Dissertations / Theses: 'Body strength'

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Whetstone, Barbara Tracy. "Body image, capacity and strength in midlife women." Thesis, National Library of Canada = Bibliothèque nationale du Canada, 2001. http://www.collectionscanada.ca/obj/s4/f2/dsk3/ftp04/MQ60514.pdf.

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McMahon, Callie Griggs. "Muscle Strength and Body Cell Mass in Postmenopausal Women." Thesis, Virginia Tech, 2001. http://hdl.handle.net/10919/42296.

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It has been observed that the normal process of aging is associated with a decline in muscle strength and mass. It has also been observed that total body potassium and intracellular water (ICW) decrease with age, reflecting a loss of body cell mass (BCM), 60% of which is the skeletal muscle. It is generally accepted that traditional high-intensity strength training (ST) regimens can not only attenuate, but in some cases, reverse some of these aging-related changes. Periodization, a nontraditional approach to strength training, has been demonstrated to stimulate more rapid increases in muscle strength than traditional approaches in young adults; however, it has not been comprehensively evaluated in postmenopausal women. Investigators have consistently reported an increase in muscle strength in older adults undergoing both short- and long-term traditional ST programs. It is fairly well accepted that early increases in muscle strength are attributable to neurologic adaptations. There has been less consistency in the literature regarding the timing and nature of changes in muscle quality and mass with ST. Although several investigators have reported increased muscle protein synthesis rates as early as 2 weeks after ST initiation in older adults, the majority of published reports support the notion that significant NET gains in intracellular protein, and thus, gains in muscle mass/volume/hypertrophy do not occur before 9-10 weeks. Changes in intracellular water, which would be expected to occur with changes in intracellular protein, have not been studied during short-term ST interventions in older adults. Bioimpedance spectroscopy (BIS) has been validated as a field technique to accurately measure ICW (and BCM) changes in HIV infected individuals. The primary aim of the current study was to determine if muscle strength would increase in postmenopausal women undergoing a novel (periodized) ST intervention of 10 weeks duration. A secondary aim was to determine if BIS would detect a change in ICW in the study subjects from baseline to study conclusion. Study participants were eleven, healthy postmenopausal women between the ages of 60 and 74 (mean age: 65 Â± 4.4 y) who had not engaged in ST in the six months preceding the study. ICW and muscle strength were assessed at baseline and at study conclusion. The ST program was conducted twice a week for 10 weeks at the Senior Center in Blacksburg, VA. Participants performed seven different exercises incorporating upper body and lower body muscle groups. The women performed one set of 8-12 repetitions at an intensity of 80% of one repetition maximum (1 RM) the first week, progressing to 2 sets of 8-12 repetitions at the same intensity during the second week. The remaining weeks consisted of three sets of 8-12 repetitions, performed at an intensity of 80%, 75%, and 70% of their current 1 RM, respectively. One RM was reassessed every other week. The major result from this study was that muscle strength of all trained muscle groups increased in postmenopausal women undergoing 10 weeks of pyramid ST (P<0.05). In addition, the pyramid ST protocol utilized in this study was well-tolerated and resulted in no injuries in any of the older women in the study, indicating that this approach may be used safely in this population. Mean ICW measured by the field method BIS did not change over the course of the study. This result was consistent with other published data reporting no changes in lean body mass or muscle volume/area by more sophisticated techniques.
Master of Science

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Burrup, Rachelle. "Strength Training and Body Composition in Middle-Age Women." BYU ScholarsArchive, 2015. https://scholarsarchive.byu.edu/etd/6162.

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OBJECTIVE: The purpose of this study was to examine the relationship between strength training and body composition before and after controlling for several covariates. A cross-sectional study including 257 female subjects was conducted. METHODS: Subjects' level of involvement in strength training was determined via questionnaire. Body composition was assessed using dual energy X-ray absorptiometry (DXA). Diet was assessed using 7-d weighed food records. RESULTS: Strong linear relationships between subjects' level of involvement in strength training and body composition were identified. For each additional day of strength training reported per week, body fat was 1.32 percentage points lower (F = 14.8, p = 0.0002) and fat-free mass was 656.4 g (1.45 lb) higher (F = 18.9, p < 0.0001), on average. Likewise, the more time subjects spent lifting and the more intensely they trained, the better their body composition tended to be. Adjusting for differences in age, menopause status, objectively measured physical activity, energy intake, and protein intake tended to weaken each association. Controlling for differences in physical activity weakened each relationship the most. CONCLUSION: Women who strength train regularly tend to have significantly lower body fat percentages and significantly higher levels of fat-free mass compared to their counterparts, regardless of differences in several potential confounding variables.

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Thoma, Matthew. "Hammer Strength vs. Free Weights: Upper Body 1 RM Comparisons." TopSCHOLAR®, 2006. http://digitalcommons.wku.edu/theses/299.

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Thirty-one trained male subjects performed one-repetition maximum lifts (IRM's) on three Hammer Strength Externally Loaded Machines and three comparable Free Weight Exercises. All tests were counterbalanced and randomly assigned. Subjects performed two 1RM tests during each lab session, with at least 48-72 hours of recovery between each. IRM's were recorded as the greatest amount of weight lifted with proper technique. 1RM data was used to (1) determine the relationship between 1RM performed on Hammer Strength machines versus Free Weights and (2) to develop regression equations that can accurately predict IRM's when switching from one exercise modality to another. Statistics revealed significant differences (p<0.05) between IRM's performed on the Hammer Strength equipment as compared to its counterpart free weight exercise. For all exercises, IRM's were significantly greater/higher on Hammer Strength equipment. Regression equations were developed for all exercises, except when predicting the Hammer Strength shoulder press and the Hammer Strength Preacher Curls from their free weight counterparts, where no variables existed that could significantly predict their respective IRM's.

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Cotter, Meghan Marie. "Gross Morphology, Microarchitecture, Strength and Evolution of the Hominoid Vertebral Body." Case Western Reserve University School of Graduate Studies / OhioLINK, 2011. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=case1295890557.

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Reeder, Adam. "Ankle Muscle Activation During Unilateral and Bilateral Lower Body Strength Exercises." University of Akron / OhioLINK, 2014. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=akron1396623200.

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Niemann, McKayla Jean. "Strength Training and Insulin Resistance: The Mediating Role of Body Composition." BYU ScholarsArchive, 2020. https://scholarsarchive.byu.edu/etd/9071.

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OBJECTIVE: The main objective of the present study was to assess the association between varying amounts of strength training and insulin resistance. Another goal was to assess the influence of several potential confounding variables on the strength training and insulin resistance relationship. Lastly, the role of waist circumference, fat free mass, and body fat percentage on the association between strength training and insulin resistance was assessed. METHODS: This cross-sectional study included 6561 randomly selected men and women in the US. Data were collected using the precise protocol established by NHANES. HOMA-IR was used as the outcome variable. Both time spent strength training and frequency of strength training bouts were used as exposure variables. RESULTS: There was not a statistically significant relationship between strength training and insulin resistance in women. However, after controlling for 10 potential confounding variables, men who reported no strength training had significantly higher levels of HOMA-IR compared to men who reported moderate or high levels of strength training (F = 9.87, P < 0.0001). Odds ratios were also assessed, and 10 potential confounding variables were controlled. Men reporting no strength training had 2.42 times the odds of having insulin resistance compared to men reporting moderate levels of strength training (95% CI: 1.19 to 4.93). Similarly, men reporting no strength training had 2.50 times the odds of having insulin resistance compared to men reporting high levels of strength training (95% CI: 1.25 to 5.00). CONCLUSION: There was a strong relationship between strength training and insulin resistance in US men, but not in US women. Differences in waist circumference, fat free mass, and body fat percentage, as well as demographic and lifestyle measures, do not appear to mediate the relationship.

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Casey, Daniel James. "Effects of Whole Body Vibration on Strength Gain in Untrained Subjects." Thesis, The University of Arizona, 2013. http://hdl.handle.net/10150/297524.

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Whole-Body vibration (WBV) may lead to increased strength gains when coupled with weight and resistance training. It has been reported to increase muscle contraction and power by increasing muscle recruitment. This study set out to see if sessions of WBV following a workout would result in increased strength gains when compared to a control group. Twenty‐four subjects, 12 men and 12 women ages 18-26, with no prior history of musculoskeletal or heart disorders underwent a 3‐week workout routine designed to target and strengthen the knee flexors and extensors. Subjects were sorted into a control or vibe group with the vibe group receiving 5 minutes of post-workout WBV (30 Hz, Amplitude 13 mm). Strength testing was conducted using an isokinetic dynanometer to record knee flexor and extensor torque at the beginning and end of the intervention. A t‐ test was performed for statistical analysis using SPSS to compare the means of the control and vibe group’s strength changes. P values ranges from 0.08 to 0.98, showing no significant differences between the vibe and control group (P > 0.05). It is concluded that in the short term, WBV following resistance training does not improve strength gains in healthy untrained subjects.

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Cloak, Ross. "The chronic and acute effects of whole body vibration training." Thesis, University of Wolverhampton, 2016. http://hdl.handle.net/2436/612201.

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Whole body vibration training (WBVT) has gained a lot of interest for its proposed benefits across a range of populations both active and injured. The purpose of the present thesis was to test the efficacy of WBVT in terms of injury rehabilitation and performance enhancement amongst professional and amateur athletes. The five papers submitted for the degree of PhD by publication are grouped into two key themes relevant to the development of knowledge and evidence to advance a better understanding of the chronic and acute effects of WBVT. The themes encompass the efficacy of WBVT (Chronic) as a rehabilitation tool and as an addition to a warm-up routine (acute). The explanatory narrative provides a brief background to WBVT, a summary of each paper and what the paper has contributed to the field both in terms of knowledge and methodological development. The papers presented provide evidence that chronic WBVT is an effective method of improving balance and stability in athletes suffering functional ankle instability (FAI) (Paper 1). Even when compared to traditional methods of rehabilitation for FAI, the addition of WBVT enhances the benefits of traditional rehabilitation protocols (Paper 2). The use of acute WBVT enhances reactive strength, again showing a significant benefit as an addition to a more traditional warm-up (FIFA 11+) amongst amateur soccer players (Paper 3). When training status was considered (amateur vs. professional), high frequency acute WBVT stimulus significantly improved landing stability (DPSI) amongst professional players only (Paper 4). These differences between groups were also identified when examining knee extensor potentiation and force output with significant improvements amongst professional but not amateur soccer players. Professional players also reported significantly greater beliefs in the effectiveness of WBVT (Paper 5). In conclusion the body of work presented discusses the practical and methodological implications of the new knowledge presented and identifies a series of future lines of research.

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Williams, David. "Phosphatidic Acid Increases Lean Body Tissue and Strength In Resistance Trained Men." Master's thesis, University of Central Florida, 2012. http://digital.library.ucf.edu/cdm/ref/collection/ETD/id/5575.

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Phosphatidic Acid (PA) is a natural phospholipid compound derived from lecithin which is commonly found in egg yolk, grains, fish, soybeans, peanuts and yeast. It has been suggested that PA is involved in several intracellular processes associated with muscle hypertrophy. Specifically, PA has been reported to activate protein synthesis through the mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR) signaling pathway and thereby may enhance the anabolic effects of resistance training. To our knowledge, no one has examined the effect of PA supplementation in humans while undergoing a progressive resistance training program. To examine the effect of PA supplementation on lean soft tissue mass (LM) and strength after 8 weeks of resistance training. Fourteen resistance-trained men (mean [plus or minus] SD; age 22.7 [plus or minus] 3.3 yrs; height: 1.78 [plus or minus] 0.10m; weight: 89.3 [plus or minus] 16.3 kg) volunteered to participate in this randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled, repeated measures study. The participants were assigned to a PA group (750mg/day; Mediator, ChemiNutra, MN, n=7) or placebo group (PL; rice flower; n=7), delivered in capsule form that was identical in size, shape and color. Participants were tested for 1RM strength in the bench press (BP) and squat (SQ) exercise. LM was measured using dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry. After base line testing, the participants began supplementing PA or PL for 8 weeks during a progressive resistance training program intended for muscular hypertrophy. Data was analyzed using magnitude-based inferences on mean changes for BP, SQ and LM. Furthermore, the magnitudes of the inter-relationships between changes in total training volume and LM were interpreted using Pearson correlation coefficients, which had uncertainty (90% confidence limits) of approximately +0.25. In the PA group, the relationship between changes in training volume and LM was large (r=0.69, [plus or minus] 0.27; 90%CL), however, in the PL group the relationship was small (r=0.21, [plus or minus] 0.44; 90%CL). PA supplementation was determined to be likely beneficial at improving SQ and LM over PL by 26% and 64%, respectively. The strong relationship between changes in total training volume and LM in the PA group suggest that greater training volume most likely lead to the greater changes in LM, however, no such relationship was found with PL group. For the BP data, the PA group resulted in a 42% greater increase in strength over PL, although the effect was considered unclear. While more research is needed to elucidate mechanism of action; the current findings suggest that in experienced resistance trained men supplementing 750mg PA per day for 8 weeks may likely benefit greater changes in muscle mass and strength compared with resistance training only.
M.S.
Masters
Child, Family and Community Sciences
Education and Human Performance
Sport and Exercise Sciences; Applied Exercise Physiology

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Burt, Lauren A. "Upper body bone strength and muscle function in non-elite artistic gymnasts." Thesis, Australian Catholic University, 2011. https://acuresearchbank.acu.edu.au/download/285f3fb7c88a999d12b83b71701c682999d6d8f0bb8cf51abb8134e482e0afa3/8793736/Burt_2011_Upper_body_bone_strength_and_muscle.pdf.

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Musculoskeletal development in the upper limbs of non-elite female gymnasts during pre and early pubescent growth is under researched. Most studies have focussed on elite rather than non-elite gymnasts, via dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry (DXA). The purpose of this thesis was to longitudinally characterise the effects of non-elite female artistic gymnastics participation on upper limb musculoskeletal parameters using peripheral Quantitative Computed Tomography (pQCT), DXA and muscle function assessments. Three major studies were designed. Study one compared the upper limb of two groups of gymnasts (high-training gymnasts (HGYM), participating in 6-16 hr/wk, low-training gymnasts (LGYM), participating in 1-5 hr/wk) and an age matched control group (NONGYM) for differences in bone mass, size and strength. Difference in upper limb muscle size, structure and function were also compared. Study two pooled both HGYM and LGYM to compare traditional pQCT skeletal parameters at the radius (4% and 66% sites) with NONGYM. To advance the understanding of site and bone specificity in young gymnastics, similar measures were also undertaken at the ulna. Study three combined variables in studies one and two in a longitudinal (6-month) comparison of the upper limb musculoskeletal changes in two groups of gymnasts (HGYM, LGYM) and a NONGYM group. Benefits beyond growth associated with gymnastics participation during pre- and early pubertal years were examined.

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Björk, Julia. "Upper- & lower body strength and its correlation to performance in swimming." Thesis, Högskolan i Halmstad, Akademin för ekonomi, teknik och naturvetenskap, 2018. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:hh:diva-38435.

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Background: To learn how to swim with proper technique takes fairly large amount of time and practice to learn and anelite swimmer spends 6-7 days training for improving aerobic capacity, anaerobic capacity and strength training for energy saving technique. Freestyle is the fastest swimming style and is performed in many different distances, 50m is classified as a sprint and the 400m as a middle-distance. The research is inconclusive if there is a correlation in the lower body and the time in 50m and 400m and mostly in the middle distance which gives this study the importance reducing these uncertainties. Aim: The aim of this study was to determine the strength of the correlation between the upper- and lower body muscle strengthwith time in 50m and 400m freestyle and to analyze which of the variables of height, sex, upper- and lower body strength contribute to velocity in sprint and middle distance in competitive swimmers. Method:A total of 14 participants (3 men and 11 women) participated in the study. The participants were tested at three occasions. The first was to determine their three-repetition maximum (3RM) in the squat and lat-pulldown. The second occasion was the collection the time in 50m freestyle and the third was to collect the time in 400m freestyle. Relative strength (kg/kg BW; %) and absolute strength (kg) in 1RM was calculated and correlated with the time in 50m and 400m freestyle. Analysis was done to see which variables of height, sex, relative strength in the squat and lat-pulldown contribute the most to the time in freestyle. Result: The result show that there was a high correlation between the absolute strength in the squat and the time in 50m (r=-0.769) a moderate correlation in the absolute strength in lat-pulldown and the 50m freestyle sprint (r=-0.513). There was also a moderate correlation for the relative strength in the lat-pulldown and 50m freestyle (r=-0.599). The 400m correlate with the relative strength in both lat-pulldown(r=-0.563) and the squat (r=-0.555). The lat-pulldown contributed most to the time in 50m freestyle as well as the male sex. Conclusions: The absolute strength in the squat had a high correlation to the time in 50m freestyle swim. The 400m there was a moderate correlation to the relative strength in the squat and lat-pulldown showing that for the overall performance in middle-distance the relative strength has the advantage over absolute strength. The relative and absolute strength in upper body correlated to both 50m and 400m freestyle and could therefore strengthen the importance of upper body strength in sprint and middle distance as previous researchers has stated. The upper body strength is the best predictor of time in 50m.

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Coyne, Joseph. "Influence of anthropometric and upper body strength qualities on surfboard paddling kinematics." Thesis, Edith Cowan University, Research Online, Perth, Western Australia, 2015. https://ro.ecu.edu.au/theses/1664.

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Competitive surfing is an international professional water sport of which a key factor in performance appears to be surfboard paddling ability. Research on surfing performance is relatively novel and there is very limited data as to how anthropometric and upper extremity strength variables influence not just surfboard paddling but also surfing ability. PURPOSE: The purpose of this research was threefold. The first purpose was to evaluate the reliability of Pull Up and Dip 1RM strength assessments, the ratio between the two exercises, and a surfboard endurance paddle assessment. The second purpose was to establish if there were discriminative factors between competitive and recreational surfers on these measures, and correlations between anthropometric, strength and paddling variables. The final purpose was to determine if upper extremity maximal strength training would improve surfboard paddling performance. METHODS: Thirty-six male surfers (29.7 ± 7.7 years, 177.4 ± 7.4cm, 76.7 ± 9.9kg) participated in this research. Subjects performed a tempo and range of motion controlled 1RM Pull and Dip assessment followed by a timed 400m endurance paddle on 2 days with 7 days separating testing sessions. Reliability was assessed by Intra-Class Correlation (ICC), Percent Coefficient of Variation (%CV) and Typical Error (TE). These tests along with a 15m sprint paddle test and additional anthropometric assessments were evaluated to determine if correlations between tests existed and if there were any differences between competitive and recreational surfers. Subjects were then placed into either intervention or control groups with the intervention group training the Pull Up and Dip exercises three times per week for 5 weeks. RESULTS: All performance measures were considered reliable (ICC 0.96, 0.97 and 0.99; %CV 2.22, 2.41 and 2.01 for Relative 1RM Pull Up, Dip and 400m paddle respectively). A relative 1RM dip : pull up ratio of 1.11 was established. Fat mass and relative arm span were both correlated with paddling speed across sprint (p=0.02 to 0.04 and 0.01 respectively) and with even greater statistical power for endurance (p=0.01 andd=0.62-1.05). CONCLUSIONS: Performance measures of 1RM Pull Up and Dip strength and endurance paddling are reliable when assessing upper extremity strength qualities in male surfers. Relative strength in the Pull Up and Dip are both correlated with sprint paddling ability. Significant differences in relative arm span and endurance paddling ability between competitive and recreational surfers appear to exist. Further, upper extremity maximal strength training can improve paddling ability in surfers; and especially so in weaker surfers.

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Escobedo, Juan Pablo. "Measurement of shear strength and texture evolution in BCC materials subjected to high pressures." Online access for everyone, 2007. http://www.dissertations.wsu.edu/Dissertations/Fall2007/j_escobedo_120507.pdf.

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Alsobrook, Nathan Gabriel. "The role of upper body power in classical cross-country skiing performance." Thesis, Montana State University, 2005. http://etd.lib.montana.edu/etd/2005/alsobrook/AlsobrookN0805.pdf.

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Falck, Josefina. "Effect of side windows, stiffening plate and roof sheet on the stiffness of the bus body." Thesis, KTH, Medicinsk teknik, 2013. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-125893.

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As a bus developer, Scania focus to construct a safe vehicle for the passengers, i.e. high strength of the bus structure and good comfort, which is also profitable for the operator, i.e. high passenger capacity and low fuel consumption. The trade-off when developing a bus body structure is to get both high stiffness and low weight. The bus body including exterior panels plays together with the chassis an important role for the stiffness of the bus. By gathering knowledge about how various exterior panels affects the stiffness of the bus body, the design of the panels can be optimized with respect to high stiffness and low weight. Also from a calculation point of view is it of interest to know how important different panels are for the stiffness of the bus body, in order to make conscious simplifications in the calculation model. The aim with this master thesis was to investigate how the stiffening plate, side windows and roof sheet influence the strength of the bus body. How the thickness of the side windows affects the stiffness of the bus body is also investigated. The investigations were made as a relative comparison between a complete bus and comparison models. The results showed that exterior panels participate in distributing load. By distributing the load, the load uptake gets more efficient since a bigger part of the bus structure is used to take up the load. The side windows affect the stiffness for all tested load cases, with increased importance for the load case where a gravity field is applied in the longitudinal direction, for the torsion load case and when a load is applied to the power train in vertical direction. The roof sheet has a high impact on the stiffness in the torsion load case, but has negligible influence on the stiffness of the bus body for the other tested load cases. The stiffening plate has little influence on the stiffness of the bus body in general and is negligible for all tested load cases except for when a lateral load is applied as either a gravity field or locally to the power train. Thinner side windows are shown to have a positive influence on the stiffness of the bus body.

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Pratt, Katherine Bishop. "The Effects of Resistance Training on Strength and Body Composition in Postpartum Women." BYU ScholarsArchive, 2010. https://scholarsarchive.byu.edu/etd/2316.

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The postpartum period represents a high-risk period for body weight retention and obesity. Several studies have investigated the role of aerobic exercise on postpartum weight retention and other body composition outcomes; however, there has been little attention given to resistance training in postpartum women. Thus, the purpose of this four-month randomized study was to determine the effectiveness of resistance training on strength, body composition, return to pre-pregnancy weight, and bone mineral density (BMD) in postpartum women. Sixty postpartum women were randomly assigned to either a resistance training group or a comparison group. The resistance training group participated in a progressive resistance training program twice weekly for four months. The comparison group participated in a flexibility program twice weekly for four months. Strength changes were assessed for the upper body (bench press), lower body (leg press), and the core (abdominal curl-ups). Body composition, including BMD, was measured by dual energy x-ray absorptiometry. Over the four-month study, the resistance training group demonstrated a 36.7% increase in bench press, a 31.1% increase in leg press, and a 222.6% increase in abdominal curl-ups (p < 0.05). The flexibility group improved by 7.7% for bench press, 6.6% for leg press, and by 43.0% for abdominal curl-ups (p < 0.05). Group*period interactions were significant for the leg press, bench press, and abdominal curl-ups (p < 0.05). Both groups decreased in body weight, body fat percentage, and fat tissue (p < 0.05). Neither group significantly changed in lean tissue, whole body BMD, and hip BMD (p > 0.05). Group*period interactions were not significant for any body composition outcome (p > 0.05). These results suggest that a twice weekly resistance training program is superior to flexibility training to increase strength; however, resistance training may not be enough to influence body composition to a greater extent than flexibility training in postpartum women. More research is warranted.

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Beckham, George K., Kimitake Sato, Hugo A. P. Santana, Satoshi Mizuguchi, G. Gregory Haff, and Michael H. Stone. "Effect of Body Position on Force Production During the Isometric Midthigh Pull." Digital Commons @ East Tennessee State University, 2018. https://dc.etsu.edu/etsu-works/4652.

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Various body positions have been used in the scientific literature when performing the isometric midthigh pull resulting in divergent results. We evaluated force production in the isometric midthigh pull in bent (125° knee and 125° hip angles) and upright (125° knee, 145° hip angle) positions in subjects with (>6 months) and without (<6 months) substantial experience using weightlifting derivatives. A mixed-design ANOVA was used to evaluate the effect of pull position and weightlifting experience on peak force, force at 50, 90, 200, and 250 ms. There were statistically significant main effects for weightlifting experience and pull position for all variables tested, and statistically significant interaction effects for peak force, allometrically scaled peak force, force at 200 ms, and force at 250 ms. Calculated effect sizes were small to large for all variables in subjects with weightlifting experience, and were small to moderate between positions for all variables in subjects without weightlifting experience. A central finding of the study is that the upright body position (125° knee and 145° hip) should be used given that forces generated are highest in that position. Actual joint angles during maximum effort pulling should be measured to ensure body position is close to the position intended.

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Dalbo, Vincent James. "The relationship between endogenous creatine levels and maximal upper body strength, short term muscle recovery and body fat in males." Click here to access thesis, 2007. http://www.georgiasouthern.edu/etd/archive/summer2006/vincent_j_dalbo/dalbo_vincent_j_200701_ms.pdf.

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Thesis (M.S.)--Georgia Southern University, 2007.
"A dissertation submitted to the Graduate Faculty of Georgia Southern University in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree Doctor of Education." Under the direction of Jim L. McMillan. ETD. Electronic version approved: May 2007. Includes bibliographical references (p. 62-82) and appendices.

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Aphamis, George. "The effects of glycerol ingestion on body water distribution and exercise performance." Thesis, Loughborough University, 2011. https://dspace.lboro.ac.uk/2134/9100.

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Water movement in the body is determined by the osmotic forces acting on the cell membrane. Ingestion of a highly-hypertonic glycerol solution resulting in high extracellular osmolality could drive water out of the intracellular space into the vascular space resulting in reduced muscle hydration and increased blood volume. The aim of this thesis was to study the effects of altered body water distribution during exercise. In chapter 3, ingestion of a 400 ml glycerol solution (1 g·kg-1 body mass) increased serum osmolality (309 mosmol·kg-1) which was associated with a 4.0% increase in blood volume due to a 7.2% increase in plasma volume, attributed to a shift of water from the intracellular space, resulting presumably in tissue dehydration. Glycerol ingestion was then used as a means of altering body water distribution in the other studies described in this thesis. Altered body water distribution had no acute effect on force production during quadriceps muscle isometric exercise (chapter 4), or handgrip strength (chapter 5). Regarding chronic effects (chapter 5), two groups of participants exercised handgrip and initiated recovery after ingestion of either a glycerol solution or placebo over a period of 8 weeks. Maximum handgrip strength increased in both groups and there was no statistically significant difference between the two groups. In chapters 6 and 7, the subjects performed a cycling exercise protocol to fatigue. In the glycerol trial, time to fatigue decreased compared with the iso-osmotic trial during an incremental VO2max test (chapter 6) and during cycling against a constant load at 100% VO2max intensity (chapter 7). In the glycerol trial, there was an accelerated increase in blood lactate and an accelerated increase in serum potassium (chapter 7), indicating altered muscle metabolism which may have contributed to the early development of fatigue.

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Tapp, Lauren. "Efficacy of Whole Body Vibration as a Modality to Induce Changes in Body Composition and Muscular Strength in Post-menopausal Women." Diss., Temple University Libraries, 2011. http://cdm16002.contentdm.oclc.org/cdm/ref/collection/p245801coll10/id/123423.

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Kinesiology
Ph.D.
The purpose of this study was to evaluate the effectiveness of whole body vibration training (WBVT) as a modality for inducing changes in body composition and muscular strength in sedentary, overweight/obese post-menopausal women. The WBVT program was compared to other training regimens commonly used as weight loss strategies or to increase muscular strength. These training regimens were aerobic training (AT) and circuit resistance training (CT). The postmenopausal women (48 to 60 years of age) were randomly assigned to one of the following exercise training regimens: WBVT, CT or AT. Participants performed their training regimens three times per week for 8 weeks. The training regimens were progressive in nature with increases in training intensity and duration occurring throughout the 8-week period. Body composition and bone mineral density data were obtained by DEXA analyses. Upper and lower body strengths were determined by one repetition maximum (1-RM) chest press and leg press, respectively. A treadmill VO2peak test was performed to assess aerobic capacity. The following statistical analyses were performed: a 3 x 2 repeated measures ANOVA, with three levels of exercise modalities (WBVT, AT, and CT) and two levels of time (pre and post); one-way ANOVA on change scores; and, because sample size was small, non-parametric analyses. There were no significant effects of any of the training modalities for percent body fat, lean body mass, bone mineral density, or VO2peak. The 1-RM for lower body strength increased for all three training modalities. The 1-RM for upper body strength increased for the CT modality. The results indicate that 8 weeks of WBVT is as effective as CT and AT training regimens for increasing lower body strength in post-menopausal women. None of the 8-week training modalities influenced changes in body composition, bone mineral density, or VO2peak.
Temple University--Theses

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Moon, Rebecca Jane. "Antenatal vitamin D supplementation and offspring body composition and muscle strength : a translational approach." Thesis, University of Southampton, 2017. https://eprints.soton.ac.uk/416626/.

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The in utero environment to which a fetus is exposed might influence body composition and muscle strength in later life. Modulation of this environment could therefore represent an approach to addressing the increasing burden of obesity and sarcopenia. One potential modifiable exposure is vitamin D. The aim of this work was to explore the determinants of maternal serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D [25(OH)D] status in pregnancy and the use of antenatal vitamin D supplementation to improve offspring growth, body composition and muscle strength. The Southampton Women’s Survey (SWS) is a prospective birth cohort study that included assessment of maternal serum 25(OH)D at 11 (n=2019) and 34 weeks (n=2328) of gestation. Marked seasonal variation in serum 25(OH)D was observed at both gestations (p < 0.001 for both). After adjustment for season, 25(OH)D tracked moderately from early to late pregnancy (r=0.53), but supplementation use and pregnancy weight gain were significantly associated with changes in 25(OH)D status. The offspring of 678 women who had a late pregnancy 25(OH)D measurement were reviewed at 4 years of age. There were no significant associations between maternal 25(OH)D and offspring lean mass (LM) measured by dual-energy x-ray absorptiometry (DXA), but a positive association with grip strength was found (β=0.10 SD/SD, p=0.01). These findings were translated to an intervention study using the MAVIDOS trial, a randomised placebo-controlled trial of antenatal vitamin D supplementation (1000 IU/day cholecalciferol from 14 weeks of gestation until delivery) in women with a baseline 25(OH)D of 25-100 nmol/l. Offspring anthropometry was assessed at birth (n=768), 1 year (n=594) and 2 years (n=577) of age. At 4 years (n=378), body composition was assessed by DXA and grip strength by hand dynamometry. Weight, length/height and measures of adiposity (skinfold thicknesses at birth, 1 and 2 years of age; fat mass measured by DXA at 4 years) did not differ between the randomisation groups at any age (p > 0.05 for all) despite a significantly greater maternal 25(OH)D in the cholecalciferol supplementation group at 34 weeks of gestation (mean difference 24.7 nmol/l, p < 0.001). LM and grip strength at 4 years were also similar, but in women with baseline 25(OH)D < 30 nmol/l, offspring grip strength was greater in those randomised to cholecalciferol (0.70 SD [95% CI 0.02, 1.38], p=0.04). LM did not differ in this subgroup. These findings suggest that 1000 IU/day cholecalciferol supplementation during mid and late pregnancy in women with baseline 25(OH)D 25-100 nmol/l does not improve offspring body composition or muscle strength despite an increase in maternal 25(OH)D status. Supplementation increased muscle strength in offspring of women with the lowest 25(OH)D levels, highlighting the need for further trials of vitamin D supplementation in deficient women.

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Schneider, Barbara Anne. "Resistive exercise : strength, body composition, glucose tolerance and insulin action in african american women /." The Ohio State University, 1996. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=osu148793512587949.

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Griggs, Cameron V. "Relationship Between Lower Body Strength, Countermovement Jump Height, and Optimal Drop Jump Drop Height." Digital Commons @ East Tennessee State University, 2016. https://dc.etsu.edu/etd/3098.

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The purpose of this study was to understand the relationship between back squat one-repetition maximum relative to body mass (1RMrel), countermovement jump height (CMJH), and optimal drop height in drop jump (DHopt). Fifteen male participants with various sport backgrounds and training experience completed a one repetition maximum (1RM) back squat, maximum countermovement jump (CMJ), and drop jumps (DJ) from incrementally increasing drop heights to determine which drop height elicited the greatest jump height. The DHopt testing protocol was unique in that smaller increments were used to determine DHopt compared to what has been reported in literature previously. Pearson correlation coefficients revealed that DHopt had small (r=0.214) and moderate (r=0.464) relationships with 1RMrel and CMJH, respectively. A second analysis (n=13) was conducted after two participants (i.e. powerlifters) were identified as possibly being representative of a different population. The second analysis found that DHopt had strong relationships with 1RMrel (r=0.645) and CMJH (r=0.690). Results from this study seem to suggest that individuals with greater 1RMrel and CMJH tend to have a higher DHopt. However, this relationship may not be observed among all populations due to likely differences in sport background, genetics, and/or training experience.

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Ramsey, Michael W., Ashley A. Kavanaugh, Michael Israetel, Anna Swisher, Cara Nelson, and Michael H. Stone. "Changes in Relationship Between Static Jump Height, Strength Characteristics, and Body Composition With Training." Digital Commons @ East Tennessee State University, 2011. https://dc.etsu.edu/etsu-works/4085.

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Suchomel, Timothy J., Christopher J. Sole, and Michael H. Stone. "Comparison of Methods That Assess Lower-body Stretch-Shortening Cycle Utilization." Digital Commons @ East Tennessee State University, 2016. https://dc.etsu.edu/etsu-works/4636.

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The purpose of this study was to compare 4 methods that assess the lower-body stretch-shortening cycle (SSC) utilization of athletes. Eighty-six National Collegiate Athletic Association Division I athletes from 6 different sports performed 2 squat jumps and 2 countermovement jumps on a force platform. Pre-stretch augmentation percentage (PSAP), eccentric utilization ratio (EUR), and reactive strength (RS) for jump height (JH) and peak power (PP) magnitudes, and reactive strength index–modified (RSImod) were calculated for each team. A series of one-way analyses of variance with a Holm-Bonferroni sequential adjustment were used to compare differences in PSAP, EUR, RS, and RSImod between teams. Statistical differences in RSImod (p < 0.001) existed between teams, whereas no statistical differences in PSAP-JH (p = 0.150), PSAP-PP (p = 0.200), EUR-JH (p = 0.150), EUR-PP (p = 0.200), RS-JH (p = 0.031), or RS-PP (p = 0.381) were present. The relationships between PSAP, EUR, and RS measures were all statistically significant and ranged from strong to nearly perfect (r = 0.569–1.000), while most of the relationships between PSAP, EUR, and RS measures and RSImod were trivial to small (r = 0.192–0.282). Pre-stretch augmentation percentage and EUR, RS, and RSImod values indicate that women's tennis, men's soccer, and men's soccer teams may use the SSC most effectively, respectively. Pre-stretch augmentation percentage, EUR, RS, and RSImod values may show vastly different results when comparing an individual's and a team's ability to use the SSC. Practitioners should consider using RSImod to monitor the SSC utilization of athletes due to its timing component.

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Goldman, Alissa. "The effects on strength, power, and body composition of an amino acid supplement, Rebuild II, following strength training in collegiate male basketball players." Virtual Press, 2000. http://liblink.bsu.edu/uhtbin/catkey/1179129.

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Thirteen Ball State University, male basketball players participated in this study to examine the effects of an amino acid supplement, Rebuild IITM and glutamine, on strength and vertical jump performance. Rebuild IITM contains high levels of BCAA and glutamine.The thirteen subjects were divided into two groups, Rebuild IIT"'' (n=7) and placebo (n=6). Both groups participated in a ten week strength and conditioning training program. Subjects were pre and post-tested on the hang clean, bench press, squat, and the vertical jump. Changes in percent body fat were also compared. Pre and post measures were analyzed using a 2x2 ANOVA variance with a significant level set at p<0.05. Both groups showed significant increases between pre and post-test measurements in all of the variables measured, but could not be significantly proven to be due to treatment effect. It was concluded that with a controlled strength and conditioning program, basketball players would increase strength and vertical jump performance and decrease percent body fat. Yet in order to determine whether an amino acid supplement may further increase these measurements, a dietary recall must be obtained.
School of Physical Education

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Nieuwoudt, Nadus. "A comparison of whole body vibration versus conventional training on leg strenght." Thesis, Nelson Mandela Metropolitan University, 2008. http://hdl.handle.net/10948/907.

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Whole Body Vibration (WBV) training is a new addition to the field of Exercise and Sports Science and has been developed for the use in strength and conditioning exercises. With the introduction of this new mode of exercise, the study focused on comparing the strength gaining effect of WBV training versus conventional resistance training. The study was conducted in a descriptive, exploratory manner utilizing a quasi-experimental approach with a three group comparison pre-test-post-test design consisting of an experimental-, comparison- and control group. Convenience and snowball sampling were used to select 43 male and female healthy, sedentary volunteer participants. The research focused on reviewing the contribution that each mode of training offers to increase strength in the upper leg and underlines the important physiological adaptations that the human body undergoes to bring about an increase in muscle strength. Both the whole body vibration and land-based resistance groups trained three times a week over an eight week intervention period. Exercises were performed with progressive increments in the frequency, amplitude and duration for the WBV- and in workload, number of sets and repetitions for the conventional resistance training program. The control group remained sedentary throughout the duration of the study. The dependent variables of peak torque flexion and extension of the knee joint in both legs were analyzed using descriptive and inferential statistics. Analysis of covariance (ANCOVA) was done to determine intra-group differences. Post-hoc analysis in the form of Scheffé’s test was done to determine and compare inter-group differences. Practical significance was indicated by means of Partial eta2 The analysis of the results revealed significant strength increases in both conventional resistance training and WBV for most of the dependent variables, except for peak torque extension, where the WBV group did not increase significantly. Based on these results, it can be concluded that both modes of conventional resistance and whole body vibration increased selected dependent variables for upper leg strength in previously inactive individuals.

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Sullard, Cori Beth. "An assessment of body composition, balance, and muscular strength and endurance in breast cancer survivors." Thesis, Wichita State University, 2011. http://hdl.handle.net/10057/5210.

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Incidence rates for breast cancer continue to rise with improved methods of screening, detection, diagnosis and treatment. The chance of developing breast cancer is 12%, or 1 out of 8 women (American Cancer Society, 2011b). Increased survival equates to increased needs for support services to restore or promote healthy living. This includes leading an active lifestyle with independent physical and mental capabilities. This study assesses body composition, balance, and upper extremity muscular strength and endurance in breast cancer survivors (BCS) shortly after diagnosis and during and after chemotherapy. Design: Prospective exploratory design with one control arm. Methods: Adult females (N = 7) within 1 month of breast cancer diagnosis, currently undergoing chemotherapy and/or have completed chemotherapy for the treatment of breast cancer were recruited for this study. Variables assessed include weight, body fat percentage, lean body mass percentage, body mass index (BMI), bone mineral density (BMD), bone mineral content (BMC), balance (sway index), and upper extremity muscular strength and endurance (peak torque, power, and total work). Results: Lean body mass percentage was significantly lower than healthy, age-matched controls (p=0.047). BCS had increased body fat percentage and weight compared to controls, and showed a significant increase in weight from initial diagnosis to treatment completion (p=0.037). BMI, BMD, and BMC did not significantly differ from controls. BCS produced increased measures of sway compared to normative values. Muscular strength and endurance did not differ between affected and unaffected arm. Conclusion: Current findings align with previous studies in terms of body composition and balance and serve to inform future research utilizing larger sample sizes.
Thesis (M.Ed.)--Wichita State University, College of Education, Dept. of Human Performance Studies.

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Storck, Natalie. "Upper body strength and endurance and its relationship with freestyle swim performance in elite swimmers." Thesis, Högskolan i Halmstad, Akademin för ekonomi, teknik och naturvetenskap, 2017. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:hh:diva-33987.

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Background: Strength is considered an important part in swimming and is usually included in training programs for swimmers. However, studies assessing the relationship between muscle strength, muscle endurance and swim performance are not many and have showed different results. Aim: The aim of this study was to assess the correlation between bench press, pull-up and 400 meter freestyle swim performance in elite swimmers. Method: The subjects (n=15, age 16-20) performed a one repetition maximum (1RM) bench press test to measure maximal muscle strength and to measure muscle endurance the subjects performed as many pull-up repetitions as possible during 30 seconds. A velocity four (V4) speed test was performed to assess swim performance by measuring time over covered distance and blood lactate levels. Results: The results of this study showed a moderate correlation (r=-0.54) between one repetition maximum in bench press and 400 meter freestyle swim performance. It showed a strong correlation (r=-0.63) between number of pull-ups repetitions during 30 seconds and 400 meter freestyle swim performance. Conclusion: These results suggest that upper body strength contributes to swim performance over 400 meter. The stronger correlation between pull-ups and swimming may indicate that muscle endurance of m. latissimus dorsi and the back muscles may be important to incorporate in a training program since it has shown to have a strong correlation with swim performance at 400 meters.
Bakgrund: Styrka anses vara en viktig del i simning och är ofta inkluderat i träningsprogram för simmare. Dock har endast ett mindre antal studier undersökt relationen mellan muskelstyrka, muskel uthållighet och simprestation och de som har gjort det visar olika resultat. Syfte: Syftet med denna studie var att utvärdera korrelationen mellan bänkpress, pull-ups och 400m simprestation hos elitsimmare. Metod: Deltagarna (n=15, ålder 16-20) utförde ett en repetition maximum (1RM) i bänkpress för att mäta maximal muskel styrka och för att mäta muskeluthållighet utförde deltagarna så många pull-ups repetitioner som möjligt under 30 sekunder. Ett velocity four (V4) hastighets test utfördes för att utvärdera simprestation genom att mäta tid över simmad distans och blod laktat värden. Resultat: Resultatet i denna studie visade på en moderat korrelation (r=-0,54) mellan en repetition maximum i bänkpress och 400 meter fristil simprestation. Den visade på en stark korrelation (r=-0,63) mellan antalet pull-ups repetitioner under 30 sekunder och 400 meter fristil simprestation. Konklusion: Dessa resultat tyder på att överkroppsstyrka bidrar till simprestation över 400 meter. Den starkare korrelationen mellan pull-ups och simning kan indikera att muskeluthållighet hos m. latisimus dorsi och ryggmusklerna kan vara viktigt att lägga in i ett träningsprogram då det visat på en stark korrelation till simprestation på distansen 400 meter.

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Eggebeen, Joel David. "The effect of upper body strength training on upper extremity function in healthy older adults." Winston-Salem, NC : Wake Forest University, 2009. http://dspace.zsr.wfu.edu/jspui/handle/10339/42475.

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Thesis (M.S.)--Wake Forest University. Dept. of Health and Exercise Science, 2009.
Title from electronic thesis title page. Thesis advisor: Anthony P. Marsh. Vita. Includes bibliographical references (p. 65-73).

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Wright, Nicole C. "The Association between Rheumatoid Arthritis, Bone Strength, and Body Composition within the Women's Health Initiative." Diss., The University of Arizona, 2010. http://hdl.handle.net/10150/195197.

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Introduction: Osteoporotic fractures, a major public health problem in aging populations, can lead to increased disability and mortality. Though rheumatoid arthritis (RA) patients have a higher risk for fractures than healthy populations, it is not known how hip structural geometry and body composition, two factors associated with bone strength, affect fracture risk in this population. The overall goal of this dissertation is to examine the association between RA, fracture, hip structural geometry, and body composition, in the participants of the Women's Health Initiative (WHI).Methods: The association between probable RA and fracture risk was tested using the entire WHI cohort (n=161,808). The association between probable RA and hip structural geometry was tested, both cross-sectionally and longitudinally, in a smaller sample (n=11,020) of participants from the WHI Bone Density Centers (WHI-BMD). The last study, testing the association between probable RA and body composition was also conducted in the WHI-BMD cohort.Results: In comparison to the non-arthritic group, the probable RA group had a significant 50%, 2-fold, and 3-fold increase in any, spine, and hip fracture, respectively. The association was not mot modified by age or ethnicity, but glucocorticoid use altered the association between RA and spine fractures. In terms of geometry, the probable RA had a significantly lower (p<0.05) mean hip BMD, outer diameter, cross-sectional area, and section modulus at the narrow neck region compared to control groups, indicating reduced bone strength. Body composition changes were present between the probable RA and the control group, with the probable RA group having statistically lower estimate of lean mass and statistically higher estimates of fat mass compared to the non-arthritic control group cross-sectionally and over the study.Conclusion: These studies confirm the increased risk for fracture among RA patients, while providing evidence that RA alters bone strength, especially at the hip, and negatively effects body composition by reducing lean mass and increasing fat mass. Additional research is needed link structural geometry and body composition to bone strength to lead to tailored interventions to minimize decreases in bone strength in this high fracture risk population.

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Young, Kieran. "The development and evaluation of a testing protocol to assess upper body pressing strength qualities in high performance athletes." Thesis, Edith Cowan University, Research Online, Perth, Western Australia, 2013. https://ro.ecu.edu.au/theses/554.

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PURPOSE: The purpose of this study was to evaluate the reliability of an isometric force assessment (isometric bench press) across 4 standardised angles and an isoinertial force and velocity assessment (ballistic bench throw) utilising a relative load based on a percentage of one repetition maximum (1RM) in the bench press; and to evaluate whether the use of the dynamic strength deficit (DSD) ratio can guide training and detect changes induced by training over a 5 week period. METHODS: Twenty four elite male athletes (age = 19.9 ± 2.7yrs; mass = 79.1 ± 13.0kg) performed the isometric bench press and a 45% 1RM ballistic bench throw on 2 separate days with 48 hours between testing occasions. Peak force, peak power, peak velocity, peak displacement and peak rate of force development were assessed using a force plate and linear position transducer. Reliability was assessed by Intra- Class Correlation (ICC), Percent Coefficient of Variation (%CV) and Typical Error (TE). The athletes’ DSD ratios were then calculated using the peak force values obtained during the BBT and IBP (DSD = IBP peak force/BBT peak force). Athletes were then placed in to 2 groups as matched-pairs based on their DSD ratio and their strength in the 1RM bench press. The Bench Press (BP) Group performed high intensity bench press while the Ballistic Bench Throw Group performed moderate intensity ballistic bench throws. Both groups trained twice a week for 5 weeks. RESULTS: All performance measures except for peak rate of force development were considered reliable (ICC = 0.85-0.97, %CV = 1.2-3.3). The DSD ratio was sensitive to the disparate training methods between groups, with the BP Group increasing their IBP peak force (p = 0.035), the BBT Group increasing their bench throw performance (p ≤ 0.001), and as a result, yielding a significant change (p ≤ 0.001) in the DSD for both groups. CONCLUSIONS: Performance measures such as peak force in the isometric bench press and ballistic bench throw are reliable when assessing upper body pressing strength qualities in elite male athletes. Further, the DSD can be used to detect qualities of relative deficiency and guide specific training interventions based on test results.

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Jacobson, Erik Andrew. "Effect of ski pole stiffness on upper body power output in cross-country skiers." Thesis, Montana State University, 2008. http://etd.lib.montana.edu/etd/2008/jacobson/JacobsonE0508.pdf.

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The purpose of this study was to determine whether increased pole stiffness corresponds with higher measures of upper body power in competitive cross-country skiers. Fifteen elite/college level cross-country ski racers (8 men, 7 women) tested UBP on a custom-built double-poling ergometer. Ski poles tested were two models of the same brand with different factory-specified stiffness ratings. Subjects underwent three 10 s UBP tests (W10, W) and one 60 s UBP test (W60, W) for each pole type. UBP measures were defined as the average power output over the length of each test. Video recordings of the 10 s and 60 s tests were analyzed with digital imaging software to determine the maximum bend angle for each pole type. Ergometer and kinematic measures were compared by ski poles tested (stiff vs. less stiff) using a multivariate RMANOVA (Î±=0.05).

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Dunn, Andrea L. "Imagery content and perspective and its effect on development of muscular strength." Thesis, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, 1985. http://hdl.handle.net/10919/76032.

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Equivocal results for imagery as a beneficial adjunct to performance may be due to diverse methodologies as well as a lack of clarity about the relationship between imagery ability and imagery perspective. This study used a randomized group design with repeated measures to evaluate the effect of imagery content and perspective on strength. Subjects were 44 women, ages 19 to 34, classified as beginning weight lifters. All were pre-tested on imagery ability and knee joint strength. Subjects were randomly assigned to one of three training conditions: (1) an internal imagery perspective; (2) an external imagery perspective, and (3) no imagery training. Training was conducted twice per week for eight weeks. Subjects were also asked to work out a third time. The dependent measure to assess strength at the beginning, middle, and end of the eight-weeks was the Cybex II dynamometer. The dependent measure to assess imagery vividness was the Betts questionnaire Upon Mental Imagery. Imagery perspective was measured by the Imagination Exercise. Results of a two-way analysis of variance with repeated measures using Cybex II found significant strength differences for: (1) all groups and (2) the internal imagery group. A significant linear trend was also found between groups. Additionally, a two-way analysis of variance with repeated measures, using imagery ratings found significant improvement in kinesthetic vividness for all groups. This investigation is the first experimental study using beginning athletes to demonstrate significant performance effects using mental training above and beyond significant effects due to physical training.
Master of Science

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Parsonage, Joanna. "Gender differences in physical performance characteristics of competitive surfers." Thesis, Edith Cowan University, Research Online, Perth, Western Australia, 2018. https://ro.ecu.edu.au/theses/2133.

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Competitive surfing is judged on the performance and complexity of innovative and progressive manoeuvres. As such, surfers require the physical attributes of strength and power in both the upper and lower-body in order to facilitate performance. To date, there remains limited research pertaining to the physical performance characteristics of competitive female surfers, making it difficult to quantify the current gender gap in performance attributes. Therefore, the purpose of this thesis was fivefold: (1) to describe and compare the gender differences in physical performance characteristics of competitive surfers; (2) to investigate the reliability and validity of the isometric push-up (IPU), dynamic push-up (DPU) and force plate pop-up (FP POP) measures of upper-body strength qualities; (3) to examine the gender differences in the dynamic strength index (DSI) and dynamic skill deficit (DSD); assessing upperbody dynamic and sports-specific strength relative to maximal isometric strength; (4) to investigate the gender differences in kinetic and kinematic variables of the countermovement jump (CMJ) and squat jump (SJ); and (5) to assess the gender differences in resistance training self-efficacy (SE) and outcome expectancy (OE). The aforementioned studies provide strength and conditioning practitioners, as well as surf coaches, with the data to make evidence-based decisions in the application of training to the female surfers and bridge the gender gap that is apparent within competitive surfing. Study one informed competitive male surfers had more developed physical performance characteristics in the upper and lower-body than female surfers. The findings of this study highlighted the performance benefits that female surfers may experience if such physical qualities are targeted through structured and periodised training. Study two demonstrated the IPU, DPU and FP POP to be reliable measure of upper-body isometric, dynamic and sports-specific strength. Furthermore, the results of this study identified maximal upper-body strength to be strongly associated with the ability to apply force dynamically (DPU and FP POP). These findings apply novel methodologies, in order to better understand the upper-body sports-specific strength qualities of surfers. Study three reported no gender differences in DSI or DSD ratios. However, competitive male surfers applied greater upper-body isometric and dynamic PF application, and greater sport-specific force application (FP POP). These findings, in conjunction with study two, suggest female surfers may benefit from improving their upper-body maximal strength, thus facilitating their ability to apply force in a sports-specific context. Study four demonstrated competitive male surfers achieved an increased jump height by applying a significantly larger normalised concentric impulse in both the CMJ and SJ. These findings may be attributed to the greater countermovement depth exhibited by males, enabling a greater distance over which force can be applied. Study five found no significant difference in resistance training SE or OE between competitive male and female surfers, with similarly high values being reported for both genders. Therefore, resistance training SE and OE in the examined cohort does not seem to be a confounding variable that interacts to elicit the physiological gender differences of competitive surfers.

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Magoffin, Ryan Darin. "The Effect of Whole Body Vibration on Exercise-Induced Muscle Damage and Delayed-Onset Muscle Soreness." BYU ScholarsArchive, 2016. https://scholarsarchive.byu.edu/etd/6217.

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Current scientific evidence suggests that when whole body vibration (WBV) is used as a warm-up prior to performing eccentric exercise, delayed-onset muscle soreness (DOMS) is mitigated and strength loss recovers faster. These benefits were observed primarily in nonresistance-trained individuals. The aim of this study was to determine if WBV could mitigate soreness and expedite strength recovery for resistance-trained individuals when used as a warm-up prior to eccentric exercise. Thirty resistance-trained males completed 300 maximal eccentric contractions of the quadriceps after warming up with (WBV) or without (CON) WBV. Both CON and WBV experienced significant isometric (27.8% and 30.5%, respectively) and dynamic (52.2% and 47.1%, respectively) strength loss immediately postexercise. Isometric strength was significantly depressed after 24 hours in the CON group (9.36% p < 0.01), but not in the WBV group (5.8% p = 0.1). Isometric strength was significantly depressed after 48 hours in the CON group (7.18% p < 0.05), but not in the WBV group (4.02% p = 0.25). Dynamic strength was significantly decreased in both the CON and WBV groups both at 24 hours (19.1% p < 0.001, and 16.1% p < 0.001, respectively), 48 hours (18.5% p < 0.01, and 14.5% p < 0.03), and 1 week postexercise (9.3% p = 0.03, and 3.5%, respectively). Pain as measured by visual analog scale (VAS) was significant in both CON and WBV groups at 24 and 48 hours postexercise, but the WBV experienced significantly less soreness than the CON group after 24 hours (28 mm vs. 46 mm p < 0.01 respectively), and 48 hours (38 mm vs. 50 mm p < 0.01). Pain as measured by pain pressure threshold (PPT) increased significantly in both groups after 24 and 48 hours, but there was no difference in severity of perceived soreness. The use of WBV as a warm-up may mitigate DOMS but does not appear to expedite the recovery of strength in the days following eccentric exercise in resistance-trained individuals.

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Koolage, Christopher W. "The effect of upper body strength training on the chair rise performance of institutionalized older adults." Thesis, National Library of Canada = Bibliothèque nationale du Canada, 2001. http://www.collectionscanada.ca/obj/s4/f2/dsk3/ftp04/MQ62770.pdf.

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Dabrowski, Mikael. "The relationship between upper and lower body power and strength and boxers’ number of completed bouts." Thesis, Högskolan i Halmstad, Akademin för ekonomi, teknik och naturvetenskap, 2017. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:hh:diva-33904.

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Background: Competitive boxers from southern region of Sweden, performed three different strength and power tests in the upper and lower body - body weight-relative standing rotational power (RSRP), countermovement jump (CMJ) and handgrip strength (HGS) - to evaluate correlations between number of completed bouts and the tests. Aim: The aim of this thesis was to investigate the linear correlation between number of completed bouts and three different tests – RSRP, CMJ and HGS in 16 male senior boxers. Methods: Male boxers, (n=16; 23±5 years; 76±11 kg bodyweight; 177±5 cm tall) from three different boxing competitive levels (C≤5 contests, B= 6-14 contests and A ≥15 contests) in the senior ranks (age 17-40) volunteered from several boxing clubs in Sweden. Participants performed the tests RSRP, CMJ and HGS and a correlation was made between the tests results and number of completed. Results: There was a positive moderate correlation (rs=0.406) between CMJ and number of completed bouts and positive weak correlations (rs=0.268, rs=0.200) between RSRP and HGS and number of completed bouts. Conclusions: Weak and moderate correlations between the number of completed bouts in boxers and the strength and power tests in this study show that these tests do not necessary measure attributes needed in boxing. The three tests RSRP, CMJ and HGS can be relevant tests for evaluating upper and lower body strength and power, but their relevance should be reevaluated. There can be study designs with lower risk for bias as number of completed bouts does not seem to be the right variable for such correlation.

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Gellatly, Andrew William. "Effects of seated posture on static strength, lower-body isometric muscle contractions, and manual tracking performance." Thesis, This resource online, 1995. http://scholar.lib.vt.edu/theses/available/etd-05022009-040815/.

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Curry, Trevor M., Steven C. Davis, Aydin Nazmi, and Don Clegg. "THE EFFECTS OF A NOVEL EXERCISE TRAINING SUIT ON CARDIORESPIRATORY FITNESS, BODY COMPOSITION AND LEG STRENGTH." DigitalCommons@CalPoly, 2015. https://digitalcommons.calpoly.edu/theses/1428.

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ABSTRACT The Effects of a Novel Exercise Training Suit on Cardiorespiratory Fitness, Body Composition and Leg Strength Trevor Michael Curry The physiological responses to physical activity or exercise using external load carriage systems (LCS) in the form of weighted personal protective equipment, backpacks, or vests have biomechanical and human performance implications. It remains unclear whether a new unique LCS in the form of a weighted (5.45 kg) full-bodied exercise suit can induce greater improvements in performance and body composition. Twenty-one healthy males (20±3 years; 24.9±3.6 body mass index (BMI); 25.1±6.4% total percentage body fat ( % fat); 120.1±17.3 kg lean mass; 146.2±35.4 kg leg press 1-repetition max; 1.25±0.14 g·cm-2 bone mineral density; 49.5±8.53 mLO2·kg-1·min-1 maximal oxygen consumption (VO2max)) were matched for VO2max and physical characteristics before being randomly allocated into an aerobic exercise intervention with or without the exercise suit using a treadmill at the Cal Poly Recreation Center. Participants jogged at 60%-70% of their maximum heart rate for 30 min three times a week on nonconsecutive days for six weeks. Weight was recorded before and after each session while heart rates, blood pressures, and tympanic membrane temperatures were recorded incrementally during each session. Thereafter, VO2max and the same physical characteristics were measured and used to analyze the changes before and after the 6-week program. The results indicate that there was no difference for the change in any of the variables measured during and between the exercise intervention. Future studies examining the effect of the exercise suit on these variables should strongly consider larger sample sizes and other subpopulations to gain the statistical power to measure the effects of the exercise suit.

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Forsyth, Ashley T. "Effects of Fat-Free and 2% Chocolate Milk on Strength and Body Composition Following Resistance Training." Scholar Commons, 2010. https://scholarcommons.usf.edu/etd/1633.

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Nutrition and recovery go hand in hand. After a resistance training workout, it is extremely important for athletes to rebuild and refuel their bodies with the proper nourishment to obtain maximal results. In doing so, they consume different recovery aids or ergogenic aids for gains in muscle mass, an aid in hydration, and a speedy recovery. Ergogenic aids can include many things (i.e., improved equipment, training program), but one of the most popular types of ergogenic aids is nutritional supplements such as protein, carbohydrates, creatine, and vitamins. A nutritional supplement that has recently grown in popularity is chocolate milk. Currently, no studies exist comparing the effects of fat-free chocolate milk and 2% chocolate milk on muscular strength and body composition in collegiate softball players. The purpose of this study will be to determine the effects of fat-free and 2% chocolate milk ingestion on body composition and muscular strength following eight weeks of resistance training. In a randomized (matched according to strength and bodyweight), double blind experimental design, 18 female, collegiate softball players (18.5 +_ .7 yrs; 65.7 +_ 1.8 inches; 156.2 +_ 21.6 lbs) ingested either fat-free chocolate milk or 2% chocolate milk immediately after resistance exercise workouts for an 8-week period. Dependent variables included body fat percentage, lean muscle mass, bench press 1RM, and leg press 1RM. Data was analyzed via a paired samples t-test (to detect difference across both groups over the 8-week training period) and an independent samples t-test (to detect differences between the groups) using SPSS for Windows 15.0. No statistically significant differences were found in bench press strength, leg press strength, body fat %, and lean body mass between the fat-free group and the 2% chocolate milk group. The major finding of this study is that there is no difference between fat-free chocolate milk and 2% chocolate milk in regards to body fat percentage, lean body mass, bench press maximal strength, and leg press maximal strength following an eight week exercise program where the chocolate milk was ingested immediately after each workout. However, there was a significant difference in both groups combined after the eight week training program. Therefore, from a practical sense, consumption of either fat-free chocolate milk or 2% chocolate milk in conjunction with a periodized resistance training program does improve exercise performance in regards to maximal strength as well as improvements in body fat percentage and lean body mass.

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Hansson, Björn. "Effects of upper body concurrent training in trained individuals: a review." Thesis, Linnéuniversitetet, Institutionen för idrottsvetenskap (ID), 2017. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:lnu:diva-67276.

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Concurrent training (CT) is defined as the development of both endurance and strength within the same exercise program. CT has been studied for decades, but the results has been diverse. However, very few have studied the effects of CT on the upper body musculature. Hence, this review set out to investigate the effects of combined strength and endurance training (ET) of the upper body on muscle hypertrophy, muscle strength and endurance variables. PubMed was searched with relevant search terms with varying combinations, such as concurrent training, combined strength and endurance training. After scanning the literature, a total of eight articles were included. The results suggest that muscle strength, exercise economy and time to exhaustion can effectively be improved by CT of the upper body. The effect of CT on upper body musculature were unclear. Some of the articles included suggests a decrease in whole body lean mass, which might simply be due to insufficient loading of the lower body musculature. In order to maintain muscle mass during a CT protocol, endurance athletes should aim to perform ST which targets muscles active during ET. However, the limited empiric literature available on CT of the upper body makes a conclusion hard to draw. This review shows that CT of the upper body is yet an unexplored and researchers should further investigate the effects of CT for the musculature of the upper body alone. If we gain more knowledge of the effects from concurrent training of the upper body, it could have several implications, both clinically and in a sport setting.

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Aguilera, Castells Joan. "Acute effects of suspension training and other perturbative sources on lower limb strength tasks." Doctoral thesis, Universitat Ramon Llull, 2021. http://hdl.handle.net/10803/673431.

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Actualment, els dispositius de suspensió són un dels materials més utilitzats per produir pertorbació i enfortir de forma global la majoria de grups musculars. Encara que, manquen evidències dels seus efectes sobre l’extremitat inferior. Així, l’objectiu principal d’aquesta tesi doctoral va ser quantificar la producció de força, l’activitat muscular i la magnitud de la pertorbació a l’esquat búlgar i altres exercicis de l’extremitat inferior en condicions d’inestabilitat. Es van analitzar 18 estudis per dur a terme una revisió sistemàtica (estudi 1) i 75 participants físicament actius van ser reclutats per realitzar els diferents estudis transversals sobre els efectes dels dispositius de suspensió, les superfícies inestables i les vibracions mecàniques (plataforma vibratòria i vibració superposada) en exercicis de l’extremitat inferior (estudis 2-6). Es va confirmar que l’activació a la part inferior del cos només va ser investigada en el concentrat d’isquiosurals en suspensió (estudi 1). La posició i el ritme d’execució (70 bpm) van ser determinants per la producció de força exercida sobre el tirant de suspensió a l’esquat búlgar (estudi 2). El dispositiu de suspensió a l’esquat búlgar va augmentar les forces verticals contra el terra (estudi 3). Sobre el dispositiu la producció de força va ser major quan el nivell d’inestabilitat era baix (estudi 3 i 4), però a nivell muscular el dispositiu va ser igual de demandant que l’exercici tradicional (estudi 3). Un augment de la pertorbació, va incrementar l’activació muscular (estudis 3, 4, 5) i la magnitud de la inestabilitat per l’esquat búlgar i el mig squat amb barra (estudis 4 i 5). Així, la vibració superposada en un dispositiu de suspensió esdevé un repte per incrementar el nivell de pertorbació i millorar la força, la resistència muscular i l’estabilització (estudi 6). A més, els sensors de força són una eina adequada i usable per valorar les forces exercides sobre els dispositius de suspensió, i l’ús de l’acceleròmetre permet determinar la magnitud de la pertorbació que ofereixen els diferents materials desestabilitzadors mesurant l’acceleració del centre de masses corporal.
Actualmente, los dispositivos de suspensión son uno de los materiales más utilizados para producir perturbación y fortalecer globalmente la mayoría de los músculos. Aunque, faltan evidencias de sus efectos sobre la extremidad inferior. Así, el objetivo principal de esta tesis doctoral fue cuantificar la producción de fuerza, la actividad muscular y la magnitud de la perturbación en la sentadilla búlgara y otros ejercicios de la extremidad inferior en condiciones de inestabilidad. Se analizaron 18 estudios para llevar a cabo una revisión sistemática (estudio 1) y 75 participantes físicamente activos fueron reclutados para realizar los diferentes estudios transversales sobre los efectos de los dispositivos de suspensión, las superficies inestables y las vibraciones mecánicas (plataforma vibratoria y vibración superpuesta) en ejercicios de la extremidad inferior (estudios 2-6). Se confirmó que la activación en la parte inferior del cuerpo sólo fue investigada en el concentrado de isquiosurales en suspensión (estudio 1). La posición y el ritmo de ejecución (70 bpm) fueron determinantes para la producción de fuerza ejercida sobre el tirante de suspensión en la sentadilla búlgara (estudio 2). El dispositivo de suspensión en la sentadilla búlgara aumentó las fuerzas verticales contra el suelo (estudio 3). Sobre el dispositivo la producción de fuerza fue mayor cuando el nivel de inestabilidad era bajo (estudio 3 y 4), pero a nivel muscular el dispositivo fue igual de demandante que el ejercicio tradicional (estudio 3). Un aumento de la perturbación incrementó la activación muscular (estudios 3, 4, 5) y la magnitud de la inestabilidad en la sentadilla búlgara y la media sentadilla con barra (estudios 4 y 5). Así, la vibración superpuesta en un dispositivo de suspensión se convierte en un reto para incrementar el nivel de perturbación y mejorar la fuerza, la resistencia muscular y la estabilización (estudio 6). Además, los sensores de fuerza son una herramienta adecuada y usable para valorar las fuerzas ejercidas sobre los dispositivos de suspensión, y el uso del acelerómetro permite determinar la magnitud de la perturbación que ofrecen los diferentes materiales desestabilizadores midiendo la aceleración del centro de masas corporal.
Nowadays, suspension devices are one of the most widely used pieces of equipment to produce perturbation and strengthen most muscle groups globally. However, there is a lack of evidence of their effects on the lower limb. Thus, the main objective of this doctoral thesis was to quantify force production, muscle activity and the magnitude of perturbation in the Bulgarian squat and other lower extremity exercises under unstable conditions. Eighteen studies were analysed for a systematic review (study 1) and 75 physically active participants were recruited to perform the different cross-sectional studies on the effects of suspension devices, unstable surfaces, and mechanical vibrations (vibration platform and superimposed vibration) on lower limb exercises (studies 2-6). It was confirmed that lower body activation had only been previously investigated in the suspended hamstring curl (study 1). Position and pace (70 bpm) were determinants for the force exerted on the suspension strap in the Bulgarian squat (study 2). The suspension device in the Bulgarian squat increased the vertical ground reaction forces (study 3). The force production was higher on the device when the level of instability was low (study 3 and 4), but for muscle activity the device was just as demanding as a traditional exercise (study 3). Increased perturbation enhanced muscle activation (studies 3, 4, 5) and the magnitude of instability in the Bulgarian squat and barbell half-squat (studies 4 and 5). Thus, superimposed vibration on a suspension device becomes a challenge to increase the level of perturbation and improve strength, muscular endurance, and stabilisation (study 6). In addition, load cells are a suitable and practical tool to assess the forces exerted on suspension devices, and the use of an accelerometer makes it possible to determine the magnitude of the perturbation offered by different equipment providing instability by measuring the acceleration of the body's centre of mass.

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Swar, Pranay P. "On the Performance of In-Body RF Localization Techniques." Digital WPI, 2012. https://digitalcommons.wpi.edu/etd-theses/881.

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"Localization inside the human body using Radio Frequency (RF) transmission is gaining importance in a number of applications such as Wireless Capsule Endoscopy. The accuracy of RF localization depends on the technology adopted for this purpose. The two most common RF localization technologies use Received Signal Strength (RSS) and Time-Of-Arrival (TOA). This research first provides bounds for accuracy of localization of a Endoscopy capsule inside the human body as it moves through the gastro-Intestinal track with and without randomness in transmit power using RSS based localization with a triangulation algorithm. It is observed that in spite of presence of a large number of anchor nodes; the localization error is still in range of few cm, which is quite high; hence we resort to TOA based localization. Due to lack of a widely accepted model for TOA based localization inside human body we use a computational technique for simulation inside and around the human body, named Finite Difference Time Domain (FDTD). We first show that our proprietary FDTD simulation software shows acceptable results when compared with real empirical measurements using a vector network analyzer. We then show that, the FDTD method, which has been used extensively in all kinds of electromagnetic modeling due to its versatility and simplicity, suffers seriously because of its demanding requirement on memory storage and computation time, which is due to its inherently recursive nature and the need for absorbing boundary conditions. In this research we suggest a novel computationally efficient technique for simulation using FDTD by considering FDTD as a Linear Time Invariant (LTI) system. Then we use the software to simulate the TOA of the narrowband and wideband signals propagated inside the human body for RF localization to compare the accuracies of the two using this method. "

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Poppinga, Kelly S. "The Effects of Whole Body Vibration on Strength Gains in the Bench Press, the Back Squat, and the Power Clean in Division I Football Players." BYU ScholarsArchive, 2010. https://scholarsarchive.byu.edu/etd/2422.

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The purpose of this study was to determine if whole body vibration effects strength gains in the bench press, the back squat, and the power clean in division 1 football players. Thirty-one NCAA Division 1 male football players volunteered for this study and were randomly assigned to a control group (C=16) or one of two vibration groups (V1=7, V2=8). Subjects followed the training program for eight weeks. A pre-test, mid-test, and post-test one repetition max was measured at 0, 4, and 8 weeks for the bench press, the back squat, and the power clean. A 3x3 factorial ANOVA revealed varied results between the three lifts performed. In the bench press, there were no significant differences in strength gains between the three training groups (F=.616, p=.547). In addition, there was no significant interaction (F=1.05, p=3.74). There were significant differences between trials in the bench press in strength gains (F=7.570, p=.006). In the back squat, there were no significant differences in strength gains between the three training groups (F=.847, p=.440). In addition, there were no significant differences in interaction (F=1.734, p=1.83). There were significant differences between trials in the back squat in strength gains (F=17.111, p<.001). In the power clean, there were no significant differences in strength gains between the three training groups (F=.666, p=.522). In addition, there were no significant differences in interaction (F=.113, p=.912). There were significant differences between trials in the power clean in strength gains (F2=26.249, p<.001). While all groups registered significant strength gains over trials, there were no significant differences in strength gains between any of the three treatment groups or any of the three dependant variables. It was concluded that whole body vibration does not enhance strength gains in division I football players.

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Lee, Won-Jun. "Relationship between lower body strength and bone mineral density in postmenopausal women with long-term exercise training." Virtual Press, 2000. http://liblink.bsu.edu/uhtbin/catkey/1177979.

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The purpose of this study was (1) to compare the lower body strength, power, and the bone mineral density (BMD) of the proximal femur in a group of trained postmenopausal women who have been in low intensity exercise program for a long time with age-matched sedentary controls, and (2) to evaluate the magnitude of the correlation between muscle function and site-specific BMD in these postmenopausal women. Healthy postmenopausal women (n = 17) between the age of 60 and 80 were divided into two groups: 9 exercisers (mean ± SE, 74.8 ± 3.2 years) who had been in an exercise training program for at least 5 years and 8 control (mean ± SE, 71.6 ± 3.4 years) who had not been in any exercise program for at least 5 years. The exercise group performed three one hour sessions a week of aerobic and resistance training for an average of 9.9 years. The exercise training consisted of 30 minutes walking and one or two sets of twelve to fifteen repetitions focused on large muscle groups. The BMD of the proximal femoral region was assessed using dual-energy x-ray absorptiometry (DEXA). By using a Cybex Leg Press machine, 1-repetition maximum (1-RM) tests were performed for lower body strength and power of lower body were obtained by a seated chair rise. Statistical analysis demonstrated no statistical differences between the left and right region of the femur BMD for either group, with the averaged BMD being 0.858 g/cm2 for the controls and 0.853 g/cm2 for the exercisers. The trochanter BMD for the exercisers were 7 % (left) and 6 % (right) higher than the controls although these values were not statistically significant. The 1RM leg press strength ranged from 29.5 to 47.6 kg (mean ± SE, 40.21 ± 2.62 kg) in controls and from 31.8 to 61.2 kg (mean ± SE, 45.93 ± 3.72 kg) in exercisers. Although the exerciser group lifted 14.2 % more weight than the control group, the difference was not statistically significant. The results of power test ranged from 14.59 to 31.21 kg • m/sec (mean ± SE, 22.94 ± 5.67 kg • m/sec) in controls and from 13.63 to 38.60 (mean ± SE, 28.88 ± 6.81 kg • m/sec). The power did not differ significantly between the two groups. However, it is noted that between group differences approached significance at p < 0.07. Correlations between body composition and femoral neck BMD were also determined. Neither weight, nor BMI was significantly correlated with femoral neck BMD in the exercise and control group. Lower body strength and power did not correlate with the BMD of the femoral neck, Ward's triangle, or trochanter in either group. Although the BMD of the proximal femoral region did not differ between two groups the higher mean age (+ 3.2 years) of the exercise group suggested that a low intensity exercise training program can increase power and strength and maintain BMD in postmenopausal women. However, the low intensity of resistance training program utilized by the exercise group was no more effective in maintaining BMD than an active lifestyle.
School of Physical Education

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Brown, Mitch. ""Train Real Hard, Brother!" Media Self-Assimilation of Masculine Ideals on Male Body Image and Physical Strength." University of Dayton / OhioLINK, 2014. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=dayton1398342753.

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Shedlarski, Alyssa. "The Relationship of Strength and Body Composition to Vertical Jump Ability in Division 1 Female Volleyball Players." Digital Commons @ East Tennessee State University, 2011. https://dc.etsu.edu/honors/153.

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Jump ability is important in volleyball; therefore analysis of factors that influence jump performance is necessary to ensure maximal jump ability. Purpose: To analyze how strength characteristics associated with jumping are affected by percent body fat, lean body mass and free fat mass. Methods: Data from eleven female NCAA DI volleyball players as part of an ongoing athlete monitoring program collected from 2007-2010 was analyzed. Data was separated into weakest and strongest based on isometric peak force allometrically scaled. In all cases the weakest data corresponded to testing during the athletes first year at ETSU. Body composition was measured using air displacement plethsmography (BodPod). Maximum strength (isometric peak force – IPF) and strength characteristics (peak force -F@ 50ms, 90ms, and 250ms; rate of force development, 0-200ms –RFD) were measured with isometric mid-thigh pulls on a force plate, and countermovement jumps with 0, 11 and 20 kg . Allometric scaling of the different force values (IPFa, F@50a, F@90a, F@250a) was used to normalize differences in the body mass of the athletes (absolute force/ (body mass (kg0.67)). Pearson correlations were used to determine the relationship strengths. Results: In weaker test results, there are moderate and small inverse correlations between CMJ and PF (r=-0.34) and PFa (r= -0.19), and strong inverse correlations between CMJ and percent body fat (r=-0.67). In stronger test results there are small correlations between CMJ and PF (r=0.23), PFa (r= 0.26), and moderate inverse correlations between CMJ and percent body fat (r=-0.40). There is a significant change in jump ability and strength between both groups. Conclusion: As an athlete becomes stronger, there is a significant correlation between CMJ strength, PF, PFa, F250, and F250a. The relationship between CMJ and strength characteristics decreases as BF increases.

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Secomb, Josh. "Training adaptations in lower-body muscle structure and physical performance capacities of competitive surfing athletes." Thesis, Edith Cowan University, Research Online, Perth, Western Australia, 2016. https://ro.ecu.edu.au/theses/1914.

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The overall aim of this thesis was to increase strength and conditioning coaches, and sport scientists’ understanding of the lower-body muscle structures related to enhanced lower-body physical capacities, and how to best evoke desirable training-specific adaptations. To address this aim, three successive steps of research were evaluated: (1) analysis of the factors related to increased performance in competitive surfing, (2) relationships between lower-body muscle structures and factors associated with enhanced physical performance, and (3) comparison of the training-specific adaptations evoked from various training methods. Whilst this research specifically focused on competitive surfing athletes, these results may benefit the training practices of athletes from a wide range of sports. The comprehensive conclusion of the research studies in this thesis suggest that competitive surfing is highly reliant on lower-body force producing capabilities, with specific vastus lateralis and lateral gastrocnemius muscle structures significantly related to these lower-body physical performance capacities. Additionally, the separation of strength and, gymnastics and plyometric training may not be best practice for adolescent athletes. However, a short duration combined strength, plyometric and gymnastics training intervention appears to provide a significant stimulus to evoke desirable adaptations in lower-body muscle structure and physical performance capacities for athletes that have limited opportunities for training between major competitions. Therefore, this thesis has provided descriptive, predictive and determinant findings associated with the physical preparation of surfing athletes, and iii therefore, provides strength and conditioning coaches, and sport scientists with an enhanced understanding of how best to evoke desirable adaptations in lower-body muscle structure and physical performance capacities.

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