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Journal articles on the topic 'Bodyguards'

Author: Grafiati

Published: 4 June 2021

Last updated: 29 July 2024

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1

Pajorski, Paweł. "Training of employees of physical protection of people - 34 years of the international bodyguard association in Poland. Outline of the issue." Security Dimensions 46, no. 46 (December 17, 2023): 32–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.5604/01.3001.0054.2236.

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The year 2023 will mark 34th anniversary of operation of the International Bodyguard Association in Poland. Since 1990, training courses have been held in Poland aimed at preparing bodyguards for professional practice and improving their qualifications. The variety of training and its scope ultimately increase the personal security of the person protected by the bodyguards.

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2

Mahony, Liam. "Unarmed bodyguards." Peace Review 9, no. 2 (June 1997): 207–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/10402659708426052.

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3

Tena, Guillaume. "Recruiting microbial bodyguards." Nature Plants 4, no. 11 (November 2018): 857. http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/s41477-018-0308-5.

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4

Lee, Robert J., and Noam A. Cohen. "Bitter Taste Bodyguards." Scientific American 314, no. 2 (January 19, 2016): 38–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/scientificamerican0216-38.

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5

Jünger, Alexander. "Fliegende Bodyguards für eilige Sendungen." Call Center Profi 10, no. 8 (December 2007): 20–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf03243523.

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6

Juenger, Alexander. "Flying Bodyguards for urgent deliveries." CallCenter INTERNATIONAL 1, no. 4 (November 2008): 22–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf03252234.

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7

Higate, Paul. "Co-constituting Bodyguarding Practice through Embodied Reflexivity." Conflict and Society 3, no. 1 (June 1, 2017): 42–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.3167/arcs.2017.030104.

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This article focuses on the training context of private military and security (PMS) contractors. The training they undergo varies considerably, though the majority of training providers offer instruction in how to work in armed close protection (CP) as so-called bodyguards of dignitaries or on convoy protection. Set against this backdrop, the article reports on two periods of ethnographic field research of armed CP training where the author trained as a bodyguard in the first, and played the role of dignitary in the second. The discussion notes the very particular ways in which security is co-constituted between training instructor, author, and student. Here, a form of embodied reflexivity is used to show how security is translated between actors. Acknowledging that security is mediated through time, space, and the body can help to explain the experiences of host populations whose security has at particular moments been jeopardized by these armed actors.

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8

&NA;, &NA;. "Ergodyne Introduces Bodyguards??? for ???Occupational Athletes." Orthopaedic Nursing 9, no. 4 (July 1990): 67. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/00006416-199007000-00016.

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9

Elliot, Sabelis, Janssen, van der Geest, Beerling, and Fransen. "Can plants use entomopathogens as bodyguards?" Ecology Letters 3, no. 3 (May 2000): 228–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.1046/j.1461-0248.2000.00137.x.

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10

Leschke, Matthias. "Bodyguards für Ärzte und medizinisches Personal!" Der Klinikarzt 47, no. 10 (October 2018): 433. http://dx.doi.org/10.1055/a-0662-3488.

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11

Dicke, Marcel, and Maurice W. Sabelis. "How Plants Obtain Predatory Mites as Bodyguards." Netherlands Journal of Zoology 38, no. 2-4 (1987): 148–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/156854288x00111.

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12

Coghlan, Andy. "Cell ‘bodyguards’ protect fetus in the womb." New Scientist 194, no. 2602 (May 2007): 14. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0262-4079(07)61100-2.

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13

Pohnert, Georg. "Genetic Engineering Renders Plants Attractive to “Bodyguards”." Angewandte Chemie International Edition 45, no. 13 (March 20, 2006): 2008–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/anie.200504082.

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14

Chinarelli, Henrique D., Anselmo Nogueira, and Laura C. Leal. "Extrafloral nectar production induced by simulated herbivory does not improve ant bodyguard attendance and ultimately plant defence." Biological Journal of the Linnean Society 135, no. 3 (December 29, 2021): 429–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/biolinnean/blab159.

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Abstract Highly competitive and aggressive ant species are efficient bodyguards that monopolize the more attractive plants bearing extrafloral nectaries. Given that herbivory often increases the quality of extrafloral nectar, we hypothesized that plants damaged by herbivory would be more prone to interact with high-quality ant bodyguards and be better defended against herbivores. We performed an experiment with Chamaecrista nictitans plants. We induced anti-herbivore responses by applying jasmonic acid to a group of plants while keeping another group unmanaged. We measured extrafloral nectar production, censused ants visiting extrafloral nectaries and, subsequently, added herbivore mimics to measure the efficiency of ant anti-herbivore defence in both conditions. Induction increased the volume of extrafloral nectar and the mass of sugar per nectary without affecting the sugar concentration or the patterns of plant attendance and defence by ants. Thus, we found no evidence that defence-induced C. nictitans plants are more prone to interact with high-quality bodyguards or to receive better anti-herbivore defence. These findings highlight that increases in extrafloral nectar production are not always rewarded with increases in the biotic defences; instead, these rewards might be dependent on the traits of the nectar induced by herbivory events and/or on the ecological context in which the interaction is embedded. Consequently, herbivory might increase the costs of this induced biotic defence to plants bearing extrafloral nectaries when the induced defence does not increase the attractiveness of the plants to ants.

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15

Paulus, Judith K., Jiorgos Kourelis, and Renier A. L. van der Hoorn. "Bodyguards: Pathogen-Derived Decoys That Protect Virulence Factors." Trends in Plant Science 22, no. 5 (May 2017): 355–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.tplants.2017.03.004.

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16

Schwager, Magdalena. "Bodyguards under Cover: the Status of Individual Concepts." Semantics and Linguistic Theory 17 (October 3, 2007): 246. http://dx.doi.org/10.3765/salt.v17i0.2971.

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17

Gouglas, Athanassios, Marleen Brans, and Sylke Jaspers. "European Commissioner cabinet advisers: Policy managers, bodyguards, stakeholder mobilizers." Public Administration 95, no. 2 (February 9, 2017): 359–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/padm.12301.

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18

Kappers, I. F. "Genetic Engineering of Terpenoid Metabolism Attracts Bodyguards to Arabidopsis." Science 309, no. 5743 (September 23, 2005): 2070–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.1126/science.1116232.

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19

Stenberg, Johan A., Anna Lehrman, and Christer Björkman. "Plant defence: Feeding your bodyguards can be counter-productive." Basic and Applied Ecology 12, no. 7 (November 2011): 629–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.baae.2011.08.007.

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20

Hussein, Hassanein A., and Waleed M. Hussen. "Surgery in Varicose Veins." Journal of the Faculty of Medicine Baghdad 55, no. 4 (January 2, 2014): 321–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.32007/jfacmedbagdad.554573.

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Background: Varicose veins are common in Iraq. Increasing incidence is associated with available jobs of bodyguards, barbers and computer workers. Objectives: To highlight the frequency, presentation, methods of accurate diagnosis and surgical procedures which are commonly used by Vascular Surgeons in Medical City Teaching Complex, Al-Shaheed Ghazi Al-Hariri Subspecialties hospital and to compare this study with other international studies. Patients and methods: This is a retrospective study of hundred patients with varicose veins, who were admitted and surgically treated at Al-Shaheed Ghazi Al-Hariri subspecialties hospital during one year period (1st of July 2010 to the 30th of June 2011). It illustrates the technique used and presents the surgical complications met within these cases. Results: Most of the patients were males (67%). Most of them were bodyguards or computer workers. In eight patients only surgical complications are met and dealt with. Conclusions: We are in utmost need for newer methods of treating varicose veins such as Endovenous laser treatment or radiofrequency ablation, and also in need for a well trained personnel and the essential equipments to implicate this.

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21

Lee, Ki Se. "The Analysis on the Professional Consciousness of the Private Bodyguards." Journal of Sport and Leisure Studies 31 (November 30, 2007): 683–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.51979/kssls.2007.11.31.683.

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22

Loivamaki, M., R. Mumm, M. Dicke, and J. P. Schnitzler. "Isoprene interferes with the attraction of bodyguards by herbaceous plants." Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 105, no. 45 (November 5, 2008): 17430–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.1073/pnas.0804488105.

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23

Okabe, Kimiko, and Shun'ichi Makino. "Parasitic mites as part-time bodyguards of a host wasp." Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences 275, no. 1648 (July 2008): 2293–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rspb.2008.0586.

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24

Kinkorová, I., P. Mejsnar, J. Heller, and P. Vodička. "Somatic profile in bodyguards of the Police of the Czech Republic." Studia Kinanthropologica 20, no. 3 (September 30, 2019): 243–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.32725/sk.2019.052.

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25

Balter, M. "MEETING BRIEFS: How Does HIV Overcome the Body's T Cell Bodyguards?" Science 278, no. 5342 (November 21, 1997): 1399–400. http://dx.doi.org/10.1126/science.278.5342.1399.

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26

Wang, Ding-Qi, Peng Fu, Chengye Yao, Ling-Shuang Zhu, Tong-Yao Hou, Jian-Guo Chen, Youming Lu, Dan Liu, and Ling-Qiang Zhu. "Long Non-coding RNAs, Novel Culprits, or Bodyguards in Neurodegenerative Diseases." Molecular Therapy - Nucleic Acids 10 (March 2018): 269–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.omtn.2017.12.011.

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27

Naumenko, Valerii. "On the Seal of Byzantine Skribonos Excavated at Mangup-Doros. An Historical and Archaeological Commentary." Materials in Archaeology, History and Ethnography of Tauria, no. XXVIII (December 26, 2023): 510–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.29039/2413-189x.2023.28.510-518.

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In 2021, the excavations of an early mediaeval street on the site of the palace of Mangup discovered an early Byzantine lead seal featuring an eagle on the front side and a cross-shaped monogram of Greek letters on the back side. The monogram reads Ἐλευθέριος, σκρίβονος; the seal dates from 550–650 AD, most likely from the late sixth to the first half of the seventh centuries. Skribonoi (scriboni) formed an elite unit of bodyguards of the Byzantine emperors, established under Justinian I (527–565) and existed to the mid-seventh century. Additionally to the function of palace guards and protectors of the emperor’s chambers at night, they carried out varied personal assignments for the rulers of the Byzantine Empire, acting as their ambassadors to the leaders of barbarian peoples, confidential envoys to Roman popes and high-ranking officials, military officers with special powers in remote and difficult imperial areas. There are many seals of skribonoi as personal representatives of Byzantine emperors published, particularly those featuring an eagle on the face side and a cross-shaped monogram on the back side. It is considered that the skribonoi were also formed a part of the staff or were senior officers of the imperial guard corps, the exkoubitoi. After the mid-seventh century, their position became fundamentally different. They ceased to exist as a detachment of imperial bodyguards, and the term itself became one of many honorary titles. Later on, following the reform of Constantine V (741–775) creating military tagmata, skribonoi became the commanders of banda, or divisions, of the tagma of exkoubitoi, to continue this service as late as the tenth century. However, the seals of the said military officers skribonoi are not known so far. Taking the account in possession of the history of the institute of skribonoi and the analysis of the iconography of the lead seal excavated at the palace on Mangup princes into consideration, there are enough reasons to suppose that the seal’s owner was skribonos Eleutherios, a bodyguard of the Byzantine emperors in the late sixth and the first half of the seventh centuries. It seems that the find of the seal of skribonos at the Mangup is not a case of private correspondence between an official of the imperial Palace in Constantinople and a local Byzantine official defending the northern border of the empire. Most likely, it is the case of a special mission entrusted by the basileus to his envoy. The idea of this mission will probably remain obscure forever. Still, this find is another evidence of the importance of Mangup-Doros for the Byzantine politics in the region in question and the emperors’ close personal attention to the events in this area.

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28

Kim, Sang Jin. "Analysis of Human Factor Inducing Factors of Korean Body Guards : Identifying the Factors Behind Human Error According to Risk-Inducing Behavior." Forum of Public Safety and Culture 29 (April 30, 2024): 103–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.52902/kjsc.2024.29.103.

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This study was conducted to derive the factors behind potential human errors among Korean bodyguards and devise response strategies accordingly. For Research Project 1 (identification of human errors according to the cognitive and psychological characteristics of security guards), two interviews were conducted with 10 experts, and for Research Project 2 (identification of factors causing human errors according to behavioral and psychological characteristics of security guards), VTA technique and Multiple case analysis was conducted using the M-SHEL model. Research task 3 (deriving human factor factors of Korean bodyguards and suggesting coping strategies) was conducted using complex research methods and grounded theory approaches. As a result of the study, the human factors of security guards based on their cognitive psychological characteristics and risk normalization tendency were lack of security personnel (lack of professional spirit, lack of motivation), complacent attitude (underestimation of risk), and control failure (lack of situational awareness, VIP protocol). (First of all), etc., and the human factors of security guards based on cognitive and psychological characteristics behavior and behavioral psychological characteristics are formal and familiar work performance (lack of motivation), complacent attitude (underestimation of risk), lack of safety awareness and situational awareness (lack of motivation), etc. Familiarity with work, VIP protocol priority), etc. Through these results, it was concluded that the human factor of security guards can be reduced by strengthening the security guard's professional spirit, increasing motivation, strengthening safety awareness and situational awareness, and education and training to improve risk awareness and control ability.

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29

Savičienė, Danguolė. "STUDENT EXPERIENTIAL ACTIVITIES: SCIENCE RESEARCH IN A CIVIC SCIENCE PROJECT "TREE BODYGUARDS"." Natural Science Education in a Comprehensive School (NSECS) 27, no. 1 (December 25, 2021): 67–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.48127/gu/21.27.67.

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The report presents good work experience organizing nature studies learning activities for primary school students. The report tells how lithuanian students from Visaginas „Verdenės“ Gymnasium joined the international citizen science project "Tree bodyguards" and carried out an experiment using the methodology "Evaluation of predation using artificial caterpillars and leaf samples". The citizen science project is an increasingly popular practice in the world, when data can be collected by anyone who wants and later on can be valued by scientists and used in real scientific research. The report describes the preparation for the experiment „Evaluation of predation by artificial caterpillars and leaf samples“, its performance (raising the hypothesis with students, observation of the object, collecting the data and making the conclusions) and reflection creating the methodological tool – educational video film (internet access https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=QO67hOcUDK4), presenting it to others. The report discloses attractive learning methods that interest students in the subject, enable them to act on their own – to perform practical activity, to share work success with others, to feel civic in response to the invitation from French researchers Bastien Castagneyrol and Elena Valdes Correcher from the University of Bordeaux to participate in the project. Keywords: stages of experiment, learning methods, educational video film creation, nature studies lesson, elementary school students, citizen science project

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30

Kadyrov, Kuvonch. "THE HISTORY OF PUBLIC VOLUNTEER BODYGUARDS (PVB) OR VOLUNTEER POLICEMEN IN UZBEKISTAN." Theoretical & Applied Science 58, no. 02 (February 28, 2018): 43–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.15863/tas.2018.02.58.12.

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31

Ness, Joshua H. "A mutualism's indirect costs: the most aggressive plant bodyguards also deter pollinators." Oikos 113, no. 3 (February 23, 2006): 506–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.2006.0030-1299.14143.x.

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32

Morales, Manuel A., Jennifer L. Barone, and Charles S. Henry. "Acoustic alarm signalling facilitates predator protection of treehoppers by mutualist ant bodyguards." Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences 275, no. 1645 (May 14, 2008): 1935–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rspb.2008.0410.

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33

Ågren, Göran I., Johan A. Stenberg, and Christer Björkman. "Omnivores as plant bodyguards—A model of the importance of plant quality." Basic and Applied Ecology 13, no. 5 (August 2012): 441–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.baae.2012.07.005.

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34

Ness, J. "Catalpa bignonioides alters extrafloral nectar production after herbivory and attracts ant bodyguards." Oecologia 134, no. 2 (January 2003): 210–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00442-002-1110-6.

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35

Carey, Peter. "A mischievous young rogue and a dwarf: Reflections on the role of the panakawan in the Age of Prince Diponegoro (1785-1855)." IJDS Indonesian Journal of Disability Studies 1, no. 1 (July 10, 2014): 71–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.21776/ub.ijds.2014.01.01.09.

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The late eighteenth and early nineteenth century world in which the young Prince Diponegoro (1785-1855) grew up was a deeply traditional one. In the Yogyakarta court of his grandfather, Sultan Hamengkubuwono II (reigned 1792-1810/1811-12/1826-28), and father, the third sultan (reigned 1812-1814), there were special categories of court servants (abdi-Dalem) who served the ruler and provided his close protection. These included the para Nyai (personal female retainers), in particular the elderly Nyai Keparak, who carried the ruler's betelnut (sirih) box and spittoon (Carey 2008: 366, 403); the prajurit Ã¨stri (pasukan Langenkusumo) or Amazon corps who acted as the personal bodyguards of the ruler and were renowned for their skill on horseback (Carey 2008: 76-77); the polowijo or nonok (royal dwarves, the hydrocephalic and those with other unusual physical deformities) who acted as the court jesters (hansworst) and warders against evil; and the panji or young noblemen who formed part of the ruler's intimate circle much like the bachelor knights of the European medieval courts (Carey 2008: 179-80). Amongst these intimate court servitors none were important than the panakawan. As intimate assistants of the nobility, they combined many roles: tutor, servant, bodyguard, clown, adviser, masseur, herbalist, interpreter of dreams. Their pithy wit deflated pomposity and re-connected the high-born with the world of the Javanese village. As in the wayang clown-servitor figure of the renowned senior panakawan of the Pandawa brothers Semar they might even be gods in disguise. This mix of the demotic and the divine reflects the paradox at the heart of Javanese culture the seemingly misshapen being the vehicle of ultimate wisdom: Een Gedrocht en toch de Volmaakte Mens (a monster but still a perfect man) as the title of a famous study of the Suluk Gathotloco has it (Akkeren 1951).

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36

Nolting, Jens, and Peter Brossart. "Pulling the trigger on the tumor’s bodyguards: what puts Tregs out of action?" Immunotherapy 3, no. 6 (June 2011): 693–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.2217/imt.11.60.

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37

Jack Zipes. "“The True Story of the Sorcerer's Apprentice” & “The President and His Bodyguards”." Fairy Tale Review 14 (2018): 139. http://dx.doi.org/10.13110/fairtalerevi.14.1.0139.

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38

Makri, Anita. "“I had to be with bodyguards with guns”—attacks on scientists during the pandemic." Nature Medicine 27, no. 4 (April 2021): 564–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/s41591-021-01314-9.

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39

Donets, Maksym. "SPECIFICITIES OF ADMINISTRATIVE LIABILITY OF SERVICEMEN (BODYGUARDS) OF THE STATE PROTECTION DEPARTMENT OF UKRAINE." Entrepreneurship, Economy and Law, no. 4 (2022): 23–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.32849/2663-5313/2022.4.04.

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40

Plamondon, Réjean, Giuseppe Pirlo, Éric Anquetil, Céline Rémi, Hans-Leo Teulings, and Masaki Nakagawa. "Personal digital bodyguards for e-security, e-learning and e-health: A prospective survey." Pattern Recognition 81 (September 2018): 633–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.patcog.2018.04.012.

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41

Gange, Alan C., Julia Koricheva, Amanda F. Currie, Lara R. Jaber, and Stefan Vidal. "Meta‐analysis of the role of entomopathogenic and unspecialized fungal endophytes as plant bodyguards." New Phytologist 223, no. 4 (May 13, 2019): 2002–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/nph.15859.

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42

Packham, Graham, and Freda K. Stevenson. "Bodyguards and assassins: Bcl-2 family proteins and apoptosis control in chronic lymphocytic leukaemia." Immunology 114, no. 4 (April 2005): 441–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2567.2005.02117.x.

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43

Silke, Andrew. "Terrorist Attacks: A Protective Service Guide for Executives, Bodyguards and Police Officers (2nd edition)." Security Journal 15, no. 4 (October 2002): 73–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.1057/palgrave.sj.8340005.

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44

Mallick, Ross. "Refugee Resettlement in Forest Reserves: West Bengal Policy Reversal and the Marichjhapi Massacre." Journal of Asian Studies 58, no. 1 (February 1999): 104–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/2658391.

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While boating down the ganges delta on a visit to the Reserve Forest Tiger Sanctuary, I noticed on the bank some idols overlooking the river. When I asked about their significance, it was explained that a tiger had killed and carried off a girl; these idols were meant to ward off future attacks. Since I was on tour with a West Bengal government Secretary who had police bodyguards to protect him against pirates and tigers, we had none of the apprehensions locals experienced. As the launch continued downstream, the conversation among the government officials took an unexpected turn. They talked of a massacre in the area of Untouchable refugees who had illegally settled in the protected forest reserve: the killings were said to number in the thousands of families.

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45

Sabelis, Maurice W., and Mart C. M. De Jong. "Should All Plants Recruit Bodyguards? Conditions for a Polymorphic ESS of Synomone Production in Plants." Oikos 53, no. 2 (September 1988): 247. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/3566070.

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46

Dutton, Emily M., Elaine Y. Luo, Adam R. Cembrowski, Joel S. Shore, and Megan E. Frederickson. "Three’s a Crowd: Trade-Offs between Attracting Pollinators and Ant Bodyguards with Nectar Rewards inTurnera." American Naturalist 188, no. 1 (July 2016): 38–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.1086/686766.

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47

Gerber, Sophia E. "RAF-Spielfilme im Geschichtsunterricht." Journal of Educational Media, Memory, and Society 8, no. 1 (March 1, 2016): 91–119. http://dx.doi.org/10.3167/jemms.2016.080106.

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RAF-Feature Films in History Lessons 1970 gründete eine kleine Gruppe radikaler Linker, die ursprünglich in der frühen Studentenbewegung Westdeutschlands angesiedelt war (Andreas Baader, Gudrun Ensslin, Horst Mahler und Ulrike Meinhof) die Rote Armee Fraktion, RAF. Seit den frühen 1970er Jahren bis 1998 beging diese militante Gruppe zahlreiche Terrorakte, besonders Ende 1977 als sie eine Nationalkrise auslöste, die als der Deutsche Herbst bekannt geworden ist. Über einen Zeitraum von fast dreißig Jahren ist sie verantwortlich zu machen für zahlreiche Verletzungen und vierunddreißig Tode, zu denen auch viele sekundäre Ziele wie Chauffeure und Bodyguards zählen. Obwohl die RAF erheblichen politischen Konflikt provozierte und Verbindungen ins Ausland aufrechterhielt, wird der Linksterrorismus der RAF in der Regel im Geschichtsunterricht behandelt. Dieser Artikel untersucht, wie das Thema über Filme vermittelt werden kann zumal Filmregisseure seit den frühen 1970ern als sorgfältige Beobachter politischer Ereignisse in Erscheinung treten.

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48

Čerekovic, Nataša, and Palmiro Poltronieri. "Plant signaling pathways activating defence response and interfering mechanisms by pathogen effectors, protein decoys and bodyguards." AIMS Molecular Science 4, no. 3 (2017): 370–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.3934/molsci.2017.3.370.

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49

Bar, Shaul. "Saul: The State Builder." Old Testament Essays 36, no. 3 (January 30, 2023): 736–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.17159/2312-3621/2023/v36n3a10.

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This article takes a closer look at Saul's achievements as the first king of Israel. There are scholars who minimize Saul's accomplishments as the king who transformed Israel into a monarchy. This article will demonstrate that Saul laid the foundation of monarchy that would ultimately be fully developed under David and Solomon. It was Saul who introduced a new class of officials and functionaries at his court. As a military hero, he laid the foundation of a skilled army and introduced a new weapon, and he was the first to use protective gear. He also established two units of bodyguards. States cannot exist in the fullest form if they do not have the power of taxation; therefore, it was Saul who introduced state taxes. As a religious leader, Saul established a cultic centre in Nob and battled against idolatry. Independent states have capital, so after Saul's successful campaign against the Philistines and their expulsion from the Benjaminite territory, Saul established his capital at Gibeah.

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van Kolfschoten, Lisette, Miriam Adu Asantewaa, Lovisa Dück, Simon T. Segar, and K. Charlotte Jandér. "Specialist fig-consuming lepidopterans can inflict costs to plant reproductive success that are mitigated by ant bodyguards." Acta Oecologica 124 (August 2024): 104016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.actao.2024.104016.

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