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Relevant bibliographies by topics / Body strength

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Academic literature on the topic 'Body strength'

Author: Grafiati

Published: 10 January 2023

Last updated: 28 January 2023

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Journal articles on the topic "Body strength"

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Rupnow, Allan. "Upper Body Strength." Journal of Physical Education, Recreation & Dance 56, no. 8 (October 1985): 60–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/07303084.1985.10604317.

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Baker, Julien S., and Steven M. Cooper. "Strength and Body Composition." Medicine & Science in Sports & Exercise 36, Supplement (May 2004): S53. http://dx.doi.org/10.1249/00005768-200405001-00250.

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Baker, Julien S., and Steven M. Cooper. "Strength and Body Composition." Medicine & Science in Sports & Exercise 36, Supplement (May 2004): S53. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/00005768-200405001-00250.

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Bill Bowring. "Euro lawyers' body goes from strength to strength." Socialist Lawyer, no. 57 (2011): 10. http://dx.doi.org/10.13169/socialistlawyer.57.0010.

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Gale, Catharine R., Christopher N. Martyn, Cyrus Cooper, and Avan Aihie Sayer. "Grip strength, body composition, and mortality." International Journal of Epidemiology 36, no. 1 (October 19, 2006): 228–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/ije/dyl224.

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&NA;. "STRENGTH OF THE BODY OF EVIDENCE." Journal of Infusion Nursing 34 (2011): S5. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/01.nan.0000393793.92354.2e.

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Hui, S. C., M. T. Mahar, and A. S. Jackson. "ADJUSTING UPPER BODY STRENGTH BY BODY MASS USING ALLOMETRIC SCALING." Medicine & Science in Sports & Exercise 27, Supplement (May 1995): S211. http://dx.doi.org/10.1249/00005768-199505001-01181.

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Fredriksen, Sven-Tore D., Anne Grethe Talseth, and Tommy Svensson. "Body, strength and movement—intensive care patients’ experience of body." International Journal of Qualitative Studies on Health and Well-being 3, no. 2 (January 2008): 77–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/17482620701788768.

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Chaffin, Don B., Charles B. Woolley, Trina Buhr, and Lois Verbrugge. "Age Effects in Biomechanical Modeling of Static Lifting Strengths." Proceedings of the Human Factors and Ergonomics Society Annual Meeting 38, no. 10 (October 1994): 658–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/154193129403801025.

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There is growing awareness that age results in reduced strengths in the population, and that significant decreases start in the 5th decade. The magnitude of the decrease in strength depends on the specific muscle function being tested. Because of differential effects it is not clear how various decreases could alter whole-body strength performance. This paper describes how specific strength decreases measured in an older population of men and women could affect their whole-body exertion capabilities in selected scenarios. A computerized strength prediction program is used to both predict the whole-body strength changes with age, and to study how older populations can alter their postures to achieve maximum exertion capability. The results indicate that different muscle group strengths decline by 5% to 70% with age, depending on which muscle group is tested. These changes have profound effects on whole-body exertion capabilities, which also are shown to depend on specific postures used to perform the exertions.

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Nara, Kuldeep, Parveen Kumar, Rohit Rathee, and Pankaj Phogat. "Predicting lower body explosive strength using hand grip dynamometer strength test." International Journal of Physical Education, Sports and Health 9, no. 4 (July 1, 2022): 299–303. http://dx.doi.org/10.22271/kheljournal.2022.v9.i4e.2610.

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Dissertations / Theses on the topic "Body strength"

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Whetstone, Barbara Tracy. "Body image, capacity and strength in midlife women." Thesis, National Library of Canada = Bibliothèque nationale du Canada, 2001. http://www.collectionscanada.ca/obj/s4/f2/dsk3/ftp04/MQ60514.pdf.

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McMahon, Callie Griggs. "Muscle Strength and Body Cell Mass in Postmenopausal Women." Thesis, Virginia Tech, 2001. http://hdl.handle.net/10919/42296.

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It has been observed that the normal process of aging is associated with a decline in muscle strength and mass. It has also been observed that total body potassium and intracellular water (ICW) decrease with age, reflecting a loss of body cell mass (BCM), 60% of which is the skeletal muscle. It is generally accepted that traditional high-intensity strength training (ST) regimens can not only attenuate, but in some cases, reverse some of these aging-related changes. Periodization, a nontraditional approach to strength training, has been demonstrated to stimulate more rapid increases in muscle strength than traditional approaches in young adults; however, it has not been comprehensively evaluated in postmenopausal women. Investigators have consistently reported an increase in muscle strength in older adults undergoing both short- and long-term traditional ST programs. It is fairly well accepted that early increases in muscle strength are attributable to neurologic adaptations. There has been less consistency in the literature regarding the timing and nature of changes in muscle quality and mass with ST. Although several investigators have reported increased muscle protein synthesis rates as early as 2 weeks after ST initiation in older adults, the majority of published reports support the notion that significant NET gains in intracellular protein, and thus, gains in muscle mass/volume/hypertrophy do not occur before 9-10 weeks. Changes in intracellular water, which would be expected to occur with changes in intracellular protein, have not been studied during short-term ST interventions in older adults. Bioimpedance spectroscopy (BIS) has been validated as a field technique to accurately measure ICW (and BCM) changes in HIV infected individuals. The primary aim of the current study was to determine if muscle strength would increase in postmenopausal women undergoing a novel (periodized) ST intervention of 10 weeks duration. A secondary aim was to determine if BIS would detect a change in ICW in the study subjects from baseline to study conclusion. Study participants were eleven, healthy postmenopausal women between the ages of 60 and 74 (mean age: 65 Â± 4.4 y) who had not engaged in ST in the six months preceding the study. ICW and muscle strength were assessed at baseline and at study conclusion. The ST program was conducted twice a week for 10 weeks at the Senior Center in Blacksburg, VA. Participants performed seven different exercises incorporating upper body and lower body muscle groups. The women performed one set of 8-12 repetitions at an intensity of 80% of one repetition maximum (1 RM) the first week, progressing to 2 sets of 8-12 repetitions at the same intensity during the second week. The remaining weeks consisted of three sets of 8-12 repetitions, performed at an intensity of 80%, 75%, and 70% of their current 1 RM, respectively. One RM was reassessed every other week. The major result from this study was that muscle strength of all trained muscle groups increased in postmenopausal women undergoing 10 weeks of pyramid ST (P<0.05). In addition, the pyramid ST protocol utilized in this study was well-tolerated and resulted in no injuries in any of the older women in the study, indicating that this approach may be used safely in this population. Mean ICW measured by the field method BIS did not change over the course of the study. This result was consistent with other published data reporting no changes in lean body mass or muscle volume/area by more sophisticated techniques.
Master of Science

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Burrup, Rachelle. "Strength Training and Body Composition in Middle-Age Women." BYU ScholarsArchive, 2015. https://scholarsarchive.byu.edu/etd/6162.

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OBJECTIVE: The purpose of this study was to examine the relationship between strength training and body composition before and after controlling for several covariates. A cross-sectional study including 257 female subjects was conducted. METHODS: Subjects' level of involvement in strength training was determined via questionnaire. Body composition was assessed using dual energy X-ray absorptiometry (DXA). Diet was assessed using 7-d weighed food records. RESULTS: Strong linear relationships between subjects' level of involvement in strength training and body composition were identified. For each additional day of strength training reported per week, body fat was 1.32 percentage points lower (F = 14.8, p = 0.0002) and fat-free mass was 656.4 g (1.45 lb) higher (F = 18.9, p < 0.0001), on average. Likewise, the more time subjects spent lifting and the more intensely they trained, the better their body composition tended to be. Adjusting for differences in age, menopause status, objectively measured physical activity, energy intake, and protein intake tended to weaken each association. Controlling for differences in physical activity weakened each relationship the most. CONCLUSION: Women who strength train regularly tend to have significantly lower body fat percentages and significantly higher levels of fat-free mass compared to their counterparts, regardless of differences in several potential confounding variables.

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Thoma, Matthew. "Hammer Strength vs. Free Weights: Upper Body 1 RM Comparisons." TopSCHOLAR®, 2006. http://digitalcommons.wku.edu/theses/299.

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Thirty-one trained male subjects performed one-repetition maximum lifts (IRM's) on three Hammer Strength Externally Loaded Machines and three comparable Free Weight Exercises. All tests were counterbalanced and randomly assigned. Subjects performed two 1RM tests during each lab session, with at least 48-72 hours of recovery between each. IRM's were recorded as the greatest amount of weight lifted with proper technique. 1RM data was used to (1) determine the relationship between 1RM performed on Hammer Strength machines versus Free Weights and (2) to develop regression equations that can accurately predict IRM's when switching from one exercise modality to another. Statistics revealed significant differences (p<0.05) between IRM's performed on the Hammer Strength equipment as compared to its counterpart free weight exercise. For all exercises, IRM's were significantly greater/higher on Hammer Strength equipment. Regression equations were developed for all exercises, except when predicting the Hammer Strength shoulder press and the Hammer Strength Preacher Curls from their free weight counterparts, where no variables existed that could significantly predict their respective IRM's.

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Cotter, Meghan Marie. "Gross Morphology, Microarchitecture, Strength and Evolution of the Hominoid Vertebral Body." Case Western Reserve University School of Graduate Studies / OhioLINK, 2011. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=case1295890557.

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Reeder, Adam. "Ankle Muscle Activation During Unilateral and Bilateral Lower Body Strength Exercises." University of Akron / OhioLINK, 2014. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=akron1396623200.

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Niemann, McKayla Jean. "Strength Training and Insulin Resistance: The Mediating Role of Body Composition." BYU ScholarsArchive, 2020. https://scholarsarchive.byu.edu/etd/9071.

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OBJECTIVE: The main objective of the present study was to assess the association between varying amounts of strength training and insulin resistance. Another goal was to assess the influence of several potential confounding variables on the strength training and insulin resistance relationship. Lastly, the role of waist circumference, fat free mass, and body fat percentage on the association between strength training and insulin resistance was assessed. METHODS: This cross-sectional study included 6561 randomly selected men and women in the US. Data were collected using the precise protocol established by NHANES. HOMA-IR was used as the outcome variable. Both time spent strength training and frequency of strength training bouts were used as exposure variables. RESULTS: There was not a statistically significant relationship between strength training and insulin resistance in women. However, after controlling for 10 potential confounding variables, men who reported no strength training had significantly higher levels of HOMA-IR compared to men who reported moderate or high levels of strength training (F = 9.87, P < 0.0001). Odds ratios were also assessed, and 10 potential confounding variables were controlled. Men reporting no strength training had 2.42 times the odds of having insulin resistance compared to men reporting moderate levels of strength training (95% CI: 1.19 to 4.93). Similarly, men reporting no strength training had 2.50 times the odds of having insulin resistance compared to men reporting high levels of strength training (95% CI: 1.25 to 5.00). CONCLUSION: There was a strong relationship between strength training and insulin resistance in US men, but not in US women. Differences in waist circumference, fat free mass, and body fat percentage, as well as demographic and lifestyle measures, do not appear to mediate the relationship.

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Casey, Daniel James. "Effects of Whole Body Vibration on Strength Gain in Untrained Subjects." Thesis, The University of Arizona, 2013. http://hdl.handle.net/10150/297524.

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Whole-Body vibration (WBV) may lead to increased strength gains when coupled with weight and resistance training. It has been reported to increase muscle contraction and power by increasing muscle recruitment. This study set out to see if sessions of WBV following a workout would result in increased strength gains when compared to a control group. Twenty‐four subjects, 12 men and 12 women ages 18-26, with no prior history of musculoskeletal or heart disorders underwent a 3‐week workout routine designed to target and strengthen the knee flexors and extensors. Subjects were sorted into a control or vibe group with the vibe group receiving 5 minutes of post-workout WBV (30 Hz, Amplitude 13 mm). Strength testing was conducted using an isokinetic dynanometer to record knee flexor and extensor torque at the beginning and end of the intervention. A t‐ test was performed for statistical analysis using SPSS to compare the means of the control and vibe group’s strength changes. P values ranges from 0.08 to 0.98, showing no significant differences between the vibe and control group (P > 0.05). It is concluded that in the short term, WBV following resistance training does not improve strength gains in healthy untrained subjects.

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Cloak, Ross. "The chronic and acute effects of whole body vibration training." Thesis, University of Wolverhampton, 2016. http://hdl.handle.net/2436/612201.

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Whole body vibration training (WBVT) has gained a lot of interest for its proposed benefits across a range of populations both active and injured. The purpose of the present thesis was to test the efficacy of WBVT in terms of injury rehabilitation and performance enhancement amongst professional and amateur athletes. The five papers submitted for the degree of PhD by publication are grouped into two key themes relevant to the development of knowledge and evidence to advance a better understanding of the chronic and acute effects of WBVT. The themes encompass the efficacy of WBVT (Chronic) as a rehabilitation tool and as an addition to a warm-up routine (acute). The explanatory narrative provides a brief background to WBVT, a summary of each paper and what the paper has contributed to the field both in terms of knowledge and methodological development. The papers presented provide evidence that chronic WBVT is an effective method of improving balance and stability in athletes suffering functional ankle instability (FAI) (Paper 1). Even when compared to traditional methods of rehabilitation for FAI, the addition of WBVT enhances the benefits of traditional rehabilitation protocols (Paper 2). The use of acute WBVT enhances reactive strength, again showing a significant benefit as an addition to a more traditional warm-up (FIFA 11+) amongst amateur soccer players (Paper 3). When training status was considered (amateur vs. professional), high frequency acute WBVT stimulus significantly improved landing stability (DPSI) amongst professional players only (Paper 4). These differences between groups were also identified when examining knee extensor potentiation and force output with significant improvements amongst professional but not amateur soccer players. Professional players also reported significantly greater beliefs in the effectiveness of WBVT (Paper 5). In conclusion the body of work presented discusses the practical and methodological implications of the new knowledge presented and identifies a series of future lines of research.

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Williams, David. "Phosphatidic Acid Increases Lean Body Tissue and Strength In Resistance Trained Men." Master's thesis, University of Central Florida, 2012. http://digital.library.ucf.edu/cdm/ref/collection/ETD/id/5575.

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Phosphatidic Acid (PA) is a natural phospholipid compound derived from lecithin which is commonly found in egg yolk, grains, fish, soybeans, peanuts and yeast. It has been suggested that PA is involved in several intracellular processes associated with muscle hypertrophy. Specifically, PA has been reported to activate protein synthesis through the mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR) signaling pathway and thereby may enhance the anabolic effects of resistance training. To our knowledge, no one has examined the effect of PA supplementation in humans while undergoing a progressive resistance training program. To examine the effect of PA supplementation on lean soft tissue mass (LM) and strength after 8 weeks of resistance training. Fourteen resistance-trained men (mean [plus or minus] SD; age 22.7 [plus or minus] 3.3 yrs; height: 1.78 [plus or minus] 0.10m; weight: 89.3 [plus or minus] 16.3 kg) volunteered to participate in this randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled, repeated measures study. The participants were assigned to a PA group (750mg/day; Mediator, ChemiNutra, MN, n=7) or placebo group (PL; rice flower; n=7), delivered in capsule form that was identical in size, shape and color. Participants were tested for 1RM strength in the bench press (BP) and squat (SQ) exercise. LM was measured using dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry. After base line testing, the participants began supplementing PA or PL for 8 weeks during a progressive resistance training program intended for muscular hypertrophy. Data was analyzed using magnitude-based inferences on mean changes for BP, SQ and LM. Furthermore, the magnitudes of the inter-relationships between changes in total training volume and LM were interpreted using Pearson correlation coefficients, which had uncertainty (90% confidence limits) of approximately +0.25. In the PA group, the relationship between changes in training volume and LM was large (r=0.69, [plus or minus] 0.27; 90%CL), however, in the PL group the relationship was small (r=0.21, [plus or minus] 0.44; 90%CL). PA supplementation was determined to be likely beneficial at improving SQ and LM over PL by 26% and 64%, respectively. The strong relationship between changes in total training volume and LM in the PA group suggest that greater training volume most likely lead to the greater changes in LM, however, no such relationship was found with PL group. For the BP data, the PA group resulted in a 42% greater increase in strength over PL, although the effect was considered unclear. While more research is needed to elucidate mechanism of action; the current findings suggest that in experienced resistance trained men supplementing 750mg PA per day for 8 weeks may likely benefit greater changes in muscle mass and strength compared with resistance training only.
M.S.
Masters
Child, Family and Community Sciences
Education and Human Performance
Sport and Exercise Sciences; Applied Exercise Physiology

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Books on the topic "Body strength"

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Wolfgang, Miessner, and Schmauderer Achim, eds. Perfect body styling. New York: Sterling Pub., 2006.

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Iron body ninja: The secrets ofsuperior strength. Secaucus, NJ: Carol Publishing Co, 1997.

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Mike Boyle Strength and Conditioning. Lower body strength and power development manual 2000. Winchester, MA: Mike Boyle Strength and Conditioning, 2000.

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Kim, Ashida. Iron body ninja: The secrets of superior strength. Secaucus, N.J: Carol Pub. Group, 1997.

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Richard, Margaret. Body Electric. New York: McGraw-Hill, 2008.

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Ravi, Singh. Kundalini yoga for strength, success & spirit. New York, N.Y: White Lion Press, 1991.

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Vartabedian, Roy E., 1956- author, ed. The winning edge: Fueling & training the body for peak performance. Carlsbad, California: Designs for Wellness Press, 2007.

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Pushing the limits: Total body strength with no equipment. Little Canada, MN: Dragon Door Publications, 2013.

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Michael, D'Orso, ed. Body-for-life: 12 weeks to mental and physical strength. New York: HarperCollinsPublishers, 1999.

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The supple body: The way to fitness, strength, and flexibility. New York, NY: Macmillan USA, 1995.

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Book chapters on the topic "Body strength"

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Sell, Aaron. "Upper Body Strength." In Encyclopedia of Evolutionary Psychological Science, 1–3. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-16999-6_87-1.

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Sell, Aaron. "Upper Body Strength." In Encyclopedia of Evolutionary Psychological Science, 8311–13. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-19650-3_87.

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Fukuda, David H., Jay R. Hoffman, and Jeffrey R. Stout. "Strength and Speed/Power Athletes." In Body Composition, 211–32. Boca Raton : Taylor & Francis, 2017.: CRC Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1201/9781351260008-11.

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Johnson, David. "Upper Body Strength from Photo." In Encyclopedia of Evolutionary Psychological Science, 1–2. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-16999-6_942-1.

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Johnson, David. "Upper Body Strength from Photo." In Encyclopedia of Evolutionary Psychological Science, 8315–16. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-19650-3_942.

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Johnson, David. "Upper Body Strength and Fighting Ability." In Encyclopedia of Evolutionary Psychological Science, 1–2. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-16999-6_943-1.

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Johnson, David. "Upper Body Strength and Fighting Ability." In Encyclopedia of Evolutionary Psychological Science, 8313–15. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-19650-3_943.

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Wilhelm, Eurico Nestor, and Ronei Silveira Pinto. "Concurrent Aerobic and Strength Training for Body Composition and Health." In Concurrent Aerobic and Strength Training, 293–307. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-75547-2_19.

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Ajour, Ashjan. "‘Strength’, Conflict and the Body in Pain." In Reclaiming Humanity in Palestinian Hunger Strikes, 209–33. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-88199-3_9.

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Tateishi, Tetsuya, and Takashi Ushida. "Cell Adhesion Strength to Bioceramics and its Mathematical Model." In Bioceramics and the Human Body, 510–15. Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands, 1992. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-94-011-2896-4_71.

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Conference papers on the topic "Body strength"

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Hance, Brandon M. "Springback as a Function of Strength and Thickness Variability in High Strength Sheet Steels." In International Body Engineering Conference & Exposition. 400 Commonwealth Drive, Warrendale, PA, United States: SAE International, 2000. http://dx.doi.org/10.4271/2000-01-2658.

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Sakuma, Yasuharu, Shunji Hiwatashi, and Hatsuhiko Oikawa. "Advisable Grades of High-Strength Steel Sheets and Welding Conditions for Spot-Weld Strength in Automotive Body Application." In International Body Engineering Conference & Exposition. 400 Commonwealth Drive, Warrendale, PA, United States: SAE International, 2003. http://dx.doi.org/10.4271/2003-01-2774.

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Seguchi, Tsuyoshi, Chikao Hanai, Osamu Nakano, and Yuichi Namimura. "Development of High Strength Bolt for Automobile Use." In International Body Engineering Conference & Exposition. 400 Commonwealth Drive, Warrendale, PA, United States: SAE International, 2003. http://dx.doi.org/10.4271/2003-01-2785.

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Ostasevicius, Vytautas, Jonas Sapragonas, and Vaidas Lukosevicius. "Testing of the Frame Strength of the Hybrid Automobile." In International Body Engineering Conference & Exposition. 400 Commonwealth Drive, Warrendale, PA, United States: SAE International, 2003. http://dx.doi.org/10.4271/2003-01-2792.

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Hirai, Kounosuke, Shinsuke Hori, Kaoru Kawasaki, and Hiroshi Sakai. "New 440MPa High-Strength Steel for Vehicle Outer-Panel." In International Body Engineering Conference & Exposition. 400 Commonwealth Drive, Warrendale, PA, United States: SAE International, 2003. http://dx.doi.org/10.4271/2003-01-2832.

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Gulati, S. T., J. D. Helfinstine, T. A. Roe, M. A. Khaleel, R. W. Davies, K. K. Koram, and V. Henry. "Measurement of Biaxial Strength of New vs. Used Windshields." In International Body Engineering Conference & Exposition. 400 Commonwealth Drive, Warrendale, PA, United States: SAE International, 2000. http://dx.doi.org/10.4271/2000-01-2721.

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Gulati, S. T., J. D. Helfinstine, T. A. Roe, M. A. Khaleel, R. W. Davies, K. K. Koram, and V. Henry. "Effect of Temperature on Biaxial Strength of Automotive Windshields." In International Body Engineering Conference & Exposition. 400 Commonwealth Drive, Warrendale, PA, United States: SAE International, 2000. http://dx.doi.org/10.4271/2000-01-2722.

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Mckune, Paul, and Anthony Chih-Yu Lin. "High Strength Steel Skid Plates: A Design Optimization Study." In International Body Engineering Conference & Exposition. 400 Commonwealth Drive, Warrendale, PA, United States: SAE International, 2001. http://dx.doi.org/10.4271/2001-01-3069.

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Jones, Graham L., Kieran J. Killian, and Norman L. Jones. "Quadriceps Strength Relative To Body Weight." In American Thoracic Society 2011 International Conference, May 13-18, 2011 • Denver Colorado. American Thoracic Society, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.1164/ajrccm-conference.2011.183.1_meetingabstracts.a2037.

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Uchihara, Masato, and Kiyoyuki Fukui. "Tailored Blanks of High Strength Steels - Comparison of Welding Processes." In International Body Engineering Conference & Exposition. 400 Commonwealth Drive, Warrendale, PA, United States: SAE International, 2003. http://dx.doi.org/10.4271/2003-01-2829.

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Reports on the topic "Body strength"

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Rodrigues-Santana, Luiz, Jose Adsuar, Hugo Louro, Jorge Pérez-Gómez, Miguel Hernández-Mocholí, Jorge Carlos-Vivas, Rossana Gomez-Campos, and Luis Castelli Correia de Campos. The Effects of Whole Body Muscle Stimulation on body composition and strength parameters. A protocol for systematic review and meta analysis. INPLASY - International Platform of Registered Systematic Review and Meta-analysis Protocols, February 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.37766/inplasy2021.2.0050.

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Kraemer, William J. Strategies for Optimizing Strength, Power, and Muscle Hypertrophy in Women: Contribution of Upper Body Resistance Training. Fort Belvoir, VA: Defense Technical Information Center, November 1999. http://dx.doi.org/10.21236/ada371349.

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Gidengil, Courtney, Matthew Bidwell Goetz, Margaret Maglione, Sydne J. Newberry, Peggy Chen, Kelsey O’Hollaren, Nabeel Qureshi, et al. Safety of Vaccines Used for Routine Immunization in the United States: An Update. Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality (AHRQ), May 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.23970/ahrqepccer244.

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Objective. To conduct a systematic review of the literature on the safety of vaccines recommended for routine immunization in the United States, updating the 2014 Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality (AHRQ) report on the topic. Data sources. We searched MEDLINE®, Embase®, CINAHL®, Cochrane CENTRAL, Web of Science, and Scopus through November 9, 2020, building on the prior 2014 report; reviewed existing reviews, trial registries, and supplemental material submitted to AHRQ; and consulted with experts. Review methods. This report addressed three Key Questions (KQs) on the safety of vaccines currently in use in the United States and included in the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention’s (CDC) recommended immunization schedules for adults (KQ1), children and adolescents (KQ2), and pregnant women (KQ3). The systematic review was supported by a Technical Expert Panel that identified key adverse events of particular concern. Two reviewers independently screened publications; data were extracted by an experienced subject matter expert. Studies of vaccines that used a comparator and reported the presence or absence of adverse events were eligible. We documented observed rates and assessed the relative risks for key adverse events. We assessed the strength of evidence (SoE) across the existing findings from the prior 2014 report and the new evidence from this update. The systematic review is registered in PROSPERO (CRD42020180089). Results. A large body of evidence is available to evaluate adverse events following vaccination. Of 56,608 reviewed citations, 189 studies met inclusion criteria for this update, adding to data in the prior 2014 report, for a total of 338 included studies reported in 518 publications. Regarding vaccines recommended for adults (KQ1), we found either no new evidence of increased risk for key adverse events with varied SoE or insufficient evidence in this update, including for newer vaccines such as recombinant influenza vaccine, adjuvanted inactivated influenza vaccine, and recombinant adjuvanted zoster vaccine. The prior 2014 report noted a signal for anaphylaxis for hepatitis B vaccines in adults with yeast allergy and for tetanus, diphtheria, and acellular pertussis vaccines. Regarding vaccines recommended for children and adolescents (KQ2), we found either no new evidence of increased risk for key adverse events with varied SoE or insufficient evidence, including for newer vaccines such as 9-valent human papillomavirus vaccine and meningococcal B vaccine. The prior 2014 report noted signals for rare adverse events—such as anaphylaxis, idiopathic thrombocytopenic purpura, and febrile seizures—with some childhood vaccines. Regarding vaccines recommended for pregnant women (KQ3), we found no evidence of increased risk for key adverse events with varied SoE among either pregnant women or their infants following administration of tetanus, diphtheria, and acellular pertussis vaccines during pregnancy. Conclusion. Across this large body of research, we found no new evidence of increased risk since the prior 2014 report for key adverse events following administration of vaccines that are routinely recommended. Signals from the prior report remain unchanged for rare adverse events, which include anaphylaxis in adults and children, and febrile seizures and idiopathic thrombocytopenic purpura in children. There is no evidence of increased risk of adverse events for vaccines currently recommended in pregnant women. There remains insufficient evidence to draw conclusions about some rare potential adverse events.

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Melnyk, Olesia. MEDIA DISCOURSE AROUND THE FIGURE OF ORIANA FALLACHI AND HER JOURNALISM DURING 2017–2020. Ivan Franko National University of Lviv, March 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.30970/vjo.2021.50.11114.

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The article analyzes the media discourse around the figure of Oriana Fallachi and her journalistic work during 2017-2020. The actual media image of the figure of Fallachi is highlighted, examples of positive and negative statements are given. It is substantiated why her journalism should be researched in various ways, taking into account other aspects of her work that are not related to Islamophobia. The subject of the study is critical texts in modern foreign media dedicated to the author’s work. The objective of the study is to outline the media discourse around the figure of Oriana Fallaci and her journalism during 2017-2020. The methodology. The following methods have been used in the process of scientific research: historical, comparative, systems analysis, content synthesis, and others. The main results. In total, we have analyzed eight materials in foreign publications, published over the past 3 years, as well as the two most famous biographies of Oriana Fallaci. Some of the most recent reviewed texts have been published in the last few months, reflecting the interest in the author’s journalism, her writing, and reporting. Therefore, we see the need for further tracking and analysis of this body of texts. Conclusions. Critics of Fallaci express polar views that are not all negative. Authors recommend quite cautiously her texts for reading, emphasizing their positive aspects. Both Fallaci’s biographies are also not entirely complementary: some aspects of her work are glorified, others are condemned. We managed to find general tendencies in the criticism of Oriana Fallaci’s journalism. These include accusations of xenophobia and Islamophobia, uncompromisingness, lack of political correctness, and moral value. The authors emphasize, at the same time, the openness and directness that bribe the reader, patriotism and honesty, strength of spirit and firmness of position. Significance of the research. The analysis of the latest criticism reveals what kind of media image Fallachi’s figure has today, and gives the possibility to research it for demonization and one-sided coverage. This is important not only for thorough research of the author’s work but also for understanding how the modern world perceives journalism, which is contrary to the generally accepted principles of political correctness, journalistic ethics, and humanity.

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Hanbali, Layth, Elliot Hannon, Susanna Lehtimaki, Christine McNab, and Nina Schwalbe. Independent Monitoring Mechanism for the Pandemic Accord: Accountability for a safer world. United Nations University International Institute of Global Health, November 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.37941/rr/2022/1.

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To address the challenges in pandemic preparedness and response (PPR), the World Health Assembly (WHA), at a special session in November 2021, established an Intergovernmental Negotiating Body (the INB) and tasked it with drafting a new legal instrument for PPR. During its second meeting in July 2022, the INB decided to develop the accord under Article 19 of the WHO Constitution, which grants the WHO the authority to negotiate a legally-binding Convention or Agreement and requires ratification by countries according to their local laws to enter into force. The aim is to complete negotiations and adopt a new pandemic instrument at the WHA in May 2024. The new legally binding agreement aims to address many of the failures exposed by the COVID-19 pandemic. However, the adoption of such an agreement is not the end of the process but the beginning. The negotiations on the instrument must establish a mechanism to monitor countries' compliance with the accord, particularly on the legally-binding elements. In this paper, we recommend creating such a mechanism as part of the accord: an independent committee of experts that monitors state parties' compliance with the pandemic accord and the timeliness, completeness, and robustness of states’ reports on their obligations. Its primary purpose would be to verify state self-reports by triangulating them with a range of publicly available information, making direct inquiries, and accepting confidential submissions. It would report its findings to a body consisting of or that is directly accountable to heads of state, with a particular focus on elevating instances of non-compliance or inadequate reporting. Its reports would also be available to the public. The proposed design builds on the analysis of strengths and weaknesses of existing monitoring approaches to 11 international treaties and mechanisms within and outside of health, a review of the literature, and interviews and input from more than 40 experts from around the world.

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Halker Singh, Rashmi B., Juliana H. VanderPluym, Allison S. Morrow, Meritxell Urtecho, Tarek Nayfeh, Victor D. Torres Roldan, Magdoleen H. Farah, et al. Acute Treatments for Episodic Migraine. Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality (AHRQ), December 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.23970/ahrqepccer239.

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Objectives. To evaluate the effectiveness and comparative effectiveness of pharmacologic and nonpharmacologic therapies for the acute treatment of episodic migraine in adults. Data sources. MEDLINE®, Embase®, Cochrane Central Registrar of Controlled Trials, Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews, PsycINFO®, Scopus, and various grey literature sources from database inception to July 24, 2020. Comparative effectiveness evidence about triptans and nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) was extracted from existing systematic reviews. Review methods. We included randomized controlled trials (RCTs) and comparative observational studies that enrolled adults who received an intervention to acutely treat episodic migraine. Pairs of independent reviewers selected and appraised studies. Results. Data on triptans were derived from 186 RCTs summarized in nine systematic reviews (101,276 patients; most studied was sumatriptan, followed by zolmitriptan, eletriptan, naratriptan, almotriptan, rizatriptan, and frovatriptan). Compared with placebo, triptans resolved pain at 2 hours and 1 day, and increased the risk of mild and transient adverse events (high strength of the body of evidence [SOE]). Data on NSAIDs were derived from five systematic reviews (13,214 patients; most studied was ibuprofen, followed by diclofenac and ketorolac). Compared with placebo, NSAIDs probably resolved pain at 2 hours and 1 day, and increased the risk of mild and transient adverse events (moderate SOE). For other interventions, we included 135 RCTs and 6 comparative observational studies (37,653 patients). Compared with placebo, antiemetics (low SOE), dihydroergotamine (moderate to high SOE), ergotamine plus caffeine (moderate SOE), and acetaminophen (moderate SOE) reduced acute pain. Opioids were evaluated in 15 studies (2,208 patients).Butorphanol, meperidine, morphine, hydromorphone, and tramadol in combination with acetaminophen may reduce pain at 2 hours and 1 day, compared with placebo (low SOE). Some opioids may be less effective than some antiemetics or dexamethasone (low SOE). No studies evaluated instruments for predicting risk of opioid misuse, opioid use disorder, or overdose, or evaluated risk mitigation strategies to be used when prescribing opioids for the acute treatment of episodic migraine. Calcitonin gene-related peptide (CGRP) receptor antagonists improved headache relief at 2 hours and increased the likelihood of being headache-free at 2 hours, at 1 day, and at 1 week (low to high SOE). Lasmiditan (the first approved 5-HT1F receptor agonist) restored function at 2 hours and resolved pain at 2 hours, 1 day, and 1 week (moderate to high SOE). Sparse and low SOE suggested possible effectiveness of dexamethasone, dipyrone, magnesium sulfate, and octreotide. Compared with placebo, several nonpharmacologic treatments may improve various measures of pain, including remote electrical neuromodulation (moderate SOE), magnetic stimulation (low SOE), acupuncture (low SOE), chamomile oil (low SOE), external trigeminal nerve stimulation (low SOE), and eye movement desensitization re-processing (low SOE). However, these interventions, including the noninvasive neuromodulation devices, have been evaluated only by single or very few trials. Conclusions. A number of acute treatments for episodic migraine exist with varying degrees of evidence for effectiveness and harms. Use of triptans, NSAIDs, antiemetics, dihydroergotamine, CGRP antagonists, and lasmiditan is associated with improved pain and function. The evidence base for many other interventions for acute treatment, including opioids, remains limited.

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Lehtimaki, Susanna, Aisling Reidy, Kassim Nishtar, Sara Darehschori, Andrew Painter, and Nina Schwalbe. Independent Review and Investigation Mechanisms to Prevent Future Pandemics: A Proposed Way Forward. United Nations University International Institute for Global Health, April 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.37941/rr/2021/1.

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The COVID-19 pandemic has created enormous challenges for national economies, livelihoods, and public services, including health systems. In January 2021, the World Health Organization proposed an international treaty on pandemics to strengthen the political commitment towards global pandemic preparedness, control, and response. The plan is to present a draft treaty to the World Health Assembly in May 2021. To inform the design of a support system for this treaty, we explored existing mechanisms for periodic reviews conducted either by peers or an external group as well as mechanisms for in-country investigations, conducted with or without country consent. Based on our review, we summarized key design principles requisite for review and investigation mechanisms and explain how these could be applied to pandemics preparedness, control, and response in global health. While there is no single global mechanism that could serve as a model in its own right, there is potential to combine aspects of existing mechanisms. A Universal Periodic Review design based on the model of human rights treaties with independent experts as the authorized monitoring body, if made obligatory, could support compliance with a new pandemic treaty. In terms of on-site investigations, the model by the Committee on Prevention of Torture could lend itself to treaty monitoring and outbreak investigations on short notice or unannounced. These mechanisms need to be put in place in accordance with several core interlinked design principles: compliance; accountability; independence; transparency and data sharing; speed; emphasis on capabilities; and incentives. The World Health Organization can incentivize and complement these efforts. It has an essential role in providing countries with technical support and tools to strengthen emergency preparedness and response capacities, including technical support for creating surveillance structures, integrating non-traditional data sources, creating data governance and data sharing standards, and conducting regular monitoring and assessment of preparedness and response capacities.

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S. Abdellatif, Omar, Ali Behbehani, Mauricio Landin, and Sarah Malik. Bahrain COVID-19 Governmental Response. UN Compliance Research Group, February 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.52008/ucrg0501.

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The International Health Regulations (2005) are legally binding on 196 States Parties, Including all WHO Member States. The IHR aims to keep the world informed about public health risks, through committing all signatories to cooperate together in combating any future “illness or medical condition, irrespective of origin or source, that presents or could present significant harm to humans.” Under IHR, countries agreed to strengthen their public health capacities and notify the WHO of any such illness in their populations. The WHO would be the centralized body for all countries facing a health threat, with the power to declare a “public health emergency of international concern,” issue recommendations, and work with countries to tackle a crisis. Although, with the sudden and rapid spread of COVID-19 in the world, many countries varied in implementing the WHO guidelines and health recommendations. While some countries followed the WHO guidelines, others imposed travel restrictions against the WHO’s recommendations. Some refused to share their data with the organization. Others banned the export of medical equipment, even in the face of global shortages. The UN Compliance Research group will focus during the current cycle on analyzing the compliance of the WHO member states to the organizations guidelines during the COVID-19 pandemic.

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S. Abdellatif, Omar, and Ali Behbehani. Italy COVID-19 Governmental Response. UN Compliance Research Group, February 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.52008/itl0501.

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The International Health Regulations (2005) are legally binding on 196 States Parties, Including all WHO Member States. The IHR aims to keep the world informed about public health risks, through committing all signatories to cooperate together in combating any future “illness or medical condition, irrespective of origin or source, that presents or could present significant harm to humans.” Under IHR, states agreed to strengthen their public health capacities and notify the WHO of any such illness in their populations. The WHO would be the centralized body for all countries facing a health threat, with the power to declare a “public health emergency of international concern,” issue recommendations, and work with countries to tackle a crisis. Although, with the sudden and rapid spread of COVID-19 in the world, many countries varied in implementing the WHO guidelines and health recommendations. While some countries followed the WHO guidelines, others imposed travel restrictions against the WHO’s recommendations. Some states refused to share their data with the organization. Others banned the export of medical equipment, even in the face of global shortages. The UN Compliance Research group will focus during the current cycle on analyzing the compliance of the WHO member states to the organizations guidelines during the COVID-19 pandemic.

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S. Abdellatif, Omar, and Ali Behbehani. Jordan COVID-19 Governmental Response. UN Compliance Research Group, February 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.52008/jord0501.

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The International Health Regulations (2005) are legally binding on 196 States Parties, Including all WHO Member States. The IHR aims to keep the world informed about public health risks, through committing all signatories to cooperate together in combating any future “illness or medical condition, irrespective of origin or source, that presents or could present significant harm to humans.” Under IHR, states agreed to strengthen their public health capacities and notify the WHO of any such illness in their populations. The WHO would be the centralized body for all countries facing a health threat, with the power to declare a “public health emergency of international concern,” issue recommendations, and work with countries to tackle a crisis. Although, with the sudden and rapid spread of COVID-19 in the world, many countries varied in implementing the WHO guidelines and health recommendations. While some countries followed the WHO guidelines, others imposed travel restrictions against the WHO’s recommendations. Some states refused to share their data with the organization. Others banned the export of medical equipment, even in the face of global shortages. The UN Compliance Research group will focus during the current cycle on analyzing the compliance of the WHO member states to the organizations guidelines during the COVID-19 pandemic.

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