Dissertations / Theses: 'Body Dysmorphic Disorders'

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Gülpers, Zoe. ""Gender differences in body dissatisfaction and body dysmorphic disorders in Australian university students" /." Title page, contents and abstract only, 1999. http://web4.library.adelaide.edu.au/theses/09SPS/09spsg928.pdf.

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Cubberley, Rebecca Sue. "Evaluating the Reliability and Validity of the Muscle Dysmorphia Inventory." TopSCHOLAR®, 2009. http://digitalcommons.wku.edu/theses/121.

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Maida, Denise Martello. "The classification of muscle dysmorphia." View full text, 2003.

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Menees, Lauren M. "Examining the Relationship between Criticism and Muscle Dysmorphia Symptomotology in Collegiate Men." TopSCHOLAR®, 2010. http://digitalcommons.wku.edu/theses/179.

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The goal of the current study was to examine the relationship between critical comments that men can recall others making about their bodies and their current level of Muscle Dysmorphia (MD) symptomotology. Participants (N = 118) were recruited via study board from a mid-Western university with a population of 20,674 students. The hypothesis of the current study was that men who can recall critical comments about their bodies will report more MD symptomotology than those who remembered no such comments. In addition, it was expected that out of those who recall critical comments, the more severe or threatening they remember the comment being, the more MD symptomotology they will report. In this study it was also expected that men who associate more negative emotions with the comment will have higher levels of reported MD symptomotology. To evaluate the first hypothesis, an independent samples (-test was used. Results did not support this hypothesis, and no significant differences were found on MD symptoms between participants who recalled comments about their bodies and those who did not recall such comments. These results are not consistent with previous research that was conducted on women with eating disorders which found that female athletes with disordered eating habits were more likely to recall critical comments made about their bodies than women without disordered eating habits. Results supported the second and third hypotheses. Correlational analyses were conducted to determine if there was a relationship between how threatened a participant reported being from the critical comment made about his body and his current level of MD symptomotology. A significant correlation was found. A correlational analysis revealed that there was a significant relationship between associating negative emotions with the critical comment and having higher levels of MD symptomotology. The participants in the study were asked to name who made the comment about their bodies. The most commonly named person was a friend, followed by a coach, and then a girlfriend. Additional tests showed that there was no significant correlation between how long ago the comment occurred and participants' levels of MD symptoms. However, there was a significant relationship between how well a person remembered the comment and his current level of MD symptomotology. Results from this study extend on what is known about MD and the effects of criticism. Although there was no significant relationship between one's ability to recall critical comments made about his body and his current level of MD symptomotology, there was a significant relationship between finding the comment threatening and associating negative emotions with the comment, if one was reported, and one's current level of MD symptomotology. One limitation of the study is that all of the data was gathered via self-report measures. Data may have been affected by poor recall by the participants as well as denial of symptoms. Also, all of the participants attended Western Kentucky University. There was little diversity in regards to age and race.

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Stookey, Emily Sims. "SKIN PICKING IN A COLLEGE POPULATION: CHARACTERISTICS AND COMORBIDITY." MSSTATE, 2008. http://sun.library.msstate.edu/ETD-db/theses/available/etd-06142008-104807/.

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The present study examined the prevalence and characteristics of skin picking in a college population in the southeast. Undergraduates completed a battery of self-report inventories that included the Skin Picking Inventory Abbreviated, Beck Depression Inventory, Beck Anxiety Inventory, Eating Disorders Inventory 2, Padua Inventory, Short Michigan Alcoholism Screening Test, Dissociative Experiences Scale, and a short demographics form. Only 1% of the sample population met the full criteria for pathological skin picking and 6.7% met the subclinical definition. As a result of their skin picking, all participants in the subclinical group reported significant distress or impairment in some area of functioning. Interestingly, the current subclinical sample included more males (60%) than females (40%). Higher levels of anxiety, depression, dissociative experiences, and alcohol abuse were associated with skin picking. The responses to the Skin Picking Inventory Abbreviated were analyzed and characteristics of skin picking are reported.

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Guiot, Stacey L. "Body dysmorphic disorder: insight into the somatoform disorder." Thesis, Boston University, 2012. https://hdl.handle.net/2144/12406.

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Thesis (M.A.)--Boston University PLEASE NOTE: Boston University Libraries did not receive an Authorization To Manage form for this thesis or dissertation. It is therefore not openly accessible, though it may be available by request. If you are the author or principal advisor of this work and would like to request open access for it, please contact us at open-help@bu.edu. Thank you. Body Dysmorphic Disorder, or BDD, is a prevalent disease that affects children, adolescence, and adults. Its onset is usually in late childhood/early adolescence, and the disorder frequently extends for the lifetime ofthe patient. The disorder has been in the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual ofMental Disorders since its third edition as a somatoform disorder. The primary definition of BDD centers around the fact that those suffering from the disorder have a preoccupation with an imagined defect in their physical appearance that is usually not seen from an outsider's perspective. This preoccupation results in impairment in one's social life, education, and employment atmosphere. Through various research projects, it has been discovered that BDD shares many common similarities to other disorders, including obsessive-compulsive, social anxiety, and eating disorders. Like obsessive-compulsive disorder, those with BDD have several types of obsessions and compulsions, such as mirror checking for multiple hours a day to study their defect. This can further lead into the yearning desire to obtain cosmetic surgery. Patients with BDD often suffer from anxiety and depression, which can result in a low educational level, no employment, and trouble being in any sort of relationship. These symptoms tend to be more severe in those with the non-delusional form of BDD versus the delusional form. Research via functional Magnetic Resonance Imaginf and other imaging techniques has shown that those suffering from BDD may have different brain patterns than healthy subjects, especially concerning spatial frequency. Currently there are no FDA-approved medications specifically for the treatment ofBDD, but serotonin-reuptake inhibitors often used to treat depression have shown to be successful in alleviating BDD symptoms. Cognitive behavioral therapy, exposure and response prevention, and interpersonal psychotherapy, are also implemented as alternative treatment options to pharmacological therapy. The fifth edition of the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual ofMental Disorders is expected to be released in 2013 addressing the new information that has resulted from the great amount of research that has been conducted in the past decade and a half.

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O'Grady, April. "A Single Subject Investigation of Behavioral and Cognitive Therapies for Body Dysmorphic Disorder." Fogler Library, University of Maine, 2002. http://www.library.umaine.edu/theses/pdf/OGradyA2002.pdf.

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Jorge, Renata Trajano [UNIFESP]. "Versão brasileira do Body Dysmorphic Disorder Examination." Universidade Federal de São Paulo (UNIFESP), 2006. http://repositorio.unifesp.br/handle/11600/21499.

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Made available in DSpace on 2015-12-06T23:44:43Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 Previous issue date: 2006 Introdução: A busca pela melhoria da imagem corporal é a principal motivação para os pacientes que pretendem se submeter a uma cirurgia plástica, portanto, a avaliação deste aspecto é uma etapa importante e preditora do sucesso do procedimento cirúrgico. Objetivo: Traduzir para o português, adaptar a cultura brasileira, testar a validade de construção e a reprodutibilidade do Body Dysmorphic Disorder Examination (BDDE). Métodos: O questionário foi traduzido e adaptado de acordo com metodologia aceita internacionalmente. Foi realizada tradução e tradução reversa do instrumento, intercaladas de revisões feitas por um comitê multisciplinar. Na fase de adaptação cultural, o BDDE, em sua versão em português, foi aplicado a 30 pacientes do ambulatório de cirurgia plástica. Durante esta fase, as questões que apresentaram mais de 200/0 de não entendimento foram modificadas e novamente aplicadas a mais 30 pacientes. Para avaliação da validade e reprodutibilidade, outros 33 pacientes foram entrevistados em duas ocasiões. Na primeira ocasião, por 2 entrevistadores diferentes e em um período de 7 a 15 dias por apenas um deles. Na primeira ocasião também foram administrados o Body Shape Questionnaire (BSQ) e a Escala de auto-estima Rosenberg UNIFESP¬ EPM. Resultados: Durante a fase de adaptação, 6 questões foram analisadas e modificadas. Na etapa seguinte, foi realizada análise da consistência interna do instrumento e o teste de reprodutibilidade e validade. A consistência interna do instrumento foi de 0,89. O coeficiente de reprodutibilidade inter-observador foi de 0,91 e o intra-observador foi de 0,87. No que diz respeito a validade, pode-se afirmar que os questionários BDDE e Rosenberg apresentaram associação discreta (0,22), ao passo que entre BDDE e BSQ a associação existe foi considerada moderada (0,64). Conclusão: O BDDE foi traduzido e adaptado com sucesso, demonstrando ser válido e reprodutível. Introduction: To perform body image is the main motivation to plastic surgery patients, so, outcome assessments in plastic surgery are a important step in determining results. Objectives: The aim of this study was to translate the Body Dysmorphic Disorder Examination (BDDE) questionnaire into Brazilian Portuguese, and to adapt and validate the questionnaire for Brazilians. Methods: Initially, the BDDE was translated into Portuguese and then back-translated into English. These translations were then discussed by health care workers in order to establish the final Brazilian version. To determine the cultural equivalence, 30 patients from a plastic surgery outpatient clinic were interviewed. Any incomprehensible questions were modified and applied again to a new group of 30 patients from the same clinic. In the second stage, the validity and reliability of the questionnaire for the Brazilian population were assessed. For this, a new group of 30 patients was initially interviewed by two interviewers and subsequently, on a different occasion, by only one of these interviewers. On the first occasion, in addition to the BDDE, the Body Shape Questionnaire (BSQ) and the Rosenberg self-esteem scale UNIFESP-EPM, were also applied. The intraclass correlation coefficient (ICC) was computed to assess the intraobserver and interobserver reliabilities and Pearson´s correlation was computed to assess the construction validity. Results: Six questions were modified during the assessment of cultural equivalence. Cronbach´s alpha was 0.89, and the ICC for interobserver and test-retest reliability was 0.91 and 0.87, respectively. Pearson´s correlation showed a weak correlation between the BDDE and the Rosenberg selfesteem scale (0.23), whereas there was a moderate correlation between the BDDE and the BSQ (0.64). Conclusions: These results indicate that the BDDE was successfully translated and adapted, with good reliability and good construction validity. BV UNIFESP: Teses e dissertações

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Potter, Stacey Renae. "A Cross-Sectional Study of Body Image Attitudes in Male Collegiate Club Athletes." The Ohio State University, 2018. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=osu1524001262403064.

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Knight, Anya K. "Examining Body Dysmorphic Disorder (BDD) and body dysmorphic concerns in a clinical and non-clinical population." Thesis, University of Liverpool, 2013. http://livrepository.liverpool.ac.uk/13093/.

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This thesis examines Body Dysmorphic Disorder (BDD) and body dysmorphic concerns in a clinical and non-clinical sample. The opening section of the thesis provides an outline of the clinical features, prevalence, onset and course of BDD and related concerns. This is followed by a literature review and examination of two related areas of research: (a) the evidence base for cognitive-behavioural psychological interventions for the treatment of BDD, and (b) studies investigating the potential role of internal and external perfectionism, shame and self-discrepancies in relation to the experience of BDD. The remainder of the thesis reports two empirical studies of aspects of BDD and dysmorphic concerns. Study 1 (n=4) reports a clinical evaluation of a cognitive-behavioural group therapy treatment of the disorder, employing both single-case experimental design methodology and analysis of average change pre- to post-therapy and at 6-month follow-up. Data indicated that BDD symptoms along with some problems such as depression and self-esteem responded favourably to treatment while problems like shame did not. Appearance-related and interaction-based social anxiety responded to treatment in two out of four clients. Study 2 (n=547) reports an investigation of the role of internal and external perfectionism, shame and self-discrepancies in relation to BDD. This employed an online survey methodology with a student sample, entailing completion of a number of self-report psychometric assessments. Results showed that external shame was the variable most strongly associated with body dysmorphic concern. Combined with discrepancies between actual and ideal self-concept, these two variables accounted for the greatest proportion of variance observed in dysmorphic concern scores. Outcomes are discussed in terms of the strengths and limitations of the study methodologies, existing literature on CBT and predictors of dysmorphic concern, and the possible need to include additional variables in the treatment of BDD.

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Hallquist, Michael Nelson. "Social and sociocultural factors in body dysmorphic disorder." Diss., Online access via UMI:, 2007.

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12

Brohede, Sabina. "Body Dysmorphic Disorder : Capturing a prevalent but under-recognized disorder." Doctoral thesis, Linköpings universitet, Avdelningen för kliniska vetenskaper, 2017. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:liu:diva-133368.

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Background Individuals with body dysmorphic disorder (BDD) are highly distressed due to defects they perceive in their physical appearance that are not noticeable to others. The condition often leads to impaired functioning in relationships, socialization, and intimacy and a decreased ability to function in work, school, or other daily activities. Although BDD seems to be relatively prevalent, it is under-recognized by people in general and by health care professionals. Individuals with BDD are secretive about their symptoms, and they usually do not recognize that they are suffering from a psychiatric disorder. Instead, in an attempt to relieve their symptoms by correcting their perceived defects, they commonly seek dermatological treatment or cosmetic surgery. However, such interventions usually do not result in any decrease in BDD symptom severity, but can rather aggravate the symptoms. Therefore, it is crucial that health care professionals recognize BDD in order to offer adequate care. Prior to the studies conducted for this thesis, there were no known data regarding the prevalence of BDD in Sweden. Main aims (i) To translate a screening questionnaire for BDD (the Body Dysmorphic Disorder Questionnaire, BDDQ) into Swedish and validate the questionnaire in a community sample. (ii) To estimate the prevalence of BDD in the general population of Swedish women and in female dermatology patients. (iii) To explore BDD patients’ experiences of living with the disorder, including their experiences of the health care system. Methods The BDDQ was validated using the Structured Clinical Interview for DSM-IV (SCID) as the gold standard for diagnosing BDD (Study I). The validated BDDQ was used to estimate the prevalence of BDD in a randomly selected population-based sample of Swedish women (n=2 885) (Study II) and in a consecutive sample of female dermatology patients (n=425) (Study III). In Studies II and III, the Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale was used to assess symptoms of depression and anxiety. In Study III, quality of life was evaluated by the Dermatology Life Quality Index. BDD patients’ lived experiences were explored using a qualitative research design (Study IV). Fifteen individuals with BDD were interviewed, and the interviews were analysed using Interpretive Description. Results The Swedish translation of the BDDQ displayed a sensitivity of 94%, a specidicity of 90% and a (positive) likelihood ratio of 9.4. The prevalence of women screening positive for BDD was 2.1% (95% CI 1.7–2.7) in the population-based sample of women and 4.9% (95% CI 3.2–7.4) in the dermatology patients’ sample. The positive predictive value of the BDDQ (71%) gave an estimated BDD prevalence of 1.5% (95% CI 1.1–2.0) in the female Swedish population. Women screening positive for BDD had signidicantly more symptoms of anxiety and depression compared to those screening negative for BDD in both samples. In the dermatology patients, quality of life was severely impaired in patients with positive BDD screening. The overarching concept found in Study IV was that patients with BDD felt imprisoned and were struggling to become free and to no longer feel abnormal. The participants had encountered difdiculties in accessing health care and had disappointing experiences of the health care system. Conclusion The findings of this thesis indicate that BDD is a relatively common disorder in the Swedish female population, and that it is more prevalent in dermatology patients. BDD patients struggle to be free from a feeling of imprisonment, and in this struggle they encounter difficulties in accessing health care. Therefore, it is important to increase awareness and recognition of BDD among health care professionals to ensure that patients with BDD receive the appropriate care.

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Lambrou, Christina. "The role of aesthetic sensitivity in body dysmorphic disorder." Thesis, King's College London (University of London), 2006. https://kclpure.kcl.ac.uk/portal/en/theses/the-role-of-aesthetic-sensitivity-in-body-dysmorphic-disorder(553a51a5-4888-4183-8985-8735570fee2a).html.

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Holland, A. "Preoccupation in body dysmorphic disorder : cognitive processes and metacognition." Thesis, University College London (University of London), 2005. http://discovery.ucl.ac.uk/1444788/.

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The literature review comprises discussion of 4 principal domains. First, literature pertaining to diagnostic criteria, clinical features, historical context, prevalence, co-morbidity, aetiology and intervention for BDD is reviewed. Second, research on cognitive processes and metacognition (beliefs about experiencing particular thoughts and mental strategies employed to control particular thoughts) in other disorders is discussed, followed by critical appraisal of the minimal existing research on thought content and metacognition in BDD. Possible lines of future research are suggested. The empirical paper describes the aim of the current study, namely exploring preoccupation in BDD, by investigating the content of thoughts about appearance and metacognition in people with BDD and people with 'normal concerns' regarding appearance. A structured interview and questionnaires were employed to investigate these aspects of preoccupation in BDD, followed by quantitative analyses and coding of descriptive data. The content of the thoughts was found to be similar in the 2 groups, but participants with BDD were found to endorse negative metacognitive beliefs significantly more strongly, to employ thought control strategies involving punishment significantly more frequently and to report significantly lower effectiveness of the 2 most frequently employed strategies. These findings are related to existing literature, and clinical and theoretical implications and limitations are discussed. The critical appraisal expands upon the discussion of these findings, exploring strengths and weaknesses and professional, theoretical and clinical implications further. Future directions for research in this area are proposed and both the researcher's expectations and the research process are reflected upon.

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Pratt, Michelle. "Interoceptive awareness and self-objectification in body dysmorphic disorder." Thesis, Royal Holloway, University of London, 2014. http://digirep.rhul.ac.uk/items/adb95fcc-1ddc-14ff-642c-a8e250a6a127/1/.

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The cognitive model of BDD (Veale, 2004) proposes high levels of self-objectification (viewing and treating oneself as an object) as an important maintaining factor; however, to date this construct has not been empirically measured in this population. In addition, recent models of the self (Damasio, 2010) point towards the central role of interoceptive awareness (IA; the ability to identify bodily signals) in developing a sense of self. Low levels of IA have been associated to body dissatisfaction, eating disorders and depression. The aim of this study was to investigate the role of self-objectification and interoceptive awareness in patients with BDD. Three groups of participants with BDD (n=14), anxiety (n=23), and non-clinical participants (n=23) completed a heartbeat detection task to measure levels of IA under two conditions: blank screen and while facing a mirror in order to also explore the impact of self-focus attention on IA. Levels of self-objectification and self-focussed attention were measured through self-report questionnaires. Statistical comparisons between groups indicated significantly lower levels of IA in the BDD group at blank screen only when compared to the non-clinical group. In the mirror condition the BDD group had significantly lower IA scores than both control groups. Furthermore, the BDD group reported significantly higher self-objectification than the non-clinical group, and there was a trend towards the group scoring at a higher level than the anxiety group. Across groups there was no significant relationship between levels of IA in either condition, and self-reported levels of self-objectification or self-focussed attention. The results support the role of self-objectification in BDD and points towards the potential contribution of somatoperception. The theoretical and clinical implications of these findings, the limitations of the methodology employed, and suggestions for future research are discussed.

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Monzani, Benny. "Heritability and visual information processing in Body Dysmorphic Disorder." Thesis, King's College London (University of London), 2013. https://kclpure.kcl.ac.uk/portal/en/theses/heritability-and-visual-information-processing-in-body-dysmorphic-disorder(afa1e779-4658-4ff3-af46-ce4a18eaf4f8).html.

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Body Dysmorphic Disorder (BDD) is a mental disorder characterised by an excessive preoccupation with a perceived defect in physical appearance, associated with significant distress and/or functional impairment as well as markedly high suicide rates. Its aetiology remains largely unknown, though believed to be related to a complex interplay of genetic, neurobiological, psychological and socio-‐cultural factors. Despite the alarmingly high suicide rates and the severity of this illness, BDD is widely under-diagnosed and under-investigated compared to other psychiatric conditions. The distinct studies included in this PhD will address some core questions about the heritability of BDD and its etiological relation to Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder (OCD) and Related Disorders (OCRDs); the current thesis also aims to investigate holistic visual processing in BDD. Specifically, using twin modelling methods, Studies 1 to 4 aimed to examine the heritability of BDD symptoms and skin picking behaviours in a large twin sample and to estimate the extent to which BDD shares genetic and environmental risk factors with other OCRDs (i.e. OCD, Hoarding Disorder, Trichotillomania and Skin Picking Disorder). Clinical observations, neuropsychological and neuroimaging studies suggest a tendency of BDD patients to selectively attend to details and excessively focus on minor flaws in physical appearance. Hence, the aim of Study 5 was to investigate the integrity of holistic visual processes in 25 BDD, compared to 25 healthy controls, using the inversion, composite, and navon tasks. The results of Studies 1 to 4 showed that BDD and OCRDs symptoms are moderately heritable traits, sharing a complex genetic architecture. Study 5 provided converging evidence from three experimental paradigms to suggest intact global visual processing in BDD. The findings have important implications for guiding genetic research and the study of environmental risk factors for BDD and OCRDs as well as for encouraging further examination of visual processing in BDD.

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Suire, Karine. "Body dysmorphic disorder ou peur d'une dysmorphie corporelle : étude exploratoire dans une population de sujets consultant pour une intervention de chirurgie esthétique." Bordeaux 2, 1998. http://www.theses.fr/1998BOR23083.

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Weisenbeck, Laura. "Body dysmorphic disorder and its suicidal implications pertaining to adolescents." Menomonie, WI : University of Wisconsin--Stout, 2007. http://www.uwstout.edu/lib/thesis/2007/2007weisenbeckl.pdf.

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Smook, Levina Johanna Lelanie. "Living with Body Dysmorphic Disorder or Obsessive Compulsive Disorder : an IPA study." Thesis, University of Wolverhampton, 2014. http://hdl.handle.net/2436/332347.

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Body Dysmorphic Disorder (BDD) and Obsessive Compulsive Disorder (OCD) share many similarities such as the presence of obsessions and compulsions, a similar age of onset and also similar activation of underlying structures within the brain related to obsessions and compulsion formation. The recently published DSM-V (Diagnostic and Statistical Manual for Mental Disorders; American Psychiatric Association, 2013) has grouped the two conditions together in a chapter entitled Obsessive Compulsive -and related disorders, recognising the similarities in presentation. This appeared to echo the classification within the NICE guidelines for OCD and BDD (National Institute for Health and Care Excellence, 2006) where the two conditions were grouped together on the presence of obsessions and compulsions, neurological evidence pointing to the activation of brain areas responsible for obsessive thoughts and compulsive acts alongside strong familial links. Both OCD and BDD were understood (from both sets of guidelines) to respond well to the use of Selective Serotonin Re-uptake Inhibitors and the treatment use of Cognitive Behavioural Therapy. This qualitative research study focuses on the gap in existing literature by studying the lived experience of individuals living with obsessions and compulsions. Much focus has historically remained on understanding the clinical symptomology and underlying constructs as related to living with obsessions and compulsions, through the use of questionnaires or brain imaging. With recent changes in the DSM-V (Statistical Manual for mental Disorders; American Psychiatric Association, 2013) recognising OCD and BDD as part of the same family of conditions, it appeared timely to focus on the individuals living with OCD or BDD and their sense and meaning making as informed by their experiences of obsessions and compulsions.

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Knecht, Jean C. "The prevalence of body dysmorphic disorder in female collegiate athletes." Morgantown, W. Va. : [West Virginia University Libraries], 2007. https://eidr.wvu.edu/etd/documentdata.eTD?documentid=5109.

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Turner, Mark. "Self-focused attention and appearance-related comparisons in body dysmorphic disorder." Thesis, King's College London (University of London), 2012. https://kclpure.kcl.ac.uk/portal/en/theses/selffocused-attention-and-appearancerelated-comparisons-in-body-dysmorphic-disorder(e3a2d423-73e2-4878-84e9-a5ac58ef9dd6).html.

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Background: Self-focused attention (S-FA), appearance-related comparisons (ARCs) and self-serving appearance-related biases are relevant to cognitive-behavioural models of, and therefore distress maintenance in, BDD despite them being underresearched. To the author’s knowledge, there are no previous published investigations looking at the nature and specificity of A-RCs, beliefs held about the functions of A-RCs, or experiments investigating self-serving A-RCs biases in people with BDD relative to healthy controls. It was also felt that a more fine grained investigation of self-esteem looking at self-competence and self-liking in people with BDD was warranted. Hypotheses: Hypothesis 1 explored the nature (frequency, direction (attractiveness of A-RCs targets) and automaticity) of A-RCs. More frequent, generally more upwards (to more attractive others) and more automatic A-RCs were hypothesised in people with BDD relative to healthy controls. Hypothesis 2 explored the specificity of A-RCs in people with BDD relative to healthy controls. It was hypothesised that the more frequent A-RCs would not be attributable to more general constructs related to comparing. Beliefs about the functions of A-RCs in people with BDD relative to healthy controls were also explored. Hypothesis 3 investigated a self-serving A-RCs bias, hypothesising that healthy controls, but not people with BDD, would hold this sort of bias contingent on S-FA. Hypothesis 4 investigated self-esteem, hypothesising that self-liking would be disproportionately lower than selfcompetence in people with BDD relative to healthy controls. Method: 23 people with BDD (10 females, 13 males) and 20 healthy controls (10 females, 10 males) matched approximately on age and sex were recruited while using rigorous screening criteria. Hypotheses 1 and 2 used standardised and newly devised questionnaires to explore A-RCs in people with BDD relative to healthy controls. Hypothesis 3 was tested (BDD, n=22; healthy controls, n= 20) using a novel mixed experimental design to investigate the self-serving A-RCs bias, which included employing a manipulation of implicit S-FA as a repeated-measures variable. Hypothesis 4 used the well-established Rosenberg Self-Esteem Scale, divided into self-competence and self-liking, to look at the extent of between group differences. Results: Hypothesis 1 was fully supported. A-RCs were significantly more frequent, generally more upwards, and more automatic in people with BDD relative to healthy controls. Hypothesis 2 was also fully supported. The significantly higher frequency of A-RCs in people with BDD, relative to healthy controls, could not be attributed to general social comparison orientation, upwards social comparison orientation, or self-esteem. People with BDD also held significantly stronger agreement with beliefs about A-RCs as serving functions of self-evaluation, self-loathing (a way to confirm beliefs about physical unattractiveness) and social threat management relative to healthy controls. Hypothesis 3 was not supported, with no A-RCs bias, contingent on S-FA, being found in healthy controls or people with BDD. Hypothesis 4 was also not supported with both self-competence and self-liking being found to be significantly and equally lower in people with BDD relative to healthy controls. Discussion: The author discusses results with particular reference to the theory of social comparison processes as well as literature on clinical anxiety and cognitive behavioural models of BDD. The discussed limitations of the present investigation include the absence of a clinical control group, not matching groups on objective attractiveness, and the study’s ecological validity. Clinical implications cover suggested guidance for addressing A-RCs in cognitive-behavioural therapy and with mindfulness. More comprehensive investigations of A-RCs biases in people with BDD are covered as future directions for research.

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Morgan-Sowada, Heather Marie. "Relationships and attachment in individuals with body dysmorphic disorder: a qualitative study." Diss., University of Iowa, 2018. https://ir.uiowa.edu/etd/6222.

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Body Dysmorphic Disorder (BDD) is a debilitating condition affecting more than two percent of the general population. Typical age of onset is between 12 to 13 years of age with two thirds of individuals with BDD experiencing symptom onset before age 18, when children and adolescents typically still live in the familial home. Despite the highly debilitating nature of the disorder, the alarming rates of suicide and suicidal ideation among individuals diagnosed with BDD, and the relational problems that exist for people with BDD, there is virtually no research evaluating how relationships and attachment plays a role in the development, maintenance, or remission of this disorder. This study fills a gap in the literature regarding the lived relationship experiences of individuals diagnosed with BDD. Eight participants who struggle with BDD were interviewed. A phenomenological approach was used to capture the experiences of participants. As a result, six essential themes and 17 thematic elements emerged from the data: (1) Abject Nature of BDD, (2) BDD’s Negative Impact on Relationships, (3) Childhood Maltreatment and BDD, (4) Systemic Nature of BDD, (5) Relationships as Motivation for Working Toward Recovery, and (6) Strengths and Weaknesses in Mental Health Services for BDD. The construction of three relational cycles emerged as well from the data: Fear of Infidelity/Abandonment Cycle, Shame, Guilt and Isolation Cycle, and Impact of Positive Partnerships on BDD Cycle. One theoretical model was developed: BDD as a Distraction from Relational Pain Model. Suggestions for clinical implications of these Cycles and Model, and future research implications are also provided.

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Malcolm, Amy Celeste. "Psychology, neurocognition, and neurobiology in body dysmorphic disorder: similarities and differences with obsessive-compulsive disorder." Phd thesis, Australian Catholic University, 2020. https://acuresearchbank.acu.edu.au/download/2851330d9854ca7cf936902964e615dc277d923aba9e4e24c241ab9b58df35c3/4609992/Malcolm_2020_Psychology_Neurocognition_Neurobiology_Body_Dysmorphic_Disorder.pdf.

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The aims of this thesis were to advance current knowledge of body dysmorphic disorder (BDD), and contribute to an improved understanding of overlaps and differences between BDD and obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD). Four research studies were undertaken in pursuit of these aims. In the first study, a systematic literature review of existing research which had directly compared BDD and OCD groups was performed, to delineate similarities and differences between the disorders. The results demonstrated similarities between BDD and OCD in broad clinical features, elevated perfectionism, and fear of negative evaluation; yet BDD differed from OCD in demonstrating poorer illness insight, visual processing alterations, impaired facial affect recognition, and increased social anxiety. However, the review highlighted a paucity of research in psychological phenomenology, general neurocognition, and neurobiology in BDD as compared to OCD. Further exploration of these areas through narrative literature reviews led to the development of three subsequent research studies. Studies 2, 3 and 4 each involved direct comparison of individuals with BDD (with no history of OCD), individuals with OCD (with no history of BDD), and healthy controls. Study 2 investigated self-referential psychological constructs of identity functioning, self-ambivalence, internalised shame and self-esteem among these groups. While both BDD and OCD participants demonstrated significantly greater identity difficulties and self-ambivalence as compared to controls, BDD participants also displayed greater internalised shame and poorer self-esteem than both OCD and controls. These data suggest that internalised shame and poor self-esteem might be important distinguishing features of BDD from OCD. Study 3 compared neurocognitive functioning among the three groups using a comprehensive cognitive battery, and additionally explored for the possibility of neurocognitive heterogeneity within BDD and OCD using cluster analysis. While initial comparisons found no significant between-group differences for neurocognitive performance, cluster analysis identified three distinct subgroups within BDD and OCD. These subgroups were characterised by intact neurocognition (41%), under-performance within normative range (30.8%), or impaired performance on multiple cognitive domains (28.2%). An equal presence of BDD and OCD participants within each subgroup further suggested that the disorders share highly similar neurocognitive profiles, both at a group-average level, and in neurocognitive subgroups. Finally, Study 4 examined the resting-state functional connectivity of intrinsic brain networks, using independent components analysis of functional-magnetic resonance imaging data. BDD and OCD were found to show similar connectivity alterations in two networks typically involved in higher-order neurocognition (central executive and right fronto-parietal networks). However, BDD significantly differed from OCD in the connectivity of a sensorimotor and an auditory network. Further differences between BDD and control participants were identified in the default mode, posterior visual, sensorimotor, and cerebellar networks, the pattern of which indicated a profile of altered somatic and internally-focused bodily processing in BDD relative to controls. Overall, the results of this thesis add novel information to current understanding of BDD, and to knowledge of overlaps and differences between BDD and OCD. These findings have implications for future research and current theoretical models of BDD in psychological, neurocognitive and neurobiological domains. Moreover, the thesis findings carry implications for nosological conceptualisations of BDD, as well as suggestions for improved clinical understanding and treatment of the disorder.

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Espenes, Kristin. "Metakognitiv terapi (MCT) for Body Dysmorphic Disorder (BDD) : En kasusserie av fire pasienter." Thesis, Norges teknisk-naturvitenskapelige universitet, Psykologisk institutt, 2013. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:no:ntnu:diva-25190.

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Hensikten med denne kasusstudien var å undersøke hvorvidt metakognitiv terapi (MCT) ville ha en effekt på symptomer for Body Dysmorphic Disorder (BDD). BDD defineres som en overopptatthet av en innbilt eller reell fysisk defekt, som studier viser kan ramme opp mot 2.4% av populasjonen og gir signifikante begrensinger på pasientens livskvalitet. Utvalget bestod av fire pasienter fra Spesialpost 4 for Tvangslidelser ved Østmarka, St. Olavs Hospital, som gjennomgikk et tre-ukers behandlingsprogram med døgnopphold. Som utfallsmål ble det benyttet Yale- Brown Obsessive Compulsive Scale Modified for Body Dysmorphic Disorder (BDD-YBOCS), Thought-Fusion Inventory (TFI) og Metacognitions Questionnaire-30 (MCQ-30) i tillegg til Beck Depression Inventory (BDI) og Beck Anxiety Inventory (BAI). Det ble i etterkant av oppholdet gjennomført et oppfølgningsintervju med hver pasient for fordypende kvalitative data. Resultatene viser til en signifikant reduksjon for samtlige pasienter på utfallsmålene, hvorav ingen pasienter ved post-måling tilfredsstilte de diagnostiske kravene til BDD. Data fra oppfølgningsintervjuet bekrefter opplevelsen av en sterk symptombedring for alle pasientene. Til tross for metodiske svakheter gir kasusstudien empirisk støtte til en forståelsesmodell hvor metakognisjoner har en sentral rolle i BDD. Studien indikerer at MCT kan være en effektiv og relevant behandlingsmetode for denne utfordrende pasientgruppen, samt understøtter et behov for en randomisert kontrollert studie for videre forskning.

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Johansson, Hanna, and Anna Kennerland. "Monstret i min spegel : upplevelser av lidande hos personer med body dysmorphic disorder." Thesis, Sophiahemmet Högskola, 2019. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:shh:diva-3240.

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Bakgrund Body dysmorphic disorder [BDD] är en psykiatrisk sjukdom med en prevalens på omkring två procent. Personer med BDD har en negativ kroppsuppfattning och är överdrivet upptagna av något i sitt utseende som upplevs som deformerat eller fult. Diagnos BDD ställs utifrån diagnosmanualen DSM-V och enligt kriterierna skall den negativa kroppsuppfattningen framkalla kliniskt signifikant lidande eller funktionsnedsättning i det dagliga livet. Studier visar att kunskaperna om sjukdomen är bristfälliga och att personer med BDD ofta inte vet vart de ska vända sig för att få hjälp. Syfte Att beskriva upplevelser av lidande hos personer som lever med body dysmorphic disorder. Metod För att besvara studiens syfte tillämpades en allmän litteraturöversikt. 15 vetenskapliga artiklar med relevans för valt ämne selekterades ut efter systematisk sökning, granskning och analysering av artiklar i databaserna CINAHL, PsycINFO och PubMed. Resultat Resultatet presenteras under rubrikerna Självbilden, skammen & copingstrategier, upplevelser av fångenskap och kampen för att få hjälp Slutsats Personer med BDD upplevde ett känslomässigt sjukdomslidande kopplat till negativ kroppsuppfattning, skam och avsky för det egna utseendet. Tvångsmässiga och utseende-relaterade beteenden kunde skapa ytterligare lidande då de tog upp stora delar av vardagen och orsakade hinder till ett fungerande liv. Till följd av detta hade personerna ofta depressiva symtom och upplevde ett livslidande över sin situation. Livet beskrevs som en konstant kamp med suicidtankar och känslor av hopplöshet. Då personerna kände att de inte blev tagna på allvar och inte fick anpassad vård uppstod även ett vårdlidande.

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Braud, Caroline. "Body dysmorphic disorder : étude de prévalence dans une population de consultants en dermatologie." Bordeaux 2, 2001. http://www.theses.fr/2001BOR23013.

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Ersson, Sofia, and Rebecca Holvik. "Body Dysmorphic Disorder: Differences in Age and Compulsive Online Behavior in a Swedish Sample." Thesis, Örebro universitet, Institutionen för juridik, psykologi och socialt arbete, 2020. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:oru:diva-88813.

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Compulsive repetitive behaviors and mental acts due to concerns about your appearance, are symptoms of body dysmorphic disorder (BDD). Previous research suggests that the compulsive behaviors found in people with BDD occur in online and offline settings (e.g., extensive editing of selfies intended for publication online and excessive mirror gazing offline). Also, previous research shows that BDD and social media use vary with age. Therefore, the current study aimed to examine age as a moderator in the relationship between compulsive behaviors online and the risk behaviors of BDD offline, through a cross-sectional design. The inclusion criteria for the study were being a minimum of 16 years old, a Swedish citizen and a user of social media. The data were collected through a survey, consisting of questions intended to screen for compulsive behaviors online in relation to appearance concerns, risk behaviors of BDD offline and the prevalence of BDD. The results showed that younger participants engaged in more compulsive behaviors online and risk behaviors of BDD. The group in high risk of BDD also engaged more in both behaviors, than participants in low risk of BDD. In addition, the results showed that age did act as a moderator in the relationship between compulsive behaviors online and risk behaviors of BDD. Age showed to especially affect the relationship between the number of compulsive behaviors online and risk behaviors of BDD in older participants. Tvångsmässiga repetitiva beteenden och mentala handlingar som beror på oro kring sitt utseende, är symptom av dysmorfobi (BDD). Tidigare forskning visar att tvångsmässiga beteenden sker både online och offline (tex., överdriven redigering av selfies i syfte att publicera dem online och att spegla sig överdrivet mycket offline). Tidigare forskning visar även att BDD och sociala medier-användning varierar med ålder. Genom en tvärsnittsdesign ämnade därför denna studie att undersöka om ålder modererar relationen mellan tvångsmässigt beteende online och riskbeteende för BDD. Datainsamlingen bestod av ett frågeformulär med frågor kring tvångsmässigt beteende online i relation till oro kring utseendet, riskbeteende för BDD samt prevalensen av BDD. Inklusionskriterierna för att delta i studien var att vara minst 16 år gammal, svensk medborgare samt användare av sociala medier. Resultaten visade att de yngre deltagarna i studien utför både fler tvångsmässiga beteenden online samt fler riskbeteenden offline än de äldre deltagarna. Den grupp som ansågs ha hög risk för BDD utförde även båda beteendena mer än de deltagarna med låg risk för BDD. Resultaten visade vidare att ålder var en moderator i relationen mellan tvångsmässiga beteenden online och riskbeteenden för BDD. Mer specifikt hade en äldre ålder störst effekt på relationen mellan beteendena online och offline.

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Archer, Michael A. "Factors Influencing the Development of Potential Body Dysmorphic Disorder in Adult Males: A Phenomenological Inquiry." Antioch University / OhioLINK, 2007. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=antioch1265913150.

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Archangelo, Silvania de Cassia Vieira [UNIFESP]. "Female Sexual Function Index, Inventário de Depressão de Beck, Body Dysmorphic Disorder após reconstrução mamária ." Universidade Federal de São Paulo (UNIFESP), 2010. http://repositorio.unifesp.br/handle/11600/9649.

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Made available in DSpace on 2015-07-22T20:50:15Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 Previous issue date: 2010-08-25 Introdução: O câncer de mama é o segundo mais frequente no mundo, o mais prevalente nas mulheres e o que mais causa mortes. Seu tratamento evoluiu nas últimas décadas, embora tenha impacto negativo sobre a qualidade de vida global e de aspectos específicos da qualidade de vida, como função sexual, depressão e imagem corporal, que podem ser minimizados por um procedimento de reconstrução da mama retirada cirurgicamente. Objetivo: Avaliar a função sexual, depressão e imagem corporal após reconstrução mamária. Métodos: Para avaliar a função sexual, foi utilizado o questionário específico de função sexual, o The Female Sexual Function Index (FSFI), aplicado a 90 mulheres divididas em três grupos: controle (n=30), mastectomia (n=30) e reconstrução mamária (n=30). Utilizou-se ainda o Inventário de Depressão de Beck (BDI) e o Body Dysmorphic Disorder Examination (BDDE), para avaliar depressão e imagem corporal, respectivamente. Resultados: Foi observada diferença significante entre os grupos quanto aos escores medianos do FSFI (p= 0, 007), quanto aos escores do BDI (p= 0,02) e do BDDE (p= 0,01). No grupo de pacientes mastectomizadas, observou-se diminuição da função sexual com a idade, ausência de parceiro fixo e escolaridade alta. As pacientes jovens deste grupo também apresentaram escores significativamente mais elevados do BDI e BDDE, significando mais sintomas depressivos e pior imagem corporal, respectivamente. Conclusão: A função sexual e imagem corporal foram melhores no grupo de pacientes submetidas à reconstrução mamária. Neste grupo observaram-se menos sintomas depressivos. Introduction: Breast cancer is the second most frequent one worldwide, the most prevalent one among women and the one that most causes death. Its treatment has improved in the last decades although it still presents an impact over global life quality and its specific aspects as depression and body image, which can be minimized through a reconstructing procedure of the breast that surgically removed. Goal: To evaluate sexual function, depression and body image after breast reconstruction. Methods: In order to evaluate the sexual function, it was applied a sexual function specific questionnaire, The Female Sexual Function Index (FSFI), which was used to 90 women divided into three groups: control ( n=30), mastectomy (n=30) and breast reconstruction (n=30). It was also applied the Beck Depression Inventory (BDI) and the Body Dysmorphic Disorder Examination (BDDE) in order to evaluate depression and body image, respectively. Results: It was observed a significant difference among the groups regarding the average scores of FSFI (p=0,007), the scores of BDI (p=0, 02) and the BDDE (p=0, 01). It was observed a correlation of sexual function decreasing with age, no steady relationship and high scholar formation. Young patients in the mastectomy group also presented significantly higher scores of BDI and BDDE, what means more depressive symptoms and worst body image, respectively. Conclusion: Sexual function and body image were better in the group of patients who underwent breast reconstruction which allowed observing fewer depressive symptoms. TEDE BV UNIFESP: Teses e dissertações

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Boroughs, Michael Scott. "Body Depilation among Women and Men: The Association of Body Hair Reduction or Removal with Body Satisfaction, Appearance Comparison, Body Image Disturbance, and Body Dysmorphic Disorder Symptomatology." Scholar Commons, 2012. http://scholarcommons.usf.edu/etd/3985.

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Body depilation, or the reduction or removal of body hair, is a relatively new area of research inquiry. Although women in many industrialized cultures have engaged in depilation for several decades, this behavior has been documented only recently among men. Though originally thought to be widely practiced by women and only a small proportion of men, including athletes or bodybuilders, recent studies suggest that more men engage in body depilation than previously hypothesized. In fact, one recent study estimated the prevalence of men's body depilation at 83.7% which suggests that men are depilating at rates similar to women. Nevertheless sparse literature exists on the topic of depilation and its relationship to the overall body image of women and men, factors that predict depilation, and how the appearance of body hair may be related to body satisfaction, body image disturbance, and symptoms consistent with the clinical disorder known as Body Dysmorphic Disorder (BDD). Clinical issues thought to be associated with body depilation include physical injuries that put men and women at risk for infection as well as psychological risks including BDD. The goals of this research project were to: (a) further explore the depilation practices of both genders, (b) develop and evaluate three scales directly related to body depilation research, (c) identify predictors of depilation among both genders; (d) examine the correlates of depilation, (e) apply and further test theoretical models to explain depilation among both genders, and (e) examine demographic differences in body image disturbance and BDD while controlling for natural body hair growth. In support of the hypotheses, results indicated that men have greater levels of body hair growth at 12 discretely measured body sites compared to women, and that overall, body depilation prevalence is high (90.8%) among the individuals sampled. Depilation prevalence for women was 98.5% while 80.9% for men. Men were more likely to report depilation in the past, having ceased the behavior to allow natural hair growth to resume. Men were also significantly more likely to engage in hair reduction behaviors, e.g., trimming, rather than removing hair all together compared to women. Women reported a significantly greater frequency of injuries as a result of depilation, while men reported greater dissatisfaction with higher levels of chest or back hair growth. Instruments were developed and evaluated to measure depilation appearance comparison, depilation social norms, and body hair growth. In terms of predictors of depilation, appearance comparison was a predictor for both genders, while the drive for muscularity was a unique predictor for men. Theoretical paradigms associated with depilation included Social Comparison Theory, and in part, a belief that depilation is socially normative. Results also provided partial support for hypotheses related to gender, racial/ethnic, and sexual orientation differences in body image disturbance and BDD symptomatology. Overall, the results of this study provide support for the notion that body depilation is a key appearance and body image concern for both genders, though more so for men, but also suggest that more research is needed in order to better understand the role of the appearance of hair on the human body.

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Mayville, Stephen B. "The prevalence of body dysmorphic symptoms among an ethnically diverse sample of high school students." Scholarly Commons, 1998. https://scholarlycommons.pacific.edu/uop_etds/2329.

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Although a prevalence estimate of body dysmorphic disorder has been conducted with a college population, no research concerning the scope or dimensionality of the disorder had been conducted with an ethnically diverse sample of high school students. Consequently, the goals of this study were.to: (a) create a diagnostic questionnaire for body dysmorphic disorder that is both reliable and valid, and (b) utilize the questionnaire to assess the prevalence of body dysmorphic disorder and body image dissatisfaction in groups of Caucasian, African American, Asian, and Hispanic high school students. Differences in scores between ethnic groups indicated that African Americans hold an overall body image that is more positive that any other ethnic group. In addition, females demonstrated significantly higher scores than males on the Body Image Rating Scale (females were less satisfied with their physical appearance) .

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Crandall, Sharp Amanda. "The Relationship Between Body Dissatisfaction and Cosmetic Enhancement Surgery." ScholarWorks, 2018. https://scholarworks.waldenu.edu/dissertations/5455.

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Previous research has indicated an increasing trend toward elective cosmetic surgery to achieve a perceived ideal body image and meet psychological and social needs. However, there remains a gap in the literature regarding the number of procedures performed on a single patient, and the potential that patients may suffer from body dysmorphic disorder (BDD). Therefore, the purpose of this quantitative study was to examine the relationship between the number of cosmetic surgeries undergone, level of body dissatisfaction, level of dysmorphic concern, and preoccupation with appearance. Participants included 75 females and 55 males, ranging in age from 18 to 64 years. The majority of participants identified as Caucasian and resided in the United States. Most participants reported having two or three cosmetic surgeries. A multiple regression analysis was run to predict whether dysmorphic concern, body image concern, and/or BDD symptomology predict the number of cosmetic procedures undergone. The first significant finding was that body dissatisfaction, level of dysmorphic concern, and likelihood of BDD predict the number of cosmetic surgeries an individual chooses to undergo. The second significant finding was that the level of body image satisfaction-dissatisfaction as measured by the Body Image Ideal Questionnaire does predict the number of cosmetic procedures undergone. The results from this study provide support for the prerequisite of a psychological screening for cosmetic surgery and thus may contribute to positive social change for the cosmetic surgery community and its patients. Successful implementation of such a screening tool would contribute to social change, particularly for those candidates with diagnosed or undiagnosed mental health concerns.

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Osman, Selen. "An investigation into the nature and meaning of spontaneously occurring images in people with body dysmorphic disorder." Thesis, Open University, 2002. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.252377.

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Reynolds, Katharine J. "Examining the Relationship between Body Work and Muscle Dysmorphia Symptoms." TopSCHOLAR®, 2010. http://digitalcommons.wku.edu/theses/184.

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The purpose of this study was to investigate whether men with a large amount of Muscle Dysmorphia symptoms had a more favorable outlook and opinion of body work. Participants in the current study were a convenience sample of men recruited from undergraduate classes at Western Kentucky University and the community of Bowling Green Kentucky and Somerset Kentucky. A total of 215 men completed the study. Participants completed the Muscle Dysmorphia Inventory (MDI) and the Attitude-Behavior Questionnaire (ABQ). Results indicate scores on the MDI were significant predictors of scores on the ABQ. This suggests that men with a high number of Muscle Dysmorphia symptoms have a more favorable outlook and opinion of body work.

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Diehl, Beau J. "Examining Biopsychosocial Factors in the Drive for Muscularity and Muscle Dysmorphia Among Personal Trainers." ScholarWorks, 2015. https://scholarworks.waldenu.edu/dissertations/1564.

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This cross-sectional quantitative study was conducted to assess the presence of muscle dysmorphia (MD) and a drive for muscularity (DFM) in 1,039 personal trainers using the Muscle Dysmorphia Inventory (MDI) and the Drive for Muscularity Scale (DMS). Muscle dysmorphia is considered a subtype of body dysmorphic disorder that can be exacerbated by an intense DFM, which may in turn lead to negative psychobehavioral outcomes. Because personal trainers are an unresearched population with regard to these 2 constructs, a multidisciplinary framework was used to ground the present research study. Independent variables were structured using a biopsychosocial foundation where the biological dimension was operationalized through the Body Comparison Scale, the psychological dimension through the Symptom Checklist-90-Revised, and the social dimension through the Sociocultural Attitudes Towards Appearance Questionnaire-4. Kendall's tau-b revealed that general appearance concerns, muscle concerns, and somatic features were positively related to both MD and a DFM. A DFM and MD were significantly, positively correlated with internalization of thin ideals, muscular/athletic ideals, family and peer pressures, but not media pressures. All psychological variables were significantly, positively related to MD and a DFM. The DMS was able to significantly predict scores on the MDI using hierarchal multiple regression. Trainers who displayed MD and DFM symptoms did so with little disparity between the sexes. Trainers are in a unique position of instruction as well as guidance, and therefore a better understanding of how MD presents in this specific fitness arena may impact not only personal trainers, but also their clients through increased body image disturbance awareness as well as provide a new population of interest for future MD research.

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Roberts, Carly L. "Body Dysmorphic Disorder in Adolescents: A New Multidimensional Measure and Associations with Social Risk, Mindfulness, and Self-Compassion." Thesis, Griffith University, 2019. http://hdl.handle.net/10072/387965.

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Body dysmorphic disorder (BDD) is not uncommon, frequently onsets in early to late adolescence (from age 12 to 16 years), and is associated with severe impairments. Despite its prevalence and impact, current evidence suggests that BDD frequently goes undiagnosed. Building upon the existing theory and research, and recent changes to the diagnostic description and classification of BDD, the primary purpose of the current studies was to develop a new measure to assess BDD symptoms in adolescents and to examine risk and protective factors associated with BDD symptoms. This thesis consists of a series of three empirical studies, which have been published (Studies 1 and 2) or prepared for submission (Study 3) for publication. The first two studies were designed to advance science and practice related to the assessment of adolescent BDD symptoms, while the third study focused on the identification of risk and protective factors for emerging BDD symptoms among adolescents. In Study 1, the factor structure and validity of a widely used measure of body dysmorphic symptoms, the Appearance Anxiety Inventory (AAI; Veale et al., 2013) was investigated. The participants were Australian university students (N = 730) and Australian adolescents (N = 862) who completed surveys. Findings from the exploratory analysis with 50% (n = 365) of the university students supported a 1-factor solution with nine items. Confirmatory factor analysis with the remaining university student (n = 365) and the adolescent samples demonstrated the proposed 1-factor model had an adequate fit to the data on most indicators. It was concluded that the AAI is best considered as a single factor scale with 9 of the original 10 items when used with general, community samples of young adults or adolescents. Based on a review of existing measures of BDD for adolescents and consideration of the DSM-5 criteria for BDD, Study 2 involved the development of a new self-report measure to assess BDD symptoms in adolescents. The new measure, the Multidimensional Youth Body Dysmorphic Inventory (MY BODI), was developed to assess BDD symptoms across all domains of DSM-5 diagnostic criteria and uses a unique response set with the aim of reducing socially desirable responding. Following expert review and piloting of items, results from an exploratory factor analysis with data collected from 582 Australian secondary school students (55% female; Mage = 13.62 years) supported a 3-factor, 21-item measure, with excellent validity. The three factors conformed to the DSM-5 diagnostic criteria of Impairment/Avoidance, Preoccupation/Repetitive behaviours, and Insight/Distress. Supporting the convergent validity of the measure, the MY BODI total score and subscale scores correlated with other measures of BDD symptoms, including the AAI and BDDQ. Finally, in Study 3, the aims were to test whether dispositional mindfulness and self-compassion protect against the negative impact of peer appearance teasing on BDD symptoms. Participants were 170 Australian high school students (59% female; Mage = 15.44 years) who completed the MY BODI, and measures assessing peer teasing about appearance, five facets of dispositional mindfulness, self-compassion, and self-judgment. In hierarchical regressions, peer teasing was associated with reporting more total BDD symptoms, and two components of mindfulness (describing and non-judgment) and self-compassion were uniquely associated with adolescents’ reports of fewer total BDD symptoms. One factor of mindfulness, observing, was associated with more reported BDD symptoms. In moderation analyses, the association between peer appearance teasing and BDD symptoms was stronger when mindful describing was high relative to low, and when self-judgment was low relative to high. Findings were similar across all subscales of MY BODI. These findings suggest that mindfulness and self-compassion are generally associated with fewer BDD symptoms (with the exception of mindful observing). However, in contrast with the hypothesised protective effects, adolescents who reported a greater ability to mindfully describe their experience and those who were less self-judging were more negatively affected by peer appearance teasing. In summary, the results of this thesis support using a 9-item AAI measure with adolescents, provide a new multidimensional measure of BDD that appears reliable and valid, and advance the study of how social and individual factors should be considered in combination in order to explain when adolescents are at more risk for elevated BDD symptoms. BDD is a complex and debilitating disorder that tends to onset in adolescence and runs a chronic course, thus making this an important problem to study in children and adolescents. Thesis (PhD Doctorate) Doctor of Philosophy in Clinical Psychology (PhD ClinPsych) School of Applied Psychology Griffith Health Full Text

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Wilson, Samantha A. "The Effects of Picture Presentation on Male Body Shame and Muscle Dysmorphia." TopSCHOLAR®, 2010. http://digitalcommons.wku.edu/theses/141.

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The purpose of this study was to investigate whether picture presentation influenced men’s experienced body shame or Muscle Dysmorphia symptomatology, and whether there was a relationship between body shame and Muscle Dysmorphia. Participants were 112 men attending Western Kentucky University. Participants completed the Body Shame Questionnaire and Muscle Dysmorphia Inventory. Participants were randomly assigned to either view eight photographs of average men or eight photographs of muscular men. After viewing the photographs, the participants completed the Objectified Body Consciousness Scale and the Muscle Appearance Satisfaction Scale. Although there was a trend, results indicate that men who view photographs of muscular men do not experience more body shame than those who view photographs of average men. In the sample, 63.5% reported that they were dissatisfied with their bodies, 69% with their chest size, 69% with their own body build, 65% with their arms, and 63% were dissatisfied with their own abdomen. Results indicate that viewing photographs of muscular men does not increase one’s symptomatology of MD. However, there was a positive correlation between body shame and muscle dysmorphia symptoms for both men who viewed photographs of muscular men and those who viewed photographs of average men.

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La, Lima Christopher N. "Therapist-Guided, Internet-Based Cognitive Behavioral Therapy for Body Dysmorphic Disorder - English Version (BDD-NET)| A Feasibility Study." Thesis, Hofstra University, 2017. http://pqdtopen.proquest.com/#viewpdf?dispub=10624263.

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Background: Body Dysmorphic Disorder (BDD) is a debilitating mental illness that leads to significant functional impairment. Cognitive-behavioral therapy (CBT) is an empirically supported treatment shown to reduce BDD and associated symptoms, but most people suffering from BDD do not have access to it. To address limited access to evidence-based treatments, internet-based CBT (ICBT) was created. It is a growing CBT platform that has demonstrated efficacy with a number of disorders, including BDD. ICBT for BDD (BDD-NET) has been developed to treat BDD, and has been tested in one pilot study and one randomized controlled trial (RCT) against an active comparison group, showing promising results. Currently, BDD-NET only exists in a Swedish platform and is only available to patients in Sweden. Objectives: The current study aimed to test an English-language version of BDD-NET, utilizing global inclusion, in order to begin to establish a more accessible BDD treatment option for English-speakers across national borders and geographic locations. It was hypothesized that subjects would improve in BDD and associated symptoms, be satisfied with treatment, and be willing and able to complete the BDD-NET core treatment modules. Treatment: BDD-NET contains core CBT strategies such as exposure with response prevention (EX/RP) and cognitive restructuring, and is conducted through the internet on a confidential platform. Patients complete psychoeducational readings, written work, and home practice of CBT strategies with therapist guidance through a confidential messaging system. Design: The current study is an uncontrolled clinical trial with within-subjects repeated measures design. Participants included 21 self-referred adults diagnosed with BDD. The primary outcome measure was the Yale-Brown Obsessive Compulsive Scale for BDD (BDD-YBOCS), administered at baseline, mid-treatment, and post-treatment. Secondary outcomes were depression, global functioning, client satisfaction with BDD-NET, treatment credibility, therapeutic alliance, and treatment engagement and completion. Outcomes were analyzed using a multivariate approach to repeated measures, as well as paired-sample t-tests. Proportions of patients completing core modules (1-5) of BDD-NET and discontinuing treatment early were calculated. Clinical assessments of treatment effects and feedback from participants were utilized to aid in development on the BDD-NET treatment protocol. Results: Participants deemed BDD-NET as acceptable and reported that they were able to utilize BDD-NET treatment resources. BDD-NET was associated with significant improvements in BDD-YBOCS scores (p<.001), with a large within-group effect size ( d = 1.71). Fifty-seven percent of participants who completed post-assessments were responders (≥ 30% reduction on the BDD-YBOCS), and 36% were in remission from BDD. Depression and global functioning improved from pre- to post-treatment, with large effect sizes. Conclusions: BDD-NET has great potential to largely increase access to evidence-based psychiatric treatment for English-speaking patients with BDD across national borders and from a variety of cultural backgrounds. BDD-NET may be particularly helpful in targeting patients with barriers to care. A randomized controlled trial of an English-language version of BDD-NET is warranted.

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Assadi-Talaremi, Vandad, and Bahr Mari von. "Ser jag ut som ett monster eller har jag BDD? : Fem kontrollerade fallstudier av exponeringsbehandling vid Body Dysmorphic Disorder." Thesis, Stockholm University, Department of Psychology, 2008. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:su:diva-7877.

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SammanfattningBody Dysmorphic Disorder (BDD) karaktäriseras av en fixering vid en inbillad defekt i utseendet. BDD leder till påtagligt lidande och svårigheter att fungera i vardagen. Diagnosen förknippas med depressivitet, social ångest och hög suicidrisk. Syftet med studien var att under svenska förhållanden prova en behandling bestående av exponering med responsprevention (ERP) och monitorering på patienter med svår BDD-problematik. I single-case designer av 5 patienter undersöktes effekten av ERP som specifik faktor utöver terapeutnärvaro och monitorering. Patienterna behandlades med ERP och monitorerade dagligen sina besvär. Vid förmätning klassificerades 4 av 5 patienter inom gränserna för svår BDD. Resultaten indikerar att besvären kraftigt reducerades för 3 av 5 patienter. ERP som specifik faktor gav tydliga effekter på BDD-relaterade symptom och global funktionsnivå. Behandlingen gav även en effekt på depressivitet och social ångest som dock inte föreföll lika starkt knuten till ERP-komponenten. Studien ger en indikation om att ERP under svenska förhållanden är en effektiv och lättillgänglig behandling av BDD.

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Sparrow, Louise. "Exploring the psychometric properties of a new screening tool for body dysmorphic disorder in young people in psychiatric in-patient units." Thesis, University of Essex, 2014. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.636475.

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Body dysmorphic disorder (BDD) is a1n under-recognised yet relatively common and severe mental condition that has been reported around the world (Phillips, 1998). Limited available literature suggests that BOO develops in adolescence, with a higher prevalence rate for adolescents in psychiatric inpatient units with high rates of distress, suicidal ideation and social impairment severely interrupting education and global development (Dyl, Kittler, Phillips, & Hunt, 2006; Neziroglu, McKay, Todaro, & Yaryura-Tobias, 1996; Phillips, 1995). The National Institute for Health and Clinical Excellence guidelines state that BDD symptoms should routinely be screened for (NICE, 2005) however no validated measure developed for use with adolescents exists. This study therefore aims to validate a self-report symptom measure for BOO in young people. Twenty adolescents aged between 13-17 years admitted to psychiatric inpatient units were given the new selfreport BOO symptom measure (Body Image Questionnaire: BIQ) by ward staff as part of routine clinical practice. The BIQ was found to demonstrate promising psychometric properties in terms of clinical validity and reliability, and provides prevalence data for this sample. Overall, the findings contribute to the literature regarding the aetiology of BOO by making clinical advances. Recommendations are made for future research including focusing on gathering more information from a larger sample to assess prevalence rates of BOO in a UK sample. Further data should be gathered to add to this preliminary study of the validity of the BIQ measure to be further developed for use as a screening tool for BOO in all adolescent psychiatric inpatient units.

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Wrangskog, Meriläinen Linnea. "Kroppsuppfattning hos kvinnor med Anorexia nervosa." Thesis, Sophiahemmet Högskola, 2012. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:shh:diva-1175.

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Bakgrund Anorexia nervosa drabbar framför allt unga kvinnor i västerländska länder. Personer med AN har ett liv som kretsar kring mat, motion och viktnedgång. AN delas in i två sjukdomsbilder, AN med självrensning och AN utan självrensning. Sjukdomen kan leda till fysiska, psykiska och sociala konsekvenser. En störd kroppsuppfattning är ett av huvudsymptomen för sjukdomen och påverkar personens livskvalitet och självkänsla. Personen kan ha ögonblick med en realistisk kroppsuppfattning men den störda kroppsuppfattningen tar ofta över. Störd kroppsuppfattning förekommer även bland andra psykiatriska sjukdomar såsom dysmorfofobi. Syfte Att beskriva komplexiteten kring kroppsuppfattning vid Anorexia nervosa Metod En forskningsöversikt valdes som metod. Forskningsöversikten innefattade 17 vetenskapliga artiklar som granskades och sammanställdes. Artiklar togs fram genom sökningar i PubMed och PsycINFO samt manuella sökningar. Resultat Kroppsuppfattningen kunde vara störd taktilt, visuellt, subjektivt och objektivt. Kvinnor med AN överskattade sin kroppsstorlek, var missnöjda med sin kropp och önskade att de kunde vara smalare. Vissa kvinnor kunde erkänna sin undervikt medan andra förnekade undervikten. Kroppsuppfattningen varierade och en förändring kunde utlösas av exempelvis känslomässiga händelser. Cirka 39 procent av personerna med AN diagnostiserades även med dysmorfofobi, dessa personer visade sig ha en mer störd kroppsuppfattning. Kvinnor med AN-R hade en sämre insikt i kroppsuppfattningen och visade fler tecken på vanföreställningar. Det fanns ett signifikant samband mellan mödrars och döttrars kroppsuppfattning. Sexuella och fysiska övergrepp var överrepresenterat hos kvinnor med AN. De som blivit utsatta för fysiska övergrepp hade i större utsträckning störd kroppsuppfattning. Slutsats Resultatet av studien visade att kvinnor med AN överskattar sin kroppsstorlek, är missnöjda med sin kropp och önskar de kunde vara smalare. Kroppsuppfattningen kan variera under dagen och en förändring kan utlösas av måltider och känslomässiga händelser. En betydande del av kvinnor med AN uppfyller även de diagnostiska kriterierna för dysmorfofobi, vilket tyder på en samsjuklighet men är även en risk för eventuell feldiagnostisering. Det finns ett signifikant samband mellan kroppsuppfattning hos mödrar, deras döttrar och familjesituationen. Vidare forskning kan ha en klinisk betydelse för sjuksköterskans roll kring förebyggande arbete, upptäckt, stöd och behandling

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Noutch, Samantha L. "Body image perceptions, stress and associated psychopathologies in a non-clinical sample." Thesis, University of Bradford, 2010. http://hdl.handle.net/10454/6308.

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The aims of the studies were to assess body image perceptions, the role of stress and other possible associated psychopathologies within a non-clinical sample. The prevalence of body image concern is increasing and is widely considered as secondary to evolving socio-cultural trends. Negative self-perceptions about body image can be manifest as measurable indicators of physiological stress, or even psychopathology. This thesis describes two quantitative studies into the role and relevance of various causative factors in the development of negative body image in cohorts of volunteers drawn from the general population of the University of Bradford in West Yorkshire, UK. In Study One, subjects (n=360) completed a self-directed questionnaire that psychometrically measured satisfaction/dissatisfaction with personal appearance, queried which external sources influenced those opinions, and correlated these with demographic information. In particular, we sought to examine how a subject¿s opinion about their personal appearance varied with age, gender, ethnicity, mental health, relationship status, sexual orientation and Body Mass Index (BMI). Subjective views regarding personal appearance were determined by answers given to specific body image questions that revealed a subject¿s day-to-day appearance concerns, all preoccupations, and the extent to which these concerns resulted in distress, all social impairment. Overall, the results demonstrated that BMI values were positively correlated with personal appearance concerns. High BMI values correlated with greater dissatisfaction with personal appearance. Self ratings of appearance values were negatively correlated with BMI scores. Subjects who gave themselves high appearance ratings were relatively unaffected by media influence with regard to their image, compared to subjects rating themselves less attractive. These latter subjects also showed higher peer pressure scores in terms of both the amount of time they compared themselves to peers, and the degree to which peer comparisons affected their self-appearance ratings. Based on responses to the body image questions specifically, the entire cohort of subjects were categorised into principal clusters: those largely unaffected by any body image concerns; and those profoundly distressed by their self assessed body image. Perhaps the most interesting aspect of these findings is that the scores for this latter (n=17) group of subjects on the body image questions revealed a degree of personal distress this is almost identical to the scores expected from those people diagnosed with body dysmorphic disorder (BDD). Collectively, these results suggest that high BMI values in subjects negatively impact on self-appearance ratings, render subjects more prone to media messages that portray body image ideals, and elicit frequent comparisons with peers to validate self-image concerns. Furthermore, severely affected subjects with high BMI scores may show similar psychopathology to that of BDD sufferers. In Study Two, a small cohort of subjects (n=60) were given questionnaires and were interviewed to further investigate self-appearance ratings and mood/depressive traits. The body image questions used in Study One to assess image concerns and the magnitude of distress were repeated in Study Two. Mood and depressive state were measured using the validated Beck¿s Depression Inventory (BDI). In parallel, subjects completed the Derriford Appearance Scale 59 (DAS 59), which is a valid psychometric indication of an individual's perception of their appearance as ¿normal¿ or ¿disfigured¿, and used as a tool by plastic surgeons to inform decisions regarding the necessity for surgery to correct an individual's appearance. Physiological markers were recorded before and after exposure of subjects to a physical and a psychological stressor: these were saliva concentrations of cortisol and sIgA (an immune marker), blood glucose and blood pressure. The results of Study Two revealed no changes in scores for any of the physiological measures following stressors. BDI scores for most subjects fell within normal ranges, although females scored higher than males, but not at a pathological level. Those subjects with a history of mental illness or those who reported feeling a high degree of stress on a daily basis, or those who expressed greater self-appearance concerns, all had significantly elevated BDI values. Perhaps the most intriguing finding from Study Two, as in Study One, was that subjects again tended to fall within specific categories for body image concerns: those unaffected or minimally affected by body image concerns, and those (n=6) greatly and deleteriously affected by body image concerns. This subsection of subjects also scored very high on the DAS 59 for disfigurement. On the basis of these findings it would seem that body image concerns may be severe enough for some individuals for them to perceive themselves as actually being disfigured, or that the DAS 59 (a widely used assessment tool in plastic surgery), may not be entirely appropriate for assessment of an individual's need for surgery because it cannot distinguish between those genuinely disfigured and those merely expressing severe body image concerns.

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43

Noutch, Samantha Louise. "Body image perceptions, stress and associated psychopathologies in a non-clinical sample." Thesis, University of Bradford, 2010. http://hdl.handle.net/10454/6308.

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The aims of the studies were to assess body image perceptions, the role of stress and other possible associated psychopathologies within a non-clinical sample. The prevalence of body image concern is increasing and is widely considered as secondary to evolving socio-cultural trends. Negative self-perceptions about body image can be manifest as measurable indicators of physiological stress, or even psychopathology. This thesis describes two quantitative studies into the role and relevance of various causative factors in the development of negative body image in cohorts of volunteers drawn from the general population of the University of Bradford in West Yorkshire, UK. In Study One, subjects (n=360) completed a self-directed questionnaire that psychometrically measured satisfaction/dissatisfaction with personal appearance, queried which external sources influenced those opinions, and correlated these with demographic information. In particular, we sought to examine how a subject's opinion about their personal appearance varied with age, gender, ethnicity, mental health, relationship status, sexual orientation and Body Mass Index (BMI). Subjective views regarding personal appearance were determined by answers given to specific body image questions that revealed a subject's day-to-day appearance concerns, all preoccupations, and the extent to which these concerns resulted in distress, all social impairment. Overall, the results demonstrated that BMI values were positively correlated with personal appearance concerns. High BMI values correlated with greater dissatisfaction with personal appearance. Self ratings of appearance values were negatively correlated with BMI scores. Subjects who gave themselves high appearance ratings were relatively unaffected by media influence with regard to their image, compared to subjects rating themselves less attractive. These latter subjects also showed higher peer pressure scores in terms of both the amount of time they compared themselves to peers, and the degree to which peer comparisons affected their self-appearance ratings. Based on responses to the body image questions specifically, the entire cohort of subjects were categorised into principal clusters: those largely unaffected by any body image concerns; and those profoundly distressed by their self assessed body image. Perhaps the most interesting aspect of these findings is that the scores for this latter (n=17) group of subjects on the body image questions revealed a degree of personal distress this is almost identical to the scores expected from those people diagnosed with body dysmorphic disorder (BDD). Collectively, these results suggest that high BMI values in subjects negatively impact on self-appearance ratings, render subjects more prone to media messages that portray body image ideals, and elicit frequent comparisons with peers to validate self-image concerns. Furthermore, severely affected subjects with high BMI scores may show similar psychopathology to that of BDD sufferers. In Study Two, a small cohort of subjects (n=60) were given questionnaires and were interviewed to further investigate self-appearance ratings and mood/depressive traits. The body image questions used in Study One to assess image concerns and the magnitude of distress were repeated in Study Two. Mood and depressive state were measured using the validated Beck's Depression Inventory (BDI). In parallel, subjects completed the Derriford Appearance Scale 59 (DAS 59), which is a valid psychometric indication of an individual's perception of their appearance as 'normal' or 'disfigured', and used as a tool by plastic surgeons to inform decisions regarding the necessity for surgery to correct an individual's appearance. Physiological markers were recorded before and after exposure of subjects to a physical and a psychological stressor: these were saliva concentrations of cortisol and sIgA (an immune marker), blood glucose and blood pressure. The results of Study Two revealed no changes in scores for any of the physiological measures following stressors. BDI scores for most subjects fell within normal ranges, although females scored higher than males, but not at a pathological level. Those subjects with a history of mental illness or those who reported feeling a high degree of stress on a daily basis, or those who expressed greater self-appearance concerns, all had significantly elevated BDI values. Perhaps the most intriguing finding from Study Two, as in Study One, was that subjects again tended to fall within specific categories for body image concerns: those unaffected or minimally affected by body image concerns, and those (n=6) greatly and deleteriously affected by body image concerns. This subsection of subjects also scored very high on the DAS 59 for disfigurement. On the basis of these findings it would seem that body image concerns may be severe enough for some individuals for them to perceive themselves as actually being disfigured, or that the DAS 59 (a widely used assessment tool in plastic surgery), may not be entirely appropriate for assessment of an individual's need for surgery because it cannot distinguish between those genuinely disfigured and those merely expressing severe body image concerns.

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Svendsen, Emeli, and Sandra Valman. ""Snart kommer han att se hur ful jag verkligen är" : En narrativ intervjustudie om livet med dysmorfofobi." Thesis, Stockholms universitet, Institutionen för socialt arbete - Socialhögskolan, 2015. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:su:diva-126002.

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Body Dysmorphic Disorder, BDD, is a psychiatric diagnosis that is characterized by self- perceived ugliness. The knowledge about BDD is low and people experience that they have the diagnosis, but haven’t been diagnosed with BDD due to the lack of knowledge among professionals. Previous research has mostly consisted of quantitative studies regarding the prevalence of BDD. The purpose of this study is to describe and analyze how people, who feel that they have BDD, describe living with it in their everyday life. The study is based on four narrative interviews, and the analysis of the results is based on a narrative approach. The results show that many areas in life are negatively affected by BDD, such as, school or work, relationship with others and quality of life. There is also a lack of knowledge regarding BDD among professionals which affects the treatment of people with BDD. In conclusion, BDD is a complex diagnosis to live with and many aspects in life are limited because of the diagnosis. Therefor the knowledge of BDD must increase in order for people to be able to get the right treatment.

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Ramos, K?tia Perez. "Transtorno disf?rmico corporal: escala para profissionais da ?rea da sa?de." Pontif?cia Universidade Cat?lica de Campinas, 2004. http://tede.bibliotecadigital.puc-campinas.edu.br:8080/jspui/handle/tede/241.

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Made available in DSpace on 2016-04-04T18:27:49Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Katia Perez Ramos.pdf: 749029 bytes, checksum: 4936cc8552dcf26b27520a4fd7750c4a (MD5) Previous issue date: 2004-11-23 This research has as a general purpose of developing and validation na auxiliary scale of body dysmorphic disorder (BDD) for healthcare professionals. Three samples of participants took part on it: Group 1: which comprises fifteen esthetic plastic surgery patients diagnosed as having BDD; Group 2: which includes fifteen esthetic plastic surgery patients diagnosed as not having BDD; Group 3: five professionals of psychiatry and psychology which stood as judges to evaluate the items of the scale. Initially, the items of the scale were generated from the study of 4 BDD evaluation questionaries which existed already, comtemplating the diagnostic criteria of the DSM-IV (1994) and of scientific assays on the BDD field. Fifty items were, then, built (1st version) which were evaluated by the authoress regarding relevance, objectivity, clearness and precision. From this analysis ten items were discarded, resulting in a 40-item scale (2st version). The relevance of the items to the construct by means of the theoretical analysis of judges. As a result from this analysis five more items were discarded for not obtaining an agreement of at least 80% among the judges (3sd version). The third version of the scale was applied on both groups (G1 and G2). The results from this aplication were submitted to the BDD construct study by means of factorial analysis. The discriminating validity was accomplised by the application of the 3sd scale version of the clinical population (G1) and of sample the non clinical population (G2). The estimate of the U Mann-Whitney Test showed that the scale is sensitive to distinguish the individuals diagnosed as having BDD from those diagnosed as not having the disorder. Besides, the instrument was applied once more twenty days later on both groups (G1 and G2), to submit the scale to the test-retest precision. Through the application of the Pearson Test one verified an expressive correlation between the first and the second application for group 1 as well as for group 2. As a result from these quantitative analyses no item was discarded for they showed to be relevant for the BDD measurement. It was, then, proposed a pilot version of the BDD diagnosis auxiliary instrument to be used by healthcare professionals. The current instrument consists of thirty five items measured by the four-point Likert scale. A presente pesquisa teve por objetivo geral desenvolver e validar uma escala auxiliar de diagn?stico do Transtorno Dism?rfico Corporal (TDC) para profissionais da ?rea da sa?de. Para tanto contou com tr?s amostras de participantes: Grupo I: que englobou 15 pacientes de cirurgia pl?stica est?tica diagnosticados com TDC; Grupo 2: que incluiu 15 pacientes de cirurgia pl?stica est?tica sem o diagn?stico de TDC e; Grupo 3: 5 profissionais da ?rea de Psiquiatria e Psicologia que serviram como ju?zes para avaliar os itens da escala. Inicialmente os itens da escala foram gerados por meio do estudo de quatro question?rios de avalia??o do TDC j? existentes, contemplando os crit?rios diagn?sticos do DSM-IV (1994) e de trabalhos cient?ficos na ?rea do TDC. Construiu-se, ent?o, 50 itens (P Vers?o) os quais foram avaliados pela autora em rela??o a pertin?ncia, objetividade, clareza e precis?o. A partir desta an?lise foram descartados dez itens, o que resultou em uma escala de 40 itens (2a Vers?o). Analisou-se a pertin?ncia dos itens ao construto, por meio da an?lise te?rica de ju?zes. Como resultado desta an?lise mais cinco itens foram descartados por n?o obterem uma concord?ncia de no m?nimo 80% entre os ju?zes (3a Vers?o). A terceira vers?o da escala foi aplicada nos dois grupos (G1 e G2). Os resultados dessa aplica??o foram submetidos ao estudo do construto do TOC por meio da an?lise fatorial. A validade discriminativa foi realizada por meio da aplica??o da primeira vers?o da escala em uma amostra da popula??o cl?nica (G I) e uma amostra da popula??o n?o cl?nica (G2). O c?lculo da prova U de Mann-Whitney mostrou que a escala ? sens?vel para discriminar os indiv?duos diagnosticados com TDC dos indiv?duos sem o diagn?stico do transtorno. Al?m disso, o instrumento foi reaplicado ap?s 20 dias nos dois grupos (G1 e G2), para submeter a escala ? precis?o de teste-reteste. Atrav?s da aplica??o da correla??o de Pearson verificou-se uma alta correla??o entre a primeira e a segunda aplica??o tanto do Grupo 1 como do Grupo 2. Como resultado dessas an?lises quantitativas n?o foi descartado nenhum item pois os 35 mostraram ser significativos para a mensura??o do TDC. Foi proposta ent?o, uma vers?o piloto do instrumento auxiliar de diagn?stico do TDC para a utiliza??o por profissionais da ?rea da sa?de. O instrumento ficou composto por 35 itens medidos por escalas Likert de quatro pontos.

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Moriyama, Josy de Souza. "Transtorno Dism?rfico Corporal sob a perspectiva da an?lise do comportamento." Pontif?cia Universidade Cat?lica de Campinas, 2003. http://tede.bibliotecadigital.puc-campinas.edu.br:8080/jspui/handle/tede/187.

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Made available in DSpace on 2016-04-04T18:27:33Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Josy de Souza Moriyama-1.pdf: 538769 bytes, checksum: d9c9c18d8d0776782f67a5efca7e8c1b (MD5) Previous issue date: 2003-06-17 The Body Dysmorphic Disorder (BDD) is diagnosed when there is an exaggerated preoccupation with some minimal or imagined defect in the appearance, which brings significative impairments to the person s life. It has been sought to investigate the development and maintenance of the BDD behaviors through the functional analysis and the concept of experential avoidance proposed by Hayes, Wilson, Gifford and Follette (1996). Seven people with characteristic behaviors of the BDD, their families and four plastic surgeons participated in this study. It has been used as instruments: instructions to orient surgeons about behaviors of the BDD, enabling them to identify and invite patients to participate in the research; an identification questionnaire with the purpose to select the sample; semi-structured interviews for the participant and their families, containing questions relating to the history of the participants life, families relationship, the beginning of the concern with the appearance, behaviors of the BDD and actual contingencies which maintains them. Ten patients responded to the identification questionnaire and seven of them were selected. Individual interviews were made with each of the participants and their families, according to the necessity of collecting complementary data. From the recording and transcription of the interviews, it has been made a clinic systematical study, in which, the behaviors were described and analyzed according to probable origin and actual functioning processes. Beyond the behaviors related to the preoccupations with the appearance, typical behaviors of other disorders were found (such as: Obsessive Compulsive Disorder, Depression, Social Phobia, Hypochondria) and standards of behavior known as personality features (such as: vanity, perfectionism, aggressiveness). The results pointed similar functional processes, among all the participants. Among the origin processes there were: the cohersitive education with few positive reinforcements in the childhood, past occurrence like accidents, comparisons and comments relating to the part of the body which they worried about. These contingencies, probably, influenced the strong emphasis on discriminative stimuli related to the appearance. Among the actual processes there have been identified: negative reinforcement, lack of positive reinforcements, secondary gains and strong cultural influences of the valorization of the appearance. As particular variables to each case there have been found: low development of skilful socially behaviors, models in the childhood, extremely critical mother concerning to the appearance, among others. It has been concluded that the actual functioning of the BDD is marked by experiential avoidance where the individuals start avoiding the private aversive stimuli, like the anxiety, thoughts about their appearance and about the reaction of the people against their appearance. This avoidance prevents them from exposing themselves to the social situations, resulting in consequences such as social isolation and depressive behaviors. Functional resemblances were demonstrated for all seven cases studied although some topographic behaviors were different, indicating the necessity in considering the functionality of the behaviors and not only the arbitrariness of the psychiatric classification based on symptoms. O Transtorno Dism?rfico Corporal (TDC) ? diagnosticado quando h? uma preocupa??o t?o exagerada com algum defeito m?nimo ou imaginado na apar?ncia, que traz preju?zos significativos ? vida da pessoa. Buscou-se investigar o desenvolvimento e manuten??o de comportamentos do TDC atrav?s de an?lises funcionais e do conceito de esquiva experencial proposto por Hayes, Wilson, Gifford e Follette (1996). Participaram do estudo sete pessoas com comportamentos caracter?sticos do TDC, seus familiares e quatro cirurgi?es pl?sticos. Foram utilizados como instrumentos: roteiros para orientar cirurgi?es sobre comportamentos do TDC, possibilitando-os identificar e convidar pacientes seus para participarem da pesquisa; uma ficha de identifica??o dos participantes, para selecionar a amostra; roteiros de entrevistas semi-estruturadas para os participantes e seus familiares, com quest?es relativas ? hist?ria de vida dos participantes, rela??es familiares, in?cio das preocupa??es com a apar?ncia, comportamentos do TDC e conting?ncias atuais que os mantinham. Dez pacientes responderam ? ficha de identifica??o e sete foram selecionados. Entrevistas individuais foram feitas com cada participante e com seus familiares, de acordo com a necessidade de se coletar dados complementares. A partir da grava??o e transcri??o das entrevistas foi feito um estudo sistem?tico cl?nico em que os comportamentos foram descritos e analisados de acordo com prov?veis processos de origem e funcionamento atual. Al?m de comportamentos relacionados ?s preocupa??es com a apar?ncia, foram encontrados comportamentos t?picos de outros transtornos (como: Transtorno Obsessivo Compulsivo, Depress?o, Fobia Social, Hipocondria) e padr?es de comportamento conhecidos como tra?os de personalidade (como: vaidade, perfeccionismo, agressividade). Os resultados apontaram processos funcionais semelhantes, entre todos os participantes.

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47

Wilson, Samantha A. "The effects of picture presentation on male body shape and muscle dysmorphia /." 2010. http://digitalcommons.wku.edu/theses/141/.

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48

Bailey, Malinda L. "Neuropsychological indicators in body dysmorphic disorder /." 2002. http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/gateway.

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Thesis (Ph. D.)--New School for Social Research, 2002. Typescript. Includes bibliographical references (leaves 89-97). Also available in electronic format on the World Wide Web. Access restricted to users affiliated with the licensed institutions.

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49

Hemp-Monagle, Amy Powell. "Body dysmorphic disorder an exploration of object relations and sociocultural influences /." 2002. http://wwwlib.umi.com/cr/utexas/fullcit?p3081089.

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Carneiro, Carla Alexandra da Silva. "Body dysmorphic disorder: from clinical aspects to treatment." Master's thesis, 2021. https://hdl.handle.net/10216/134421.

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Abstract:

A Perturbação dismórfica corporal, também conhecida como dismorfofobia, é uma perturbação relativamente comum, com uma prevalência de 0.7% a 2.4% na população geral, que consiste numa preocupação angustiante ou prejudicial sobre defeitos imaginários ou ligeiros na aparência, associada a comportamentos repetitivos e onde o insight sobre as crenças na aparência é frequentemente pobre. A falha no reconhecimento e diagnóstico desta perturbação pode ter consequências físicas e psiquiátricas negativas para os pacientes, daí a importância de os médicos estarem atentos aos aspetos clínicos desta perturbação, para permitir uma deteção precoce desta condição e, por consequente, proporcionar um tratamento adequado aos doentes. Os critérios de diagnóstico da Perturbação dismórfica corporal são descritos de acordo com a DSM-IV e DSM 5. A pesquisa da informação bibliográfica foi realizada na plataforma Pubmed com as palavras-chave: perturbação dismórfica corporal. Apenas foram analisados os artigos que obedeciam ás seguintes condições: escritos em inglês ou português, e com acesso total e gratuito; tendo sido analisados 494 artigos, publicados entre 1994 e 2020. Foram incluídos 41 artigos que se afiguravam relevantes para a perturbação dismórfica corporal, e que apresentavam a finalidade de esclarecer os aspetos clínicos, diagnósticos e terapêuticos desta entidade clínica. Os inibidores da recaptação da serotonina (SRIs) são atualmente considerados o tratamento médico de escolha. De acordo com todos os estudos realizados até o momento, para que ocorra melhoria dos sintomas, é necessário uma dose relativamente elevada de SRI, sendo frequentemente necessária uma duração mínima de 12 semanas de tratamento. O tratamento psicossocial de escolha é a terapia cognitivo-comportamental. É urgentemente necessário o desenvolvimento de tratamentos adicionais e estudos de eficácia para um melhor esclarecimento da abordagem terapêutica desta entidade, com a finalidade de melhorar a qualidade de vida destes doentes. Body dysmorphic disorder (BDD), also known as dysmorphophobia, is a relatively common disorder, with a point prevalence of 0.7% to 2.4% among the general population, that consists of a distressing or impairing preoccupation with imagined or slight defects in appearance, associated with repetitive behaviors and where insight regarding the appearance beliefs is often poor. Failure to recognize and diagnose this disorder can lead to poor physical and psychiatric outcomes for patients, thus it is important for the physicians to be aware to the clinical aspects of this disorder, for early detection of the condition and consequently give an appropriate treatment to the patients. The criteria for diagnosing BDD are described according to the DSM-IV and DSM 5. The search for bibliographic information was held on the Pubmed platform with the keywords: body dysmorphic disorder. Only articles that obeyed the following conditions were analyzed: written in English or Portuguese and with free full access; having analyzed 494 articles, between 1994 and 2020. There were included 41 articles that appeared to be relevant for the Body dysmorphic disorder, and which aimed to clarify the clinical, diagnostic and therapeutic aspects of this clinical entity. Serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SRIs) are currently considered the medication treatment of choice. According to all studies conducted do date, for an improvement of symptoms, a relatively high SRI dose and at least 12 weeks of treatment is often needed. The psychosocial treatment of choice is cognitive behavioral therapy. Additional treatment development and efficacy studies are urgently needed to better understand the therapeutic approach of this entity, in order to improve the quality of life of these patients.

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