cognitive and behavior therapy over behavior therapy. However, more research is needed in this area before definitive conclusions can be made.

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7

IsHak, Waguih William, Michael A. Bolton, Jean-Charles Bensoussan, George V. Dous, Trang T. Nguyen, Allycin L. Powell-Hicks, Jennifer E. Gardner, and Kimberly M. Ponton. "Quality of life in body dysmorphic disorder." CNS Spectrums 17, no. 4 (September 3, 2012): 167–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1092852912000624.

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Body dysmorphic disorder (BDD) has a significant impact on the patients’ quality of life (QOL). This is an initial literature review of QOL in patients with BDD, examining the extent of QOL impairments, the impact of psychiatric comorbidity on QOL, and the effect of treatment on QOL in BDD. Studies were identified through PubMed, MEDLINE, and PsycINFO searches from 1960–2011 using the keywords: “quality of life,” “body dysmorphic disorder,” “dysmorphophobia,” and “body image.” Studies included in this review were selected using specific criteria by two authors reaching consensus. Most BDD research studies have used symptom severity measures mainly to study BDD and its treatments. BBD with or without comorbidities is significantly associated with poor QOL and functioning. Studies show that treatment of BDD, either by psychopharmacological treatments such as selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs) or cognitive behavior therapy, might have positive effects on QOL, although these results need to be replicated in larger studies. In conclusion, QOL could add significant value to the assessment of BDD if used as one of the primary measures in research and clinical work in BDD, by providing more information and clearer understanding on the impact of the illness on satisfaction with activities of daily life and overall sense of wellbeing before and after treatment.

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8

Bjureberg, Johan, Jesper Enander, Erik Andersson, Volen Z. Ivanov, Christian Rück, and Lorena Fernández de la Cruz. "Sudden Gains in Internet-Based Cognitive Behavior Therapy for Body Dysmorphic Disorder." Behavior Therapy 51, no. 5 (September 2020): 753–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.beth.2019.11.002.

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9

Rosen, James C. "The nature of body dysmorphic disorder and treatment with cognitive behavior therapy." Cognitive and Behavioral Practice 2, no. 1 (June 1995): 143–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s1077-7229(05)80008-2.

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10

Beilharz, Francesca, and Susan L. Rossell. "Treatment Modifications and Suggestions to Address Visual Abnormalities in Body Dysmorphic Disorder." Journal of Cognitive Psychotherapy 31, no. 4 (2017): 272–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.1891/0889-8391.31.4.272.

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Recent psychophysical and neurocognitive findings implicate abnormal visual processing for a range of stimuli in body dysmorphic disorder (BDD); such abnormalities differentiate BDD from other mental health disorders. Current treatments most commonly involve cognitive behavior therapy with or without accompanying antidepressant medications. These are moderately successful yet appear to overlook the core phenomenological aspect of abnormal perception in BDD. The following text summarizes the current literature of perceptual abnormalities within BDD and how these findings may be applied and incorporated into treatment options. Possible modifications of cognitive behavioral therapy (CBT) based on the widespread visual abnormalities within BDD include making perceptual mirror retraining a compulsory component of therapy and implementing self-exposure tasks within exposure and response prevention. Alternative options such as a visual training program to remediate visual abnormalities across a range of visual stimuli are also explored, which may be included as an adjunctive treatment alongside CBT.

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11

Weingarden, Hilary, Suraj S. Mothi, Ilana Ladis, Susanne Hoeppner, Hannah E. Reese, Kiara Timpano, Jedidiah Siev, et al. "d-Cycloserine-Augmented Behavior Therapy for Body Dysmorphic Disorder: A Preliminary Efficacy Trial." Cognitive Therapy and Research 43, no. 5 (February 28, 2019): 937–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10608-019-10015-0.

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12

Josephson, Stephen C., Eric Hollander, Brian Fallon, and Dan J. Stein. "Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder, Body Dysmorphic Disorder, and Hypochondriasis: Three Variations on a Theme." CNS Spectrums 1, no. 2 (November 1996): 24–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1092852900002613.

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AbstractBackground:Exaggerated illness and appearance concerns and related compulsive behaviors are seen in the psychiatric disorders of hypochondriasis (HYP), body dysmorphic disorder (BDD), and obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD). It has been argued that these conditions may cluster in clinical samples and that our current categorical diagnostic policies, which assume independence of these disorders, are arbitrary and fail to capture the dimensional nature of these disorders.Methods:We present retrospective clinical data on 21 randomly selected patients who presented with symptoms that involved anxiety about illness and appearance and who were evaluated for cognitive-behavioral treatment or pharmacotherapy. We also review the symptoms, associated features, and response to treatment of three patients from the sample who were each diagnosed with all three of these disorders (HYP, BDD, and OCD).Results:Three patients met criteria for HYP, BDD, and OCD, and the other 18 patients met criteria for at least two of the above conditions. The most frequently reported source of anxiety had to do with one's hair. Nine out of the 12 patients treated with behavioral therapy were considered to be responders, and the one treated solely with medication was “very much improved.” Of the eight treated with a combination of behavioral therapy and medication, five were judged to be responders.Conclusions:Overlap in phenomenology, associated features, and treatment response suggests that these three disorders may be difficult to distinguish from each other and that a “cluster analysis” model may prove helpful in evaluating clinical samples.

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13

Newell, Robert, and Stephen Shrubb. "Attitude Change and Behaviour Therapy in Body Dysmorphic Disorder: Two Case Reports." Behavioural and Cognitive Psychotherapy 22, no. 2 (April 1994): 163–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1352465800011942.

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Two patients with longstanding dysmorphic ideas and associated social avoidances refused exposure treatment. A role-play requiring them to research and debate beliefs contrary to their over-valued ideas effected attitude change and facilitated compliance with exposure treatment. In both patients, marked improvement in beliefs and avoidance occurred during treatment and was maintained at follow-up.

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14

Krebs, Georgina, Cynthia Turner, Isobel Heyman, and David Mataix-Cols. "Cognitive Behaviour Therapy for Adolescents with Body Dysmorphic Disorder: A Case Series." Behavioural and Cognitive Psychotherapy 40, no. 4 (April 12, 2012): 452–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1352465812000100.

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Background: Body dysmorphic disorder (BDD) is relatively common in adolescents and can have serious negative consequences. However, the treatment of BDD in young people has received virtually no empirical attention to date, and the evidence-base for cognitive behaviour therapy (CBT) in this population is limited to a small number of single case reports. Aims: This study aimed to investigate treatment outcomes associated with CBT, primarily consisting of exposure and response prevention, in a group of young people with BDD. Method: Six adolescents with a diagnosis of BDD received a course of developmentally appropriate CBT for BDD with parental involvement. BDD and depressive symptoms were evaluated at pre-treatment, post-treatment and at 3- or 6-month follow-up, using the Yale-Brown Obsessive Compulsive Scale for BDD (BDD-YBOCS) and the Beck Depression Inventory-Youth, respectively. Results: Scores on the BDD-YBOCS indicated a 44% improvement in BDD symptoms at post-treatment and a 57% improvement at follow-up for the group. Considering response as a ≥30% reduction in BDD-YBOCS score, four of the six adolescents were classified as treatment responders. Improvements in depressive symptoms were observed among the treatment responders, but not the non-responders. Conclusions: These findings indicate the potential efficacy of CBT, including exposure and response prevention for adolescents with BDD, and highlight the need for further controlled trials.

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15

Neziroglu, Fugen, Dean McKay, John Todaro, and Jose A. Yaryura-Tobias. "Effect of cognitive behavior therapy on persons with body dysmorphic disorder and comorbid axis II diagnoses." Behavior Therapy 27, no. 1 (1996): 67–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0005-7894(96)80036-0.

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16

Veale, David, Martin Anson, Sarah Miles, Maria Pieta, Ana Costa, and Nell Ellison. "Efficacy of Cognitive Behaviour Therapy versus Anxiety Management for Body Dysmorphic Disorder: A Randomised Controlled Trial." Psychotherapy and Psychosomatics 83, no. 6 (2014): 341–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.1159/000360740.

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Veale, David, Sarah Miles, and Martin Anson. "Long-Term Outcome of Cognitive Behavior Therapy for Body Dysmorphic Disorder: A Naturalistic Case Series of 1 to 4 Years After a Controlled Trial." Behavior Therapy 46, no. 6 (November 2015): 775–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.beth.2015.06.003.

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18

Veale, David. "Cognitive Behavioral Therapy for Body Dysmorphic Disorder." Psychiatric Annals 40, no. 7 (July 1, 2010): 333–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.3928/00485713-20100701-06.

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19

Taillon, Annie, Kieron O'Connor, Gilles Dupuis, and Marc Lavoie. "Inference-Based Therapy for Body Dysmorphic Disorder." Clinical Psychology & Psychotherapy 20, no. 1 (July 25, 2011): 67–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/cpp.767.

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20

Veale, David. "Cognitive–behavioural therapy for body dysmorphic disorder." Advances in Psychiatric Treatment 7, no. 2 (March 2001): 125–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.1192/apt.7.2.125.

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The DSM–IV classification of body dysmorphic disorder (BDD) refers to an individual's preoccupation with an ‘imagined’ defect in his or her appearance or markedly excessive concern with a slight physical anomaly (American Psychiatric Association, 1994). An Italian psychiatrist, Morselli, first used the term ‘dysmorphophobia’ in 1886, although it is now falling into disuse, probably because ICD–10 (World Health Organization, 1992) has discarded it, subsuming the condition under hypochondriacal disorder.

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21

Rosen, James C., Jeff Reiter, and Pam Orosan. "Cognitive-behavioral body image therapy for body dysmorphic disorder." Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology 63, no. 2 (1995): 263–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.1037/0022-006x.63.2.263.

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22

Costa, Daiana da, Treasa M. Nelson, James Rudes, and Jeffrey T. Guterman. "A Narrative Approach to Body Dysmorphic Disorder." Journal of Mental Health Counseling 29, no. 1 (January 1, 2007): 67–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.17744/mehc.29.1.30d2ayfwtn57q5m8.

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Narrative therapy is proposed as an effective treatment for body dysmorphic disorder. A case example illustrates the clinical application. Implications for the theory and practice of body dysmorphic disorder are considered.

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23

Wilhelm, Sabine, Katharine A. Phillips, Jeanne M. Fama, Jennifer L. Greenberg, and Gail Steketee. "Modular Cognitive–Behavioral Therapy for Body Dysmorphic Disorder." Behavior Therapy 42, no. 4 (December 2011): 624–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.beth.2011.02.002.

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24

Greenberg, Jennifer L., Sarah Markowitz, Michael R. Petronko, Caitlin E. Taylor, Sabine Wilhelm, and G. Terence Wilson. "Cognitive-Behavioral Therapy for Adolescent Body Dysmorphic Disorder." Cognitive and Behavioral Practice 17, no. 3 (August 2010): 248–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.cbpra.2010.02.002.

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Rosen, James C., Jeff Reiter, and Pam Orosan. ""Cognitive-behavioral body image therapy for body dysmorphic disorder": Correction." Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology 63, no. 3 (1995): 437. http://dx.doi.org/10.1037/0022-006x.63.3.437.

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Greenberg, Jennifer L., Suraj Sarvode Mothi, and Sabine Wilhelm. "Cognitive-Behavioral Therapy for Body Dysmorphic Disorder by Proxy." Behavior Therapy 47, no. 4 (July 2016): 515–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.beth.2016.01.002.

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27

Geremia, Gina M., and Fugen Neziroglu. "Cognitive therapy in the treatment of body dysmorphic disorder." Clinical Psychology & Psychotherapy 8, no. 4 (2001): 243–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/cpp.284.

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28

Koenig, Zachary A., Sarah Callaham, Brittany Waltz, Julie Bosley, Raja Mogallapu, and Michael Ang-Rabanes. "Body Dysmorphic Disorder Insights in an Inpatient Psychiatric Setting." Case Reports in Psychiatry 2021 (May 19, 2021): 1–4. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2021/6636124.

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Body dysmorphic disorder is a chronic disorder involving imagined or partial appearance defects that lead to significant impairment in everyday life. It is quite prevalent but remains a clinically underdiagnosed psychiatric condition especially in the inpatient psychiatric setting. Onset of body dysmorphic disorder typically begins in adolescence with subclinical symptoms. Over time, symptoms progress to patients meeting the full Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, 5th edition (DSM-5) criteria. Severe cases of the body dysmorphic disorder are often camouflaged by concurrent diseases like major depressive disorder, obsessive-compulsive disorder, substance use disorder, and social anxiety disorder. Further, compounding the complexity of body dysmorphic disorder is a treatment of patients who present with coinciding suicidal ideations. Here, we present a unique case of a 40-year-old female admitted to an inpatient psychiatric unit for treatment of ongoing depression and suicidal symptoms. Early on in her inpatient course, she had symptoms of obsessive-compulsive disorder, social anxiety disorder, and alcohol use disorder. The constellation of symptoms prompted evaluation for body dysmorphic disorder and subsequent targeted treatment. This case report highlights the complexities associated with diagnosing body dysmorphic disorder, the importance of considering it a branch point for other psychiatric conditions, and the treatment for patients who present with coinciding suicidal behavior.

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Aldea, Mirela A., Eric A. Storch, Gary R. Geffken, and Tanya K. Murphy. "Intensive Cognitive-Behavioral Therapy for Adolescents With Body Dysmorphic Disorder." Clinical Case Studies 8, no. 2 (April 2009): 113–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1534650109332485.

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Khemlani-Patel, Sony, Fugen Neziroglu, and Lauren M. Mancusi. "Cognitive-Behavioral Therapy for Body Dysmorphic Disorder: A Comparative Investigation." International Journal of Cognitive Therapy 4, no. 4 (December 2011): 363–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.1521/ijct.2011.4.4.363.

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31

Sobanski, Esther, and Martin H. Schmidt. "Body Dysmorphic Disorder: A Review of the Current Knowledge." Child Psychology and Psychiatry Review 5, no. 1 (February 2000): 17–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1360641799009533.

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Body Dysmorphic Disorder (BDD) is an excessive preoccupation with an imagined, or real, slight defect in normal physical appearance. The disorder, which usually begins during adolescence, tends to be chronic, and probably is much more common than is usually thought. This review presents an overview of the available scientific literature of BDD. It provides information about historical aspects, epidemiology, clinical features, aetiology, and instruments for assessing BDD. The relationship of BDD with other psychiatric disorders such as depression, obsessive-compulsive disorders, anxiety disorders, schizophrenia, eating disorders and personality disorders is discussed. Aetiological theories, including psychological and neurobiological explanations, are reviewed. Finally, psychopharmacological and psychotherapeutic treatment approaches are presented with special regard to treatment with serotonin-reuptake inhibitors, behavioural therapy and cognitive-behavioural therapy.

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Greenberg, Jennifer L., Katharine A. Phillips, Gail Steketee, Susanne S. Hoeppner, and Sabine Wilhelm. "Predictors of Response to Cognitive-Behavioral Therapy for Body Dysmorphic Disorder." Behavior Therapy 50, no. 4 (July 2019): 839–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.beth.2018.12.008.

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Linde, Johanna, Christian Rück, Johan Bjureberg, Volen Z. Ivanov, Diana Radu Djurfeldt, and Jonas Ramnerö. "Acceptance-Based Exposure Therapy for Body Dysmorphic Disorder: A Pilot Study." Behavior Therapy 46, no. 4 (July 2015): 423–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.beth.2015.05.002.

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Greenberg, Jennifer L., Suraj Sarvode Mothi, and Sabine Wilhelm. "Cognitive-Behavioral Therapy for Adolescent Body Dysmorphic Disorder: A Pilot Study." Behavior Therapy 47, no. 2 (March 2016): 213–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.beth.2015.10.009.

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McWillliams, Stephen, Marie Whitty, Donal Lydon, and Mary Clarke. "Body dysmorphic disorder treated with venlafaxine, olanzapine and cognitive behavioural therapy." Irish Journal of Psychological Medicine 22, no. 4 (December 2005): 143–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0790966700009277.

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AbstractBody dysmorphic disorder (BDD, previously called dysmorphophobia) is an excessive preoccupation with trivial or non-existent physical abnormalities, perceived to be deformities. BDD causes significant distress or functional impairment and is both time-consuming and difficult to control. Feelings of low self-esteem, shame, embarrassment and unworthiness are common, as is fear of rejection. This report presents a case of BDD in a young male who sought surgery abroad in an effort to ameliorate his perceived deformity. His suicidal ideation, low mood and anxiety symptoms responded well to venlafaxine, olanzapine and cognitive behavioural therapy; however his overvalued ideas with regard to his physical appearance were slow to improve.

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Weingarden, Hilary, Luana Marques, Angela Fang, Nicole LeBlanc, Ulrike Buhlmann, Katharine A. Phillips, and Sabine Wilhelm. "Culturally Adapted Cognitive Behavioral Therapy for Body Dysmorphic Disorder: Case Examples." International Journal of Cognitive Therapy 4, no. 4 (December 2011): 381–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.1521/ijct.2011.4.4.381.

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Dehanov, Sara, Catarina Oliveira, Sara Castro, Tiago Ferreira, and José Ramos. "COGNITIVE-BEHAVIORAL THERAPY FOR BODY DYSMORPHIC DISORDER: PROPOSED MODELS AND EFFICACY." Psicologia, Saúde & Doença 20, no. 3 (November 2019): 618–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.15309/19psd200306.

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38

Fang, Angela, Gail Steketee, Aparna Keshaviah, Elizabeth Didie, Katharine A. Phillips, and Sabine Wilhelm. "Mechanisms of Change in Cognitive Behavioral Therapy for Body Dysmorphic Disorder." Cognitive Therapy and Research 44, no. 3 (February 4, 2020): 596–610. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10608-020-10080-w.

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Neziroglu, Fugen, Brittany Bonasera, and Desiree Curcio. "An Intensive Cognitive Behavioral Treatment for Body Dysmorphic Disorder." Clinical Case Studies 17, no. 4 (July 12, 2018): 195–206. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1534650118782439.

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Body dysmorphic disorder affects 2.4% of the U.S. adult population, with the most common age of onset between 12 and 13 years. However, research in the area of adolescent BDD is minimal. This case study describes the intensive approach of treatment used for a 14-year-old female diagnosed with BDD. Treatment included an individualized course of cognitive behavioral therapy and exposure and response prevention. BDD symptoms decreased after 27 full-day sessions in an outpatient clinic. In addition, general levels of anxiety decreased and level of functioning increased. Tailoring standard treatments and utilizing developmentally appropriate techniques were significant factors for the adolescent’s success. Implications for future research and treatment are discussed.

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40

Hong, Kevin, Vera Nezgovorova, and Eric Hollander. "New perspectives in the treatment of body dysmorphic disorder." F1000Research 7 (March 23, 2018): 361. http://dx.doi.org/10.12688/f1000research.13700.1.

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Body dysmorphic disorder (BDD) is a disabling illness with a high worldwide prevalence. Patients demonstrate a debilitating preoccupation with one or more perceived defects, often marked by poor insight or delusional convictions. Multiple studies have suggested that selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors and various cognitive behavioral therapy modalities are effective first-line treatments in decreasing BDD severity, relieving depressive symptoms, restoring insight, and increasing quality of life. Selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors have also recently been shown to be effective for relapse prevention. This review provides a comprehensive summary of the current understanding of BDD, including its clinical features, epidemiology, genetics, and current treatment modalities. Additional research is needed to fully elucidate the relationship between BDD and comorbid illnesses such as obsessive–compulsive-related disorders and depression and to develop therapies for refractory patients and those who have contraindications for pharmacological intervention.

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Wilhelm, Sabine, Katharine A. Phillips, Elizabeth Didie, Ulrike Buhlmann, Jennifer L. Greenberg, Jeanne M. Fama, Aparna Keshaviah, and Gail Steketee. "Modular Cognitive-Behavioral Therapy for Body Dysmorphic Disorder: A Randomized Controlled Trial." Behavior Therapy 45, no. 3 (May 2014): 314–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.beth.2013.12.007.

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42

Krebs, Georgina, Lorena Fernández de la Cruz, Benedetta Monzani, Laura Bowyer, Martin Anson, Jacinda Cadman, Isobel Heyman, Cynthia Turner, David Veale, and David Mataix-Cols. "Long-Term Outcomes of Cognitive-Behavioral Therapy for Adolescent Body Dysmorphic Disorder." Behavior Therapy 48, no. 4 (July 2017): 462–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.beth.2017.01.001.

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Greenberg, Jennifer L., and Sabine Wilhelm. "Cognitive-Behavioral Therapy for Body Dysmorphic Disorder: A Review and Future Directions." International Journal of Cognitive Therapy 4, no. 4 (December 2011): 349–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.1521/ijct.2011.4.4.349.

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Erkolahti, Ritva, Tuula Ilonen, Marita Eerola, Simo Saarijärvi, and Heli Majamaa. "Body Dysmorphic Disorder of Twins with Facial Illness after Successful Isotretinoin Therapy." Acta Dermato-Venereologica -1, no. 1 (January 1, 2004): 1. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00015550410020395.

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Leung, C. M., T. S. Lee, Ho M. W. Chan, and B. Cheung. "A Case of Unrelenting Pursuit of Castration." Australian & New Zealand Journal of Psychiatry 30, no. 1 (February 1996): 150–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.3109/00048679609076086.

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Objective: Explore the limitations of the classification of body dysmorphic disorder. Clinical picture: A Chinese male relentlessly pursued castration to relieve painful erections which were never substantiated. The testes and corpora spongiosum had been removed. No psychotic symptom was prominent. Treatment: Cognitive therapy and psychotropics were tried. Outcome: The remaining corpora cavernosa was removed subsequently. Conclusion: The distorted somatic perception and secondary cognitive amplification (painful erections) could represent a variant of body dysmorphic disorder involving internal body image; diagnostic classifications should accommodate such a category.

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Devrim, Asli, Pelin Bilgic, and Nobuko Hongu. "Muscle Dysmorphic Disorders, Body Dissatisfaction and Eating Disorder in Male Bodybuilders." Medicine & Science in Sports & Exercise 50, no. 5S (May 2018): 327. http://dx.doi.org/10.1249/01.mss.0000536157.87131.cc.

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Neziroglu, Fugen A., and Jose A. Yaryura-Tobias. "Exposure, response prevention, and cognitive therapy in the treatment of body dysmorphic disorder." Behavior Therapy 24, no. 3 (1993): 431–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0005-7894(05)80215-1.

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Turner, Cynthia, and Jacinda Cadman. "When Adolescents Feel Ugly: Cognitive Behavioral Therapy for Body Dysmorphic Disorder in Youth." Journal of Cognitive Psychotherapy 31, no. 4 (2017): 242–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.1891/0889-8391.31.4.242.

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Adolescence is a critical time for physical development and maturation, and with these important physiological changes comes greater awareness of body image and appearance, which, for a proportion of young people can become excessive, signaling the onset of body dysmorphic disorder (BDD). BDD in adolescence is associated with significant impairment and suicidality, is poorly understood, and currently there is limited evidence for the effectiveness of psychological therapy. Cognitive behavioral therapy (CBT) is currently the most promising and best available psychological therapy for BDD in youth. The aim of this article is to provide clinicians with information on CBT treatment for BDD in young people and to provide guidance based on clinical experience of working with this complex population group. The article will include discussion of strategies including maximizing psychoeducation with parental involvement, the use of cognitive therapy techniques, exposure with response prevention, and perceptual visual training techniques, including attention training and mirror retraining.

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Buhlmann, Ulrike, Hannah E. Reese, Stefanie Renaud, and Sabine Wilhelm. "Clinical considerations for the treatment of body dysmorphic disorder with cognitive-behavioral therapy." Body Image 5, no. 1 (March 2008): 39–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.bodyim.2007.12.002.

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Başgül, Şaziye Senem, Melek Gözde Luş, and Abas Hashimov. "Electroconvulsive therapy in an adolescent with bipolar disorder, substance use, and body dysmorphic disorder comorbidity: case report." Neurocase 26, no. 1 (October 23, 2019): 51–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/13554794.2019.1683210.

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