Academic literature on the topic 'Bogotazo, Bogotá, Colombia, 1948'
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Journal articles on the topic "Bogotazo, Bogotá, Colombia, 1948"
1
Sowell, David. "The 1893 bogotazo: Artisans and Public Violence in Late Nineteenth–Century Bogotá." Journal of Latin American Studies 21, no. 1-2 (June 1989): 267–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0022216x00014796.
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Bogotá suffered its most severe outbreak of public violence of the nineteenth century on 15 and 16 January 1893. Indeed apart from the bogotazo of 9 April 1948, it was perhaps the worst violence that the Colombian capital has ever experienced.1 For twenty-four hours the city experienced serious social disorder, which was brought under control only by the use of regular army troops at a cost of an unknown number of casualties. Surprisingly, the January 1893 bogotazo has not been subjected to serious historical examination. The role of craftsmen in the outbreak of violence offers a window in the largely unknown course of artisan political activity in Bogotá after the decline of the Democratic Society of Artisans in the mid-century reform period. More broadly, whereas the relationship between wage labourers and violence has attracted many scholars, the propensity of the artisan class to engage in violent activities in nineteenth-century Colombia (and in Latin America as a whole) deserves more scholarly investigation. What were the causes and the nature of the 1893 riot? Were they typical of nineteenth-century urban violence? Finally, how does the 1893 riot fit within the broad sweep of Colombian collective violence?2 Before attempting to answer these questions it is necessary to look briefly, by way of background, at Bogotá in the late nineteenth century, its economy and society, at the nature of Colombian politics and, in particular, at the role of artisans in bogotano politics and in earlier episodes of urban disorder.
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Rodríguez, Alejandro. "Introducción - Temblores ONG." Criterios 13, no. 2 (July 1, 2020): 17–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.21500/20115733.5507.
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Las dinámicas de la violencia en Colombia se han transformado históricamente despendiendo de si se trata de un contexto rural o urbano. Sin embargo, la violencia también ha sido una forma de relacionamiento constante entre la ciudad y el campo y las transformaciones sociales en dichos contextos. Esto se evidencia, por ejemplo, con el asesinato del caudillo liberal Jorge Eliecer Gaitán en el año 1948 y sus efectos posteriores para las ciudades y las zonas rurales. Dicho asesinato, que impulsó los acontecimientos del “Bogotazo” y dio inició al período conocido como La Violencia, fue un detonante para el recrudecimiento del conflicto armado entre liberales y conservadores que, tras los disturbios en Bogotá, se intensificó en las zonas rurales, lo cual generó varias olas de desplazamiento y migración interna hacia las urbes. Dicha migración fue determinante en la forma en que crecieron y se transformaron las ciudades. Existe una relación de causa y efecto mutua entre el campo y la ciudad que, en el caso colombiano, está atravesada por el conflicto armado. Conflicto armado que, si bien ha dejado múltiples víctimas tanto en las ciudades como en el campo, ha generado mayores condiciones de vulnerabilidad en varias de las zonas rurales del país (los invitamos a consultar el articulo completo en pdf).
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Peláez Tobón, Vilma Luz. "La sociedad que le dio la espalda al conflicto colombiano: El silencio de los fusiles." UNAULA: Revista de la Universidad Autónoma Latinoamericana, no. 38 (September 30, 2018): 77–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.24142/unaula.n38a5.
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Este tema ha cobrado mucha importancia no solamente por lo que se está viviendo en la actualidad, sino que es una forma de conocer nuestra realidad. En este sentido, a partir del documental El silencio de los fusiles, de la directora colombiana Natalia Orozco, intentaremos entender el conflicto colombiano, no tanto desde la confrontación con el Estado y la subversión, sino desde la sociedad civil y cómo le dio la espalda. La obra prima de Natalia Orozco ha generado expectativas, por tratarse de un registro diferente, separado del régimen noticioso común, mostrando, desde sus entrañas, cómo aconteció el proceso de paz, paso a paso y en cada escenario, y dónde fueron los puntos álgidos de la negociación, lo que comprende desde las selvas colombianas pasando por Bogotá hasta llegar a La Habana-Cuba (Orozco, 2017). Pero antes de entrar en nuestra investigación es necesario recordar que la violencia en Colombia, como dicen algunos, comenzó con la lucha entre los liberales y conservadores; mientras que otros datan sus orígenes, básicamente, con la muerte del caudillo Jorge Eliécer Gaitán (el 9 de abril de 1948), como detonante de la misma. Desde allí se desató la cruda violencia que pasó a la historia más comúnmente conocida como La Violencia o El Bogotazo. Aún hoy sufrimos sus secuelas (Rueda, 2000).
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Archila Neira, Mauricio. "Obituario de Alfredo Molano Bravo (1944-2019)." Anuario Colombiano de Historia Social y de la Cultura 47, no. 2 (July 1, 2020): 33–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.15446/achsc.v47n2.86134.
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Alfredo Molano Bravo nació en 1944, en una familia bogotana de clase media alta que conservaba algunas tierras en el altiplano cundiboyacense y en los Llanos, y que tenía refinados gustos con dejos aristocráticos. De allí salió el amor por el campo y sus trabajadores, así como por las corridas de toros, a las que seguiría asistiendo hasta sus últimos días, a pesar de la creciente controversia en torno a esta afición. En cambio, ante la tierra siempre mantuvo una distancia crítica, especialmente por su desigual distribución en el país, de manera que prefirió inclinarse por los desposeídos. Como muchas veces lo narró, Molano conoció la violencia a los cuatro años, cuando desde su casa en La Calera vislumbró en el rojo atardecer del 9 de abril de 1948 a la Bogotá que ardía tras la muerte del caudillo. Días después, presenció la ejecución de unos “nueveabrileños” por parte del alcalde de ese municipio. La experiencia traumática de ver los cadáveres de “chusmeros” liberales, se repetiría en los pueblos en los que pasaba vacaciones en las tierras calientes de Cundinamarca y Tolima. Pero en él, esa experiencia, que para cualquier niño sería paralizante, se convirtió en motor de búsqueda de las causas de nuestra violencia y la raíz de su profunda esperanza en las bondades de la paz para Colombia.
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Cruz Fajardo, Yulli Marley. "Bogotaso and "Critical Art" 1948 in Colombia: paintings by Enrique Grau and Alejandro Obregona." Культура и искусство, no. 2 (February 2022): 43–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.7256/2454-0625.2022.2.37509.
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The subject of the study is the reaction of Colombian artists to the events that took place in the country on April 9, 1948 and were one of the most important milestones in the modern history of Colombia and the history of art of this country. On that day, peaceful Bogota was involved in an unprecedented civil uprising in Colombian history, the consequences of which affected all spheres of life of Colombian society. For art, this uprising also became a turning point in its development. Changes have taken place in all areas of fine art: there has been a pronounced social problem, there has been a break with academism and, of course, since the events of Bogotaso, the critical position of artists in relation to the phenomena of socio-political life in Colombia has received its vivid expression. This paper analyzes the paintings of key artists of the history of Colombian art: Enrique Grau and Alejandro Obregona. The works in question reflect the events of the fateful day for the country on April 9, 1948, interpreting the facts of this tragedy in their own way, and affirm the importance of the artist's socially critical position in society. Methodologically, this is a work with a comprehensive approach, including cultural-historical, iconographic, artistic-stylistic analysis of works. The novelty of the research lies in the study of the reaction of artists to political and social repression in Colombia, as well as in the study of the dizzying political and social changes that occurred after the events of Bogotaso in 1948 and influenced the development of the "critical art" of Colombia up to the present day.
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Fernandes Carvalho, Fabia. "Regional Imaginations of Peace: The Work of the Rio Committee and the Antecedents of the Pact of Bogota (1942–1947)." Journal of the History of International Law / Revue d'histoire du droit international 25, no. 4 (April 4, 2024): 619–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/15718050-bja10103.
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Abstract This contribution re-describes the work of the Rio Committee in international law concerning dispute settlement in the Americas between 1942 and 1947. The work of the Rio Committee constitutes a crucial doctrinal and institutional experience that underpins the fundamental transformations experienced in Pan-Americanism considering the meeting of the Ninth International Conference of American States in Bogota, Colombia, in 1948, which led to the creation of the Organization of the American States. As an antecedent to the adoption of the Pact of Bogota in 1948, the doctrinal work of the Rio Committee and its draft treaties allow for a substantive interrogation of the complex relationship between regionalism and universalism in international law. More specifically, this article assesses the ways in which mechanisms of peaceful settlement of disputes in the Americas were accommodated under the universal legal framework of the United Nations, opening space for regional cooperation to continue evolving in the continent.
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Gómez Castañeda, Julio Aldemar. "Prácticas musicales durante el proceso de urbanización en Bogotá (Colombia), 1900-1940." HiSTOReLo. Revista de Historia Regional y Local 7, no. 14 (June 30, 2015): 214–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.15446/historelo.v7n14.46321.
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<p>Durante el proceso de urbanización que vivió Bogotá en las primeras décadas del siglo XX, además de los cambios demográficos, de infraestructura o de servicios, las formas de ritualizar alrededor de la música experimentaron una serie de transformaciones. En la medida en que la ciudad fue creciendo, y los tiempos para el entretenimiento y la recreación fueron aflorando, las prácticas musicales se ajustaron a nuevas influencias, espacios, escenarios y condiciones técnicas. Algunas de ellas se renovaron, como los conciertos públicos o las retretas de la banda. Otras como los cafés y los teatros tuvieron su apogeo, y unas más, como la radio y el disco, irrumpieron en la vida de los bogotanos. En este artículo se identifica y caracteriza cada una de estas prácticas, resaltando los personajes, grupos sociales, escenarios e imaginarios que las constituyeron. Desde una perspectiva cultural, y apoyado principalmente en la prensa de la época, se muestra cómo estas formas de habitar con la música, hablan de la transformación de una sociedad local; en este caso, de los cambios que experimentó la sociedad bogotana entre 1900 y 1940.</p>
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Trapani, James. "Seeing ‘Reds’ in Colombia: Reconsidering the ‘Bogotazo’, 1948." Esboços - Revista do Programa de Pós-Graduação em História da UFSC 23, no. 36 (March 2, 2017): 352. http://dx.doi.org/10.5007/2175-7976.2016v23n36p352.
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http://dx.doi.org/10.5007/2175-7976.2016v23n36p352The Latin American Cold War theatre was distinct from the global struggle between American capitalism and Soviet communism. The Soviet Union had very little infuence on the region prior to Fidel Castro’s 1960 declaration of Marxism-Leninism. Despite this, a plethora of social struggles spanning virtually every Latin American republic have been broadly grouped together – defned by this Latin American ‘Cold War’. This paper seeks to determine the origins of this paradoxical defnition. It will argue that the convenient alignment of national and international crises was utilized by US Secretary of State George C Marshall in April 1948. The establishment of the Organization of American States sought to realize the political alignment of the hemisphere against ‘Communism’, both Soviet and internal. This confounded many Latin American leaders as communism, while evident, did not pose any legitimate threat to their nations or the region. Hence, Marshall’s sale of an anti-communist declaration, which would decrease the sovereignty of individual states, was made quite diffcult during initial negotiations. Conveniently, On April 9 Colombia was brought to the brink of Civil War following the assassination of Jorge Eliécer Gaitán. The US State Department knew that the ensuing Colombian Bogotazo was not related to the global Cold War. They had intelligence on the populist liberal Gaitán and the violent response to his assassination. Nevertheless, the opportunity to internationalize the crisis was seized by Marshall. In doing so, the Latin American Cold War emerged with devastating national and regional consequences.
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Sánchez Torres, Fernando. "Historia de la ginecobstetricia en Colombia." Revista Colombiana de Obstetricia y Ginecología 40, no. 1 (March 31, 1989): 13–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.18597/rcog.2368.
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El 24 de octubre de 1940, Rafael Peralta Cayón recibió su grado de médico y cirujano en la Universidad Nacional de Colombia. La tesis para optarlo se tituló "La presentación de pelvis en obstetricia. Etiología, diagnóstico y conducta", la cual fue considerada como "Meritoria". Puede aceptarse, entonces, que desde antes de graduarse como médico, Peralta Cayón estaba ya comprometido con las disciplinas obstétricas. En efecto, en 1938 había sido practicante externo de Clínica Obstétrica y en 1939 y 1940 interno de la misma, en el servicio de maternidad del Hospital San Juan de Dios, de Bogotá, que más tarde pasaría a ser el Instituto Materno Infantil.
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Márquez Estrada, José Wilson. "Liberales bajo fuego. Violencia Política en Norte de Santander (Colombia): 1947-1948." El Taller de la Historia 13, no. 2 (December 15, 2021): 428–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.32997/2382-4794-vol.13-num.2-2021-3763.
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Este artículo tiene como finalidad presentar y analizar la correspondencia remitida por parte de la dirección liberal de Norte de Santander en los primeros meses del año 1948 al despacho del jefe de esa colectividad política Jorge Eliécer Gaitán en la ciudad de Bogotá y por parte de este al presidente de la República Mariano Ospina Pérez, sobre la violencia política contra la población civil de filiación liberal en esta región del país, hechos ocurridos entre el año 1947 y los primeros meses del año 1948. En estos documentos se analizará las características y las formas de expresión de la violencia política contra las personas vinculadas al partido liberal en las diferentes localidades y municipios del departamento de Norte de Santander.
Dissertations / Theses on the topic "Bogotazo, Bogotá, Colombia, 1948"
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Carvalho, Annelise Gomes de. "O 9 de abril de 1948: tragédia política e motim urbano na Colômbia." Universidade de São Paulo, 2017. http://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/8/8138/tde-24082017-082519/.
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Essa pesquisa tem como objeto o assassinato do político liberal colombiano Jorge Eliécer Gaitán, em Bogotá, no dia 9 de abril de 1948, e a consequente violenta reação popular na capital, que ficou conhecida como Bogotazo. Esse trágico acontecimento marcou o século XX colombiano e teve consequências políticas e sociais imediatas e de longa duração no país. O episódio é considerado o ponto inicial do acirramento de período de violência política que tem repercussões ainda visíveis na atualidade, a chamada La Violencia (1946-1957). Nesse sentido, sob a perspectiva da Nova História Política e da História Cultural, tendo como fontes os principais jornais colombianos e brasileiros época;o discurso político Oración por la paz, de Jorge Eliécer Gaitan; a entrevista de Fidel Castro sobre o Bogotazo e a obra literária Viver para contar, de Gabriel García Márquez, procuramos analisar o Bogotazo a fim de compreender quatro importantes componentes: o papel do personagem, Jorge Eliécer Gaitán; a natureza do motim; a memória coletiva construída sobre o episódio e o significado simbólico da data.This research aims at the assassination of Colombian liberal politician Jorge Eliécer Gaitán in Bogota on April 9, 1948, and the consequent violent popular reaction in the capital, known as Bogotazo. This tragic event marked the Colombian 20th century and had immediate and long-term political and social consequences in the country. The episode is considered the starting point of the intensification of a period of political violence that has repercussions still visible today, called La Violencia (1946-1957). In this sense, from the perspective of New Political History and Cultural History, having as sources the main Colombian and Brazilian newspapers of the time, we tried to analyze the Bogotazo in order to understand four important components: the role of its main character, Jorge Eliécer Gaitán; the nature of the riot the Bogotazo; the collective memory built on the episode and the symbolic meaning of the date.
Books on the topic "Bogotazo, Bogotá, Colombia, 1948"
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Peña, Mario Aguilera. La rebelión de los comuneros. Santafé de Bogotá, D.C., Colombia: Panamericana Editorial, 1998.
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Rojas, Víctor Diusabá. 9 de abril: La voz del pueblo. Santafé de Bogotá, D.C: Planeta Colombiana Editorial, 1998.
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Callejas, Apolinar Díaz. Diez días de poder popular: El 9 de abril 1948 en Barrancabermeja. Bogotá, Colombia: FESCOL, 1988.
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Higuera, Julio César Vásquez. Gaitán: Mito y realidad de un caudillo. 2nd ed. Tunja [Boyacá, Colombia: s.n.], 1992.
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González, Sady. El saqueo de una ilusión: El 9 de abril, 50 años después. 2nd ed. [Bogotá, Colombia?]: Número Ediciones, 1998.
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Montoya, Adriana. Bogotázombie: Se levantan los muertos el 9 de abril. Bogotá: Laguna Libros, 2010.
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Herbert, Braun. The assassination of Gaitán: Public life and urban violence in Colombia. Madison, Wis: University of Wisconsin Press, 1985.
Find full textBook chapters on the topic "Bogotazo, Bogotá, Colombia, 1948"
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Cerna, Christina. "The Inter-American Commission on Human Rights: its Organization and Examination of Petitions and Communications." In The Inter-American System of Human Rights, 65–114. Oxford University PressOxford, 1998. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198265528.003.0003.
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Abstract The Charter of the Organization of American States (OAS) was adopted in 1948 at the Ninth International Conference of American States held in Bogota, Colombia, fifty-eight years after the inter-American system was established. At the same Conference, the States of the American region also adopted the American Declaration of the Rights and Duties of Man (hereinafter ‘American Declaration’), a human rights Declaration similar in inspiration and purpose to the United Nations Universal Declaration, but which ante-dated the Universal Declaration by six months The American States proclaimed the fundamental rights of the individual, but the American Declaration, which defined those rights, was not intended to be legally binding upon the member States of the Organization.
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Esquivia, Ricardo, and Paul Stucky. "Building Peace from Below and Inside." In From The Ground Up, 122–40. Oxford University PressNew York, NY, 2000. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780195136425.003.0008.
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Abstract From The Beginning, I have lived and suffered with the conflict in which my country, Colombia, has been immersed, and I have participated in and contributed to the development of the course of action of the Mennonite church in this situation of social upheaval. What follows is a description of the evolution of the active response of the Colombian Mennonite church in the ongoing conflict. To understand the situation, let us go back to 1956 in Cachipay, Cundinamarca, Colombia. For nine years, from 1947, the General Conference Mennonite Church of the United States and the American Leprosy Mission had been operating a boarding grade school as a support to the healthy children of people with leprosy. This was a project of missionaries from the United States who had moved to this community and settled there with their families. People with leprosy had been abandoned by a society and by a state that, at that time, had the belief that this was a contagious disease against which society had to be defended. For this reason, the sick were taken, often by force, to a quarantined community called Agua de Dios (Water of God), located approximately three hours’ drive west of Bogota. The children were separated from their families and placed in a state-operated boarding school called Nazaret under miserable conditions.
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Karl, Robert A. "Encounters with Violence, 1957–1958." In Forgotten Peace. University of California Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1525/california/9780520293922.003.0003.
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This chapter considers how, for urban Colombians, the excitement that accompanied the country's return to democracy in 1957–58 was joined by frank realization of how little they knew about “national problems,” violence foremost among them. With the veil of censorship lifted, observers inside and outside the state engaged in sociological, ethnological, economic, and partisan readings of violence. While these converged on select points of agreement regarding the origins and consequences of violence, no unified explanation emerged. The frightening resurgence of violence-as-practice in the countryside, especially across Tolima, only served to intensify the search for solutions. Moreover, the debate over violence in Bogota generated rumbles of discontent from the provinces, where expectation generated by democratization mixed with resentment over the capital's condescension.