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Journal articles on the topic 'Bodybuilding'

Author: Grafiati

Published: 4 June 2021

Last updated: 29 July 2024

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1

Liokaftos, Dimitrios. "Natural bodybuilding: An account of its emergence and development as competition sport." International Review for the Sociology of Sport 54, no. 6 (January 8, 2018): 753–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1012690217751439.

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Natural, i.e. drug-free, bodybuilding has been rapidly developing in different parts of the world as a distinct body culture with its own practices, discourses, organisations, key figures and focal points. A central aspect of this has been natural bodybuilding’s emergence and development as a competition sport. The present article traces its tentative articulation in the late 1970s, its formation as part of a broader natural movement in bodybuilding in the 1990s, and its consolidation and global expansion from the 2000s to the present day. In sketching this trajectory, natural bodybuilding is situated in the context of the bodybuilding industry and its historical transformations, as well as of the broader phenomenon of performance- and image-enhancing drugs and the reactions the latter has provoked in sport and wider society. The aim of the article is to offer an initial overview of a previously uncharted competition sport and in the process contribute to an exploration of bodybuilding as a varied and evolving phenomenon.

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2

Comay, Rebecca. "Bodybuilding." Mosaic: an interdisciplinary critical journal 50, no. 2 (2017): 13–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.1353/mos.2017.a663687.

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3

Langer, Christoph. "Posthumes Bodybuilding." arbeitstitel | Forum für Leipziger Promovierende 3, no. 1 (June 25, 2011): 34–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.36258/aflp.v3i1.3220.

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Die Gestaltung von toten menschlichen Körpern und die Abbildung der Verstorbenen ist Gegenstand dieses Artikels. Anhand von Beispielen aus Südghana wird aus einer historischen Perspektive diskutiert, wie sich die Repräsentationen von Verstorbenen durch moderne Techniken, einhergehend mit dem sozialen Wandel, verändert haben. Die Darstellung von Toten wird demnach in zweierlei Hinsicht beleuchtet: Zum einen wird die Präsentation der sterblichen Hülle selbst untersucht; zum anderen erfolgt eine Analyse der Abbildungen von Verstorbenen mittels anderer Medien. Letztendlich wird die Frage aufgeworfen, welche Rolle die Leiche heute bei Bestattungen in der Region einnimmt. Als Quellen dienen Berichte von Reisenden, Missionaren, Ethnografen und Historikern. Des Weiteren fließen Daten meiner Feldforschung in den Jahren 2006 und 2008 mit ein.

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4

Saito, Shunsuke, Zi-Ye Zhou, and Ladislav Kavan. "Computational bodybuilding." ACM Transactions on Graphics 34, no. 4 (July 27, 2015): 1–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.1145/2766957.

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5

Penny, Simon. "Virtual Bodybuilding." Media Information Australia 69, no. 1 (August 1993): 17–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1329878x9306900105.

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6

Kuehn, Bridget M. "Bodybuilding Supplements." JAMA 299, no. 24 (June 25, 2008): 2847. http://dx.doi.org/10.1001/jama.299.24.2847-b.

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7

Latham, Roger. "‘Bodybuilding’ with Scripture." Expository Times 132, no. 5 (February 2021): 244–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0014524620958954.

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8

Ha, Chris, Karen Newcomer, and Keith A. Bengtson. "Neck Pain - Bodybuilding." Medicine & Science in Sports & Exercise 54, no. 9S (September 2022): 685. http://dx.doi.org/10.1249/01.mss.0000883652.23515.1f.

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9

Coquet, Ronan, Fabien Ohl, and Peggy Roussel. "Conversion to bodybuilding." International Review for the Sociology of Sport 51, no. 7 (July 9, 2016): 817–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1012690214557102.

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10

Krause, Eike. "„Bodybuilding“ im Gesicht." MMW - Fortschritte der Medizin 153, no. 5 (February 2011): 5. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf03367716.

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11

Füeßl, H. S. "Blüten des Bodybuilding." MMW - Fortschritte der Medizin 156, no. 19 (November 2014): 40. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s15006-014-3635-0.

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12

Klein, Alan M. "Pumping Irony: Crisis and Contradiction in Bodybuilding." Sociology of Sport Journal 3, no. 2 (June 1986): 112–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.1123/ssj.3.2.112.

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While the projection of ideal images is very important in American culture, it is in the subculture and sport of bodybuilding that it gets carried to the extreme. A 4-year study of bodybuilding’s mecca—Southern California—revealed a fundamental set of discrepancies between what the subculture projects as ideal and what actually goes on. These discrepancies are examined to determine which ones result from changes that have taken place in body-building and which are structural to it. It is shown that as the sport/subculture altered its image to achieve cultural respectability, it inadvertently created new problems. The shifts are examined within the context of studies of deviance and point to the need for long-term ethnography in sport sociology.

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13

Jakabovičová, Martina, Zuzana Ďurkovičová, Tereza Hlavatá, and Mária Szántová. "Hepatotoxicity induced by bodybuilding supplements." Vnitřní lékařství 66, no. 1 (February 21, 2020): 28–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.36290/vnl.2020.005.

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14

TIFREA, Corina, Valentin CRISTIAN, and Dan MANESCU. "Improving Fitness through Bodybuilding Workouts." Logos Universality Mentality Education Novelty. Section: SOCIAL SCIENCES 04, no. 01 (June 30, 2015): 177–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.18662/lumenss.2015.0401.16.

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15

Brady, Jacqueline. "“The Most Wonderful Specimen of Man”." Journal of Sport History 49, no. 3 (October 1, 2022): 221–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.5406/21558450.49.3.02.

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Abstract In the early twentieth century, Eugen Sandow popularized bodybuilding by selling it as a scientific discipline to a wide and international clientele. Linking bodybuilding to medical science, Sandow marketed it as a therapeutic system that improved the whole body, internally and externally. While the field of Sandow studies has grown lately, with a couple of essays discussing his marketing techniques, no studies have closely considered his persistent use of popular science in the widescale selling of bodybuilding. This article aims to fill this gap. Drawing on Sandow's many publications, media coverage, and biographical information, it argues that Sandow's finesse in linking bodybuilding to popular science—practices in anatomical science, ideas from evolutionary biology, and rhetoric regarding energy efficiency, machine technology, and factory systems—helped him conceptualize a curative physical culture. With the new medical-scientific framework that Sandow promoted internationally through print media and publicity campaigns, bodybuilding became a mainstream activity for both men and women across class and cultural divides, and the health and fitness business grew into a lucrative global industry. Along the way, Sandow taught people about the human body and changed our ways of viewing and knowing it.

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16

Wesely, Jennifer K. "Negotiating Gender: Bodybuilding and the Natural/Unnatural Continuum." Sociology of Sport Journal 18, no. 2 (June 2001): 162–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.1123/ssj.18.2.162.

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Bodybuilding is a body technology that involves the building of muscle through hard work lifting weights. Although technologies like bodybuilding can reify dominant constructions of gender. I suggest that bodybuilding also reflects the attempts of participants to be active agents in the choices they make about their bodies. This article addresses the body as a work in progress and uses in-depth interviews with male and female bodybuilders to examine the ways that gender identity is consistently negotiated as participants reshape their bodies. This ongoing identity negotiation is reflected in the ways participants assess various body technologies, like bodybuilding, muscle-enhancing drugs, and cosmetic surgery as natural or unnatural. Based on the responses, I explore the idea of a natural/unnatural continuum as a framework for understanding the ways that the participants fluctuate in their assessments of hugely built and other technologized bodies.

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17

Roussel, Peggy, Jean Griffet, and Pascal Duret. "The Decline of Female Bodybuilding in France." Sociology of Sport Journal 20, no. 1 (March 2003): 40–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.1123/ssj.20.1.40.

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The present article examines the transformations that have taken place in female bodybuilding in France from a sociological point of view. Adopting a comprehensive approach, we describe the contextual influences thought to be responsible for the decline of female bodybuilding. Starting from the premise that the extremely muscular female bodies seen in women’s bodybuilding are the reason for the downfall of the discipline, the analysis focuses on three subcultural influences: the appearance of Beverly Francis on the competition scene, the aesthetic criteria favored by the federations, and the use of nutritional supplements and doping substances.

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18

Golousenko, I. Yu. "Case delayed acne bodybuilding." Dermatology Suppl. Consilium Medicum, no. 2 (2019): 34–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.26442/2414357x.2019.2.190326.

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19

Kidd, Lawrence R., David P. Hepburn, and Linda A. Middleton. "Bodybuilding — A Remarkable Recovery." Journal of the Intensive Care Society 11, no. 4 (October 2010): 261–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/175114371001100411.

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20

Stokvis, Ruud. "The Emancipation of Bodybuilding." Sport in Society 9, no. 3 (July 2006): 463–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/17430430600673480.

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21

Hagen, T. J., D. M. Jenkinson, and K. W. Rundell. "UPPER EXTREMITY PAIN - BODYBUILDING." Medicine & Science in Sports & Exercise 34, no. 5 (May 2002): S137. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/00005768-200205001-00763.

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22

Denham, Bryan E. "Masculinities in Hardcore Bodybuilding." Men and Masculinities 11, no. 2 (February 29, 2008): 234–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1097184x07304809.

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23

Chang, Jonathan L. "285 ELBOW INJURY???BODYBUILDING." Medicine & Science in Sports & Exercise 26, Supplement (May 1994): S50. http://dx.doi.org/10.1249/00005768-199405001-00286.

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24

Asplund, Chad. "Bodybuilding, Drugs and Risk." Medicine & Science in Sports & Exercise 33, no. 10 (October 2001): 1796. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/00005768-200110000-00031.

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25

Strong, Jeremy. "The Language of Bodybuilding." Paragraph 26, no. 1-2 (March 2003): 163–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.3366/para.2003.26.1-2.163.

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26

Moura Santos, Azenildo, Bruno Rodrigoda Silva Lippo, Michael S. Bahrke, and Mauricio Yonamine. "Patterns of anabolic-androgenic steroid use, aesthetic doping, and body imagewithin the male Brazilian bodybuilding culture: an ethnographic approach." International Journal of Complementary and Alternative Medicine 16, no. 2 (March 8, 2023): 79–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.15406/ijcam.2023.16.00635.

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The image of overly muscular bodies may appear to those not familiar with thise bodybuilding culture, that muscle is the symbol of masculinity. Much of the time, however, the pursuit of the ideal body, the result of focused discipline to reach the ultimate muscular shape, is often confounded by the concomitant use of anabolic-androgenic steroids (AAS). The purpose of the present study was to investigate how ergogenic aids, in particular AAS, are included within the culture of bodybuilding in relationship to aesthetics, body image, and health risks. Using qualitative data, generated during an ethnographic investigation of the male bodybuilding culture in the city of Recife, Brazil. Including interviews, documentation of events, and field notes. The interviewees consisted of 11 males from the three gyms. In addition, narcissism, and the pattern of AAS use are noted, since they play a significant role in the bodybuilding culture.

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27

de Thier, Pierre. "Culture et corps : les bodybuildeurs utilisateurs de stéroïdes anabolisants en situation." Déviance et Société Vol. 47, no. 4 (June 29, 2023): 611–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.3917/ds.474.0611.

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La question traitée dans cet article est de savoir de quelles manières le rapport au corps des bodybuildeurs engagés durablement dans la pratique du bodybuilding et la culture du bodybuilding se co-construisent ? En nous intéressant aux bodybuildeurs usant de stéroïdes, nous décrivons un double mouvement. Le premier pose que la culture du bodybuilding est incarnée dans un corps-usine. Le second comprend le rapport au corps comme la volonté des bodybuildeurs d’ être ce qu’ils savent de leur corps. En conclusion, nous poserons que l’usage de stéroïdes doit être compris dans ce double mouvement modelant culture et rapport au corps des bodybuildeurs.

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28

Tajrobehkar, Bahar. "Flirting With the Judges: Bikini Fitness Competitors’ Negotiations of Femininity in Bodybuilding Competitions." Sociology of Sport Journal 33, no. 4 (December 2016): 294–304. http://dx.doi.org/10.1123/ssj.2015-0152.

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Women’s bodybuilding manifestly challenges hegemonic understandings of the female body as weak, fragile, and limited. Because it has acquired characteristics that are traditionally deemed masculine, the muscular woman is thought to be in need of having her femininity “restored”. Perhaps for this reason, in bodybuilding competitions, female competitors are required to display femininity and implied heterosexuality on stage through their attitude, gestures, posing, make-up, hairstyle, and adornments. The aim of this study was to examine the experiences of competitors in the Bikini category to understand the ways in which they perceive and negotiate the expectations of idealized femininity within bodybuilding competitions. Semi-structured interviews, supplemented with ethnographic fieldwork, were conducted with nine female bodybuilding competitors. The data gathered indicated the contradictory views that some female bodybuilders hold of female muscularity and of femininity. The participants were able to negotiate the judging criteria, albeit at times reluctantly and with frequent expressions of criticism and disapproval.

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29

Németh, Petra, and Andrea Gál. "The History of Bodybuilding: International and Hungarian Aspects." Kaleidoscope history 10, no. 21 (2020): 165–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.17107/kh.2020.21.165-178.

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Bodybuilding is a scarcely investigated cultural phenomenon in social sciences, and, in particular, historiography despite the fact that its popularity both in its competitive and leisure form has been on the rise, especially since the 1950s. Development periods of this sport are mainly identified with those iconic competitors, who were the most dominant in the given era, and held the ‘Mr. Olympia’ title as the best bodybuilders. Nevertheless, sources reflecting on the evolution of organizational background and the system of competitions are more difficult to identify. It is similarly challenging to investigate the history of female bodybuilding, which started in the 19th century, but its real beginning dates back to the 1970s. For analysing the history of international bodybuilding, mainly American sources can be relied on, but investigating the Hungarian aspects is hindered by the lack of background materials. Based on the available sources, the objective of this study is to discover the development of the bodybuilding scene, its most important events and participants, from the beginning up to the present days.

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30

Białek-Dratwa, Agnieszka, Wiktoria Staśkiewicz, Mateusz Grajek, Aleksandra Filip, Mateusz Rozmiarek, Karolina Krupa-Kotara, and Oskar Kowalski. "Body Composition and Its Perception among Professional Female Volleyball Players and Fitness Athletes (Silesia, Poland)." International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 19, no. 19 (September 20, 2022): 11891. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijerph191911891.

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Female athletes experience both sociocultural and sport-specific pressures of an ideal body and appearance and are vulnerable to dissatisfaction with their bodies. Among sport-specific pressures, the type of sport is a predictor of body image dissatisfaction. The study included 150 females: 50 volleyball players, 50 bodybuilding and fitness athletes, and 50 female students, who were the control group. Body composition and perception and evaluation of one’s own body were assessed. BMI was similar in the study group of female athletes and the control group, but the bodybuilding and fitness athletes had the lowest body fat, while the control group had the highest. Perception of one’s own body in the aspect of the evaluation of specific body parts was highest among bodybuilding and fitness athletes, while in the aspect of body condition, the best results were obtained by volleyball players. Most female volleyball players were dissatisfied with their current body weight, as were women in the control group, in contrast to female bodybuilding and fitness athletes, who were most often satisfied with their current body weight.

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31

White, Philip G., and James Gillett. "Reading the Muscular Body: A Critical Decoding of Advertisements in Flex Magazine." Sociology of Sport Journal 11, no. 1 (March 1994): 18–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.1123/ssj.11.1.18.

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This paper provides a critical decoding of advertisements in Flex, a popular bodybuilding magazine. The analysis focuses on the visual and narrative representation of the muscular male body and bodywork practices in advertisements promoting bodybuilding technologies. The images of the muscular body found in bodybuilding advertisements encourage masculine self-transformation through bodywork. Moreover, the taken-for-granted representation of the muscular body as natural and desirable is rooted in an ideology of gender difference, championing dominant meanings of masculinity through a literal embodiment of patriarchal power. The foregrounding of the muscular body as a cultural ideal offers conservative resistance to progressive change and alternative masculinities by valorizing a dominance-based notion of masculinity.

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32

Boguszewski, Dariusz, Jakub Grzegorz Adamczyk, Ewelina Słyk, Andrzej Ochal, and Dariusz Białoszewski. "The use of functional physiotherapeutic tests to assess the risk of suffering physical injuries by men practicing capoeira and bodybuilding." Journal of Combat Sports and Martial Arts 8, no. 1 (June 30, 2017): 43–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.5604/01.3001.0010.4654.

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Introduction. Being physically active is a desired element of a lifestyle in terms of avoiding civilizational diseases, but may also promote a risk of occurring damages of the locomotor system. The research objective was to obtain the information on the spinal joints, hip joints and shoulder joints mobility that may predispose to suffering physical injuries by men practicing capoeira and bodybuilding. Materials and methods. The study consisted of 43 men practicing capoeira and bodybuilding. The research tool consisted of: a series of tests evaluating the flexibility (the Dega test, Thomas test, Thomayer test and Zipper Back Scratch Test), and of a custom-made survey on training methods, the number, types and circumstances of contracted injuries, as well as their treatment methods. Results. One studied person from the first group and eleven persons from the second group showed a negative Thomayer test result. Iliolumbar muscle spasms were identified in the case of two men practicing capoeira and sixteen bodybuilders. Seven men practicing capoeira and thirteen men practicing bodybuilding obtained negative Dega test results. Negative Back Scratch Test results were observed in the case of five capoeira adepts and fifteen bodybuilders. The differences between the results of all the tests were statistically significant (p<0,05). Conclusions. 1. Physical injuries are common among capoeira and bodybuilding practitioners. The degree of functional limitations may be the effect, yet also the cause of bodily injuries. 2. The majority of bodybuilding practitioners had limited joint flexibility.

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33

Rukstela, Alexa, Kworweinski Lafontant, Eric Helms, Guillermo Escalante, Kara Phillips, and Bill I. Campbell. "Bodybuilding Coaching Strategies Meet Evidence-Based Recommendations: A Qualitative Approach." Journal of Functional Morphology and Kinesiology 8, no. 2 (June 16, 2023): 84. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/jfmk8020084.

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Bodybuilding is a sport where coaches commonly recommend a variety of nutrition and exercise protocols, supplements, and, sometimes, performance-enhancing drugs (PEDs). The present study sought to gain an understanding of the common decisions and rationales employed by bodybuilding coaches. Focusing on coaches of the more muscular divisions in the National Physique Committee/IFBB Professional League federations (men’s classic physique, men’s bodybuilding, women’s physique, women’s bodybuilding) for both natural and enhanced athletes, coaches were recruited via word of mouth and social media, and 33 responded to an anonymous online survey. Survey responses indicated that participant coaches recommend three-to-seven meals per day and no less than 2 g/kg/day of protein regardless of sex, division, or PED usage. During contest preparation, participant coaches alter a natural competitor’s protein intake by −25% to +10% and an enhanced competitor’s protein intake by 0% to +25%. Regarding cardiovascular exercise protocols, approximately two-thirds of participant coaches recommend fasted cardiovascular exercise, with the common rationale of combining the exercise with thermogenic supplements while considering the athlete’s preference. Low- and moderate-intensity steady state were the most commonly recommended types of cardiovascular exercise among participant coaches; high-intensity interval training was the least popular. Creatine was ranked in the top two supplements for all surveyed categories. Regarding PEDs, testosterone, growth hormone, and methenolone were consistently ranked in the top five recommended PEDs by participant coaches. The results of this study provide insight into common themes in the decisions made by bodybuilding coaches, and highlight areas in which more research is needed to empirically support those decisions.

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34

Obel, Camilla. "Collapsing Gender in Competitive Bodybuilding." International Review for the Sociology of Sport 31, no. 2 (June 1996): 185–202. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/101269029603100205.

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35

Peppas, Nicholas A. "A practical approach to bodybuilding." Nature 389, no. 6650 (October 1997): 453. http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/38940.

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36

Koopman, M., C. Richter, R. J. M. Parren, and M. Janssen. "Bodybuilding, sesame oil and vasculitis." Rheumatology 44, no. 9 (September 1, 2005): 1135. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/rheumatology/keh712.

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37

Ali, M. S., H. Batley, and F. Ahmed. "Bodybuilding supplementation and tooth decay." British Dental Journal 219, no. 1 (July 2015): 35–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/sj.bdj.2015.521.

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38

Kinnunen, Taina. "Bodybuilding et sacralisation de l'identité." Ethnologie française 34, no. 2 (2004): 319. http://dx.doi.org/10.3917/ethn.042.0319.

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39

Ricker, Kat. "Marketing bodybuilding competition to females." International Journal of Sports Marketing and Sponsorship 7, no. 2 (January 2006): 42–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/ijsms-07-02-2006-b007.

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40

Bäuerlein, Edmund. "Web Site: Bodybuilding einmal anders." Angewandte Chemie 114, no. 10 (May 17, 2002): 1883. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/1521-3757(20020517)114:10<1883::aid-ange1883>3.0.co;2-e.

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41

Mosley, Philip E. "Bigorexia: bodybuilding and muscle dysmorphia." European Eating Disorders Review 17, no. 3 (May 2009): 191–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/erv.897.

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42

Santana, João Pedro, and Cassia Ferraza Alves. "IMAGINARY REGISTRATION AND BODYBUILDING PRACTICE." International Journal of Human Sciences Research 4, no. 6 (February 22, 2024): 2–4. http://dx.doi.org/10.22533/at.ed.558462420022.

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43

Palmer, Jack A., Linda K. Palmer, Krista Michiels, and Brian Thigpen. "Effects of Type of Exercise on Depression in Recovering Substance Abusers." Perceptual and Motor Skills 80, no. 2 (April 1995): 523–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.2466/pms.1995.80.2.523.

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This experiment investigated the effects of three types of structured exercise (aerobics, bodybuilding, and circuit training) on depressive symptoms of 45 clients undergoing a 4-wk., inpatient rehabilitation program for substance abuse. Pre-and posttest measures included the Center of Epidemiological Studies—Depression, resting pulse rate, blood pressure, maximum strength on incline bench press, and estimates of aerobic fitness and body fat. The bodybuilding program produced a significant decrease in depressive symptoms. Physiological and psychological explanations are discussed.

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44

Dobrescu, Tatiana. "The students’ perception of practicing bodybuilding considering the definition of fitness for the future sports trainers." New Trends and Issues Proceedings on Humanities and Social Sciences 5, no. 1 (May 8, 2018): 49–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.18844/prosoc.v5i1.3382.

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Starting from the importance of bodybuilding principles and means that aim at the somatic-functional and psychological development of practitioners, this sociological study was conducted on the first and second year students of the Faculty of Movement, Sports and Health Sciences of Bacau, from the Sport and Top Motor Performance programme. The research consisted in a sociological study, consisting in an inquiry, based on a questionnaire comprising 20 items using closed, precoded or open questions. The practice of fitness improving sports, and in this case of bodybuilding (even as a professional sport) have ample beneficial effects for their general physical and mental development such as: improvement of one’s health, beneficial influence of one’s conduct, improvement of one’s motor skills, it ensures a good level of fitness, mental- emotional balance, it develops one’s communication skills (especially nonverbal communication) and also, it develops the aesthetic sense. Keywords: Bodybuilding, students, perception, fitness, sports trainers.

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45

Yıldız, Özer. "The Views of Elite Bodybuilding Athletes Concerning Doping Training, Their Level of Knowledge about Doping, and Values Education in Sport." World Journal of Education 9, no. 1 (January 22, 2019): 56. http://dx.doi.org/10.5430/wje.v9n1p56.

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The objective of this research study is to reveal the levels of knowledge of the elite bodybuilding athletes and theirviews about doping training; additionally, to evaluate the views of the participants from the standpoint of sportvalues education. The research was conducted as a phenomenology model, which is one of the qualitative researchmethods, and interview method was used. The research group was comprised of 13 national athletes (3 women and10 men) from Turkey in bodybuilding branch. The 'Personal Information Form' and 'Interview Form', which wereprepared by the researcher, were used. The data were analyzed via content analysis method, which is one of thequalitative research methods. Consequently, it was concluded that the bodybuilding athletes had low levels ofknowledge concerning doping, national and international federations did not conduct information training aboutdoping, it was important for the athletes to be successful in the contests, there was an increase in the use of doping,and that they were not competing on a level playing field.

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46

Aspridis, Angelique, Paul O’Halloran, and Pranee Liamputtong. "Female Bodybuilding: Perceived Social and Psychological Effects of Participating in the Figure Class." Women in Sport and Physical Activity Journal 22, no. 1 (April 2014): 24–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.1123/wspaj.2014-0008.

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Female bodybuilding is a sport where competitors often make considerable alterations to their diets, physical activities, and social lives to successfully prepare for competition. No study had specifically examined the perceived impact of participating in the Figure class of female bodybuilding, which places less emphasis on muscularity and more on feminine presentation. The purpose of this research was to examine the perceived social and psychological effects of participating in the Figure class. Semistructured interviews, ranging from 45 to 90 minutes, were conducted with 11 female Figure competitors. These women experienced many positive consequences as a result of participating, such as a sense of empowerment. However, results revealed that women in the sport of bodybuilding do not need to be “male like” in appearance to experience negative social reactions. Results demonstrated that women competing in the Figure class, with the greater emphasis on feminine presentation and considerably less emphasis on muscularity, also experienced widespread stigma and social isolation.

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Freeman, Harvey R. "Social Perception of Bodybuilders." Journal of Sport and Exercise Psychology 10, no. 3 (September 1988): 281–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.1123/jsep.10.3.281.

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Engaging in bodybuilding, especially by a woman, may have a pervasive influence on the impressions others have of the bodybuilder. The first experiment examined the effects of the label bodybuilder on subjects' ratings of the probability that the stimulus person possessed gender-related characteristics. The second experiment was designed to determine whether female bodybuilders, compared to attractive and unattractive female nonbodybuilders, are (a) assumed to possess less socially desirable personality traits, (b) expected to lead less successful lives, and (c) viewed as less physically attractive. Results indicate that bodybuilding information plays a dominant role in influencing judgments. Stimulus persons who engage in bodybuilding are judged to be more likely to perform masculine role behaviors and less likely to be employed in feminine occupations, irrespective of gender. Female bodybuilders are viewed as relatively unattractive and are attributed with less desirable personality traits than are attractive female nonbodybuilders. The significance of these findings in understanding the perpetuation of stereotypes is discussed.

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Piven, Oleksandr, Anatolyi Orlov, and Andriy Simchenco. "Optimizing competitive period training for qualified bodybuilders: an analysis of muscle mass development and physique enhancement." Scientific Journal of National Pedagogical Dragomanov University. Series 15. Scientific and pedagogical problems of physical culture (physical culture and sports), no. 9(169) (September 15, 2023): 121–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.31392/npu-nc.series15.2023.9(169).25.

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This article presents an analysis of the preparation of qualified bodybuilders during the competitive period. The study focuses on the impact of training and nutrition on the development of muscle mass and achieving an optimal physique for bodybuilding competitions. During the competitive mesocycle, bodybuilders utilized a structured training regimen that consisted of four microcycles: the adaptation microcycle, impact microcycle, recovery microcycle, and competitive microcycle. Each microcycle targeted specific muscle groups and employed varying intensities and volumes of training to stimulate muscle growth and preserve mass. The research involved 15 qualified bodybuilders affiliated with the regional bodybuilding federations of Kharkiv and Poltava. The study duration spanned 28 days, and the participants' muscle group circumferences were measured at the beginning and end of the research period. Significant statistical differences were observed in the circumference measurements of the shoulder, waist, and thigh (p<0.05). Shoulder circumference increased from 44.1±0.8 cm to 46.2±0.5 cm, waist circumference decreased from 84.2±2.3 cm to 77.3±1.8 cm, and thigh circumference increased from 62.3±0.9 cm to 64.8±0.6 cm. The results revealed a positive progression in muscle groups, indicating the effectiveness of the competitive mesocycle in bodybuilding competitions. The proposed structured training regimen and microcycle content can be recommended for practical implementation in the training process of qualified bodybuilders. This may further enhance their ability to achieve optimal physique and excel in competitions. Future research prospects involve the development of a structured training regimen and content for the transitional period of bodybuilding preparation. This can lead to even more effective preparation and performance improvements during competitive events. In conclusion, the study highlights the importance of a well-designed training regimen and proper nutrition for qualified bodybuilders during the competitive period. The findings provide valuable insights for athletes, coaches, and sports scientists to optimize training strategies and foster success in bodybuilding competitions.

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Grunewald, Katharine K., and Robert S. Bailey. "Commercially Marketed Supplements for Bodybuilding Athletes." Sports Medicine 15, no. 2 (February 1993): 90–103. http://dx.doi.org/10.2165/00007256-199315020-00003.

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Eberhardt, Andrzej, Piotr Dzbański, Karol Fabirkiewicz, Arkadiusz Iwański, and Piotr Ronge. "Frequency of injuries in recreational bodybuilding." Physical Education and Sport 51, no. -1 (January 1, 2007): 40–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/v10030-007-0007-x.

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