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Journal articles on the topic 'Boeing Aircraft Company'
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1
Agyeman, Nana Emmanuel Samuel. "The impacts of lean principles on the production of civil aircraft in Boeing." Aircraft Engineering and Aerospace Technology 93, no. 1 (January 7, 2021): 212–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/aeat-05-2020-0107.
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Purpose The purpose of this paper is to review how lean through the Boeing Production System impacted the production of civil aircraft in Boeing. Design/methodology/approach The paper engages the usage of literature on lean from researchers, book authors and the Boeing Company. These literatures were studied to ascertain why Boeing pursued the lean journey and the transformations it attained. Findings The outcomes disclose lean offers Boeing an all-inclusive approach in managing the value-stream of a company. It further presents a sustainable business model that prioritizes customer and industry demands, births innovative ways of satisfying them and keeps Boeing in business. Originality/value This research is useful to upcoming aircraft manufacturers who seek to optimize their production as well as satisfy their customers.
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Aminatuzzahra, Khansa, and Atip Latipulhayat. "RESPONSIBILITIES OF THE STATE AND AIRCRAFT MANUFACTURER ON LION AIR JT610 AND ETHIOPIAN AIRLINES ET302 ACCIDENTS UNDER INTERNATIONAL LAW." Padjadjaran Journal of International Law 4, no. 2 (April 12, 2021): 154–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.23920/pjil.v4i2.409.
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Abstract
Lion Air JT610 and Ethiopian Airlines ET302 crashes occurred on October 2018 and March 2019 respectively. The main cause of the accident on both flights, which used Boeing 737 MAX 8 aircraft, is the defect on the Maneuvering Characteristics Augmentation System (MCAS), a new anti-stall system of this aircraft model. Boeing 737 MAX 8 is produced by Boeing Company which resides in the United States. However, passengers on both accidents could not claim compensation from Boeing Company because there is no international law that regulates aircraft manufacturer responsibilities. This research tries to analyze whether passengers can request for compensation to the United States and whether national court rulings or judgments can fill the gap in international law regarding aircraftmanufacturer. The research uses the normative juridical approach with analytical descriptive method. The research uses the library research method, focusing mainly on primary, secondary, and tertiary legal resources. This research found that the current international law could not accommodate the interests of plaintiffs to hold the United States accountable. The usage of forum non conveniens principle at the national courts made it difficult for the plaintiffs to obtain the compensation they are entitled to. Subsequently, the national law applied in each case is different which created a distinction on the compensation received by each plaintiff for the loss they suffered. Author comes into the conclusion that there is a need for the establishment of regulations in international law concerning the responsibilities of aircraft manufacturer.
Keywords: Aircraft Manufacturer, Forum Non Conveniens, State Responsibility
Abstrak
Kecelakaan pesawat terbang Lion Air JT610 dan Ethiopian Airlines ET302 terjadi pada bulan Oktober 2018 dan Maret 2019 secara berturut-turut. Penyebab utama kecelakaan kedua penerbangan yang menggunakan pesawat terbang Boeing 737 MAX 8 ialah kerusakan sistem Maneuvering Characteristics Augmentation System (MCAS), sebuah sistem anti-stall terbaru untuk model pesawat terbang ini. Boeing 737 MAX 8 diproduksi oleh Boeing Company yang berkedudukan di Amerika Serikat. Penumpang pada kedua kecelakaan tidak dapat meminta ganti rugi pada Boeing Company karena belum adanya hukum yang dapat mewadahi penggantian rugi serta tanggung jawab manufaktur pesawat terbang dalam hukum internasional. Penelitian ini akan menganalisis apakah penumpang dapat memintakan ganti rugi kepada Amerika Serikat sebagai negara dan apakah putusan pengadilan nasional dapat mengisi kekosongan hukum internasional terkait manufaktur pesawat terbang. Penelitian dilakukan menggunakan metode pendekatan yuridis normatif dengan spesifikasi penulisan deskriptif analitis. Tahap penulisan dalam penelitian ini dilakukan menggunakan metode studi kepustakaan bahan hukum primer, sekunder, dan tersier. Hasil penelitian ini menemukan bahwa hukum internasional yang ada saat ini pun belum dapat mewadahi kepentingan penumpang sebagai penggugat untuk dapat meminta pertanggungjawaban kepada Amerika Serikat atas kesalahan manufaktur pesawat terbang. Selain itu, munculnya prinsip forum non conveniens pada level nasional mempersulit penggugat untuk mendapatkan ganti rugi pada pengadilan nasional. Hukum nasional yang diterapkan pada tiap kasus pun berbeda sehingga muncul kesenjangan mengenai ganti rugi yang diperoleh penggugat atas kerugian yang diderita. Melihat situasi ini, peneliti berkesimpulan perlunya pembentukan pengaturan dalam hukum internasional mengenai tanggung jawab manufaktur pesawat terbang.
Kata Kunci: Forum Non Conveniens, Manufaktur Pesawat Terbang, Tanggung Jawab Negara
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Kidun, Elizaveta S. "Features of the international fragmentation of production in Boeing company." RUDN Journal of Economics 30, no. 4 (December 15, 2022): 548–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.22363/2313-2329-2022-30-4-548-561.
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The level of development of the aviation industry is an indicator of the scientific and technical potential of any state and also affects its economic level. This industry practically cannot exist without interaction with other countries, as technical achievements, scientific discoveries, know-how of some countries help other countries to develop the aircraft industry, as well as bring it to a new level. Manufacturers of civil aircraft interact with a large number of suppliers around the world in order to create a quality product. Using the example of Boeing-industry leader, while studying the role of suppliers and the company’s supply chain, the peculiarities of fragmentation of this company and its positive impact not only on the company’s position in the market inside and outside the country, but also on the development of the entire industry as a whole are shown.
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Poulin, W. D. "F-4 Functional Modernization." Journal of Engineering for Gas Turbines and Power 107, no. 4 (October 1, 1985): 815–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/1.3239816.
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Evolving aircraft and engine technologies, as well as advancements in avionics, have resulted in a new generation of fighter aircraft. In order for an air force to remain survivable in such an environment it must face the necessity of either acquiring new aircraft or upgrading its fleet. Today, acquisition of new aircraft may not be an economically or politically viable solution. The newest aircraft, those with a thrust-to-weight ratio exceeding 1 to 1, generally exceed $20 million, exclusive of support costs. Politically, sale of such state-of-the-art aircraft to friendly countries may not be possible given the current FX aircraft export policy, and the fiscal posture of the country. However, there is an alternative to new aircraft acquisition, and that is functional modernization: the modernization of potentially viable systems through the implementation of new and available technologies. The Boeing Military Airplane Company and Pratt & Whitney have teamed in the newest aircraft functional modernization proposal, the F-4 Super Phantom. The full modernization package includes a new centerline conformal fuel tank, new digital avionics, and re-engining with new PW1120 engines. This paper examines the initial feasibility study conducted by Pratt & Whitney and Boeing to determine the feasibility of a functionally modernized F-4.
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Benabbad Touirs, Bahia. "Boeing Co: Ethical Failures and Business Scandals." Journal of Global Awareness 4, no. 2 (December 21, 2023): 1–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.24073/jga/4/02/09.
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Recent advances in technology have completely changed people’s outlook on the world. Instant access to limitless information has revamped consumer behavior and expectations from the companies they interact with; therefore, social responsibility has become a crucial talking point in the business world as customers increasingly monitor their actions. A recent study showed that 70% of consumers want to know how brands are addressing social and environmental issues, and 46% of consumers believe it plays a decisive factor in their purchasing decision process (Duan, Hofer, & Aloysius, 2021). Even though this has its effects in every industry, this paper will focus on the aircraft manufacturer Boeing Co. Aviation is a rapid worldwide method of transportation; it is essential for modern globalization and global business as it facilitates trade and economic growth (Uniting Aviation, 2018). Given its significant impact on business and the high risks or consequences of unethical business practices, the commercial airlines production is under more scrutiny. Boeing Co. has found itself under heavy public scrutiny after two of the newly designed 737 MAX planes crashed in 2018-2019, costing the lives of over 300 passengers and crew members. To gain profits, Boeing Co. looked to upcharge commercial airlines on unconventional basic safety systems and ‘cut corners’ with regulatory agencies such as the Federal Aviation Administration by downplaying the upgrades in the new aircraft to avoid retraining and informing pilots of said new systems. In addition to this, the company fell incredibly short in its response and in its approach to addressing the incidents to the public (Peterson, 2021). This article will discuss in detail the organizational culture of Boeing Co., how their focus on economic success over ethical practices has stained their history in the aviation industry, and how the company works to overcome their unethical past for a prosperous future.
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Silva, Jersone Tasso Moreira, Luiz Henrique Santos, Alexandre Teixeira Dias, and Hugo Ferreira Braga Tadeu. "Intermittent demand forecasting for aircraft inventories: a study of Brazilian’s Boeing 737NG aircraft´s spare parts management." TRANSPORTES 27, no. 2 (August 31, 2019): 102–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.14295/transportes.v27i2.1600.
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Este estudo tem como objetivo avaliar cinco métodos de previsão para demanda intermitente usando uma série histórica de consumo de peças sobressalentes da aeronave 737 Next Generation, fabricado pela Boeing, da maior frota aérea brasileira gerenciada pela VRG Airline Company S/A. Os métodos de Winter, Croston, Single Exponential Smoothing, Weight Moving Average e Método de Distribuição de Poisson foram testados em um histórico de 53 peças sobressalentes e cada uma delas possui um histórico de demanda de trinta e seis meses (janeiro de 2013 a dezembro de 2015). Os resultados mostraram que os métodos Weight Moving Average, Distribuição de Poisson e Croston apresentaram os melhores ajustes. Além disso, observou-se que a maior parte das demandas por peças sobressalentes apresentaram um padrão smooth ao contrário do resultado obtido pelo estudo de Ghobbar and Friend (2003) que apresentou um padrão lumpy. Por outro lado, tem-se que o Método de Winter apresentou-se como o de pior ajuste em ambos os estudos. Conclui-se que os métodos de Weight Moving Average e Distribuição de Poisson são os mais adequados para avaliar a demanda intermitente para o caso da VRG Airline Company S/A.
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Bennett, James G., and Thomas Lamb. "Concurrent Engineering: Application and Implementation for U.S. Shipbuilding." Journal of Ship Production 12, no. 02 (May 1, 1996): 107–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.5957/jsp.1996.12.2.107.
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This paper reports on a SP-8 Panel project to analyze the application of Concurrent Engineering (CE) in U.S. shipbuilding and to perform a pilot implementation of CE within a U.S. shipyard. It describes (1) results of a Shipbuilding Concurrent Engineering Questionnaire survey; (2) a summary of product development performance benchmark surveys conducted at several U.S. shipyards; (3) visit to several foreign shipyards as well as Boeing Commercial Aircraft Company, Lockheed Missiles and Space Company, and the Concurrent Engineering Research Center to discuss implementation of CE; (4) requirements for successful CE implementation by U.S. shipbuilders; and (5) the status of the pilot CE implementation at Bath Iron Works Corporation.
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Gholz, Eugene. "Eisenhower versus the Spin-off Story: Did the Rise of the Military–Industrial Complex Hurt or Help America's Commercial Aircraft Industry?" Enterprise & Society 12, no. 1 (March 2011): 46–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1467222700009733.
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In his Farewell Address, President Eisenhower warned that the military-industrial complex (MIC) threatened to dominate American research, crowding out commercial innovation. Ironically, a number of analysts point to spin-off benefits of the 1950s' military effort as a crucial source of American high-tech competitiveness, often citing the key example of the relationship between military jet aircraft and the Boeing's 707. But the huge military investment in jet aviation had both benefits and costs for the commercial industry. This article compares the development of the Boeing 707 and its relationship to military projects like the KC-135 tanker to the contemporary development of commercial jet aircraft by other companies that were also integral parts of the military-industrial complex (MIC), including Douglas Aircraft and its commercial DC-8 and Convair and its commercial 880 and 990. Using evidence from archives, interviews with retired company executives, contemporary trade press, and academic studies, the article concludes that membership in the MIC did not offer firms a leg up in commercial markets. President Eisenhower was generally right about the costs of the military effort, but military spending remained low enough to allow commercial industry to thrive in parallel to the defense industry.
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Cairns, D. S., M. Mohaghegh, V. A. Cundy, and K. Johnson. "A Model for an Industry/University Strategic Alliance in the Classroom." International Journal of Mechanical Engineering Education 28, no. 2 (April 2000): 95–112. http://dx.doi.org/10.7227/ijmee.28.2.1.
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Modern engineering corporations build much of their engineering workforce from a few key engineering schools. Corporate support and interaction is focused on these key engineering schools, which provide engineers who perform particularly well in a given company. The authors explore the above strategies, and provide a model for a university/industry alliance in the classroom to enhance the future engineering workforce. This model is based on a collaboration between Montana State University and The Boeing Company in Seattle for the development of a course entitled ‘Aircraft Structures Design and Analysis’. The important elements for success are given, along with lessons learned from this experience. Similar industry/university collaborations are encouraged, based on the results.
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Priaardanto, Columbanus, and Amad Sudiro. "Tanggungjawab Boeing Company Terhadap Kecelakaan Pesawat Udara Sriwijaya Air SJ182 Terkait Dugaan Cacat Produk." JURNAL USM LAW REVIEW 7, no. 1 (March 16, 2024): 269. http://dx.doi.org/10.26623/julr.v7i1.8463.
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<p><em>This research aims to be useful to the general public about the concept of strict liability which is a general principle in the legal regime of consumer protection. Practically this study aims to provide an understanding of the concept of strict liability, where the manufacturer of an item for defects in the product can be carried out a prosecution legal remedy which in this article raises product defects against aircraft from The Boeing Company used in flights by Sriwijaya Air SJ182. In particular, the benefits of this research for academics in order to increase wealth and knowledge about the implementation of strict liability in cases of defective aircraft products, in addition to the benefits to the Indonesian people, especially consumers throughout Indonesia in order to better understand the concept of strict liability This is a concrete effort to prevent a consumer dispute caused by a product defect. Then this research is also expected to benefit law enforcers so that they can always carry out law enforcement, especially in the problem of product defects in goods and services. This research has an urgency where an omission of a defective product often consumers do not receive any form of compensation for the event so that this is what encourages concrete and theoretical and scientific research to be carried out. This research uses normative juridical methods by using primary and secondary legal materials in its preparation. In this study, the novelty raised regarding the principle of strict liability implemented against defects in aircraft products used by private airlines in Indonesia where aircraft manufacturers are responsible for these production defects.</em><em></em></p><p><em> </em><strong> </strong></p><p align="center">Penelitian ini bertujuan agar bermanfaat kepada khalayak umum mengenai konsep <em>strict liability </em>yang merupakan suatu prinsip umum dalam rezim hukum Perlindungan konsumen. Secara praktis penelitian ini bertujuan untuk memberikan pemahaman atas konsep <em>strict liability</em>, dimana produsen atas suatu barang atas kecacatan terhadap produk tersebut maka dapat dilakukan suatu upaya hukum penuntutan yang dalam artikel ini mengangkat mengenai cacat produk terhadap pesawat udara dari perusahaan <em>The Boeing Company </em>yang digunakan dalam penerbangan oleh maskapai Sriwijaya Air SJ182. secara khusus manfaat penelitian ini untuk para akademisi agar dapat menambah khazanah dan pengetahuan mengenai implementasi <em>strict liability </em>terhadap kasus cacatnya produk pesawat udara, disamping hal itu manfaat kepada masyarakat Indonesia secara khususnya para konsumen diseluruh Indonesia agar dapat lebih memahami konsep <em>strict liability </em>tersebut sebagai suatu upaya konkret mencegah adanya suatu perselisihan konsumen yang disebabkan atas peristiwa cacat produk. Kemudian penelitian ini juga diharapkan dapat memberi manfaat kepada para penegak hukum agar selalu senantiasa dapat melakukan penegakan hukum terutama dalam permasalahan cacat produk atas suatu barang dan jasa. Penelitian ini memiliki urgensi dimana suatu kelalaian atas produk yang cacat seringkali konsumen tidak menerima bentuk kompensasi atas peristiwa tersebut sehingga hal ini yang mendorong agar penelitian secara konkret dan teoretis serta ilmiah perlu dijalankan. Penelitian ini menggunakan metode yuridis normatif dengan menggunakan bahan hukum primer dan sekunder dalam penyusunannya. Dalam penelitian ini yaitu bahwa kebaruan yang diangkat mengenai prinsip <em>strict liability </em>yang diimplementasikan terhadap cacat produk pesawat udara yang digunakan oleh maskapai swasta di Indonesia dimana produsen pesawat udara bertanggungjawab atas cacat produksi tersebut.</p><p> </p>
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Guillaume, M., A. Gehri, P. Stephani, J. B. Vos, and G. Mandanis. "F/A-18 vertical tail buffeting calculation using unsteady fluid structure interaction." Aeronautical Journal 115, no. 1167 (May 2011): 285–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0001924000005777.
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Abstract The Swiss Airforce is operating F/A-18C/D Aircraft since 1997. Since the aircraft’s structural design is different from the version operated by the US Navy it was necessary to carry out a structural integrity study (ASIP) which was done by The Boeing Company in St. Louis. To validate this study a full scale fatigue test facility was build at RUAG and operated from 2003 to 2005. When operating this facility difficulties were encountered with the aerodynamic loads data provided by Boeing (insufficient, not well documented, questionable data). As a result RUAG looked for alternative methods to provide the aerodynamic loads, and a large investment was made in the development of a Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD) tool. The Navier Stokes Multi Block (NSMB) solver, which was developed in an international collaboration, was adopted. In a first phase the code was validated by comparing results of CFD calculations with wind-tunnel results, results from literature and flight test data results. In the second phase, discussed in this paper, a Fluid Structure Interaction (FSI) tool was developed to permit unsteady aero-elastic simulations. Particular attention is focused on the vertical tail since this component of the F/A-18 fighter is very sensitive to fatigue due to unsteady loads generated by buffeting phenomena.
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Sharke, Paul. "Long Line in Long Beach." Mechanical Engineering 121, no. 10 (October 1, 1999): 82–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/1.1999-oct-8.
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This article discusses various aspects of a riveter and its usage at Boeing. Boeing took delivery of the riveter in 1998 from the German company Brötje Automation and the Spanish company Torres Industries. The riveter puts together the fuselage panels of the U.S. Air Force's C- 17 Globemaster Ill, a giant military transport aircraft {CE: Please check the validity of this edit.}. In four stations, the riveter joins panels to panels, and panels to frames. At the first station, an overhead crane takes an individual panel out of a shipping container, rotates it from a vertical posture to a horizontal one, and then lowers it onto a field of spike-like ‘pogos.’ The pogos extend and retract radially from a bridge, cradling a panel by conforming to its contours like a waiter balancing a tray on the tips of all five fingers. Adding to the already complex matrix of rivet data and locations is the control of every pogo and bridge move for any given panel assembly. With nine pogos per bridge, each with radial and circumferential locations, and five bridges per car, each of which must move along the length of the shuttle for tool clearance, the machine presents a monumental programming task.
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Simanjuntak, Rexon Harris, and Isdaryanto Isdaryanto. "Pressurization System on Aircraft Boeing 737-300F, Aircraft MSN: 28567 During Flight Hanoi to Bangkok: Problem Solving and Root Cause Analysis." Journal of Mechanical, Civil and Industrial Engineering 3, no. 3 (November 12, 2022): 56–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.32996/jmcie.2022.3.3.7.
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The aircraft, with type Boeing 737-300 freighter, Serial Number: 28567, Flight number: TMG-918, with a flight route from Hanoi International (HAN) to Bangkok International airport (BKK) on the date of 12 April 2021, with a take-off time of 22.00 UTC and landing time 22.25 UTC, is operated by PT XYX Airlines on a non-schedule flight. After taking off from Hanoi to Bangkok (HAN – BKK), with an altitude of nearly 10.000 ft flight level, the aircraft got a problem with the pressurization system in auto mode (auto system), and the cabin altitude indicator was shown 10.000 ft; cabin rate altitude indication at 2000 – 300 ft/minute (in normal rate 200 – 300 ft/minute). The pilot was unable to control the pressurization system in the auto system; in this condition, the Pilot followed the procedure for selecting the pressurization system from auto mode to manual mode, and after that, the cabin altitude indicator suddenly was shown fluctuated or became unstable. After the pressurization system operates in Manual mode and all conditions control by the flight crew, the captain makes the decision to aircraft return to base (RTB) flight back to Hanoi International airport (HAN) and land safely at 22.25 UTC. The author wants to analyse the root cause of the pressurization system problem by using several methods, as per 5 whys, fishbone diagrams, and fault tree analysis. Then the author compares the root cause results of each method to take corrective and preventive actions to solve the problems. All these cases were in Reference to SDR Report Control Number: 012/SDR-YGH/TMG/IV/2021. The report submitted by PT.Tri M.G. Intra Asia Airlines on 12 April 2021 and the Flight Log Manual (FML) Page No: 03232, dated 12 April 2021. The purpose of this research is to identify the problem and determine the root cause of the problem's inability to control the pressurization system and make a plan for corrective action and preventive action; then, the team will implement the corrective action and preventive action. Quality Division will check and monitor the effectiveness of corrective and preventive action in three months. After that, the team & Quality Division create the procedure and policy for the company standard. The author and team used the methodology 5 why (cause and effect diagram), Fishbone diagram (Ishikawa Diagram), and Fault Tree Analysis (FTA), and from each method will be found the root cause analysis. Then the author combines all root cause analyses to identify the problem and create problem-solving. The main result of this research was that the company was able to determine and implement the corrective action and preventive action for the uncontrollable problem pressurization system. The problem of the pressurization system that cannot be controlled causes the aircraft to return to base or cancel a flight to be expected not to happen again in all aircraft operated by PT. XYX company in the future.
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Korchagin, Aleksandr, Antonina Deniskina, and Irina Fateeva. "Lean and energy efficient production based on internet of things (IOT) in aviation industry." E3S Web of Conferences 110 (2019): 02124. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/e3sconf/201911002124.
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Nowadays, the interest to lean manufacturing increases every year and a lot of aviation companies use it on their practice. At the same time, Internet technologies also entered in the production of modern aircrafts. For increasing quality and safety of aviation products, in this article it was suggested to use lean manufacturing and Internet of Things technologies for Russian and Chinese aircraft production systems. There is a successful case study of Boeing company, which achieves great results due to these technologies. For realizing this idea on the practice, at first, it is needed to model and analyze the implementation of this technologies on production system and understand is it profitable or not. In this paper, it was proposed to use Discrete Event Simulation method, which proves its imitation on the real practice and possibility of its realization. The results show that we can easily use ARENA software (which is based on DES modelling) for proving the efficiency of Lean and IoT technologies. In conclusion, it becomes obvious that due to the rapid development of Internet technologies it is necessary to integrate it with the lean manufacturing process and analyze its implementation.
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Kretov, A. S., D. V. Tinyakov, and P. A. Shataev. "Conceptual assessment of the fuel efficiency of passenger aircraft with the transition to composite wings." Civil Aviation High Technologies 26, no. 2 (May 2, 2023): 72–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.26467/2079-0619-2023-26-2-72-90.
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One of the success indicators for any new aircraft is its fuel efficiency, influencing both range and cost-effectiveness, as fuel costs amount to 30% of direct operating costs. Based on the analysis of take-off mass response to design changes, a solution to the basic-type aircraft improvement in terms of fuel efficiency is considered. The feature of proposed redesigning is the use of a higher aspect- ratio of an airfoil allowing for fuel efficiency to be increased by reducing the induced drag. Two solutions are considered to substantiate this approach. The first one is the transition to composite wing structures, which will allow for a high aspect ratio of an airfoil without losing rigidity. The second one is the application (if necessary) of devices, reducing the wingspan, caused by the airport restrictions. The methodology for assessing the mass of composite wings based on the universal weight formula by V.A. Komarov which was specified by applying an integral factor considering the features of mass distribution in the structure, the structural adaptation of structure elements and their strength performance, has been proposed. To simplify the arrangement of aircraft with large-span wings in the available airport layout, the application of folding wingtips was considered. The principal analysis of the wingtip swiveling unit structure was performed. The assessment of the folding device effect upon the mass of a passenger aircraft was completed. The proposed approach was verified based on the Boeing company of B777 aircraft family. The numerical analysis of the composite wing application for the IL-96, Tu-214 and SSJ-100 was performed, and the winglet use effect on the MC-21 aircraft was studied.
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Hoes, Charles, Ted Yellman, and Thomas Murray. "Letters to the Editor." Journal of System Safety 57, no. 2 (June 14, 2022): 4–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.56094/jss.v57i2.188.
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Software Safety vs Software Reliability
While looking back through Vol. 56, No. 1 (Summer 2020) of Journal of System Safety, I finally took the time to read Nathaniel Ozarin’s article “Lessons Learned in a Complex Software Safety Program.” The article is quite interesting and thought provoking, comparing what actually occurs while implementing a system safety program to the idealized descriptions found in documents such as MIL-STD-882, JSSSEH and AOP-52. While I found the article interesting and informative, I noted that the author consistently characterizes the “software safety problem” as a “reliability” problem, focused on finding and preventing “failures” and ensuring high “reliability.”
Some Thoughts on the Probabilistic Criteria for Ensuring Safe Airplane-System Designs
We have been employed in the risk sciences for a total of 86 years, including 62 years in reliability engineering and safety engineering positions at The Boeing Company. For many of those years, Yellman was the designated “Risk-Analysis Focal” (person) for Boeing’s 707, 727, 737 and 757 airplane models. For several decades, the United States government has published the same criteria, created by the U.S. Federal Aviation Administration (FAA), intended to ensure that the systems on large (transport-category) aircraft have been designed to be safe [Refs. 1 and 2]. But we believe that the criteria have failed to prevent certain aircraft accidents, and we think that the reasons for that should be better understood. We hope that this discussion will contribute to a better understanding by examining the part potentially played in those accidents by the FAA’s criteria that are defined probabilistically.
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Velicki, A., and P. Thrash. "Damage arrest design approach using stitched composites." Aeronautical Journal 115, no. 1174 (December 2011): 789–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0001924000006539.
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Abstract Although the deployment of carbon fibre structural components has enjoyed wide success on smaller aircraft, their acceptance on larger transport airframes is less sanguine – especially in the case of primary structure applications where the increasing out of plane loads found on the larger airframes have exposed the weak interlaminar properties of the layered material system. This has led to an overreliance on mechanical attachments to suppress these through thickness failures, which ultimately degrades structural performance and increases manufacturing costs. Until these resin dominated failure modes can be dealt with more effectively, without adversely affecting the in plane properties of the laminate, the true weight-savings potential afforded by carbon fibre material systems will be difficult to attain. This paper describes how researchers at NASA-LaRC and The Boeing Company are working to develop a next generation stitched composite design solution that addresses the fundamental challenges in achieving improved structural performance and reduced fabrication costs for large carbon fibre airframe structures.
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Aprianto, Viki, Erry Rimawan, Putri Gunanti, and Irfan Setyo. "Damage Analyzing of Cargo Sidewall Boeing 737-800 in Cargo Restoration Process Using DMAIC Method at Aircraft Maintenance and Repair Company." Volume 5 - 2020, Issue 8 - August 5, no. 8 (September 10, 2020): 1357–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.38124/ijisrt20aug613.
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PT. GMF AeroAsia Tbk, is an aircraft repair and maintenance company, at the beginning of semester 2019 the base maintenance department found significant damage of 75 ea on the cargo side wall components during the process of cargo compartment restoration, on the basis that the writer tried to find the causes and gave suggestions for improvement using DMAIC method approach. After being analyzed using a fishbone diagram, the factors causing damage are due to lack of skill and knowledge, lack of tools, poor material quality, wrong methods, and poor lighting. After being analyzed by FMEA, lack of skills and knowlage became the dominant cause with the largest RPN value of 173. The proposed improvements given were to schedule training and conduct mentoring programs in the field, the aim being to increase skills and knowlage transfer.
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Rexon Harris Simanjuntak, Widodo Widjaja Basuki. "Forensic Engineering: The Investigation of The Causes of Asymmetry Trailing Edge Flap During The Aircraft Boeing 737 Landing." Tuijin Jishu/Journal of Propulsion Technology 45, no. 01 (January 4, 2024): 1035–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.52783/tjjpt.v45.i01.4114.
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Forensic engineering is the application of engineering principles and methodology to answer questions of fact. These questions of fact are usually associated with accidents, crimes, catastrophic events, property degradation, and various types of failures. This research discusses a serious incident that occurred on a Boeing 737-300F aircraft operated by The XYZ airline which operates unscheduled domestic flights in Indonesia, with a flight route from Jakarta Soekarno International Airport (CGK) to Samsoedin Noor International Airport Banjarmasin (BDJ). When the plane was about to land, and the pilot operated the flaps from the 30o position to the 40o position, there was an asymmetry between the left and right flap trailing edges of more than 20o, which caused the plane to become unstable because it rolled to the left, and the pilot was unable to control the plane when landing, which causing a serious incident on the plane. This research aims to find the root cause of trailing edge flap asymmetry of more than 20o as an evaluation for companies in determining and implementing corrective and preventive actions so that this problem does not happen again in the future. This research will use forensic engineering investigation methods and carry out chemical composition testing (Optical Emission Spectroscopy); metallographic testing (micro and macro structure observations); FESEM testing and microchemical composition testing (EDS); and hardness testing. Then for each test result an analysis is carried out based on scientific knowledge. The results of the investigative analysis were to find the root cause of the trailing edge flap asymmetry problem of more than 20o. After getting the root cause of each method, the author then compares the results of one method with another method to draw conclusions to consider and determine corrective and preventive actions to be taken and implemented in the company or organization.
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Morrison, Gale. "The Art of Aerospace Composites." Mechanical Engineering 121, no. 04 (April 1, 1999): 58–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/1.1999-apr-4.
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This article reviews the advanced resin transfer molding (RTM) process of GKN Westland Aerospace. This process is refined enough, with customized equipment and a proprietary resin binding material, so that hundreds of different aircraft parts that would otherwise be heavier (made of titanium) are being produced for customers that include GE, Pratt & Whitney, Lockheed Martin, and Boeing. GKN is making five-axis, hollow vein, and integrated attachment nodes. It has produced carbon-fiber and resin components as thick as 3½ inches, and designs can combine what were many parts. Depending on the part and desired strength (in the desired directions), the fiber tow is woven in a variety of ways. For strength in mainly one direction, the engineers specify that 75 percent of the tow runs in one direction and just 25 percent of it is used to weave across it, for example. The next step in GKN’s advanced RTM evolution is a unihybrid composite that takes great loads in just one direction and can be made very thick, up to 3½ inches. A slightly less rigorous process has already been licensed, to a company in Mexico that produces a component for the Dodge Viper sports car.
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Santoso, Djarot Wahju. "PENGARUH VARIASI JUMLAH FASTENER TERHADAP KEKUATAN STRUKTUR REPAIR LONGITUDINAL FLOOR BEAM PESAWAT B737-300." Angkasa: Jurnal Ilmiah Bidang Teknologi 7, no. 2 (September 13, 2017): 93. http://dx.doi.org/10.28989/angkasa.v7i2.153.
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Longitudinal floor beam structure is a rod that serves to support the weight of the passenger seat, the passenger load and luggage on airplanes. Bending load received by the structure continuously during flight operations cause damage (cracks). The presence of cracks in the structure of the repair needs to be done to ensure the safety of the aircraft during operation. Structure Repair Manual (SRM) is a guide issued by the manufacturer of the aircraft maintenance company to do the repair. In SRM was not stated clearly that the repair is safe. To determine the level of safety o f longitudinal floor beam structure repair Boeing 737-300 fractured analysis is needed also to determine the effect of the number of fasteners to the strength of the modified structure. Modeling and analysis of longitudinal structural floor beam using CATIA V5R16 software. Imposition o f the structure using a bending load due to the load compartment main cabin. Four models are made in accordance with the repair of such structures to handle SRM model fractured. Modifications done by reducing fastener types BACB30FN6 6 to 5 and 4 fastener on the upper area of the beam. Static analysis performed on models with CATIA V5R16 to determine the safety o f the structure is based os margin of safety.The results of analysis that the longitudinal floor beam structural repair the fractured secure against bending loads. The use of a modified structure repair by reducing the number of fastener would increase the critical stress that occurs, but the structure is still safe to load.
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Deghat, Mohammad, and Evangelia Lampiri. "Sensor Anomaly Detection and Recovery in the Roll Dynamics of a Delta-Wing Aircraft via Monte Carlo and Maximum Likelihood Methods * *This work is supported by The Boeing Company." IFAC-PapersOnLine 50, no. 1 (July 2017): 12791–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ifacol.2017.08.1836.
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Stanford, Martin J. "The New Regimen: Its History and Future after South Africa." European Review of Private Law 12, Issue 1 (February 1, 2004): 9–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.54648/erpl2004002.
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Abstract: The Convention on International Interests in Mobile Equipment and the Protocol thereto on Matters specific to Aircraft Equipment were opened to signature in Cape Town on 16 November 2001. Twenty-six States have to date signed both instruments and the signs are good for their early entry into force. The origins of UNIDROIT’s work in this area were both legal and economic in nature, legal in the sense that the lex rei sitae is not particularly appropriate for resolving disputes concerning the validity, enforceability and priority ranking of assets of a kind likely to be moving across or beyond national frontiers on a regular basis, economic by reason of the potential that asset-based financing could have in enhancing access to high-value mobile equipment for debtors in developing and emerging economies. Considerable research by UNIDROIT, and in particular Professor R.C.C. Cuming, provided the basis for this work. A preliminary draft Convention, drawn up by a UNIDROIT study group, chaired by Professor Sir Roy Goode, between 1993 and 1997, and a preliminary draft Protocol on Matters specific to Aircraft Equipment, drawn up by a working group the core members of which were the International Civil Aviation Organization (ICAO), the International Air Transport Association (IATA) and the Aviation Working Group organized by Airbus Industrie and The Boeing Company, between 1997 and 1998, provided the basis for intergovernmental negotiations, co-sponsored by UNIDROIT and ICAO, between 1999 and 2000. The benefits of the new international regimen are intended to be extended to other categories of high-value mobile equipment, in the first place railway rolling stock and space assets. Governmental experts are already at work on a preliminary draft Protocol to the Cape Town Convention on Matters specific to Railway Rolling Stock. Governmental experts will commence consideration of a preliminary draft Protocol on Matters specific to Space Assets in December 2003. A Preparatory Commission was set up by the Cape Town diplomatic Conference, under the guidance and supervision of the ICAO Council, to act as Provisional Supervisory Authority for the establishment of the International Registry for aircraft objects that will underpin the Cape Town Convention and Aircraft Protocol. It was directed by the diplomatic Conference to ensure that the International Registry be set up at the latest by the time of the entry into force of the Convention and the Aircraft Protocol. Those States that participated in the diplomatic Conference and interested private parties were urged by the diplomatic Conference voluntarily to make available, at the earliest possible date, the start-up funding that will be needed for the Preparatory Commission and ICAO to carry out the tasks given to them by the diplomatic Conference. The new international regimen will greatly reduce the cost of credit for the financing of the different categories of high-value mobile equipment covered thereby. The economic gains expected to flow from effective implementation of the Convention and the Aircraft Protocol run to several billion dollars on an annual basis. It is anticipated that the novel solutions embodied in the new international regimen will filter through to the new generation of laws governing secured transactions in general being put in place. The new international regimen is likely to have special significance for developing countries, by providing them with the foreign capital investment needed to help them develop their infrastructure. The unique level of participation at all stages of the development of the new international regimen by representatives of the world of practice, and in particular the different business sectors involved, means that the Convention and its Protocols reflect industry consensus to an unprecedented degree and thus enhances the chances of the new international regimen attracting widespread acceptance.
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Jasrotia, Sahil Singh, Manoj Kumar Kamila, and Priyank Sinha. "Boeing: Reclaiming the lost ground?" Journal of Information Technology Teaching Cases, May 23, 2024. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/20438869241255960.
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Boeing is a leading American aerospace and defense company that has a long history dating back to 1916. William Boeing, in Seattle, Washington, founded the company and focused initially on building seaplanes for commercial and military use. Throughout its history, Boeing has taken several risks that have helped to shape the company into the global powerhouse it is today. One of the earliest examples of this is the company's decision to shift its focus from building seaplanes to building land-based aircraft in the 1920s. This move was risky at the time, as the market for land-based aircraft was still relatively untested, but it ultimately paid off as the demand for air travel proliferated in the following years. Another significant risk that Boeing took was the development of the 747, which was the first wide-body commercial airliner. This massive project required a significant investment in time and money, which later proved to be a huge success and established Boeing as the leader in the commercial aircraft industry. Boeing has traditionally adopted this risky business strategy, popularly known as “bet the business strategy,” which is characterized by a high risk of product failure in every new product development cycle. So far, Boeing has successfully navigated each cycle, allowing the company to maintain its market leadership and generate good financial returns.
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"Research on the Over-outsourcing in Aviation Manufacturing Industry— Case Analysis based on the Boeing 787." WSEAS TRANSACTIONS ON BUSINESS AND ECONOMICS 17 (May 18, 2020). http://dx.doi.org/10.37394/23207.2020.17.49.
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In recent years, outsourcing has become a major trend with more and more companies contracting work out to 3rd parties. The aircraft giant—Boeing company，also regards outsourcing as an important way of its production process. In 2003, under the influence of Toyota production system(TPS),Boeing adopted a new manufacturing model to produce the airplane—Boeing 787 Dreamliner. It outsourced more than 70% of the development and production of its aircraft under a 3-Tier system .However, the excess outsourcing has caused lots of problems such as communication issues, lengthy delays and unexpected increased costs. Starting from the practice of Boeing 787 project's global supply chain strategy, this paper analyzes the reasons as well as problems faced by Boeing for outsourcing such a big project, and draw some lessons on how to strengthen the management from the failure of Boeing 787’s early outsourcing stage.
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"Cannon Ergos collaborates with Boeing to mold thermoplastic composite aircraft sidewall panels using recycled carbon fiber." Additives for Polymers 2022, no. 5 (May 1, 2022). http://dx.doi.org/10.12968/s0306-3747(22)70094-2.
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Cannon Ergos, a company of the Cannon Group, specialized in technologies, processing equipment and mold manufacturing for the composites industries, is working with Boeing on molding trials for the feasibility of using recycled carbon fiber (rCF) for the fabrication of aircraft cabin interior sidewall panels.
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Chen, Ming-Jer, Alexandre Zimath, Andrea Maat, Fabiano Lopes, William Reynolds, Nivaldo Silva, Charles Vaughters, and Aaron Watt. "Embraer: Shaking Up the Aircraft Manufacturing Market." Darden Business Publishing Cases, January 20, 2017, 1–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/case.darden.2016.000104.
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The CEO of Embraer, reflects on his company's dramatic ascent to its position as the world's leading regional aircraft manufacturer. Since becoming a private company, Embraer had successfully introduced seven commercial aircraft models to the market, including its latest, the 118-seat EMBRAER 195. Now, he is concerned because Embraer does not know what to expect from Bombardier, Boeing, and Airbus regarding their competitive response to his company's recent attacks on the commercial aircraft market. How would they respond to Embraer's successful launch of its recent family of jets? Would Bombardier really follow through with its launch of the CSeries? Would Airbus and Boeing perceive the latest attacks by Embraer and Bombardier as attacks on its own family of jets? Most importantly, given Embraer's expectations of rivals' future competitive moves, what should it do next to protect its position and influence its competitors' actions?
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Cruse, T. A. "Boundary Integral Equations - A Personal View." Electronic Journal of Boundary Elements 1, no. 1 (October 24, 2007). http://dx.doi.org/10.14713/ejbe.v1i1.745.
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My first exposure to what were best known then as potential methods was around the 1965-1966 academic year at the University of Washington in Seattle, Washington. I had been a stress analyst at The Boeing Company, working on the US's version of the Supersonic Transport, which was properly fated for many reasons never to be built and fly. As a stress analyst, I made extensive use of a mechanical calculator. I shared it with two other stress analysts, along with my very important stress books led, of course, by Roark’s famous volume of stress results for beams, plates, shells, and the like. I watched in envy as other engineers in the methods area gathered their computer output and punched cards each morning to continue the very first development of automated stress analysis methods for aircraft design (the Boeing 737 aircraft was to be that first design done by the finite element method not too long after this time). There were two types of computer algorithms that were still competing for this first design task -- the force method and the displacement method. The force method derived from efficient hand analysis methods developed by Civil Engineers for analyzing complex redundant structures....
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Yusmahendra, Rizky Angga, and Hana Catur Wahyuni. "Risk Mitigation Strategy Based On Information Technology in Aircraft Maintenance Process (Case Study : PT MMF)." Procedia of Engineering and Life Science 2, no. 2 (October 19, 2022). http://dx.doi.org/10.21070/pels.v2i2.1289.
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PT. Merpati Maintenance Facility is a company engaged in aircraft maintenance services. This company serves several types of aircraft maintenance such as Boeing and Airbus. In the process of aircraft maintenance at PT. Merpati Maintenance Facility Sidoarjo, to carry out maintenance in every job it must be in accordance with the Task Card the work made by PPC is based on the WO (Work Order), in the process of working on the task card, and it is often lost and creates data discrepancies, so PPC does not know the work that matches the task card been done or not. With the occurrence of these problems, it is necessary to measure the value of information technology using Technometrics methods to determine the value of TCC (Technology Contribution Coefficient) on each component of information system-based technology, as well as formulate risk mitigation strategies using the SWOT method. From the results of the study, the value of the company's TCC is 0.980. The results of the SWOT analysis position diagram for technoware, humanware, orgaware components in quadrant I and for infoware components in quadrant II. The results of the assessment of the contribution of this technology are associated with the strategic choice of aircraft maintenance services companies in the application of technology, which must always adjust to the speed of the latest technology. This adjustment effort is greatly assisted by the open availability of information. The purpose of the research is to determine the value of information system technology in the company. To provide a proposed mitigation strategy to correct weaknesses or deficiencies in the company.
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Calkins, Frederick T., and James H. Mabe. "Shape Memory Alloy Based Morphing Aerostructures." Journal of Mechanical Design 132, no. 11 (November 1, 2010). http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/1.4001119.
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In order to continue the current rate of improvements in aircraft performance, aircraft and components which are continuously optimized for all flight conditions, will be needed. Toward this goal morphing-capable, adaptive structures based on shape memory alloy (SMA) technology that enable component and system-level optimization at multiple flight conditions are being developed. This paper reviews five large-scale SMA based technology programs initiated by The Boeing Company. The SAMPSON smart inlet program showed that fully integrated SMA wire bundles could provide a fighter aircraft with a variable engine inlet capability. The reconfigurable rotor blade program demonstrated the ability of highly robust, controlled 55-Nitinol tube actuators to twist a rotor blade in a spin stand test to optimize rotor aerodynamic characteristics. The variable geometry chevron (VGC) program, which was the first use of 60-Nitinol for a major aerospace application, included a flight test and static engine test of the GE90-115B engine fitted with controlled morphing chevrons that reduced noise and increased engine efficiency. The deployable rotor tab employed tube actuators to deploy and retract small fences capable of significantly reducing blade-vortex interaction generated noise on a rotorcraft. Most recently, the variable geometry fan nozzle program has built on the VGC technology to demonstrate improved jet engine performance. Continued maturation of SMA technology is needed in order to develop innovative applications and support their commercialization.
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W Kuswardani, C. D., and E. Suwondo. "A Probabilistic Modeling of the Demand and Supply for Rotable Aircraft Components (Case Study: Brake Assembly of Boeing 737-800)." AVIA 2, no. 1 (June 30, 2020). http://dx.doi.org/10.47355/avia.v2i1.14.
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Spare parts control is an important factor in every airlines company. The unavailability of the spare parts may affect the airlines operationally, thus a delay and even a cancellation may happen. A common assumption used to calculate spare part requirements is that the demand is stochastic and the supply is constant. But in real operational circumstance, both of those are stochastic. This research develops the spare parts demand and supply model, and the calculation method of service level and safety stock in the bi-variate distribution from a real data of demand and supply of a rotable component. A fit test is conducted to determine the probability density function of the distribution. An analysis is then carried out after implementing the model in a case study. Historical data of brake assembly used in Boeing 737-800 New Generation is used in the case study. The result of this research are a model to determine demand and supply of aircraft spare part components, a method to calculate service level and safety stock for probabilistic model of demand and supply, and the amount of spare parts required for a brake assembly inventory system
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Anand, Sanju S., and Shashidhar Kini. "A Systematic Review on Products and Services of IBS Software Private Limited." International Journal of Applied Engineering and Management Letters, December 29, 2023, 267–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.47992/ijaeml.2581.7000.0203.
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Purpose: The airline industry is one of the important sectors in all aspects of human life. The word ‘Aviation’ means the flying vehicles that come under airplanes, helicopters, and unmanned aircraft such as drones, UAVS, etc. This industry is mainly classified into two types, Airlines and Aviation industry. An Airlines business offers air travelling services for people or cargo, whereas the aviation industry is based on the working of defence systems, manufacturing, and training-based things. The modern airline industry is very important because of its globalized nature, helping to connect all continents, countries, and cultures. The aviation industry is a major backbone of every country's annual economy. Every country's international airports are major hubs for overseas trading around the world. It gives direction to a country's international competitiveness and global investments in tourism, IT, and infrastructure. The largest aircraft manufacturing companies in the airline sector are European player Airbus and US-based Boeing. Many airline companies work in national and international sectors, based on annual revenue the leading companies are American airlines, Delta airlines, Southwest airlines, China southern airlines, Ryanair airlines, KLN royal airlines, Turkish airlines, etc. IBS software is a leading provider of new-generation IT products in the logistics, transportation, and travel industry. The ultimate aim of IBS is to offer their clients maximum efficiency, improve revenue, increase safety, analyse growth and reduce total cost. Their service delivery area included the oil & gas sector, airport management, cruise lines, and tour operators. IBS software is a CMM Level 5 certified airline software development company having offices in America, Europe, Japan, the Middle East, Asia, Australia, and Africa. Objective: IBS Software Pvt Ltd, a SaaS -related aviation software development company located in Techno Park, Trivandrum, Kerala is the subject of the company analysis case study. Design/Methodology/Approach: The pertinent data and specifics for this case study on IBS came from product papers that were released in a variety of peer-reviewed journals, conferences, and business websites. Additional details have been given in white papers. Findings/Result: The study of this paper focuses on the company's products and services, Business strategy with their Partners and Alliances, Recruitment and training strategy of IBS Software, Corporate social responsibility, and analysis based on SWOT. Originality Value: The study provides a brief overview of IBS Software Private Limited products & services, In-depth knowledge about flight and staff application, flight repair solutions, customer convocation, License agencies, employee transit, and payload administrations. Type of Paper: Case Study.
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Suryatman, Tina Hernawati, Mukhammad Yusuf Hakim, and Hartono Hartono. "PERBANDINGAN PENERAPAN METODE WAKTU BAKU DENGAN PENDEKATAN TIME STOP PADA SISTEM SWIFT SAP ENTERPRISES PADA WORKSHOP PERAWATAN PASSENGER SEAT BOEING 747-400 DI PT. GMF AEROASIA TBK." Jurnal Teknik 8, no. 2 (March 29, 2019). http://dx.doi.org/10.31000/jt.v8i2.2227.
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PT. GMF Aero Asia is Maintenance, Repair and Overhaul (MRO). The Cabin Maintenance Unit (Furnishing Service and Uphostery) is responsible for work related to the interior area of the aircraft. Included in the component is the Passenger Seat. Cabin Maintenance Office at GMF in performing maintenance services which have several different types of problems, namely in terms of billing to customers there are two indicators, including material, manpower and man hours. The company has an old system, the SAP 2010 series, where all work processes cannot be covered so it requires several additional applications. In response to this, the company provides a new system that can make all data analysis in one application. The system has been used by several airlines throughout the world. Namely the latest SAP with the name SWIFT SAP Enterprise, but the new system is not running without problems. Because basically the use of SWIFT SAP Enterprises which refers to the applicable maintenance manual is very inflexible as well as a lot of actual time in the field that is not counted in billing. In this case, improvements will be made by comparing the application of one of the principles of Time Motion Study to the system used by PT. GMF Aero Asia recently. All aspects will be examined so that the best results can be known. The questionnaire will also be distributed before and after the application of the method. So that it can be seen from all aspects related not only production but all supporting staff who are in the Maintenance area. The research will also solve the problem of both the general aspects of the unit's production and finance as a whole for one year. So that it can be known with certainty the advantages and disadvantages that occur during the treatment process. After all the analysis was done, it was found that there were some deficiencies that occurred in the SAP Enterprises system, where a lot of profit was lost from the maintenance process that occurred. So there are several alternatives that can be taken by Cabin Base Maintenance shop units. Alternatives taken include making rearranging work hours based on actual time with the draft that has been made. Arranging training schedules for employees regarding the Swift system in accordance with their work area. And counseling about financial issues related to the flow of work in the Workshop Seat Cabin maintenance area. Keywords: SWIFT SAP Enterprise, Passenger Seats, Time Movement Study, Stop Time, Normal Time, Cycle Time, Overtime, Calculator