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1
Dhobale, Aditya. "Challenges Faced While Designing Body in White." International Journal for Research in Applied Science and Engineering Technology 9, no. 9 (September 30, 2021): 49–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.22214/ijraset.2021.37916.
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Abstract: Construction of Body in White (BiW) revolves around plenty of challenges. Ranging from BiW fixtures to curbing weight of Body in White sheet metal design. This paper discusses about all the design aspects in BiW manufacturing in automobile and confronting challenges that occurs. At present, lots of existing theories are being applied and efforts to improve the same are being made. This paper provides a path on how components can be developed and make necessary improvements. CAE (Computer Aided Engineering) tools have been used for FEA (Finite Element Analysis) and also an example of stress analysis of automotive chassis is given. An outcome depending on behaviour of loads acting on frame is drawn. The importance of hollow tubes, tubes of different- cross sections to counter weight and ease the designing of BiW frame have been proposed. This paper also provides insight on safety parameters with current construction of tubular frame chassis. Other solutions such as hybrid tubes, foam padding and plastic trim have been pointed out in this paper. Keywords: CAE, FEA, manufacturing, loads, tubes, cycle-time, cross-section.
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Wang, Dengfeng, Tiantong Lv, Chuanqing Wang, Chunlin Zhang, Fengying Wang, and Wen Zhang. "Multi-objective lightweight optimization and design for body-in-white frontal sub-module." Proceedings of the Institution of Mechanical Engineers, Part D: Journal of Automobile Engineering 232, no. 11 (November 21, 2017): 1465–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0954407017729939.
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Lightweight optimization and design on body in white (BIW) has a significant effect on reducing emissions, fuel consumption, and protecting the environment. Much lightweight study on complete BIW and single BIW parts has been done in recent years. However, the lightweight study of sub-modules is difficult for considering the complete BIW performances. The efficiency of sub-module lightweight optimization based on complete BIW is not high. A new method is proposed to conduct frontal sub-module lightweight optimization. Firstly, the implicit parametric frontal BIW structure is constructed by SFE-CONCEPT software. Then, the coupling BIW model is constructed by combining the above frontal BIW structure and rear finite element structure. The shape and thickness variables are extracted from the frontal BIW structure, and the performance of complete BIW can be analyzed. The efficiency of constructing BIW and the complete performances are all considered by the new method. In addition, a modular method is adopted to analyze performance. It can achieve the concept of “analysis leads design” to conduct lightweight optimization and design for frontal structure by combining with ISIGHT software. After lightweight optimization and design of BIW frontal structure, the weight is reduced by 4.91 kg, which is as much as 5.70%. The performances have little change; the improved maximum performance is 3.32%, and the reduced maximum performance is 1.81%.
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Wang, Deng Feng, Feng Ji, Shu Ming Chen, Yu Sheng Li, Hai Bo Chen, and Xue Mei Zhao. "Implicit Parameterization Modeling and Validation for Body-in-White of a Car." Applied Mechanics and Materials 365-366 (August 2013): 429–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.365-366.429.
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The implicit parametric method was briefly discussed in this paper. An implicit parametric 3D solid model and a finite element (FE) model of a body-in-white (BIW) were built up by this method. Low order natural vibration frequencies and modes, bending and torsional stiffness of the BIW were analyzed by FE calculation. A good agreement was acquired by comparing the prediction results with the test values. Results indicated that the implicit parametric model of the BIW established could be used for design and development of the BIW in concept design stage of the BIW.
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Chen, Shu Ming, Xue Wei Song, Chuan Liang Shen, Deng Feng Wang, and Wei Li. "Experimental Analysis of Static Stiffness for Vehicle Body in White." Applied Mechanics and Materials 248 (December 2012): 69–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.248.69.
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In order to know the static stiffness characteristics of the vehicle body in white, the bending stiffness and torsional stiffness of an automotive body in white were tested on a test bench of the static stiffness of an automotive BIW. The bending stiffness and bending deformation of the bottom of the BIW were determined. Also, the torsional stiffness and torsional deformation of the bottom of the BIW were obtained. The fitting curves and equations between loading torque and torsional angle were acquired at clockwise and counterclockwise loading, respectively.
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Yang, Ying, Guangyao Zhao, Dongbo Ma, and Xiaobin Xu. "Mode Calculation and Testing of a Car Body in White." Shock and Vibration 18, no. 1-2 (2011): 289–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2011/921542.
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The dynamic parameters of a car body in white (BIW) are important during a new car developing. Based on the finite element method, the model of a BIW is developed in which the welding points are treated specially as a new element type and the vibration modes of it are calculated. In modal testing, a fixed sine-sweeping exciter is used to conduct a single-point input force for the structure, whereas the output responses are picked up at different points to identify modes. The obtained modes are coincided both with the FE results and the practical testing.
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Wang, Chuan Qing, Deng Feng Wang, and Shuai Zhang. "Research on Lightweight Multi-Objective Optimization for Closed Body-in-White Structure." Applied Mechanics and Materials 724 (January 2015): 93–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.724.93.
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The 100% frontal crash and side impact performances of a passenger car are analyzed and compared with tests. The structural optimization of the Closed Body-in-White (BIW) is divided into two stages which are 100% frontal crash safe part optimization and side impact safe part optimization. Use the Optimal Latin hypercube (Opt LHD) design method to generate sample points. Take the Radial Basis Functions (RBF) neural network method to establish optimization approximation model. The non-dominated sorting genetic algorithm (NSGA-II) was used to conduct multi-objective collaborative optimization design. The results show that the total mass of the closed BIW is reduced 9.745kg; the light weight rate was 10.27%. The Crashworthiness performance of the closed BIW does not change obviously.
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Ding, Zhensen, Haifeng Fang, Bin Liu, Zhanhui Yao, and Jinzhou Liu. "Research on the optimal scheme of 3E game for lightweight body-in-white under environmental protection policy." Advances in Mechanical Engineering 13, no. 8 (August 2021): 168781402110378. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/16878140211037822.
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Lightweight of body-in-white (BIW) can effectively achieve energy saving and emission reduction, is an important component of automobile lightweight, and how to ensure better economy while lightweight has attracted wide attention from industry and academia. This study deeply analyzed the stages of the full life cycle of internal combustion engine vehicle (ICEV) and battery electric vehicle (BEV), deconstructs the stages where the weight of BIW has a greater impact on the two, and introduces the concept of full-cycle closed-loop flow of materials to establish universal “Energy-Environment-Economy” Evaluation Model, also called 3E assessment model for auto components. In addition, the 3E-PSI model is established in combination with the PSI method, which further makes up for the shortcomings of the general 3E model that cannot select the optimal solution by considering energy consumption, emissions, and economy comprehensively. The 3E-PSI analysis of material lightweight of BIW is conducted, which takes the ICEV and BEV on the same platform as an example. The results show that in terms of energy consumption, the magnesium alloy BIW of the ICEV is the lowest, however, the aluminum alloy BIW of the BEV is the lowest. In terms of environmental emissions, magnesium alloy BIW is the lowest in both ICEV and BEV, which are 57% and 59.56% of ordinary mild steel BIW respectively; As far as economy is concerned, the ICEV have break-even points for all lightweight materials in the total mileage during lifetime, and the BEV only has a break-even point, that is, driving 78625.68 km, the cost of high-strength steel BIW is lower than ordinary low-carbon steel. In addition, the comprehensive optimal scheme of ICEV is BIW of magnesium alloy material, and the comprehensive optimal scheme of BEV is BIW of aluminum alloy material.
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Yang, Shu, Chang Qi, Dong Ming Guo, Ying Li Wang, and Zhi Yong Wei. "Topology Optimization of a Parallel Hybrid Electric Vehicle Body in White." Applied Mechanics and Materials 148-149 (December 2011): 668–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.148-149.668.
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Topology optimization design of a parallel hybrid electric vehicle (HEV) body in white (BIW) by applying Solid Isotropic Microstructure with Penalization (SIMP) method is presented. The BIW optimization of HEV takes into account not only the static loads, but also the loads of HEV in turning and braking conditions. Torsion playing a leading role in vehicle turning process and bending playing a leading role in vehicle braking process are converted to related vertical force imposed on the optimal model. The optimal result shows clear skeleton body in white of parallel HEV when volumetric constraint is 25%. Beam appears in the top of optimal automotive body in white when volumetric constraint is 40%. There is no significant change except increased thickness for the basis body in white of parallel HEV when volumetric constraints continue to enlarge.
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Li, Mao Ting, Hua Jin Yan, and Li Ming Ai. "BIW Modal Analysis and Research Based on the NVH." Applied Mechanics and Materials 281 (January 2013): 299–303. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.281.299.
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The car body-in-white as the core research objects, NVH performance based on white body in finite element modeling and numerical modal analysis, this paper finds out the natural frequency of vibration may cause the BIW’s resonance. It indicates the direction to improve body-in-white NVH performance, local stiffness and further structural optimization through testing modal, stiffness analysis and NTF / VTF experiments to validate the numerical results of the modal analysis of the credibility and the body-in-white how much frequency or frequency band resonance peak caused by the body.
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Yahaya Rashid, Aizzat S., Rahizar Ramli, Sallehuddin Mohamed Haris, and Anuar Alias. "Improving the Dynamic Characteristics of Body-in-White Structure Using Structural Optimization." Scientific World Journal 2014 (2014): 1–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2014/190214.
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The dynamic behavior of a body-in-white (BIW) structure has significant influence on the noise, vibration, and harshness (NVH) and crashworthiness of a car. Therefore, by improving the dynamic characteristics of BIW, problems and failures associated with resonance and fatigue can be prevented. The design objectives attempt to improve the existing torsion and bending modes by using structural optimization subjected to dynamic load without compromising other factors such as mass and stiffness of the structure. The natural frequency of the design was modified by identifying and reinforcing the structure at critical locations. These crucial points are first identified by topology optimization using mass and natural frequencies as the design variables. The individual components obtained from the analysis go through a size optimization step to find their target thickness of the structure. The thickness of affected regions of the components will be modified according to the analysis. The results of both optimization steps suggest several design modifications to achieve the target vibration specifications without compromising the stiffness of the structure. A method of combining both optimization approaches is proposed to improve the design modification process.
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Cui, An, Li Juan Xu, Xian Bo Zhang, and Qiang Yang. "Design of Lightweight Hybrid Materials for the Cab Body-In-White of a Commercial Vehicle Based on Multi-Objective Optimization." Advanced Materials Research 631-632 (January 2013): 281–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.631-632.281.
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In this paper, the lightweight hybrid materials cab BIW of a commercial vehicle is investigated for material selection. In order to improve the dynamic performance and reduce total mass, the lightweight materials are employed in the BIW. Nine groups of sensitive components are selected to apply the lightweight materials. The design problem is formulated as a multi-objective nonlinear programming problem and the modified non-dominated sorting genetic algorithm (NSGA-II) is used to solve the problem. The surrogate model based on radial basis function (RBF) is adopted in the optimization. The research results show that the usage of steel-aluminum hybrid materials can reduce the total mass and increase the first torsion modal frequency of the cab BIW.
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Elangovan, M., M. Thenarasu, Sadasivam Narayanan, and Prabha Shankar Shankar. "Design of flexible spot welding cell for Body-In-White (BIW) assembly." Periodicals of Engineering and Natural Sciences (PEN) 6, no. 2 (October 19, 2018): 23. http://dx.doi.org/10.21533/pen.v6i2.180.
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Wang, Chun, Dong Hai Liu, and Sheng Lin. "Development of Flexible Positioning System for Assembly Line of Body-in-White." Advanced Materials Research 694-697 (May 2013): 1799–802. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.694-697.1799.
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A new flexible positioning system is developed to fulfill the mixed model production in a car body in white (BIW) welding production line, which is able to respond quickly market needs and shorten the cycle time of auto model update and improve productivity. The system architecture is researched and developed, and the execution unit and motion control unit is discussed. System motion control is realized by means of industrial Ethernet network and SERCOS communication protocol.
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Lyu, Naesung, and Kazuhiro Saitou. "Decomposition-Based Assembly Synthesis of a Three-Dimensional Body-in-White Model for Structural Stiffness." Journal of Mechanical Design 127, no. 1 (January 1, 2005): 34–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/1.1799551.
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This paper presents an extension of our previous work on decomposition-based assembly synthesis for structural stiffness, where the three-dimensional finite element model of a vehicle body-in-white (BIW) is optimally decomposed into a set of components considering (1) stiffness of the assembled structure under given loading conditions, (2) manufacturability, and (3) assembleability of components. Two case studies, each focusing on the decomposition of a different portion of a BIW, are discussed. In the first case study, the side frame is decomposed for the minimum distortion of front door frame geometry under global bending. In the second case study, the side/floor frame and floor panels are decomposed for the minimum floor deflections under global bending. In each case study, multiobjective genetic algorithm with graph-based crossover, combined with finite element methods analyses, is used to obtain Pareto optimal solutions. Representative designs are selected from the Pareto front and trade-offs among stiffness, manufacturability, and assembleability are discussed.
15
Yang, Shu, Chang Qi, Ping Hu, Zhi Yong Wei, and Ying Li Wang. "Topology Optimization of Electric Vehicle Body in White Based on SIMP Method." Advanced Materials Research 308-310 (August 2011): 606–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.308-310.606.
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Based on Solid Isotropic Microstructure with Penalization (SIMP) method, a mathematical model for topology optimization of EV is proposed, which has design objective as minimizing compliance, with volumetric and geometric constraints. To make results more engineering value, the BIW optimization of EV takes into account not only the static loads, but also the torsion load in turning and moment load in braking process of EV. A number of implementation aspects in solving the numerical instability problem generated in optimization process are discussed, including checkboard patterns and mesh-dependency. Topology optimization of EV body in white with geometry and volumetric constraints is conducted, showing effectiveness of the proposed model.
16
Hou, Wen Bin, Zhen Jun Bi, Hong Zhe Zhang, and Ping Hu. "The Implement of Optimization Design of a Car Body Based on VCD-ICAE System." Advanced Materials Research 479-481 (February 2012): 2577–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.479-481.2577.
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In order to get the optimistic structure property and design parameters of a car body, the system of vehicle body concept design (VCD-ICAE) was developed by us to make the body design in the conceptual phase in the paper. It can build parametric geometry modeling and FEM model of body-in-white (BIW) automatically, and the structural stiffness was calculated. Based on the former model, a multi-objective optimization of the total body was designed to afford the reasonable parameters for detailed model of BIW, which realized lightweight of the whole body and high stiffness. In the paper, the total theory and flowchart of vehicle body concept design were afforded. An example with real body’s data was shown to prove the validity of the multi-objective optimization module in VCD-ICAE system. Finally, the optimal design scheme of the body was provided.
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Wang, Dengfeng, and Kefang Cai. "Multi-objective crashworthiness optimization of vehicle body using particle swarm algorithm coupled with bacterial foraging algorithm." Proceedings of the Institution of Mechanical Engineers, Part D: Journal of Automobile Engineering 232, no. 8 (September 27, 2017): 1003–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0954407017724636.
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Crashworthiness and lightweight design are two main challenges in the early body in white (BIW) design stage. An implicit parametric model of BIW was built by using SFE-CONCEPT to allow for larger geometrical modifications and more flexible design space. A physical test was then conducted to verify the validity of the implicit parametric model. A hybrid method coupling the particle swarm optimization (PSO) algorithm with the bacterial foraging optimization (BFO) algorithm has been proposed to improve the crashworthiness and lightweight design. This method aims to obtain the Pareto sets to guide designers in selecting the optimal solution according to different demand. Meanwhile, a comparison between the proposed hybrid method and other widely used intelligent methods (PSO, BFO, and PSO–GA) was performed to illustrate the advantages of the hybrid method in solving complex, nonlinear, and multi-objective optimization problems. The results indicate that the proposed hybrid method has significant potential to optimize the crashworthiness and to guide lightweight design of BIW.
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Liu, Cheng Wu. "Modal Hammering Test and Sensitivity Analysis for BIW Vehicle." Applied Mechanics and Materials 599-601 (August 2014): 985–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.599-601.985.
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Aiming at the defects of classical modal parameter estimation approach, the impulse hammer modal test during body-in-white (BIW) stage was done through polyMAX method method. Based on modal analysis theory, an experimental model of BIW was established. The compositions of the experimental modal testing system, the design of testing scheme as well as its validation were described in detail in this paper. The collected data were identified via the polyMAX modal analysis method. The dynamic characteristics of BIW were confirmed by Modal Assurance Criterion. Influence of low frequency distribution characteristics on complete vehicle NVH was also analyzed. On the basis of above investigation, sensitivity analysis of the structure of BIW was conducted and sensitive structural parameters were determined. The test results show that the modal testing system can meet the requirement of precision with reliable results of parameter identification and sensitivity analysis, which can serve as a basis for the improvement of BIW structural design.
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Abdullah, N. A. Z., M. S. M. Sani, M. M. Rahman, and I. Zaman. "Correlation of numerical and experimental analysis for dynamic behaviour of a body-in-white (BIW) structure." MATEC Web of Conferences 90 (December 20, 2016): 01020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/matecconf/20179001020.
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Zheng, Hanchen, Frank Litwa, Benjamin Reese, Chenyang Li, Martin Bohn, and Kristin Paetzold. "A Modeling Approach for Elastic Tolerance Simulation of the Body in White Hang-On Parts." Proceedings of the Design Society: International Conference on Engineering Design 1, no. 1 (July 2019): 3461–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/dsi.2019.353.
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AbstractComputer aided tolerancing (CAT) in the automobile industry is implemented by CAD tools. These tools analyze the manufacturability of complex assemblies with rigid single parts in an early stage to reduce the product development time and the cost for hardware prototypes. This paper proposes an approach to implement tolerance simulation for a compliant assembly, which includes manufacturing processes such as clinching, bolting and hemming by applying tolerance simulation tool. The fender- BIW system is simulated as a compliant–rigid system and the simulation model is applied to two production scenarios. The simulation results are compared with real measurement data, which demonstrates the efficacy of using simulation in early production as opposed to prototyping or other methods of design by showing the strong correlation between simulation results and as-built products.
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Abdullah, N. A. Z., M. S. M. Fouzi, and M. S. Mohd Sani. "Computational Modal Analysis on Finite Element Model of Body-in-white Structure and Its Correlation with Experimental Data." International Journal of Automotive and Mechanical Engineering 17, no. 2 (July 7, 2020): 7915–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.15282/ijame.17.2.2020.10.0591.
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Nowadays, computational modelling and simulation are highly popular to increase the efficiency, productivity and shorten the product development period. The quality of a structure also can be determined by using computational analysis such as finite element analysis. Body-in-white structure, as one of the most important structures in the automotive field, has gained a lot of interest as the topic of research. This increase the demand of having a good finite element model of the structure. However, since body-in-white is a highly complicated structure, sometimes modelling simplification cannot be avoided. This study intended to investigate the level of accuracy of the simplified body-in-white model that was modelled by using several modelling strategies. The first body-in-white finite element model was modelled by neglecting the existing joint element in its actual structure. The other body-in-white model includes the joint element by including two different one-dimensional elements to replicate the joining in BIW actual structure. Validation on these body-in-white models are performed by correlating the finite element modal properties with the experimental modal properties. The discrepancies that had surfaced after the correlation was reduced by using a model updating method. The discussed results showed that as the model is under major simplification, several parameters were inaccurately assumed in the initial body-in-white model. Thus, the model updating method has successfully determined the less accurate parameter and the level of discrepancies between the model and experimental data were successfully reduced.
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Zhou, Jia, and Ming Tu Ma. "Hot Stamping Technology Applied on Vehicles on EuroCarBody." Advanced Materials Research 1063 (December 2014): 232–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.1063.232.
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EuroCarBody, offer the most important forum for defining and discussing the state of the art in modern series car body engineering. The present paper concerns the materials of press hardened steels and its’ manufacturing technology (Hot stamping) applied on vehicle on EuroCarBody from 2009 to 2013 through presentations and benchmark datas. The using percentage of press hardening steels (PHS) on body in white (BIW) are summarized and analyzied. It can be noted that the number and weight of BIW parts using of press hardening steels are increasing from 2009 to 2013, some kind of vehicle, such as Audi A3, the using percentage of PHS reaches 21.6%. The press hardening steels have started used on commercial vehicle from EuroCarBody 2013. More and more new technologies applied on hot stamping processing, such as Joule heating for hot stamping, Hot-form-process partial tempering, Tailor Rolled Blank (TRB) technolgy, etc. With the developing of the automotive industry, more and more hot forming parts will be applied on vehicles in the future.
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Afshar, Reza, Aidy Ali, Sahari B. Barkawi, and Mehdi Bayat. "Auto Adjust Masses of Automotive Structures with Desired Centre of Gravity." Key Engineering Materials 462-463 (January 2011): 812–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/kem.462-463.812.
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In this study a subroutine was developed and added in the pre-processing module of the frame work of commercial package of ANSYS to distribute the extra masses according to specific assigned centre of gravity (COG). The work further calculate the first bending and torsional natural frequencies of the simplified body in white (BIW) model of automotive in order to maximize these frequencies with final mass constraint. It is found that adding the extra masses symmetrically about longitudinal axis helps to improve the first bending and torsion natural frequencies. However, removing the mass along this axis leads to have higher values in the case of first bending and natural frequencies.
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Kotadia, Hiren R., Pasquale Franciosa, and Dariusz Ceglarek. "Challenges and Opportunities in Remote Laser Welding of Steel to Aluminium." MATEC Web of Conferences 269 (2019): 02012. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/matecconf/201926902012.
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In the last two decades, the automotive industry has been facing demands to reduce fuel consumption and to meet CO2 emissions through applications of lightweight materials. Therefore, aluminium alloys have replaced substantial amounts of steel; and they are receiving significant attention to achieve greenhouse emission targets. However, a critical factor in applications of advanced aluminium in automotive Body in White (BIW) designs depends on availability of cost effective and high performance joining processes. Currently, a Self-Pierce Riveting (SPR) process is extensively used for aluminium BIW sheet metal parts joining which is expensive, additionally increase the weight of the vehicle and cause inefficiency in manufacturing operations. As aluminium alloys are difficult to weld by conventional technologies such as electrical resistance spot welding, MIG arc welding etc., various joining technologies had proposed to weld aluminium alloys and dissimilar alloys over the years. Often, these technologies restrict design flexibility and are expensive for mass production. In this context, Remote Laser Welding (RLW) has gained popularity because of its distinct advantages such as design flexibility, production speed, material and cost savings. This paper provides a critical review of challenges and opportunities for application of RLW to dissimilar metal welding of steel to aluminium. Next steps of research and development are also highlighted.
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Pandian, Annamalai, and Ahad Ali. "Performance Prediction of an Automotive Assembly Line Based on ARMA-ANN Modeling." International Journal of Applied Industrial Engineering 2, no. 2 (July 2014): 22–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.4018/ijaie.2014070102.
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This research paper aims to predict the automotive Body-In-White (BIW) robotic welding assembly line performance. A combinational prediction model based on the Autoregressive Moving Average (ARMA) and Artificial Neural Networks (ANN) is developed. Classical methods are often used to predict the assembly line throughput, but not ideal. A combinational prediction model is applied for comprehensive analysis and prediction of the assembly line throughput. The various case studies presented in this paper indicate that the precision of the model is better than the other models. This research has significant practical value to the assembly plant because, based on the prediction, plant can make commitment to achieve the production to meet the market demand. Unpredictable performance of the assembly line in the plant leads to more overtime, less time for maintenance and eventually hurting the company bottom line.
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Sanchez-Caballero, Samuel, Miguel Selles, Rafael Pla-Ferrando, Jesus Seguí, and Miguel Peydro. "Research on the Friction Properties of DP600 Stainless Steel as a Function of Bending Angle and Pin Diameter." Materials Proceedings 3, no. 1 (February 18, 2021): 17. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/iec2m-09248.
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The rapid evolution of materials and manufacturing processes, driven by global competition and new safety and environmental regulations has had an impact on automotive structures (Body In White; BIW) manufacturing. The need for lighter vehicles, with more equipment, that are safer and eco-friendly at the same time, relates to the entire life cycle of the car. Car and steelmakers agree that weight reduction is possible, and the solution involves the use of new advanced high-strength steels. Thinner and stronger materials lead to higher demands on stamping, the most used manufacturing in BIW parts. The use of advanced high-strength steels raises new challenges, especially concerning the lubrication between the die and the sheet. To study the lubrication conditions of the stamping process, a sheet metal forming a simulator was developed. The simulator consists of two cylinders that pull the strip of steel and a pin in between. The angle between the cylinders can be adjusted from 0 to 90 degrees, which allows analysis of the effect of the stamping angle. The pull force and velocity can be set and measured, and the peripheric pin velocity, the strain, and the strain velocity can be measured as well. In this work, the tribological properties of Dual-Phase 600 stainless steel using different processing conditions have been analyzed. To this end, a factorial experiments design with twelve parameters that compare the behavior of different angles and diameters was run. The results showed that the friction coefficient increases by increasing the bending angle and decreases with pin diameter.
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Hortobágyi, Tibor, Richard G. Israel, Joseph A. Houmard, Kevin F. O'Brien, Robert A. Johns, and Jennifer M. Wells. "Comparison of Four Methods to Assess Body Composition in Black and White Athletes." International Journal of Sport Nutrition 2, no. 1 (March 1992): 60–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.1123/ijsn.2.1.60.
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Four methods of assessing body composition were compared in 55 black and 35 white, Division 1, American football players. Percent body fat (%BF) was estimated with hydrostatic weighing at residual volume, corrected for race; seven-site skinfolds (7 SF), corrected for race; bioelectrical impedance analysis (BIA); and near-infrared spectrophotometry (NIR). Percent body fat with HW in blacks (mean = 14.7%) and whites (19.7%) did not differ(P> .05) from %>BF with 7 SF (blacks, 14.7%; whites, 19.0%). In relation to HW, BIA significantly(P <.05) overpredicted (blacks: 20.1%,SEE =3.2%; whites; 22.3%,SEE =4.3%) and NiR underpredicted %BF (blacks; 12.6%,SEE= 3.9%; whites; 17.7%,SEE= 3.6%). The contribution of BIA variables (resistance, phase angle, conductance) and NIR optical density to predict %BF was trivial compared to body mass index. It appears that race may not substantially influence %BF prediction by NIR and BIA. It was concluded that when considering the cost and expertise required with NIR and BIA, SF measurements appear to be a superior alternative for rapid and accurate body composition assessment of athletes, independent of race.
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Aziz Shah, M. A. S., M. A. Yunus, M. N. Abdul Rani, M. S. Mohd Zin, and W. I. I. Wan Iskandar Mirza. "Finite Element Modelling of Laser Stitch Welding Joints for Structural Dynamic Predictions." International Journal of Automotive and Mechanical Engineering 16, no. 2 (July 4, 2019): 6556–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.15282/ijame.16.2.2019.7.0494.
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Laser stitch welding is a joining technique that has been increasingly popular in automotive industries, such as in the manufacturing and assembling of the car’s body-in-white (BiW) due to its advantages over the resistance spot weld, such as low heat application and high strength weld. The dynamic behaviour of a laser stitch welded structure is relatively difficult to predict accurately due to local parameters being induced during the laser welding process, such as heat affected zone (HAZ) and residual stress in the welded structure. This paper presents the idea of modelling the laser stitch weld by investigating different types of element connectors that can be used to represent laser stitch weld, such as rigid body element (RBE2), shell element (CQUAD4), bar element (CBAR) and area contact model (ACM2) format of element connectors. The accuracy of finite element models of laser stitch welded joints is compared in terms of natural frequencies and mode shapes with the experiment counterparts. The dynamic behaviour of the measured structure is obtained by using an impact hammer with free-free boundary conditions. It is found that the accuracy of the finite element models of the laser stitch welded structure highly depends on the involvement of residual stress and the heat affected zones that are generated from the welding process.
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Yang, Yuedong, Jiqing Chen, Fengchong Lan, Fei Xiong, and Zicong Zeng. "Joints Parameters Identification in Numerical Modeling of Structural Dynamics." Shock and Vibration 2018 (June 5, 2018): 1–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2018/2365759.
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The dynamics of assembled structures are significantly dependent on joints. Joints parameters, owing to be difficultly measured, are always ignored by pure rigid in numerical modeling and it will result in unreliable or even error descriptions. 1~3 Hz deviations may cause resonance especially in engineering optimization issues; hence it is necessary to identify joints parameters for structural dynamics investigation. In present work, multiobjective optimization algorithms are used to identify joints parameters by approaching actual test results in each series of structure to decrease unreliable or error for numerical modeling. Taking automotive dynamics with seam-welding and spot-welding as examples, the relationship of joints parameters perturbation and structural dynamics is derived to give the selecting reason of parameters’ identification. The actual dynamics of an SUV’s frame and a thin-walled part in BIW (body in white) are utilized to validate the methodology. Results demonstrate that the validated model has enough accuracy to reflect the dynamics of the actual structure. The methodology provides reliable guarantee for dynamic analysis and the design of structure.
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Aziz Shah, M. A. S., M. A. Yunus, M. N. Abdul Rani, A. M. Saman, M. S. M. Sani, and M. S. Mohd Zin. "The effect of laser stitch welding residual stress on the dynamic behaviour of thin steel structure." Journal of Mechanical Engineering and Sciences 13, no. 4 (December 30, 2019): 5780–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.15282/jmes.13.4.2019.05.0461.
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Laser stitch welding is one of the most reliable and efficient permanent metal joining processes in the automotive industry, particularly in the manufacturing of a car body-in-white (BIW). It is widely known that this welding process induces the generation of residual stresses that can influence the dynamic behaviours of welded structures. In order to accurately predict the dynamic behaviours of these welded structures, it is important to experimentally understand the influence of residual stress. Therefore, this study addresses the finite element modelling method of thin steel welded structures with and without the influences of residual stress in order to identify its effect towards dynamic behaviours. The finite element models of thin steel welded structures are developed by employing the area contact model (ACM2) format element connector. The accuracy of the finite element models is then compared in terms of natural frequencies and mode shapes with the experimental counterparts. The dynamic behaviours of the measured structure are obtained using an impact hammer with free-free boundary conditions. The results demonstrate the importance of considering the influence of laser stitch welding residual stress in predicting the dynamic behaviours of thin steel welded structure.
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Lin, Chang-Sheng, Chang-Chen Yu, Yue-Hao Ciou, Yi-Xiu Wu, Chuan-Hsing Hsu, and Yi-Ting Li. "Design and analysis of a light electric vehicle." Mechanical Sciences 12, no. 1 (March 30, 2021): 345–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/ms-12-345-2021.
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Abstract. This paper discusses a systematic vehicle design process in which light weight is taken as the vehicle design objective, and the designed frame is analyzed in detail. The load condition of a vehicle under different circumstances is calculated according to the distances from the front and rear wheels to the centroid position. The stress on the components in the condition is analyzed by finite element analysis, the steering geometry of the vehicle is analyzed, and the vehicle's turning angle and radius are designed. The displacement of the vehicle under a load is calculated by rigidity analysis to determine the stability of the vehicle in motion. The experimental modal analysis of the real frame and the finite element method are verified mutually for the electric vehicle body-in-white (BIW) manufacturing process to determine the consistency of model formation and the real frame. In terms of the circuit design, we used no-fuse switches and fuses to provide overcurrent protection for the main power supply, and the chip is combined with an optically coupled circuit and current sensor, which is driven by a restriction controller for protection. Moreover, a solid-state relay (SSR) is used for current protection and for controlling the forward/reverse rotation of the motor.
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Kuzelov, A., N. Taskov, T. Angelkova, E. Atanasova, and M. Mladenov. "Impact of live weight on the quality of pigs halves and meat of the large white breed." Biotehnologija u stocarstvu 27, no. 3 (2011): 819–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.2298/bah1103819k.
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The research was conducted on pig carcasses and meat of 12 pigs breed big Yorkshire fattened to approximately 125 kg body mass (group A), and 12 pigs of the same breed fattened to approximately 108 kg body mass (group B). Pigs were kept in the semi-outdoor system, with the same housing and feeding conditions. Meat quality was determined on the sample from M. longissimus dorsi, taken between the 13th and 14th rib. Body mass of pigs prior to slaughter 125..22 kg. and 108. 52 kg.) significantly influenced the quality of pigs breed big Yorkshire carcasses , but not the quality of the meat. Pigs with higher body mass (125.22 kg) had carcasses of different conformation (significantly higher relative share of yawl and abdominal rib -part and a lower relative share of less worth parts and shoulder) and composition (a lower relative share of meat on shoulder and a higher relative share of meat on abdominal-rib part) in relation to pigs with lower body mass (108.52 kg). The meat contents in carcasses was almost equal (47.04 % and 47.20%) in both analyzed groups of pigs. In terms of meat quality, that was usual, no significant differences (p>0.05) were determined between the analyzed groups of pigs.
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Dynko, Y. P. "GROWTH AND DEVELOPMENT OF REPAIR HEIFERS OF UKRAINIAN BLACK-AND-WHITE DAIRY BREED OF DIFFERENT TYPES OF CONSTITUTION." Animal Breeding and Genetics 52 (November 1, 2016): 22–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.31073/abg.52.04.
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The features of growth and development of Ukrainian Black-and-White Dairy heifers of different constitution types were investigated in the article. The study was conducted in 2016 in the breeding farm APC named after Shchorsa, Kyiv region (n = 109). Differentiation of cows on constitution types was conducted by the methods proposed by O. M. Chernenko and N. N. Kolesnik.
According to the classification of O. M. Chernenko distribution of first-calf cows by constitution types was as follows: big-capacity type – 75 %, mid-capacity – 16 %, low-capacity – 9 %; according to the classification of N. N. Kolesnik – wide-body type – 56 %, narrow-body type – 44 %.
Advantage for most body measurements was in first-calf cows with big-capacity type which prevailed over the low- and mid-capacity type animals by height at withers by 2.9 and 0.9 cm, respectively, chest girth – 6.6 cm and 5.0 cm (P < 0.05). Advantage over low-capacity type by width and depth of chest behind the blades, width and depth of chest behind the last rib and the length of thoracic was 4.9 cm, 4.4 cm, 7.0 cm, 7.3 cm and 3.7 cm, respectively (P < 0.01 in all the cases). It was found the significant advantage for the metacarpal girth of big-capacity type animals over mid-capacity type animals – 0.5 cm (Р < 0.01). The first-calf cows with narrow-body type of constitution had advantage over wide-body type on such measurements: height at withers – by 1.3 cm, chest girth – 4.9 cm (P < 0.01), depth of chest behind the blades – 0.9 cm, depth of chest behind the last rib – 0.8 cm, width between pin bones – 0.9 cm, sloped body length and metacarpal girth – by 0.3 cm. The first-calf cows with wide-body type had advantage for width of chest behind the blades – by 2 сm (P < 0.01), width of chest behind the last rib – 3.1 сm (P < 0.01), length of thoracic – 0.6 cm and width between hips – by 2.9 сm (Р < 0.001).According to the classification of O. M. Chernenko the significant advantage only was found for long-leg index in animals with low-capacity type over big-capacity type – by 2.1% (P < 0.01). The animals with wide-body type of constitution compared to narrow-body type (according to N. N. Kolesnik) predominated by wide rear, long-leg, stretching and thoracal indexes by 2.4% (Р < 0.01), 0.2%, 0.7% and 3.4% (Р < 0.01), respectively. The first-calf cows with narrow-body type of constitution predominated for pelvic-breast index by 2.0%, compactness index – 3.1%, boniness index – 0.2% and narrow rear index – by 6.6% (Р < 0.001).It was found that the highest live weight from 3 to 18 months had heifers with mid-capacity type of constitution. The first-calf cows with mid-capacity type of constitution predominated over the first-calf cows with big-capacity type at 3 months’ age by 7.6 kg (Р < 0.05), the advantage over low-capacity type was 6.9 kg. Heifers with mid-capacity type of constitution at age of 6, 9, 12, 15 and 18 months compared to other groups had live weight by 13.8–18.6 kg, 16.7–23.2 kg, 11.4–29.3 kg 5.1–28.2 kg and 12.8–20.1 kg higher, respectively.It was found that live weight of newborn heifers with narrow-body type was significantly higher by 1.2 kg (Р < 0.05). Significant differences of live weight from birth to 18 months between replacement heifers with narrow- and wide-body types of constitution were not found; the difference varied within 0.5–3.3 kg depending on the age of the animals. Live weight during the first insemination of heifers with wide-body type was higher by 17.1 kg, but the difference was insignificant.The heifers with mid-capacity type of constitution had the advantage over the other by the absolute gain from birth to 3 months – 9 kg (P < 0,01), low-capacity type – 6 kg. Also the heifers with mid-capacity type were characterized by the highest absolute gain in periods of 3.1–6.0 months and 6.1–9.0 months, that 6.1–11.7 kg and 2.9–4.6 kg higher compared with heifers of other types of constitution. In periods of 9.1–12.0 and 12.1–15.0 months the highest absolute gain was in animals with big-capacity type of constitution – 69.8 kg and 69.2 kg, respectively.Regarding absolute gain from birth to 18 months significant differences between the repair heifers of wide- and narrow-body types of constitution weren’t found, the differences varied within 0.1–3.8 kg.The highest relative gain of live weight in periods of 0–3.0 and 3.1–6.0 months was observed in heifers with mid-capacity type of constitution – 206.2% and 72.8%, respectively. The relative gain of heifers in period of 6.1–9.0 months varied within 41.8–42.8%. In periods of 9.1–12.0 and 12.1–15.0 months heifers with big-capacity type had 3.9–4.3 % and 1.2–3.0 % higher relative gain compared to heifers with other types of constitution. In period of 15.1–18.0 months heifers with mid-capacity type of constitution predominated over animals with big-capacity type by the relative gain – 2.4 % (Р < 0.01).
The difference of relative gain between the narrow- and wide-body types of constitution was 0.2–5.8 %, depending on the age period.
The heifers with mid-capacity type of constitution significantly prevailed over heifers with big-capacity type by daily gain by 100 g (Р < 0.01) at the age of 0–3.0 months, the advantage over animals with low-capacity type was 67 g. At the age of 3.1–6.0 and 6.1–9.0 months daily gain of heifers with mid-capacity type was 29–68 g and 32–51 g higher compared to animals of other types. The heifers with low-capacity type significantly prevailed over heifers with big-capacity type at age of 15.1–18.0 months by 182 g (Р < 0.05).
Significant differences for live weight and live weight gain between first-calf cows with wide- and narrow-body types weren’t found.
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Wang, Jack, John C. Thornton, Santiago Burastero, Steven B. Heymsfield, and Richard N. Pierson. "Bio-impedance analysis for estimation of total body potassium, total body water, and fat-free mass in white, black, and Asian adults." American Journal of Human Biology 7, no. 1 (1995): 33–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/ajhb.1310070105.
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Hilman, Nordin, Mohd Hamdi Bin Abd Shukor, Yang Yang, and Ichiro Hagiwara. "Investigation on Spot Welding Effect on Truss Core Panel for Crashworthiness." Materials Science Forum 773-774 (November 2013): 766–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/msf.773-774.766.
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One of the main concerns of the automotive industry is reduction in structural weight of automobiles. Reduction of weight on vehicles has been proven to lower the usage of fuel, and therefore save a lot of energy in order to move from one place to another. At the same time, reduction of weight often means reduction in material usage, often regarded to be threatening structural strength of parts, components or vehicles body in white (BIW). Truss Core Panel, which has been developed from the study of origami engineering, specifically plane-tilings and space fillings, is a suitable candidate because it can be produced from thin sheet metals and can be joined using spot welding. In this paper, method for evaluating truss core panels for crashworthiness has been established based previous research on crashworthiness evaluation on thin shells. The effect of different configuration of spot welding has been investigated. The number of spot weld (n) along central member and side members of truss core panel has been varied and modeled from n = 2, 4, 6 ... to n = 30, and compared to a truss core panel model that is fully welded along central member and side members. The results also show that it is possible to attain similar mean crush force to fully welded structure with smaller number of spot welds.
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D'Alonzo, Karen T., Ana Aluf, Linda Vincent, and Kristin Cooper. "A Comparison of Field Methods to Assess Body Composition in a Diverse Group of Sedentary Women." Biological Research For Nursing 10, no. 3 (November 17, 2008): 274–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1099800408326583.
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Accurate assessment of body composition is essential in the evaluation of obesity. While laboratory methods are commonly used to assess fat mass, field measures (e.g., skinfold thickness [SKF] and bioelectrical impedance [BIA]) may be more practical for screening large numbers of individuals in intervention studies. In this study, a correlational design was used among 46 racially and ethnically diverse, sedentary women (mean age = 25.73 years) to (a) compare the percentage of body fat as determined by SKF and the upper body BIA and (b) examine the effects of body mass index (BMI), racial/ethnic background, age, and stage of the menstrual cycle on differences in the estimated percentage of body fat obtained using the SKF and BIA. Overall, a significant correlation between SKF and BIA (r = .98, p < .001) was found, with similar findings among Black, Hispanic and White non-Hispanic women. The mean differences between BIA and SKF were not significantly correlated with BMI, age, race/ethnicity or stage of the menstrual cycle. Data from this study suggest that BIA showed similar body fat prediction values compared with SKF and may be a viable alternative to SKF among diverse groups of healthy women. Additional testing and comparison of these field methods with the laboratory methods of hydrodensitometry or dual energy X-ray absorptiometry is recommended to further determine whether BIA devices can be routinely recommended as an alternative to the SKF.
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Abdel Rasoul, Mona, and Gehan Marei. "Potential therapeutic effect of turmeric (Curcuma longa) against adverse effects of penconazole fungicide to white rats." International Journal of Pharmacology and Toxicology 4, no. 2 (September 3, 2016): 178. http://dx.doi.org/10.14419/ijpt.v4i2.6347.
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This study aimed to investigate the prophylactic effect of turmeric (Curcuma longa) Rhizome Ethanolic extract (CLRE) at 250 mg/kg as antioxidant effects against penconazole induced sub-acute toxicity. Hepatic, renal and testicular pathological changes caused by oxidative damage induced by penconazole in rats were biochemically and histologically evaluated. Male rats were treated with penconazole, via oral route, at doses of 0.5 mg/ kg body weight (b.w.; acute reference dose, ARfD), 25 mg/kg b.w. (no observed adverse effects level, NOAEL) and 100 mg/ kg b.w. (1/20 lethal dose [LD50]) for 28 consecutive days. Penconazole treatments had significant (p < 0.05) and gradual reductions in body and relative testicular weight accompanied by significant elevation in the relative liver and kidney weights. Significant increase serum aspartate aminotransferase (AST), alanine aminotransferase (ALT), alkaline phosphatase (ALP), lactate dhydrogenase(LDH), gamma-glutamyl transferase (GGT), creatinine (Cre), uric acid and blood glucose was observed due to penconazole treatments. However, total protein and testosterone hormone were significantly decreased. Exposure to penconazole caused increase in lipid peroxidation (LPO) and decreased of liver and kidney antioxidant enzymes activity as catalase (CAT), superoxide dismutase (SOD) and glutathione peroxidase (GPx). Histopathological studies confirmed the ameliorative beneficial effects of turmeric biochemical parameters. On the basis of this study, the use of tumeric rhizomes as a functional food or as a nutraceutical product could be a useful approach to protect individuals who are regularly exposed to penconazole.
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Katch, F. I., B. Keller, and R. Solomon. "VALIDITY OF BIA FOR ESTIMATING BODY FAT IN CARDIAC AND PULMONARY PATIENTS, AND BLACK AND WHITE MEN AND WOMEN MATCHED FOR AGE AND BODY FAT." Medicine & Science in Sports & Exercise 18, supplement (April 1986): S17. http://dx.doi.org/10.1249/00005768-198604001-00081.
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Arribas, Maribel, Radhakanta Rana, Chris Lahaije, Xabier Gómez, Iñigo Aranguren, and Iñaki Pérez. "Design and Properties of 1000 MPa Strength Level Hot-Formed Steels Possessing Dual-Phase and Complex-Phase Microstructures." Materials Science Forum 941 (December 2018): 352–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/msf.941.352.
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In cold forming for automotive lightweight design, advanced high strength steels (AHSS) lead to limited formability, high springback and press forces, low stretch flangeability, multiple operations for complex geometries and large scrap rates. Two sets of AHSS, namely ferritic-martensitic dual-phase (DP) steel and martensitic-bainitic complex-phase (CP) steel with some amounts of retained austenite (RA), were designed for the hot-forming route, which eliminates the above drawbacks and guarantees higher performance in the body-in-white (BIW). Design of four DP and four CP alloys was accomplished using JMatPro6.0 thermodynamic software and available literature. The alloys were manufactured in the laboratory in cold-rolled gauge of ~1.5 mm and subjected to hot-forming cycles including hot deformation (up to 20% strain), using a dilatometer and a Gleeble 3800 machine. The thermal cycles of the DP alloys included an intercritical reheating whereas in-situ austempering or slow continuous cooling followed by supercritical reheating was used for the CP alloys. The results showed that yield strength (YS) of 605MPa & 695MPa, ultimate tensile strength (UTS) of 1097MPa & 1242MPa with a total elongation (TE) of 12.6% & 14.1% can be achieved in the best performing DP alloys with a martensite content of 65% & 60 vol.%. The best CP alloys with austempering achieved YS of 673MPa & 699MPa, UTS of 983MPa & 1026MPa and TE of 9.2% & 13.6% with RA of 4%-12 vol.%. The continuously-cooled alloys achieved even better properties. Higher bendability at 1.0 mm gauge in the critical direction was achieved in the CP alloys (90o&107o) than in the DP alloys (73o&76o).
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Akporhuarho, P. O., and E. Obodoagwu. "Estimates of repeatability for body weight and conformation traits in three breeds of grower pigs." Nigerian Journal of Animal Production 47, no. 1 (December 19, 2020): 47–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.51791/njap.v47i1.178.
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The aims of the study were to provide estimate of repeatability on the body weight and body traits of the three genotype of grower pigs. Data on 30 growing pigs comprising of three strains, landrace, large white and Duroc of the same age were used to estimate the repeatability ® of body weight (BDW), and linear body traits measured from 2-8 weeks of growth and development. The linear body traits measured was: Head length (HDL), Body length (BDL), body girth (BDG), Ham length (HML), Ear length (ERL) and Neck circumference (NCG). Repeatability estimate for body weight of the three strains were relatively high (0.62, 0.71 and 0.64) for landrace, large white and duroc respectively at 8 weeks of growth. The repeatability values ranged from low to high for other linear body traits (0.2 – 0.52) in the three strains of pigs at early stage of growth. The high repeatability estimates noted for most of the traits imply possible high expected genetic response from inherent transmitting ability of the pigs of traits with moderate's repeatability and the low repeatability estimates recorded for some other traits imply that collection of additional records and improvement of non-genetic factors influencing performance will improve these traits. The three genotype of pigs although were better in terms of development performance, but additional measurements and improvement of non-genetic factors influencing repeatability traits will be needed to realize expected respond from selection.
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Yaremko, O. V., and R. A. Peleno. "Intensity of growth of calves of Ukrainian black-and-white dairy breed in colostrum and milk periods while feeding them with pyridoxine hydrochloride." Scientific Messenger of LNU of Veterinary Medicine and Biotechnologies 21, no. 90 (April 26, 2019): 108–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.32718/nvlvet-a9019.
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The effect of pyridoxine hydrochloride on the body mass of animals, absolute and average daily increment, relative growth rate, growth factor of live weight and multiplicity of increase in live weight of calves in the early stages of postnatal ontogenesis were studied. For the experiment, six groups of one-day calves (control and five experimental) were formed, with 5 animals in each, which, in addition to the main diet (MD), fed pyridoxine hydrochloride in different doses, according to the scheme: control group – MD, I experimental group – MD + 1 mg/kg g. m pyridoxine hydrochloride, II – MD + 2 mg/kg g. m of the preparation, ІІІ – MD + 3 mg/kg of w. m., IV – MD + 4 mg/kg g. m and V experimental group – MD + 5 mg/kg g. m pyridoxine hydrochloride. Conditionally, the research was divided into four periods: colostrum – from birth and up to 5 days, until the formation of digestion – from 5 to 21 days, the period of the formation of digestion scar – from 21 to 60 days and the end of the milk period – from 60 to 90 days. It was established that feeding to calves with pyridoxine hydrochloride resulted in an increase in the live weight of 60 days of calves by 5.9% in the second group (P < 0.05), by 8.7% in the third group, by 8.3% in IV and 9.2% in V groups (P < 0.001) and for 90 days it was higher by 9.3%, 9.1%, 9.2% and 9.1% respectively (P < 0.05). The highest average daily increments were in the colostrum period in calves IV and V groups, which were added to the main diet, respectively, 4 and 5 mg/kg b.w. pyridoxine hydrochloride, in the period prior to the formation of digestion scar in calves of group IV, in the period of the formation of digestion scar in calves of the III group and at the end of the milking period in calves of group V. Absolute incresements of calves in the colostrum period and the period prior to the formation of digestion scar were the highest in calves of Group IV and the difference in control was respectively 0.34 and 1.05 kg. During the period of the digestion scar formation and the end of the milk period, the highest absolute increases were in calves of group V, which was added to the main ration of 5 mg/kg b.w. pyridoxine hydrochloride. The highest increase in body weight of calves in colostric period and prior to the operation scar rate was in group IV, the period of digestion scar formation was in the third group and during the completion period of milk in the second group of calves. In colostric period the increase of live weight was higher in calves III, IV and V groups of 5 to 21 days in calves of group IV, from 21 to 60 days in the third group and during the completion period of milk in the second group of calves.
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Ogundele, O. S., B. K. Alese, and O. O. Mathew. "A Bio-Inspired Concept for Information Security Modelling." International Journal of Green Computing 1, no. 1 (January 2010): 53–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.4018/jgc.2010010106.
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Bio-inspired models for information security were designed to demonstrate the performances by which biology achieves security. Existing research focuses on borrowing partial ideas from biological systems to resolve some facet of information security in a network environment, such as intrusion detection and fault tolerance. This work uses the bio-inspired concept of the body system to demonstrate an information security model that makes use of the immune system. The white blood cells (leucocytes) produce the antibodies (lymphocyte) that fight against all antigens (foreign materials) and kill them. The skin layer of the body contains keratin that prevents microorganisms from penetrating the body. The authors relate the processes in biological systems to information security using mechanisms of the immune system in molecular biology as the key paradigm. Theory of set and algebra were used to describe the relationship between the immune system and the information security model. A simple simulator was developed to demonstrate the operation of the designed bio-inspired model. Although the simulator was tested with assumed data, the work offered insight into how the immune system of biology can be adapted to design and implement a more secure information security system.
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Nan, Kai Hui, and G. X. Pei. "Mineralization Behavior of Bioactive Ceramic Coatings Formed by Micro-Arc Oxidation on Titanium." Key Engineering Materials 330-332 (February 2007): 629–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/kem.330-332.629.
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Titanium oxide films were obtained by MAO at the applied voltages of 250-550V and their bio-mineralization behavior was investigated. The films were composed mainly of TiO2 phases in the form of anatase and rutile and enriched with Ca and P elements in the form of CaTiO3 and amorphous calcium phosphate. Their bio-mineralization behavior was evaluated in a simulated body fluid (SBF). After immersed in SBF for 72 h, white mineralized layers were observed on the samples obtained at high voltages. The bio-mineralized rate of samples increased with the applied voltages, which resulted in the difference on morphology of different samples. The structure and composition of the films have an important effect on their bio-mineralization behavior.
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Siahaan, Jekson Martiar, Syaffruddin Illyas, Dharma Lindarto, and Marline Nainggolan. "The Effect of Ethanol and Ethyl Acetate Fraction of Chayote fruit (Sechium edule Jacq. Swartz) on the Oxidative Stress and Insulin Resistance of Male White Rat Model Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus." Open Access Macedonian Journal of Medical Sciences 8, A (December 15, 2020): 962–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.3889/oamjms.2020.4517.
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BACKGROUND: Oxidative stress in type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2D) causes insulin resistance and disordered insulin secretion. Pathomechanisms of T2D consist of dysfunctional pancreatic β-cell and insulin resistance caused by free radical (reactive oxygen species and reactive nitrogen species) that produced from the glucose metabolism pathway. Insulin resistance can be measured using the homeostatic model assessment of insulin resistance (HOMA-IR). Oxidative stress can measure through the activities of malondialdehyde (MDA) and superoxide dismutase (SOD).
AIM: This research aims to study the potential of chayote (Sechium edule Jacq. Swartz) to be used as antihyperglycemic in T2D.
MATERIALS AND METHODS: This research was conducted with a post-test randomized controlled group design. Eleven groups with four male rats each were used. Normal untreated rats were treated under ad libitum feeding and drinking condition. Meanwhile, the rat models were induced with the combination of 45 mg/kg b.w. streptozotocin, 110 mg/kg b.w. nicotinamide, 40.5 mg/kg b.w. metformin, high-fat diet, and/or chayote extract. The chayote extract was orally administered to the rat in the form of ethanol extract and/or ethyl acetate fraction, with three dosages of 45 mg/kg b.w., 100 mg/kg b.w., and 150 mg/kg b.w. for each extract type. The body weight, glucose level, insulin level, MDA, and SOD activities were measured. The HOMA-IR was used.
RESULTS: The lowest body weight of the rat model in week 0 was 145 ± 25.31, founded in Group H that was treated with ethyl acetate fraction of chayote extract (45 mg/kg b.w.). The lowest blood sugar level in the group with 2 h glucose load was 112.5 ± 27.00 on average, found in Group G that was treated with chayote ethanolic extract (150 mg/kg b.w.). The highest SOD in the group treated with chayote extract was 1.27 ± 0.20, founded in Group H treated with ethyl acetate 45 mg/kg b.w. The lowest level of MDA was 0.86 ± 0.70 in Group H treated with ethyl acetate 45 mg/kg b.w. The lowest fasting blood sugar spectrophotometer level was 150.54 ± 17.24 mg/dl in Group K with metformin treatment, followed by 155.16 ± 31.92 mg/dl in Group K treated 45 mg/kg b.w. ethanol treatment. The highest insulin level was 6.14 ± 0.71, founded in Group F that was treated with chayote ethanolic extract 100 mg/kg b.w. The lowest measurement of HOMA-IR was 0.16 ± 0.80 in Group E treated with ethanol extract of chayote 45 mg/kg b.w.
CONCLUSION: Ethanol extract and fractionation of chayote work as an antioxidant and anti-insulin resistance.
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Ismail, Magdy M., El-Tahra M. Ammar, Abd El-Wahab E. Khalil, and Mohamed Z. Eid. "Effect of Honey & Olive Oil Supplemented Bio-Yoghurt Feeding on Lipid Profile, Blood Glucose and Hematological Parameters in Rats." Current Nutrition & Food Science 15, no. 2 (March 21, 2019): 140–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.2174/1573401313666170905160124.
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Background and Objective: Yoghurt, especially bio-yoghurt has long been recognized as a product with many health benefits for consumers. Also, honey and olive oil have considerable nutritional and health effects. So, the effect of administration of yoghurt made using ABT culture and fortified with honey (2 and 6%), olive oil (1 and 4%) or honey + olive oil (2+1 and 6+4% respectively) on some biological and hematological properties of rats was investigated.Methods:The body weight gain, serum lipid level, blood glucose level, serum creatinine level, Glutamic Oxaloacetic Transaminase (GOT) activity, Glutamic Pyruvic Transaminase (GPT) activity, leukocytes and lymphocytes counts of rats were evaluated.Results:Blending of bio-yoghurt with rats' diet improved body weight gain. Concentrations of Total plasma Cholesterol (TC), High-Density Lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL), Low-Density Lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL), Very Low-Density Lipoprotein cholesterol (VLDL) and Triglycerides (TG) significantly lowered in plasma of rats fed bio-yoghurt. Levels of TC, LDL, VLDL, and TG also decreased in rat groups feed bio-yoghurt supplemented with honey and olive oil. LDL concentrations were reduced by 10.32, 18.51, 34.17, 22.48, 43.30% in plasma of rats fed classic starter yoghurt, ABT yoghurt, ABT yoghurt contained 6% honey, ABT yoghurt contained 4% olive oil and ABT yoghurt contained 6% honey + 4% olive oil respectively. The blood glucose, serum creatinine, GOT and GPT values of rats decreased while white blood cells and lymphocytes counts increased by feeding bioyoghurt contained honey and olive oil.Conclusion:The findings enhanced the multiple therapeutic effects of bio-yoghurt supplemented with honey and olive oil.
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Getmantseva, Lyubov, Siroj Bakoev, Olga V. Kostyunina, Alexey Traspov, Yuri Prytkov, and Nekruz Bakoev. "PSVII-26 Detection of selection signatures in Civil and Large White pig breeds." Journal of Animal Science 98, Supplement_4 (November 3, 2020): 464–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/jas/skaa278.808.
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Abstract The detection of selection signatures can help to understand the mechanisms of artificial selection. The purpose of this work is to determine the selection signatures in Civil pig relatively Large White breed. The research was carried out on Large White of three breeding centers (LW_1_New=16, LW_2_New=12, LW_3_New=15) and Civilskay, bred in Russia on the basis of local pigs and Large White boars, (Civil=17). GeneSeek GGP Porcine HD BeadChip (San Diego, USA) was used. A heatmap plot of genomic relationship matrix (GRM) was used to evaluate genetic variability between populations. The signals of diversifying selection were detected using Fst and Smoothing Fst (R package Lokern). QTLs and genes were identified and annotated in the Ensembl genome browser (Sscrofa 11.1) (https://www.ensembl.org/index.html), Panther 15.0 (http://www.pantherdb.org/) and QTLdb (https://www.animalgenome.org/cgi-bin/QTLdb/index).Data visualization from heatmapplot (Fig.) showed that all individuals are grouped in relation to their groups. However, the groups LW_1_New, LW_3_New and CIVIL were separated from LW_2_New. We have selected LW_1_New, LW_3_New and CIVIL to identify the selection signatures. After smoothing of the data by moving average, top 0.1% of the observations were considered as pinpointing CIVIL-specific selection signals. As a result, genome regions with strong selection signals on SSC1:214634036-217738857, SSSC2:137533941-138048506, SSC4:24655041-30832595, SSC7:27386432-28655399 and SSC8:55806826-56299366 were found. In these areas, 535 QTLs have been identified, including 347 QTLs for Meat and Carcass Traits (the majority related to Backfat), 67 QTLs Production (Average daily gain or Body weight), 62 QTLs Health (Mean corpuscular volume, Actinobacillus pleuropneumoniae susceptibility et al.), 32 QTLs Reproduction (Teat number) and 27 QTLs Exterior (Leg conformation). In general, 32 genes are defined in these regions (SSC1-11; SSC2-5; SSC4-10; SSC7-3; SSC8-3) (Table). They are mainly involved in the following biological processes: metabolic (GO:0008152), cellular (GO:0009987) and biological regulation (GO:0065007). This research was supported by the Russian Scientific Foundation (RSF) within Project No. 19-16-00109.
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Liu, Wei, Ling Long Wang, and Chun Hui Wang. "Research on Static Stiffness Test System for BIW." Applied Mechanics and Materials 496-500 (January 2014): 1269–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.496-500.1269.
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Body static stiffness is an important index to evaluate the vehicle performance, and test is a main evaluation method for the static stiffness. Accordance with the existed problem of static stiffness measurement, we developed a bending and torsion stiffness measurement system. The system includes loading device, test bench, displacement sensor and fixture, data-acquisition system and software. The software communicates with slave computer (PLC) through serial interface to make data process and store. It also could do stiffness analysis according to relative methods. Practical application shows that the system could measure the static stiffness accurately.
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Gray, Jacob, and Tay Kennedy. "Skeletal Muscle Mass and Extracellular Water/Total Body Water Independently Predict Phase Angle Percentile in Young Men." Current Developments in Nutrition 4, Supplement_2 (May 29, 2020): 1169. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/cdn/nzaa056_016.
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Abstract Objectives Phase angle, derived from bioelectrical impedance analysis (BIA), is used to describe both cellular and overall health. Many of the variables measured using BIA vary based on the hydration status of the individual. The ratio between extracellular water/total body water is commonly measured in BIA, and can be used as a measure of individual hydration. This pilot study explores the relationship between individual hydration status and phase angle and other BIA measurements. Methods Male college students (n = 57) from Oklahoma State University-Stillwater were recruited through an email messaging campaign. The participants answered an online Qualtrics demographic survey; height (±0.1 cm), blood pressure, and weight were taken. The Seca Medical Body Composition Analyzer mBCA 514 was used to conduct the BIA. Variable mean, standard deviations, and frequencies were calculated using SPSS version 25. Pearson correlation analysis and regression analysis were conducted. Significance was set at <.05. Results Participants characteristics included: age (m = 21.7 ± 1.3 years), 54% BMI <25, 39% blood pressure <120/80, and 63% white/7% Native American. Mean % body fat was 20.28 ± 8.76, and skeletal muscle was 32.223 kg ± 4.432 and visceral fat was 2.01 liters ± 2.11.Phase angle percentile ranged from 1% to 99% (m = 62.0% ± 31.4) and extracellular water/total body water ratio (ECW/TBW) ranged from 35.7 to 41.6 (m = 39.32 ± 1.35). Phase angle percentile was positively correlated with skeletal muscle mass (r = 0.503, P = 0.000) and negatively correlated with ECW/TBW (r = −0.659, P = 0.000), but not with other BIA variables. These two variables significantly predicted phase angle percentile (r2 = 0.817, P = 0.000). The standardized β was −0.762 (P = 0.000) for ECW/TBW and 0.627 (P = 0.000) for skeletal muscle mass. Conclusions The association of ECW/TBW on phase angle percentile suggest further investigation of the impact of water on this indicator of health is warranted. An investigation with a method of modulating ECW/TBW would be a logical next step in understanding this relationship. Funding Sources Funding was provided by the Lew Wentz Foundation, and the Nutritional Sciences Department at Oklahoma State University.
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Al – Gnami, S. A. "Effect of alcoholic extract of Apium graveolens leaves on some physiological properties of a broilers." Al-Qadisiyah Journal of Veterinary Medicine Sciences 13, no. 1 (June 30, 2014): 111. http://dx.doi.org/10.29079/vol13iss1art289.
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This study was carried out on fourteen broilers arranged between (1100 – 1500) gm. in weight to estimate the effect of drenching of alcoholic extract of Apium graveolens leaves on some physiological properties. The birds were divided into two groups which are control and treatment group seven birds for each group. The birds in both groups are housed in the same condition, include temperature, light, food, and water during the experiment period. The control group savaged with 1 ml of distilled water while treatment group savaged with 10 mg\kg. B.W. of alcoholic extract of Apium graveolens leaves dissolved in 1 ml of distilled water for two weeks. The birds were weighed and a blood sample was taken two times before and after treatment. The results of this study were revealed a significant increase in red blood cells count, hemoglobin concentration, and packed cell volume, while there is no significant changes in white blood cells count, and body weight.
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Deepa PK, Akshara VR, Andrews A, and Umesh SP. "Evaluation of the hepatotoxicity of the anti-diabetic drug Diarid: An ayurvedic formulation in white swiss albino mice." International Journal of Research in Pharmaceutical Sciences 10, no. 2 (April 14, 2019): 1222–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.26452/ijrps.v10i2.411.
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Diarid is an Ayurvedic antidiabetic drug. Questions and concerns are being raised nowadays on such Ayurveda formulations with their composition for safety aspects. Though, these are being used safely in without any noticeable untoward effects; there is a need to generate scientific evidence that these are safe and non-toxic. The drugs can usually be detoxified, but some of them can be bio activated become more toxic. The liver often the target organ, most toxicants enter the body through the gastrointestinal tract and after absorption they are carried by the hepatic portal vein in the liver. The toxicology of the liver is complicated by the variety of liver injuries and by the different mechanisms through which the injuries are induced. In the present study, the safety profile of Diarid is tested for acute toxicity, Diarid was administered at a maximal dose of 600 mg/kg to overnight fasted rats and observed closely for behavioural changes, signs of toxicity and mortality if any, continuously for the first six hours and thereafter periodically up to 45 days. Animals were sacrificed on the 46th day. Biochemical parameters and were studied in both serum and liver tissue. In acute toxicity, Diarid at the dose of 600 mg/kg did not produce any observable toxic effects or mortality. No pathological changes on different biochemical parameters in serum and liver homogenate. Based on these observations, it can be concluded that Diarid is safe at therapeutic dose levels.